#skin cancer clinic

[warnerlakesfamilypractice]

How Skin Cancer Clinics in Warner Help Detect and Treat Skin Cancer Early

Skin cancer is one of the most global cancer forms but is also one of the most preventable if found in time. The existence of a reliable and professional skin cancer clinic would therefore be a major boon for the residents of Warner. In this article, we shall discuss the quotations for skin cancer screening, the services local clinics may offer, and how to get the right clinic for your needs.

What Is Skin Cancer?

Skin cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells. There are three most-commonly basing types: Melanoma: The most dangerous type often appearing as a new or changing mole. BCC tumors exist commonly while remaining difficult to spread because they form small shiny bumps on the skin. The skin manifestation of Squamous Cell Carcinoma presents itself through scaly or crusted patches and shows limited ability to spread across other areas. All of these skin cancers are highly curable if detected early, hence the reason early examination becomes imperative.

Why Screening for Skin Cancer is Important

Skin checks are so important because skin cancer is one of those cancers, especially melanoma, that can grow undetected early on. Here are reasons you should prioritize screenings: Early Detection Saves Lives: Skin cancer is much more treatable when it is detected at an early stage. Self-Examinations: Keep a watch on your skin, looking for any suspicious changes such as new moles or growths. Professional Screenings: This is an area where an experienced dermatologist is useful: they can see issues that your eye may not; thus, thorough evaluations.

Services Offered at Skin Cancer Clinics in Warner

A dedicated skin cancer clinic Warner may offer a number of services, including:

Comprehensive Skin Checks: Total body examination to check your skin for any sign of skin cancer. Digital imaging is another way for monitoring over time. Skin Cancer Diagnosis: Biopsy procedures confirming the existence of cancerous cells. Staging of the cancer to determine to how much extent it has invaded. Treatment Options: Surgery Removal- The most common treatment wherein cancerous tissues are excised. Cryotherapy- Freezing of the abnormal cells using liquid nitrogen in order to kill them. Topical Treatments- Medications applied to the skin to treat early-stage skin cancers. Follow-up After Treatment: Reconstructive Operations-on the occasion when surgery results into scars. Continuous monitoring the patient to ensure the cancer will not re-occur.

When Looking for the Right Clinic for Skin Cancer in Warner

Here are some factors to consider when looking for a clinic for skin cancer treatment: Experience and qualifications- Check for dermatologists or skin cancer specialists with enough number of years in practice. Patient reviews- Read reviews on the web and comments from previous patients' experiences. Availability: A clinic within Warner is a clinic that will allow the most convenient access for consultations and follow appointments.

Technology: Clinics with advanced diagnostic tools, such as digital mole mapping, will more likely produce more accurate assessments.

Advantages of Local Skin Cancer Clinics in Warner

Choosing a skin cancer institution close home in Warner has several advantages. Appointment Convenience: No lengthy travels or scheduling difficulties. Care Customized: Patients are taken care of personally since local clinics concentrate on local communities. Community Knowledge: A clinic in Warner is likely to know a lot about the local environment and what common skin ailments its residents ought to be confronting as a result of its climate.

How Often Should I Go for Skin Cancer Screening?

Frequency of screening for skin cancer is determined by many of its risk factors. For Adults under 40: An annual skin check is recommended. For Adults Over 40 or Extras in High-Risk Factors: Biannual screenings would be recommended or even more often. High-Risk Individuals: Those with a family history of skin cancer, very fair skin, and/or a history of excess sun exposure should be screened more often.

What to Expect During Skin Cancer Screening

The procedure for skin cancer screening appointments in Warner clinics follows this process: The doctor examines your medical specifics during this first meeting along with asking for any worries you have. The physician will request fundamental undressing before performing a complete assessment of your entire body skin. The medical expert will carefully observe any strange looking moles along with growths and skin alteration points. The doctor will perform a biopsy to check if the medical concern indicates skin cancer when they notice something concerning during the examination.

Skin Cancer Treatment Procedures in Warner

Once skin cancer is diagnosed, the following treatment procedures may be adopted:

Diagnosis and Staging: A biopsy will tell the type and stage of the cancer. Treatment Options: Based on their diagnosis, your dermatologist will recommend the way in which treatment could best help you. Follow-Up Care: Regular reviews are needed to see that there has not been any recurrence, as well as to check for other problems.

