#slovakian-hungarian relations

[mercurymessiah]

“Peter” or “Pietro”?

I was contemplating Peter’s name, along with its origins. In the comics, he’s originally Pietro which is the Italian version. But both variants derive from the Greek word Petros, meaning “stone” or “rock”, which I find ironic considering Peter is opposite to that.

It got me thinking that whilst it’s normal for people to have foreign names contrary to their nationality, Peter is originally from Sokovia. Although it’s a fictitious place, it’s in between Slovakia and the Czech Republic, which are very much real countries. Meaning it’d be apart of the West Slavs. So this information lead me down a rabbit hole of looking through translations of Peter’s name in languages that relate to him.

Czech: Petr, Péťa (diminutive)

Slovak: Peter, Peťo

Hungarian: Péter, Petya, Peti (diminutive).

I found that Hungarian is the second most spoken mother tongue in Slovakia (9.4% of the population) so I researched that as well.

Both his biological parents (Magda & Erik) were born in Germany, so I searched up the German translation but it also came up with just Peter.

I tried digging up Wanda’s name too, but it appears that it’s very one-dimensional. I couldn’t find any different versions of it, but I did discover its Polish in origin. Of course, I hunted down the Polish translation for Peter’s name in contrast to hers. Interestingly, I discovered there was quite the variety.

Polish: Piotr. Diminutives/hypocoristics include Piotrek, Piotruś, and Piotrunio. (Piotr has several name days in Poland)

Erik (in the movie-verse, as far as i’m concerned) lived in Poland when he formed a new family and even spoke the language as well. Despite it not being his mother tongue, I reckon he would affectionately call Peter “Piotr” under certain circumstances. I like to think so at least.

Amongst all the research I did though, the most challenging was finding Romani translations. I know it’s apart of Peter’s identity, so I wanted to include it. However, I came up short. Unfortunately, it’s not easy to find Romani translations like most other languages. It became really frustrating too since my research kept leading me to Romanian or Roman, even when I made sure the spelling was correct. I found myself disappointed with this dead-end but it also taught me how underrepresented Roma is and how we should keep that in mind.

Nonetheless, I still did some more research on it even if I couldn’t find translations to Peter’s name. I’m aware that the Romani language is diverse, and so I stumbled upon Carpathian Romani. Also known as Central Romani and Romungro Romani. It also happens to be native to Slovakia and the Czech Republic, which we know as the countries surrounding his birthplace.

Apparently, nearly all Romani speakers are multilingual, so I find it credible that Peter would be able to speak this particular dialect, along with Slovakian or Czech (in theory). Whilst I couldn’t find a new variant of “Peter” or “Petros” for this language, I at least have some deeper understanding of his connection to it.

In conclusion; the discussion about whether “Peter” or “Pietro” is better doesn’t really matter, since they’re essentially the same name. Besides, Peter being called all types of versions of the name by different people in his personal circle sounds very appealing me. With his friends, he’s Peter. For Wanda, he’s Pietro. And potentially he’s Piotr for Erik.

[renatedagmarmilada]

My prison //RENATE FEKETE- call name fletcher bounty/ has got worse than ever, with the Mankovitzes and Turnbull's in charge of St barth Human Research. I went just up the road to buy milk at Iceland, someone was paid to run into my home. by lab st barths human research mental care assistant, to rob, cued by Arthur Turnbull at lab. quote I didn't know Fekete was coming straight back.. Took half the biscuits and put something into my bed, ANOTHER NOTE BOOK FROM MY BEDSIDE ..dont know what else he has robbed.. quote I just wanted everything, there must be some evidence of their Nazi past somewhere /eh?? I wanted proof of their .Nazi background /eh? we have been cleared dozens of times including by the Vienna Nazi catcher/ quote Arthur, I read Mein Kampf /Fekete hasn't read it/ and I do a smashing Hitler image //???//........London's idiot millionaires all the Turnbulls...... both lab tricks-- once they had someone put rounds of pooh into my bed some years back.. KEVIN--- HORWARTH from the corner of Oswestry St Sheffield..or his brother NORMAN--- HORWARTH-- well actually a russian soldier's son but you know Fekete uncle..Fekete was banished ../eh?? 48,000 Hungarians were sent out with me, it was our land till the ALLIES gave it to the Slovakians, so all who were still Austro-Hungarian citizens were sent out...and again this lame line over sound, this man Micheal Kovaci, Fekete's mother's sister married his brother, whose family are in Chicago /police officer/. Slovakia is a small country so you can't go far without being related to half its people....Kovaci gave them their Country, first president of Slovakia who created it... Real reason, Anna of Lab St barths had 6 million transferred secretly from the Slovakian State funds when Kovaci was in power. so the Communist Party blamed him, and for some investments with an Austrian Jew named Rothschild. Kovaci wanted to look westward, the jew was a crooked devil and made off with the money the Party broke Kovaci's legs for it. The lab st barths Human Research bossess cum prostitute had it transferred to pay for the slovaks she Anna and Allan Lieberman Cross brought to UK for their remote experiments on covert destruction program by remote over England till 2080. which is why she brought murderers, rapists, prostitutes etc But the present lab staff like them, quote they behave just like we do-- so have not used them after all. The lab re slovakians keep using that excuse for breaking into my home and robbing more and more..

[zsocca55]

I’m greatly surprised by the number of Slovakians popping up in my ask box. Like damn, you guys are so cute! 💕

Another reason why I’m baffled is that the general knowledge about Slovakians in Hungary is that they hate our guts very much. 😅 And yes, it’s all because of history, the AusHun Monarchy, Trianon and the czechoslovakian-hungarian population exchange.

So it’s really refreshing to meet Slovakians who don’t hate Hungary!

But lets answer your questions and see why is there any conflict between Hungary and Slovakia to begin with.

:

Historical relationship:

The main problem starts when we try to search for the origins of the slovakian identity in early history, because its national identity has only started to awaken in the late decades of the 16th century. For this reason Hungarian historicians like to say that Slovakians have never been a separate slavic entity but instead they are the offsprings of Poles, Hungarians and probably Czechs. Slovakians hate this theory for very obvious reasons.

Before the french revolution, Slovakian as an ethnic group was called “tót” in Hungarian. The revolution awakened some sort of national awareness in this ethnic group and they started greatly differentiating their identity from other Slavic groups. This did not mean that all Slovakians wanted to have a separate nation immediately during the Spring of Nations because many of them fought on Hungary’s side against Austria, but the mentality slowly shifted in that direction. This shift got stronger during the AusHun Monarchy times because Hungarians weren’t really kind and lenient with any ethnic group on their territory except Germans.