The Role of Skin Cancer Clinics in Preventing Skin Cancer

The prevention of skin cancer acts as a vital procedure to decrease new skin cancer cases. Skin cancer clinics located in Warner operate programs to teach their patients about skin cancer prevention. Sunscreen application combined with proper clothing alongside avoiding tanning beds makes up the essential measures the public should use for skin protection. The program establishes educational workshops that provide knowledge about skin cancer hazards to local residents.

Conclusion

Skin cancer is preventable and treatable with high success if detected early. This is why it is crucial for anyone in Warner looking for a skin cancer clinic to regularly screen and treat the disease. Checking your skin often, undergoing professional screenings, and selecting a reputable clinic for your treatment are all necessities. Your proactive steps today will translate to a healthier tomorrow.

[sunskinclinic]

Understanding Skin Cancer: Expert Advice on Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment  | Sunskin Clinic

Skin cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with millions of people affected each year. Early detection and prompt treatment can significantly improve the prognosis, but understanding the different types of skin cancer and their treatments is essential to achieving this. At SunSkin Clinic, we are committed to providing patients with comprehensive skin diagnosis and treatment options. In this blog, we will explore skin cancer types, the importance of professional skin diagnosis, and expert advice on how to manage and prevent melanoma.

https://sunskinclinic.com.au/understanding-skin-cancer-expert-advice-on-prevention-diagnosis-and-treatment/

[mylocaldoc]

Skin Cancer Clinic

Protect your health with specialized care at the Skin Cancer Clinic in Chermside. My Local Doc offers thorough skin cancer screenings, accurate diagnoses, and effective treatments performed by experienced medical professionals. Early detection is crucial, and our clinic is dedicated to providing comprehensive skin checks and personalized care plans. Ensure your skin health and peace of mind with our expert services. Visit our website to schedule a skin cancer screening and learn more about our clinic's offerings.

[kangaroopointmedicalcentre]

Skin Cancer Clinic in Brisbane | Kangaroo Point Medical Centre

Protect your skin's health at Kangaroo Point Medical Centre, your trusted Skin Cancer Clinic in Brisbane. Our experienced professionals offer comprehensive skin cancer screenings and treatments. Ensure your skin's well-being with our specialized care and expertise.

[officewebmaster415]

Skin Cancer Clinic Gold Coast

Skin Cancer Clinic Gold Coast

Welcome to our skincare clinic, where we provide comprehensive care for all skin conditions, from skin cancer to skin health and cosmetic concerns.

Our mission is to help you feel your absolute best in your own skin.

Our team of experienced and compassionate professionals is dedicated to addressing your individual needs and concerns, offering tailored treatment plans for every skin condition.

Whether you’re seeking treatment for skin cancer, need assistance with a chronic skin condition, or simply want to enhance your natural beauty, we’re here to support you.

Our approach focuses on enhancing your skin’s health and restoring its vitality, so you can embrace your age with confidence and radiate beauty from within.

Your satisfaction and well-being are our top priorities, and we’re committed to delivering exceptional care to help you look and feel your best.

Trust us to be your partner in achieving and maintaining optimal skin health

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[officewebmaster315]

Melanoma

Melanoma

Welcome to our skincare clinic, where we provide comprehensive care for all skin conditions, from skin cancer to skin health and cosmetic concerns.

Our mission is to help you feel your absolute best in your own skin.

Our team of experienced and compassionate professionals is dedicated to addressing your individual needs and concerns, offering tailored treatment plans for every skin condition.

Whether you’re seeking treatment for skin cancer, need assistance with a chronic skin condition, or simply want to enhance your natural beauty, we’re here to support you.

Our approach focuses on enhancing your skin’s health and restoring its vitality, so you can embrace your age with confidence and radiate beauty from within.

Your satisfaction and well-being are our top priorities, and we’re committed to delivering exceptional care to help you look and feel your best.

Trust us to be your partner in achieving and maintaining optimal skin health

[judge-tenderly]

okay let’s do a for and against on how likely it is charles will die before he’s been king for a year

against

he was coronated on the 16th of may, we’re in feb now. it’s unlikely he won’t get another 6 months at least because

he has access to the best medical care in the world. no way this wasn’t discovered immediately - giving him the best chance of success

for

hes sooooo old

trisha paytas’s baby is due in may. may has 31 days meaning it’s pretty much an even split chance that she’ll give birth before the 16th

centuries of incest doesn’t just make you ugly, it also SERIOUSLY fucks your health. the best doctors in the world can’t fix genetics that battered

the press don’t know shit. if it were just a melanoma that could be easily cut out the palace would have said so

if manifesting is at all real he’s fucked

[balgowlahvillagemedicalpractice]

Expert Skin Cancer Checks in Balgowlah – Balgowlah Village Medical Practice

Balgowlah Village Medical Practice offers trusted and thorough skin cancer checks right here in Balgowlah. Our experienced team uses advanced tools to detect early signs of skin cancer and provide timely care. Whether it’s a routine check or a concern about a mole or spot, we’re here to help with expert advice and treatment in a friendly, local setting.

[sadik165]

Latest Advances in Skin Cancer Treatment for 2025

Skin cancer ranks among the most prevalent forms of cancer, impacting millions of people around the globe.Thankfully, ongoing research and advancements in technology have paved the way for innovative treatments that are improving outcomes for patients. For those seeking cutting-edge care, Skin Cancer Treatment in Watford has also benefited from these global breakthroughs. In this article, we’ll explore the latest advancements in skin cancer treatment for 2025, providing hope and inspiration for those affected by this disease.

Immunotherapy: A Game-Changer

One of the most promising advances in skin cancer treatment is immunotherapy, which empowers the immune system to target and destroy cancer cells. Drugs like immune checkpoint inhibitors have proven effective in treating advanced cases, shrinking tumors, and improving survival rates. In 2025, these therapies are becoming more refined and accessible. For cutting-edge care, consider consulting a trusted Skin Cancer Clinic in North London to explore these innovative options.

Personalized Medicine: Tailored to You

Gone are the days of one-size-fits-all treatments. Personalized medicine is revolutionizing how we approach skin cancer. By analyzing a patient’s genetic makeup and the specific characteristics of their tumor, doctors, including those at the Top Skin Cancer Surgery Clinic in Stanmore, can now create highly targeted treatment plans. This precision ensures better outcomes with fewer side effects, giving patients a more comfortable treatment experience.

Advances in Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

Photodynamic therapy, which uses a combination of light and photosensitizing agents to kill cancer cells, has seen significant advancements. In 2025, new-generation PDT systems offer improved precision, making it a highly effective option for early-stage skin cancers. Compared to traditional skin cancer surgery, PDT offers shorter recovery times and minimal scarring, making it an increasingly popular choice for non-invasive treatment.

Artificial Intelligence In Skin Cancer Care

Artificial intelligence (AI) is playing a growing role in diagnosing and treating skin cancer. AI-powered tools can now analyze images of skin lesions with incredible accuracy, often matching or surpassing the skills of dermatologists. In treatment planning, AI helps doctors predict the best course of action based on a patient’s unique case, enhancing the overall effectiveness of care.

Minimally Invasive Surgical Techniques

Surgical treatment remains vital for skin cancer, and innovations in minimally invasive techniques are transforming outcomes. A skilled skin cancer surgeon in Watford can now perform advanced procedures like Mohs surgery, which precisely removes cancer cells, spares healthy tissue, and enhances cosmetic results, offering patients effective and refined care in 2025.

Conclusion

The latest advances in skin cancer treatment for 2025 are remarkable, offering hope and improved outcomes. Innovations like immunotherapy, personalized medicine, AI-driven care, and minimally invasive techniques are transforming patient care. For those in London, the Best Skin Cancer Removal Clinic provides world-class treatments with cutting-edge technology and expertise. Early detection remains vital—regular skin checks and timely intervention can save lives. Stay informed, hopeful, and trust in the progress being made in the fight against skin cancer.

[parkmoremcaus]

The Role of Pathology in Keysborough in Diagnosing and Treating Medical Conditions

Pathology in Keysborough is a critical component of modern healthcare, playing a vital role in the diagnosis and treatment of a wide range of medical conditions. In Keysborough, like in any other community, pathology services are essential for ensuring the health and well-being of the population.

What is Pathology?

Pathology is the study of diseases. It involves the examination of tissues, organs, and body fluids to identify abnormalities and determine the cause of illness. Pathologists at a skin cancer clinic in Keysborough are medical doctors who have specialized in this field. They use a variety of techniques, including microscopy, molecular biology, and genetic testing, to analyze samples and provide accurate diagnoses.