Then came the first world war and Hungary was on the losing side while the Entente promised Czechia and Slovakia a free separate nation in exchange for helping to keep Austria and Hungary in line. And they got their deserved treat in the form of the Trianon treaty which granted Czechia and Slovakia an antonomous territory.

And that’s where even more conflicts rose. Out of the ~3,5 million population of the cut-out territory, ~1 million were Hungarians. These people either moved back to Hungary, or were moved out forcefully. Czechoslovakia did not want Hungarians on their territory so they tried to do anything to get rid of them, including ripping them of their rights and properties. This is how the czechoslovakian-hungarian population exchange came to be after the two world wars: the three nations agreed to move the minority ethnic groups over to their respectful countries - ignoring the protest of the actual locals who did not want to move from their homes no matter what.

I’ve personally heard old folks tell their stories, who were children of those deported from Slovakia to Hungary and how they lost everything their ancestors have worked for in exchange for an unsure future in an alien place. (My great grandparents too were probably moved out of Slovakia and dropped off in Hungary because our family names suggests that on my mother’s line we come from Slovakia.)

So there are huge grudges concerning territory affairs. The whole entirety of Slovakia used to be the ��upper side” of Hungary, called “Felvidék”. Hungarians still think of Slovakia as the cut away “upper side”. We still use the Hungarian names of the towns and villages of Slovakia when we talk about them.

(For example: Pozsony (=Bratislava) which is located in Slovakia today, was also the capital of Hungary in the earlier centuries, not Buda or Budapest. It was the base of the Hungarian parliament and the elite/nobility for a long time.)

Any improvements since then? Modern day relations aren’t really bright either. There are several incidents related to ethnic hate including the burning of national flags, criminalizing speaking Hungarian, and also beating fans on a football match. Not to mention the amount of insults thrown at national symbols and such. So yeah, there is a reason Hungarians think Slovakians hate them.

But I can’t deny either that Hungarians were also oppressive the other way around during Monarchy times.

Still, I think modern people should look at history with a clear and open mind and learn from old mistakes and not repeat them. I personally have nothing against Slovakians, being a distant relative myself, but I think it takes shared effort to upgrade relations in a positive direction. (That includes governments not spreading hate messages in any form towards the other party.)

So I wholeheartedly support the two nations changing their perspectives on each other! We do not have to fuel hate because of past things but focus on cooperation in more important matters that are relevant today.

(Also I’m very curious, how come you guys say you like Hungary? Like, that’s a really rare thing to hear from a Slovakian I swear. I’m really really curious!)

:

Hetalia relationship:

I guess Hungary is kind of obsessed with Slovakia. She used to take care of him ever since he was born and he was a really decent kid until the 16th century when he started going out with other nations more. (Hungary kept him in the house for as long as she could.) Once he started gaining independent awareness, the two of them started having quarells and fights, then Slovakia decided its best for him to gain complete independence because Hungary’s oppressive doting on him will always hold him back from growth and prosperity.

Slovakia hated Hungary’s treatment very much because Hungary had and still has the solid belief that Slovakia is a younger brother/son and likes to keep him in that image while Slovakia wishes she would finally realize that they are not related at all, plus he has already grown up and wants to be completely independent from her in every aspect. He goes quickly into rebellious mode when she mentions “good old days” or “when we used to live together” because those are only good memories for her and not for him.

That’s why he seeks Czechia out more, she at least gets him and considers him more like an equal friend.

Slovakia also feels the need to prove himself when in front of Hungary, just to show that he is capable and doesn’t need her help.

When together in V4, they become pretty chill and civil with each other, but if there is an argument between them, Czechia and Poland are quick to intervene.

The two of them become pretty normal with each other when others are around too. :)

That’s what I’ve gathered so far. Thank you for your questions and postive attitude! I really do hope Slovakian-Hungarian realtions will improve in the future!

Hetalia (c) Himaruya Hidekaz

Art by Zsocca

[loadsofplaces]

Slovakia

General Information Slovakia is a country in Central Europe. It can be traced back to the inhabitants of what used to be Upper Hungary, who retained the influence of the former Slavic kingdom of Moravia, while a distinct Slovak national identity emerged in the 19th Century. The Slovak language, closely related to Czech, likely developed starting in the Medieval era. In 1918 the nation of Czechoslovakia formed after the dissolution of Austria-Hungary. On January 1st 1993, it was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. 81.4% of inhabitants are ethnic Slovaks, 8.3% ethnic Hungarians. 62% are Roman Catholic, 13.4% nonreligious. The capital is Bratislava.

World’s First Reservation of Folk Architecture The village of Čičmany is considered to be the world’s first reservation of folk architecture. There are more than 130 houses belonging to it. The traditional wooden houses are decorated with white geometric patterns, which are the same designs as on the villagers’ folk costumes.

~ Anastasia

Economy The economy of Slovakia is based upon Slovakia becoming an EU member state in 2004, and adopting the euro at the beginning of 2009. Its capital, Bratislava, is the largest financial center in Slovakia. Since the establishment of the Slovak Republic in January 1993, Slovakia has undergone a transition from a centrally planned economy to a free market economy, a process which some observers were to believe was slowed in the 1994–98 period due to the crony capitalism and other fiscal policies of Prime Minister Vladimír Mečiar's government.Foreign direct investment in Slovakia has increased dramatically. Cheap and skilled labor, a 19% flat tax rate for both businesses and individuals, no dividend taxes, a weak labor code, and a favorable geographical location are Slovakia's main advantages for foreign investors. Largest companies by revenue in Slovakia are Volkswagen Slovakia, Kia Motors Slovakia and Slovnaft.

Free trains In 2014, the Slovakian legislature agreed to make travel by train free to all children, seniors over the age of 62 as well as full time students under the age of 26.This deal isn’t just available to Slovak citizens either – any permanent resident of a country in the European Union can take advantage, simply registering to obtain a travel card.

~ Damian 

Sources: https://www.britannica.com/place/Slovakia http://blog.timeforslovakia.com/10-interesting-facts-about-slovakia-3/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Slovakia https://www.belaroundtheworld.com/what-is-slovakia-known-for/

[5seb5]

@vanessakovacs thank you sm for the tag I already did this on my main but I´ll try to give some different answers here :))

rules: answer 30 questions and then tag people you want to get to know better

name/nickname: eszti

gender: female

height: 165 cm

star sign: virgo

birthday: dont wanna tell you but you can guess the month :P

time: 20:01

favourite solo artists: atm DPR IAN! he is amazing pls check his songs out!!! (just watched his IG live today and I think i´m in love lol). Ooooo and Azzura (she´s my best friend, check her singles out on sporitfy - 2:45, Yesterday, Sorry, Free)

favourite bands: just gonna say Day6- Zombie/ I Wait/ Sweet Chaos are bops

song stuck in my head: NCT 127- gimme gimme 

last movie i watched: The Devil Wears Prada

last show: Drive To Survive, I´m only on ep 4 :( have no time to finish it...

when did i create this blog: 2017 (it´s been the first full F1 season I watched)

what i post: anyhing about F1 & Sebastian Vettel

last thing i googled: dpr ian 

other blogs: you can check my main blog (link in my description) but I wouldn´t recommend it´s a mess

why i chose my url: well, I wanted something related to Seb...

following: 676

followers: 1434

do i get asks: sometimes, but pls send me more I love answering them.. it can be anything!!

average hours of sleep: ok so the thing is I realised it depends on the situation, something between 6 and 12 hours. #university_destroyed_my_sleeping_schedule

lucky number: 7

instruments: piano & guitar

dream trip: visiting my friend in Rome, I miss her sooo much!!!

favourite food: don´t really have one. but I´m currently craving kimchi ramen

what am i wearing: black sweatpants and brown jumper...wow I look horrible. but only my housemates can see me so idc

nationality: hungarian/slovakian.

favourite song: I can´t choose. I simply can´t choose. Never ask me this!!

last book i read: the last time I finished one...has been ages ago. The latest book I opened was Feinberg: Offense to Others (which is a free speech theory book for law)

top 3 fictional universes i’d like to live in: I want to live in a world where I can go to live lectures, can meet my friends and go clubbing, to festivals, concerts, where I can sit down in a cafe and study, wanna live in a world where we can travel feely and meet new people!!! we took it for granted...it´s all fictional now. sorry this was very pessimistic.

favourite colour: purple, and newly aston martin green :))

if you wanna give it a try: @sebfreak @sebastian-vettel-fans

[mwagneto]

literally noone will relate to this but being hungarian feels so isolating sometimes because all languages have families and are related to each other at least somewhat like English/German/French/Dutch and Slovakian/Czech/Ukrainian etc etc and there's all these groups of countries and if you know one of the languages in any family you have a huge advantage and sometimes you can even understand the other languages in that family without ever having to learn it meanwhile hungarian is completely isolated and not only is it one of the hardest languages to learn it's also not related to fucking Anything (and no the Finno-Ugric thing is bullshit) so while it's some flex material that i speak it fluently (debatable) it's also just. so lonely

[terrigm]

Worktime tracker review

Manage projects for each customer with order number, budget and visibility (for archiving).Īctivities are used to assign the unit of work to timesheet entries. Manage your customers and set address, contacts, country, currency, visibility (for archiving) and many more fields. Teams can be created to group your users into logical groups like departments or project related peer-groups.Ĭustomers and projects can be assigned to those teams, which will limit visibility and access for other users. Kimai can be localized to any language and is already translated toĪrabic, Basque, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Faroese, Finnish, French, German (including Austrian and Swiss), Greek, Hebrew, Hungarian, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Portuguese (Brazilian), Romanian, Russian, Slovakian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish and Vietnamese. Kimai can be used by as many users as you want: each installation supports unlimited users with different roles (see permissions). Kimai was built with extendability in mind, the feature set can be extended with plugins.ĭeveloper who want to create a plugin for Kimai can use many extension points. to prevent horizontal scrolling on small devices. The layout is fully responsive, made for desktop and mobile usage.Įvery user can configure the data columns that should be shown, e.g.

[ask-the-eternal-state]

Mr. Turkey, If you're accepting asks at the moment, May I ask, What is your relationship like with the West Slavs?

Poland and Turkey’s history begins rather unique as the Polish Kingdom and The Ottoman Empire maintained close, diplomatic, trade-rich relations throughout the 15th century. 

As the 16th and 17th century rose, infrequent battles between the two rang out as The Ottoman Empire faced a great power struggle. Considering Polish ties to Habsburg and Hungary, which were at odds with The Ottoman Empire, there were on and off periods of tension and peace between the two that were actually preferable to both of their lands conflicts with outside enemies. 

As the 19th century came around, a familiar enemy, Russia, sparked both of their interests in the Crimean and a strong bond of friendship was made between the two until modern day. Even now, Istanbul hosts many Polish performances and films seeing as relations are still close :^)

{ ○ ○ ○ ○ }

However, Ottoman Turks and Slovakia, while generally sweet, also has its ups and downs. In the 16th century, Slovakia first benefitted off of Ottoman Turks’ battles with Habsburg and Hungarian forces until... they didn’t. The wars proved environmentally expensive and destructive as the battle approached Slovakia’s doorstep. 

Sure, Slovaks weren’t much a fan of Habsburg and it’s reign over the land, but seeing as Ottoman military tactics were incredibly destructive.. tensions rose, but not enough to really deter from their diplomacy. Turkish immigrants even had a hand in spreading Turkish culture and art to Slovakian lands!

Modern day, Turkey and Slovakia still maintain friendly relations seeing as Turkey was the first to recognize the independent Republic and other political ties. Both ways, Turkish and Slovakian residents even enjoy visiting either country ! 

{ ○ ○ ○ }

Similar to Slovakia, Czech felt the wave of Ottoman Force against Habsburg and Hungarian armies as they took their toll throughout northwest and eastern Europe. Czech  Unfortunately for their relationship, It was more than enough to sour their opinions on one another and promptly lead to tension between the two nations. 

Especially modernly, Political tensions have tightened on the topic of Turkey’s attempts to enter the EU. Seeing as Czech is insistent of Turkey’s recognition of the many War Crimes it’s committed in the past, and many other disagreements, the two aren’t on a level of sole hatred but the dissatisfaction factor definitely is on the high side. 

{ ○ ○ ○ }

[socal-travels]

Days 43 and 44 -

We started the morning off with a quick breakfast before running across the city for a quick tour of the second largest Jewish Synagogue in the world. Luckily, we arrived just as it was opening so we were able to see it without too many people inside.

The Synagogue was originally constructed to be inviting to the larger, non-Jewish community and was actually where several honor ceremonies for Hungarian troops in WW1, and was still a place of worship and peace in the early days of WW2, even with the Axis-alligned and installed Arrow Cross in power. However, the tide turned in 1944 when Germany invaded Hungary and started a mass deportation of Jews to Auschwitz. The courtyard has gravestones for all the Jews killed inside of the temple and who were buried in its gardens.

We then took a river cruise along the Danube, which stopped over in Margaret Island. While I enjoyed the cruise (and complimentary champagne and homemade lemonade), Margaret island was nothing too special.