How Pathology Helps in Diagnosis and Treatment

Pathology plays a crucial role in virtually every area of medicine. Here are some examples of how it helps in diagnosis and treatment:

Cancer diagnosis: Pathologists examine tissue biopsies to determine if a tumor is cancerous and, if so, what type of cancer it is. This information is essential for determining the best course of treatment.

Infectious disease diagnosis: Pathologists identify the specific bacteria, viruses, or other microorganisms that are causing an infection. This helps doctors choose the most effective antibiotics or other medications.

Diagnosis of autoimmune diseases: Pathologists look for specific antibodies or other markers in the blood that can indicate the presence of an autoimmune disease, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.

Monitoring chronic diseases: Pathologists help monitor the progression of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease, by measuring levels of glucose, cholesterol, and other substances in the blood.

Prenatal testing: Pathologists perform tests on blood or amniotic fluid to screen for genetic abnormalities in unborn babies.

You should consult your physician if you are having any health issues. To assist identify your problem and choose the best course of therapy, your doctor could prescribe pathology tests.

Source

[molecheck]

Ensure Skin Health and Remain Healthy with Skin Check in Ferntree Gully

Skin check in Ferntree Gully is possible with the help of the best skin specialist doctors and the latest technologies as many people nowadays have skin issues due to exposure to sun. There are many people in Australia who face skin issues and due to this one needs to have a skin check for detecting the issues at the earliest. With skin screening, if there is skin cancer then it can be detected early and hence a lot of health complications can be avoided.

A skin cancer clinic in Tremont offers comprehensive services to help individuals detect and Australia’s high UV index significantly increases the risk of developing skin cancer. If any suspicious lesions are identified, then expert dermatologists generally go for biopsy and pathology services to check and get a proper diagnosis. These clinics also educate patients on prevention strategies, such as the use of sunscreen and protective clothing, to lower future risks.

Process of Skin Cancer Check - Explained in Detail for Understanding Better

The check begins with a thorough consultation where a dermatologist discusses the patient’s medical history, and sun exposure habits, and the patient should not have any fake tan or cosmetics on the skin during the process for a proper checkup.

Advanced tools such as a dermatoscope are used that come with a high magnification power and then the examination is done. There might be areas of concern that are documented, and high-resolution images may be taken for future comparison.

When it comes to such checks the best clinics generally recommend that such procedures be carried out every twelve months and sometimes earlier as well if one has a history of skin cancer.

Contact the leading skin clinics for an appointment to get the skin checked or full excision of moles that can be unhealthy for the patient and keep the skin health good.

Source

[kangaroopointmedicalcentre]

Kangaroo Point Medical Centre: Your Trusted Skin Cancer Clinic in Brisbane

Introduction : When it comes to skin cancer prevention, early detection, and expert care, Kangaroo Point Medical Centre stands out as a reputable skin cancer clinic in Brisbane. Skin cancer is a prevalent concern in Australia, and we are dedicated to offering comprehensive skin cancer services to the Kangaroo Point and broader Brisbane community. In this article, we will delve into the importance of skin cancer screenings, our services, and why Kangaroo Point Medical Centre is your top choice for skin cancer clinic in Brisbane.

Skin Cancer Screenings: A Vital Step : Skin cancer is a significant health issue in Australia due to its high levels of sun exposure. Regular skin cancer screenings are crucial for early detection and treatment. At Kangaroo Point Medical Centre, we offer thorough skin cancer screenings conducted by experienced dermatologists and medical practitioners. These screenings encompass a full-body examination to identify any suspicious moles or skin abnormalities. Early detection can make a significant difference in the successful treatment of skin cancer, so we encourage all Brisbane residents to prioritize regular screenings.

Comprehensive Skin Cancer Services : Kangaroo Point Medical Centre provides a comprehensive range of skin cancer services. Our offerings include skin cancer checks, biopsies, and surgical excisions for confirmed cases. Our experienced team is well-equipped to handle both common skin cancers like basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, as well as the more aggressive melanoma. Our goal is to provide a holistic approach to skin cancer care, ensuring that patients receive the best possible treatment and support throughout their journey.