After the cruise, we had lunch at the nearby Hard Rock Budapest before taking the subway to the Terror Museum. The Museum was located inside of the former Nazi and Communist party headquarters. I presumed that out of respect, the no-photo rule was enforced stringently, but as a result, I was not able to translate the Hungarian quotes into English, so a lot of the significance was lost on the three of us.

We returned to the hotel and lounged around in the air conditioning, before heading out for an early dinner and cocktails. We returned to the place we had gone our first night, and it was a far worse experience than the first night.

This morning we took the train to Bratislava, Slovakia, and spent about 6 hours in the city. We took a taxi over to the castle. While the grounds were stunning, we didn't want to go inside as the current exhibition was on furniture.

We then walked down to the church, and wandered on into the historic old downtown. After taking a few pictures, we stopped for lunch at a local restaurant for some Slovakian cuisine, which was arguably the best meal I've eaten since leaving Italy.

Once we concluded our lunch, we looked for the Working Man statue before entering the Viticultural Museum. The museum didn't look that big, but the lady at the front desk told us that most people spent about an hour. We didn't see how that was possible until we were lead, by guides, from room to room that made sure we went through the whole museum, including a portion not even related to wine at all - the Period Rooms. Needless to say, we ended that tour with a wine tasting.

Out next stop was the presidential palace and gardens. Unfortunately, the gardens were closed so we couldn't enter the grounds, so we trudged our way up to the highest point in the city - the Red Army Monument. The vistas were amazing, but it was interesting that Slovakia kept the monument rather than removing Soviet-era war memorials and replacing them with ines for their fallen.

[hiddenbonesoflove-blog]

A Map of Lexical Distances Between Europe's Languages

Europe's defining trait is its diversity. Europeans don't have to travel far to immerse themselves in a different culture. And if each only spoke their own language, they wouldn't even be able to make heads or tails of it.

Or would they?

Finnish people probably won't make a lot out of Spanish, and if you're from Spain, Finnish might as well be Chinese. But not all languages are as far apart as those two. A Frenchman could understand a bit of Spanish, just because it resembles his own language. And an Estonian can pick up a some Finnish, for the same reason.

But the Estonian will have a slightly harder time of it than the Frenchman, and this map shows why.

This linguistic map paints an alternative map of Europe, displaying the language families that populate the continent, and the lexical distance between the languages. The closer that distance, the more words they have in common. The further the distance, the harder the mutual comprehension.

The map shows the language families that cover the continent: large, familiar ones like Germanic, Italic-Romance and Slavic; smaller ones like Celtic, Baltic and Uralic; outliers like Semitic and Turkic; and isolates – orphan languages, without a family: Albanian and Greek.

Obviously, lexical distance is smallest within each language family, and the individual languages are arranged to reflect their relative distance to each other.

Take the Slavics: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are a Siamese quartet of languages, with Slovenian, another of former Yugoslavia's languages, extremely close. Slovakian is halfway between Czech and Croatian. Macedonian is almost indistinguishable from Bulgarian. Belarusian is pretty near to Ukrainian. Russia standa a bit apart, is closest to Bulgarian, but quite far from Polish.

Italian is the vibrant centre of the Italic-Romance family, as close to Portuguese as it is to French. Spanish is a bit further. Romania is an outlier, in lexical as well as geographic distance. Catalan is the missing link between Italian and Spanish. The map also shows a number of fascinating minor Romance languages: Galician, Sardinian, Walloon, Occitan, Friulian, Picard, Franco-Provencal, Aromanian, Asturian and Romansh. Latin, mentioned in the legend but not on the map, although no longer a living language, is an important point of reference, as it is the progenitor of all the Romance languages.

Lots of coldness in the Germanic family. The bigger members English and German, each keep to themselves. Dutch leans towards the German side, Frisian to the English side. Up north, the smaller Nordic languages cluster in close proximity; Danish, Swedish, Norwegian (both the Bokmal and Nynorsk versions). And look at the tiny Icelandic, Faroer and Luxembourgish languages. Aren't they cute?

The Celtic family portrait is a grim picture: small language dots, separated by a lot of mutual incomprehension: the distance is quite far between Breton and Welsh, a bit closer between Irish and Scottish Gaelic, and further still between the first and second pair.

The Baltics constitute the smallest family, but a fatter pair. Still, Latvians and Lithuanians don't seem to be on very good speaking terms with each other.

All the aforementioned language families are part of the wider Indo-Germanic language tribe. Meaning that there are some points of convergence, even if the lexical distance is great. But it's nice to recognise an English fish in the Irish iasc, and to realise that the German Vater and the Greek pateras share an Indo-European root.

Even beyond the wider bonds of the Indo-European language family, some lexical links exist. Between Finnish and Swedish, for example. Not because of linguistics, but because of history and geography, having shared so much of both.

Which explains why even Basque, Europe's most isolated, most mysterious and probably oldest language, shares some distant traits with Spanish and Breton.

The Uralic group consists of two subgroups, one sort of uniting Estonian and Finnish, the other consisting of Hungarian all by itself. Answering the age-old linguistic conundra of whether Finnish and Hungarian are really related (yes) and if so, do they understand each other (somewhat worse than an Albanian and a Frenchman).

No person is an island, nor is any of the languages we speak. But it can be a pretty long swim between all those palavering peninsulas.

[zsocca55]

Any trivia/anecdote about Kofola?

I actually needed to look this up as I’m not familiar with the brand, but apparently: kofola is a carbonic soft drink which is very similar to Coca Cola in its color but its flavor is entirely different. It has 14 natural ingredients such as: apple, sour cherry, currant, sugar, caramel and other herbs. It has become very popular during the 1960s and 70s in Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Since Coca Cola appeared there is a competition between the western soft drink and Kofola.

It is produced both in Slovakia and Czechia.

I myself don’t know any anecdotes related to Kofola, but hey, if there is any Czech or Slovakian out there, please do share a story!

It’s so cool! I wanna taste it someday! But I’ve yet to find a Hungarian shop that sells it, haha.

Thanks for the question! :D

Hetalia (c) Himaruya Hidekaz

Art by Zsocca

[freecakevideos]

Slovaks was minority citizens of Hungary, and ultimately Austria-Hungary, from 7th 100 years till the formation of Czechoslovakia in 1918 by the Treaty of Versailles. After Slovak calls for larger autonomy dissolved the Czechoslovak parliament, the Slovak Republic was designed in 1993. Many Slovaks and their successes are mistakenly considered entirely Hungarian or perhaps Czech successes based on their very own minority posture within a larger, multicultural nationality. Kofola was invented in communist Czechoslovakia in its place to the Coca-Cola that they’d certainly not import, nevertheless it became therefore well-liked that creation has continuing well earlier the tip of communism in the nation. The Czech triplecoat is applied to some households in Christmas to cowl carp or trout embellished with lemon slices. Dumplings with sheep dairy products (Bryndzové halušky) The early lifetime of the Empire of Hungary positively motivated the event of common awareness and company amongst Slavs in the North Hungary, not really solely within just boundaries of present-day Slovakia. Since a medieval politics nation did not consist of standard individuals however the Aristocracy, regular membership of the fortunate class was necessary for all these peoples (nobiles Hungary). This is Slovakia’s national dish – if you can solely strive one Slovak food, produce it this tool! Pork with dumplings and cabbage (Vepřo knedlo zelo) The earliest such political unit reported by written sources certainly is the Principality of Nitra, one of the foundations of later widespread ethnic intelligence. At this stage of all time it is not nonetheless possible to assume one common identification coming from all Slovak ancestors in the area of jap Slovakia, even though it was inhabited by intently related Slavs. The Principality of Nitra become a part of Great Moravia, a common express of (later) Moravians and Slovaks (Czech ancestors have been completely joined simply for a few years). The comparatively speedy existence of Great Moravia prevented it from suppressing variations which will resulted from the creation from two individual entities, and due to this fact a normal “Slovak-Moravian” cultural id did not develop. The early political the use in the place of present-day Slovakia was nevertheless mirrored in linguistic integration. Dumplings (knedlíky) (steamed and chopped up bread-like) happen to be one of the mainstays of Czech cuisine and so are sometimes served with dishes. They can be both wheat or perhaps potato-based, and they are sometimes produced from a mixture of wheat flour and dices fabricated from stale loaf of bread or flows. When served as outstanding, sliced dumplings are sometimes pan-fried with ova. Czech spud dumplings are often filled with smoked meat and served with spinach or bitter diet programs. Fried red onion and braised cabbage could be included being a side dish. Slovaks have performed an active part in Western european history, including politically, militarily, scientifically, culturally, and religiously. The Slovak people are an ethnic group largely inhabiting the trendy-day nation of Slovakia, and also near associated with areas. A large number of Slovaks and the achievements will be erroneously thought-about solely Hungarian or Czech achievements relying on their fraction position in a larger, multicultural nationality. Ethnic Slovaks have inhabited Central Europe since Middle Ages. Also, many Germans completed in the Empire of Hungary, particularly inside the cities, because work-in search of settlers and mining specialists in the thirteenth for the 15th hundred years. Jews and Gypsies as well formed vital masse inside the territory. During the period of time, most of present-day Slovakia was obviously a part of Habsburg rule, although Ottoman focused southern and southeasternmost elements of it. The opposite concept, encouraging the meant former widespread previous of this Czech and Slovak nations, thus on top of that legitimizing the creation for the united Czechoslovak nation, gained political guide within the inter-war Czechoslovakia. Like Karácsonyi, Czech historian Václav Chaloupecký assumed that northern and central pieces of Slovakia remained uninhabited till the 13th hundred years and the south-western part was inhabited by simply Czechs. Spud pancakes (Zemiakové placky) Apart from the ethnic dialects, Slovakians also use international different languages these kinds of for the reason that English. The deaf neighborhood within the nation generally uses Slovak Sign Language. You may want to start planning (and training) pertaining to subsequent yr. Several Croats settled https://topinternationaldatingsites.net/slovakian-brides about and in present-day Bratislava with respect to similar triggers. The population displays a broad range of range, with several cultural teams present throughout the Slovakian borders. The largest ethnic group is the Slovaks, which make up greater than 80 percent of the population. Minority ethnic teams include the Hungarians, Czechs, Rusyns, Poles, Ukrainians and the Roma. The languages spoken in Slovak republic aren’t purely unique to the nation as totally different local communities within the European Union speak these languages.

Slovaks ....

The post <p> Slovaks was minority citizens of Hungary, and ultimately Austria-Hungary, from 7th 100 years till the formation of Czechoslovakia in 1918 by the Treaty of Versailles. After Slovak calls for larger autonomy dissolved the Czechoslovak parliament, the Slovak Republic was designed in 1993. Many Slovaks and their successes are mistakenly considered entirely Hungarian or perhaps Czech successes based on their very own minority posture within a larger, multicultural nationality. </p><p> Kofola was invented in communist Czechoslovakia in its place to the Coca-Cola that they’d certainly not import, nevertheless it became therefore well-liked that creation has continuing well earlier the tip of communism in the nation. The Czech triplecoat is applied to some households in Christmas to cowl carp or trout embellished with lemon slices. </p> <h2> Dumplings with sheep dairy products (Bryndzové halušky) </h2><p> The early lifetime of the Empire of Hungary positively motivated the event of common awareness and company amongst Slavs in the North Hungary, not really solely within just boundaries of present-day Slovakia. Since a medieval politics nation did not consist of standard individuals however the Aristocracy, regular membership of the fortunate class was necessary for all these peoples (nobiles Hungary). This is Slovakia’s national dish – if you can solely strive one Slovak food, produce it this tool! </p> <h3> Pork with dumplings and cabbage (Vepřo knedlo zelo) </h3><p> The earliest such political unit reported by written sources certainly is the Principality of Nitra, one of the foundations of later widespread ethnic intelligence. At this stage of all time it is not nonetheless possible to assume one common identification coming from all Slovak ancestors in the area of jap Slovakia, even though it was inhabited by intently related Slavs. The Principality of Nitra become a part of Great Moravia, a common express of (later) Moravians and Slovaks (Czech ancestors have been completely joined simply for a few years). The comparatively speedy existence of Great Moravia prevented it from suppressing variations which will resulted from the creation from two individual entities, and due to this fact a normal “Slovak-Moravian” cultural id did not develop. The early political the use in the place of present-day Slovakia was nevertheless mirrored in linguistic integration. </p><p> Dumplings (knedlíky) (steamed and chopped up bread-like) happen to be one of the mainstays of Czech cuisine and so are sometimes served with dishes. They can be both wheat or perhaps potato-based, and they are sometimes produced from a mixture of wheat flour and dices fabricated from stale loaf of bread or flows. When served as outstanding, sliced dumplings are sometimes pan-fried with ova. Czech spud dumplings are often filled with smoked meat and served with spinach or bitter diet programs. Fried red onion and braised cabbage could be included being a side dish. </p><ul> <li> Slovaks have performed an active part in Western european history, including politically, militarily, scientifically, culturally, and religiously. </li> <li> The Slovak people are an ethnic group largely inhabiting the trendy-day nation of Slovakia, and also near associated with areas. </li> <li> A large number of Slovaks and the achievements will be erroneously thought-about solely Hungarian or Czech achievements relying on their fraction position in a larger, multicultural nationality. </li> <li> Ethnic Slovaks have inhabited Central Europe since Middle Ages. </li> </ul><p> Also, many Germans completed in the Empire of Hungary, particularly inside the cities, because work-in search of settlers and mining specialists in the thirteenth for the 15th hundred years. Jews and Gypsies as well formed vital masse inside the territory. During the period of time, most of present-day Slovakia was obviously a part of Habsburg rule, although Ottoman focused southern and southeasternmost elements of it. </p><p> The opposite concept, encouraging the meant former widespread previous of this Czech and Slovak nations, thus on top of that legitimizing the creation for the united Czechoslovak nation, gained political guide within the inter-war Czechoslovakia. Like Karácsonyi, Czech historian Václav Chaloupecký assumed that northern and central pieces of Slovakia remained uninhabited till the 13th hundred years and the south-western part was inhabited by simply Czechs. </p> <h4> Spud pancakes (Zemiakové placky) </h4><p> Apart from the ethnic dialects, Slovakians also use international different languages these kinds of for the reason that English. The deaf neighborhood within the nation generally uses Slovak Sign Language. </p><p> You may want to start planning (and training) pertaining to subsequent yr. Several Croats settled <a href="https://topinternationaldatingsites.net/slovakian-brides/">https://topinternationaldatingsites.net/slovakian-brides</a> about and in present-day Bratislava with respect to similar triggers. </p><p> The population displays a broad range of range, with several cultural teams present throughout the Slovakian borders. The largest ethnic group is the Slovaks, which make up greater than 80 percent of the population. Minority ethnic teams include the Hungarians, Czechs, Rusyns, Poles, Ukrainians and the Roma. The languages spoken in Slovak republic aren’t purely unique to the nation as totally different local communities within the European Union speak these languages. </p> appeared first on FreeCakeVideos.

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How the Auschwitz Memorial’s Twitter account ended up being the web’s Holocaust fact-checker

Pawel Sawicki, 39, has been spearheading the Auschwitz Memorial’s social networks given that 2009.

In addition to tweeting individual stories about Auschwitz to raise awareness, Sawicki has utilized Twitter to fact-check numerous media outlets and users.

As Twitter struggles to combat false information, he has actually utilized the organization’s account to combat back versus fringe conspiracy theories.

Sawicki’s objective isn’t to encourage Holocaust deniers or conspiracy theorists. Rather, he wishes to reach people who are susceptible to false information.

Find out more stories like this on Expert.

On December 24 th, Dinesh D’Souza, a far-right conspiracy theorist, took to Twitter to chime in on the latest Rudy Giuliani controversy to his over 1 million followers, commenting that President Trump’s personal lawyer was “more of a Jew” than the Hungarian billionaire George Soros. While CNN’s tweet explained Soros as a Holocaust survivor, D’Souza had a different understanding: “Holocaust survivor? Ho, ho, ho. By his own admission, young Soros helped in the confiscation of Jewish home on behalf of a Hungarian program faithful to the Nazis.” The misinformation post has more than 6,906 retweets and 757 responds.

Though lots of users revealed their outrage at D’Souza for spreading a lie, others agreed or shared a declared photo of Soros as an SS Officer (the photo is in fact of Oskar Gröning, an SS garrison at Auschwitz). 8 hours after D’Souza’s Tweet, the Auschwitz Memorial’s Twitter account responded with two pages of copy resolving regularly flowed rumors that Soros was a Nazi collaborator. The account rapidly responded to a user implicating the museum of defending “ liberals,” stating, “For us whatever that is true, is. Whatever that is a lie or manipulation, is wrong and incorrect. The truth & the realities about complex and challenging history is exactly what we are teaching.”

— Auschwitz Memorial (@AuschwitzMuseum) December 26, 2019

Tweets like these offer a bleak microcosm of the web– a charlatan with a large platform shares a damaging rumor and then a reliable voice of reason steps in, asking users to side with the truth. Unlike numerous social media accounts commemorating the Holocaust, the Auschwitz Memorial’s Twitter account has presumed the role of a fact-checker. However unlike a lot of fact-checkers, the account performs its operate in complete view of the general public, as loudly as possible.

The death camp was the biggest extermination center of the Holocaust: the Nazi regime’s systemic, genocidal murder of 6 million Jews from 1941 to1945 From it’s conversion to a death camp in 1942 to the liberation of its prisoners in 1945, 1.1 million victims were killed in Auschwitz. In addition to highlighting stories about Auschwitz survivors and victims, the account often corrects or includes context to newspapers, reporters, and prominent figures like D’Souza about whatever from extravagant claims to basic errors relating to historic dates and occasions. Despite shooting out lots of posts a day, the account is run by simply one person, Pawel Sawicki.

At first, Auschwitz didn’t know how individuals would react to the subject of genocide on social media

Paul Sawicki runs the Twitter represent the Auschwitz Memorial.

Paul Sawicki

Sawicki, 39, informed Expert that the museum’s social media presence is part of their wider efforts to honor the legacy of the concentration camp’s victims He stated, “Part of our objective is to preserve the history of this place. So, truths are very essential.”

Sawicki, a former reporter, was at first drawn to studying Auschwitz through household history. After The Second World War, his grandparents transferred to Oswiecim, Poland, the town where the Auschwitz Memorial lies. As a journalist, Sawicki established a professional connection with the museum and explored his interests in discovering the history of the Holocaust. He was later used the function of a press officer in the fall of2007 5 years back, he also began working as a tourist guide.

In 2009, the memorial ventured into the world of social media when it developed a Facebook page. In the beginning, his group was worried about how users would respond to seeing posts commemorating a genocide sandwiched between “music videos” and “birthday wishes” on their newsfeed. They were amazed to find that people saw their social accounts “as an extension of the objective that we carry out in the historical sites.” 3 years later, in 2012, Sawicki launched the Twitter account that’s now amassed nearly 1 million followers.

Compared to Facebook, Twitter offered more interactive opportunities for the museum. From the outset, fact-checking belonged to their Twitter technique. Searching for hashtags and crucial search terms like ‘the Holocaust’ and ‘Auschwitz,’ Sawicki states he and his group can keep track of discussions that are developing online.

For his fact-checking, Sawicki draws from Auschwitz’s archive and sometimes requests for support from the institution’s historians. As fact-checking occurs on Twitter, users are provided a glimpse into the correction process that generally has occurred over phone or email. On January 2nd, Sawicki reached out to Renee Ghert-Zand regarding her The Times of Israel article about Heather Dune MacAdam’s book, “999: The Extraordinary Young Women of the First Authorities Jewish Transportation to Auschwitz.” Sawicki disagreed with the initial title, “The very first Auschwitz transport was of 997 young Slovakian Jewish females and teens,” because Auschwitz I was established in 1940 for Polish political prisoners and then in 1942, it broadened as a prisoner-of-war camp for Jews.

— Amanda Borschel-Dan (@AmandaBDan) January 2, 2020

After some back and forth on Twitter, correcting the title twice, Amanda Borschel-Dan, an editor at The Times of Israel, changed the post’s title to “First transport of Jews to Auschwitz was 997 young Slovak ladies and teenagers.” Assessing the exchange with the museum, Borschel-Dan said in an e-mail, “There is no dispute when we are openly fact-checked [by the museum] considering that our goals are the same– accurate accuracy and subtlety when reporting on the Holocaust. Our viewpoints might somewhat differ, but our objectives are the same.” She expressed concerns over being corrected in “a public manner” due to the fact that it “inevitably produces a troll tweetstorm.”

Sawicki said that he isn’t worried about giants because considering that they are inescapable, he can’t let it interfere with his work of trying to educate people about Auschwitz. “We should not manage the method we work and the method we act,” he stated. For the previous reporter, fact-checking publically refers effectiveness. Instead of trying to find an email or telephone number to call, he’s able to get quicker reactions– and corrections– from outlets by engaging on Twitter.

Not everyone takes kindly to Sawicki’s fact-checking process

Sawicki acknowledged to Insider that despite the fact that the majority of his fact-checking interactions are cordial, in some cases he has to obstruct users. Last February, in an opinion piece for Haaretz, Ariel Sobel detailed her hostile exchange with the account that caused her getting blocked(Ariel Sobel has actually faced allegations about her trustworthiness in the past). The exchange started when the museum slammed a The Jewish Voice post entitled “ Auschwitz-Birkenau & Its Polish Roots” Sawicki tweeted: “the title is not just false & ahistorical. It’s disrespectful to the memory of all the victims of Auschwitz: Jews, Poles, Roma, Soviets & others. Absolutely no arguments show the hazardous predisposition & manipulative character of this editorial. Embarassment.” In a tweet, Sobel then implicated the account of attempting to “rewrite history” by eliminating “Polish antisemitism.”

Responding to her jab, Sawicki specified that there were “no ‘Polish roots’ within the history of Auschwitz.” In her scathing post, Sobel contextualized the tweet– and the museum’s fact-checking efforts– with a 2018 law signed by Poland’s right-wing president Andrzej Duda which criminalized tying Poles to Nazis’ criminal offenses. At the time, the law triggered an international backlash and though it was changed in June 2018, the Polish government continues to have a tense relationship with Israel relating to the legacy of the Holocaust.

The Germans were responsible for the building and construction and administration of Auschwitz and they were occupying Poland during The second world war. Sobel’s qualms touched upon something broader: non-Jewish Poles helping Nazis find Jewish Poles and anti-Semitism preceding the Holocaust.

In an e-mail reaction to Expert about Sobel’s claims, Sawicki pointed out the writer’s trustworthiness issues and mentioned:

” Our position is extremely clear: the acts of Poles– brave or terrible– within the context of German profession of Poland must be looked into honestly, fairly and expertly.”

Furthermore, Sawicki told Insider that the concept of “Polish complicity” in Auschwitz is “simply incorrect.” Nevertheless, Sobel’s qualms were less about the uniqueness of Auschwitz’s history and more about attending to the environment in which antisemitism promoted. As Rivka Weinberg, an approach professor at Scripps College, kept in mind in a current New york city Times op-ed, European nations with a richer history in antisemitism, like Poland, had populations that were more complicit in helping Nazis find Jews.

Regardless, disputes over complicity have a geopolitical subtext. Last December, President Vladimir Putin made controversial comments blaming Poland for the start of World War II On January 14 th, a Twitter account representing the State Duma, a Russian legislative branch, posted a tweet demanding that the Polish federal government apologize for “extermination camps.” Sawicki responded with a quote-tweet that advocated for education about the prisoner-of-war camp’s “complex history.”

— Auschwitz Memorial (@AuschwitzMuseum) January 15, 2020

These discussions about the veracity of historical details can rapidly go off the rails and can be difficult to follow and respond to given that Sawicki regularly does not use citations in his correction. On December 30 th, the account publicly fixed Haaretz, “Your basic post about the history of # Auschwitz does not point out Poles who were the first group of victims & for whom the German Nazis established the camp. Listed below you will discover some other accurate information of the text.” (Haaretz didn’t release an action or a correction to their short article and a Haaretz press reporter whose beat is Poland and the Holocaust decreased to comment.) In the reactions to the tweet, some users engaged in a rather harmful discussion about the objected to notion of Polish complicity in the Holocaust.

— Auschwitz Memorial (@AuschwitzMuseum) December 30, 2019

The previous journalist stated that his objective isn’t to convince Holocaust deniers or conspiracy theorists who are encouraged by antisemitic bigotry however rather to “provide details, knowledge, [and] resources to those people who are exposed to such lies.”

In an email to Expert, Dr. Torsten Kathke, a history professor at the Johannes Gutenberg University’s Obama Institute whose knowledge is combating “incorrect stories,” stated that fact-checking on social media is essential since it’s planned not for “the person who is lying, however at those who may have cause to think the lie.” He stressed that though he comprehends issues about platforming “fringe ideas” through engaging with them, it’s crucial to get the reality out when a social media account with thousands or millions of fans is spreading out bigoted rumors. Kathke is doubtful about whether Twitter is comprehending the intensity of the problem and mentioned issues that the new feature to stop responds on Tweets will make it more difficult for users to “unmask lies.”

A representative for Twitter informed Expert that D’Souza’s false information Tweets about Soros didn’t violate the platform’s rules. In a declaration addressing a concern about what actions Twitter is taking to fact-check false information about the Holocaust, the agent said, “As described in the Twitter Rules, we do not tolerate targeted instances of hateful conduct, including referring to violent events or kinds of violence where safeguarded categories were the primary victims, or efforts to reject or diminish such events.”

Therefore, while glorifying or denying the Holocaust is an offense of the platform’s guidelines, spreading misinformation about who was a victim or criminal, as when it comes to D’Souza’s lies about Soros, needs independent fact-checkers to action in and inform the public what’s proper. Despite the implicit credibility of representing a worldwide popular organization, there’s only a lot Sawicki can do with one account. Eventually, unless social networks leviathans want to continue platforming figures like D’Souza, they will have to figure out how to promote freedom of conversation without enabling the proliferation of misinformation.

As the 75 th anniversary of the freedom of Auschwitz techniques, Sawicki is interacting with popular figures on Twitter in hopes of reaching 1 million followers. He’s taken on a righteous objective of trying to inform as numerous users as possible about among the 20 th century’s worst tragedies. This task, sometimes, has actually been analyzed pretty broadly– he regularly reminds users of the historic inaccuracies in works of fiction like Heather Morris’s The Tattooist of Auschwitz and John Boyne’s The Young Boy In The Striped Pajamas

— Auschwitz Memorial (@AuschwitzMuseum) January 4, 2020

Sawicki stressed that the majority of his interactions on Twitter are favorable, mentioning a user who compared his account to a virtual vigil for Auschwitz victims. These historic conversations are progressively taking location on social media, he advises for individuals to get more information from other resources like going to a regional museum or reserving a virtual trip of the Auschwitz Memorial. He remarked, “The knowledge is online, it’s just a question of choosing to learn.”

Read the initial short article on INSIDER Copyright2020

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Military parade in Prague honors century since birth of Czechoslovakia | News | DW

Over 4,000 soldiers took part in the biggest military parade since the end of the Cold War in Prague, marking the founding of Czechoslovakia in October 1918.

Sunday’s parade involved tanks, armored vehicles, and artillery, with crowds braving heavy rain to watch the day’s events alongside top officials from Slovakia and the Czech Republic. There was also a fly-by of JAS 39 Gripen fighter jets.

Troops from the UK, France, Italy, and the US all took part in the event, with US Defense Secretary Jim Mattis in attendance. 

Presidents Andrej Kiska (front left) and Milos Zeman (front right) observed the parade with their aides

The Czech army is doing its bit in fighting international terrorism, the “greatest enemy of mankind,” with its NATO allies, said the country’s President Milos Zeman.

At a press conference, US General Mattis expressed his condolences to the families of four Czech soldiers who were killed in Afghanistan this year.

Czechs and Slovaks

Although Czechoslovakia is long gone, both the Czechs and Slovaks celebrate its founding as a landmark moment of national emancipation. Before the creation of the joint country a century ago, both peoples were ruled by the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Czechoslovakia soon faced threats to its sovereignty from Nazi Germany, culminating with the annexation of the German-dominated Sudeten region in 1938 and the subsequent occupation of the country in the following year.

Slovakian soldiers and police also took part in the Sunday parade

The joint state reemerged after WWII but found itself in the Eastern Bloc, dominated by the Soviet Union. Following attempts at liberalization pushed by Czechoslovakian President Alexander Dubcek, the Soviet Union and its allies invaded Czechoslovakia in the 1968 Prague Spring. After the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Czech and Slovak leaders agreed to a peaceful divorce in 1992.  The independent nations of Slovakia and the Czech Republic emerged on January 1, 1993. The relations between Bratislava and Prague have remained amicable.

Read more: Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia, division and disintegration

On Sunday, Slovak President Andrej Kiska viewed the parade alongside his Czech colleague Zeman.

The Sunday parade comes as a culmination of three days of celebrations, which saw French President Emmanuel Macron and German Chancellor Angela Merkel visit the Czech capital. The festivities are set to end with Zeman hosting a state medal ceremony at Prague Castle on Sunday evening.

dj/jm(AFP, Reuters)

Each evening at 1830 UTC, DW’s editors send out a selection of the day’s hard news and quality feature journalism. You can sign up to receive it directly here.

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Park Hotel Shanghai - Wikipedia

Park Hotel 国际饭店

Park Hotel, Shanghai

General information Location 170 Nanjing Road West, Shanghai 200003, People's Republic of China Opening 1 December 1934 Owner Shanghai Jinjiang International Hotels Corp. Technical details Floor count 24 Floor area 15,650 square meters Design and construction Architect László Hudec Developer Voh Kee Construction Company for the Joint Savings Society[1] Other information Number of rooms 200 Website www.parkhotel.com.cn

Park Hotel (simplified Chinese: 国际饭店; traditional Chinese: 國際飯店; pinyin: Guójì Fàndìan; literally: "International Hotel"), historically the Shanghai Joint Savings Society Building, is an Art Deco hotel on Nanjing Road West, Shanghai, China. It was the tallest building in Asia from its completion in 1934 to 1958.

History[edit]

Scan of a late 1930s coaster from the Park Hotel in Shanghai.

The Shanghai Joint Savings Society Building, located at No.170 Nanjing Road West, was named after the Joint Savings Society, founded in 1923 by the merger of Yienyieh Commercial Bank, Kincheng Banking corporation, the China and South Sea Bank, and the Continental Bank. It was built as a competitor for the Cathay Hotel.[2] The building was designed by the Hungarian-Slovakian architect László Hudec[2] in March 1931 and construction was completed in December 1934. The building is 83.8 metres tall and contains 22 stories above ground and another 2 stories underground. Built by Voh Kee Construction Company, the piling project was finished by a Danish Company established by Corrit.[3]

Strongly inspired by the American Radiator Building, it is among the well known building from Hudec in Shanghai. It remained the tallest building in China until 1966, and in Shanghai until 1983.

On February 23, 1938, G.H. Thomas wrote: "I stayed at the Park Hotel on Bubbling Well Road, where I had a great room and bath. The appointments, the bath and the service are just like in any first-class hotel in New York. A single room such as mine costs $8 a day without food."[4]

It was built overlooking the horse racing course owned by The Shanghai Race Club, one of the most prestigious locations in Shanghai at the time. The Shanghai Race Course and the Shanghai Recreation Ground that it enclosed was later turned into the People's Park by the Shanghai Government. Originally the Park Hotel accommodated the Joint Savings Society Bank in its lower two floors, and the hotel on the upper floors.[2]

Exterior[edit]

The first three floors are finished with polished black granite from Shandong Province. The upper floors are clad with dark brown brick and ceramic face tiles.[2] The exterior has had two major changes: there is a banking entrance on one corner, and a marquee was added that masks the unique silhouette of the top floors.

Interior[edit]

In 1935, the outdoor garden on the 13th floor was converted into the 14th floor banquet space and surrounded by windows and covered with a retractable roof. That roof is now a back-lit glass panel set into a ceiling.

Most of the interior was deliberately changed by the Chinese government in the 1950s because they disliked the existing bourgeois style. The building was renovated again in the 1980s to partially refurbish into the original style. In 1997, American designer George Grigorian remodeled some the interior using an Art Deco style. American architect Christopher Choa restored the Art Deco lobby in 2001.[5]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Park Hotel.

Coordinates: 31°14′01.2″N 121°28′17.7″E / 31.233667°N 121.471583°E / 31.233667; 121.471583 (Park Hotel Shanghai)