Experienced Dermatologists : Our skin cancer clinic is staffed by experienced dermatologists and medical professionals who specialize in skin health. They are well-versed in diagnosing and treating various skin conditions, including skin cancer. Their expertise, combined with our state-of-the-art facilities and equipment, ensures that you receive accurate diagnoses and the most effective treatment options available.

Early Intervention for Better Outcomes : The key to successful skin cancer treatment lies in early intervention. By choosing Kangaroo Point Medical Centre as your trusted skin cancer clinic in Brisbane, you are taking a proactive step towards your skin health. We are dedicated to helping you detect and manage skin cancer at its earliest stages, providing you with the best chance for a positive outcome.

Conclusion : For your skin cancer clinic in Brisbane, Kangaroo Point Medical Centre is the clinic to trust. Our commitment to early detection, experienced dermatologists, and comprehensive services ensures that you receive the highest standard of care. Don't wait—schedule your skin cancer screening with us today and take a proactive step towards maintaining your skin health.

[officewebmaster415]

Basal cell carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma

Welcome to our skincare clinic, where we provide comprehensive care for all skin conditions, from skin cancer to skin health and cosmetic concerns.

Our mission is to help you feel your absolute best in your own skin.

Our team of experienced and compassionate professionals is dedicated to addressing your individual needs and concerns, offering tailored treatment plans for every skin condition.

Whether you’re seeking treatment for skin cancer, need assistance with a chronic skin condition, or simply want to enhance your natural beauty, we’re here to support you.

Our approach focuses on enhancing your skin’s health and restoring its vitality, so you can embrace your age with confidence and radiate beauty from within.

Your satisfaction and well-being are our top priorities, and we’re committed to delivering exceptional care to help you look and feel your best.

Trust us to be your partner in achieving and maintaining optimal skin health

Parkwood Skin Clinic, Skin Cancer Clinic, Skin Cancer Clinic near me, Best Skin cancer clinic, Best skin cancer doctor, Skin specialist near me, Skin check, Skin check near me, Skin Clinic near me, Skin Check Gold Coast, Skin Cancer doctor near me, Skin checks near me, Skin Cancer Clinic Gold Coast, Skin cancer clinic Queensland, Skin Cancer, Melanoma, Squamous cell carcinoma, Basal cell carcinoma, Skin cancer clinics gold coast, Skin Cancer Doctor, Skin Cancer Awareness

[officewebmaster315]

Parkwood Skin Clinic

Parkwood Skin Clinic

Welcome to our skincare clinic, where we provide comprehensive care for all skin conditions, from skin cancer to skin health and cosmetic concerns.

Our mission is to help you feel your absolute best in your own skin.

Our team of experienced and compassionate professionals is dedicated to addressing your individual needs and concerns, offering tailored treatment plans for every skin condition.

Whether you’re seeking treatment for skin cancer, need assistance with a chronic skin condition, or simply want to enhance your natural beauty, we’re here to support you.

Our approach focuses on enhancing your skin’s health and restoring its vitality, so you can embrace your age with confidence and radiate beauty from within.

Your satisfaction and well-being are our top priorities, and we’re committed to delivering exceptional care to help you look and feel your best.

Trust us to be your partner in achieving and maintaining optimal skin health

[myrawjcsmicasereports]

Applications in Light-induced Spectroscopy with violet LED lamp: Autofluorescence by Etcheverry in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences.

Abstract

Introduction Materials and methods LED lamp construction and its photometric/radiometric characterization Results and discussion Converging lens design: a) Schematic drawing from lens data sheet; b) drawing the profile using the Blender 2.76 program; c) Application of spin tool to obtain the solid of revolution of the profile drawn in b); d) simulated lens with better definition than c), which was exported to Zemax; e) system of lens-LED in Zemax, and analysis of the emission on a detector surface located at 20 cm of the LED; f) photograph of the real lens. number of incident rays (n), wavelength, source-surface distance, and power, were specified. A scheme of the design process can be seen in Fig.3.Blender 2.76 program; c) Application of spin tool to obtain the solid of revolution of the profile drawn in b); d) simulated lens with better definition than c), which was exported to Zemax; e) system of lens-LED in Zemax, and analysis of the emission on a detector surface located at 20 cm of the LED; f) photograph of the real lens.  Application of spin tool to obtain the solid of revolution of the profile drawn in b); d) simulated lens with better definition than c), which was exported to Zemax; e) system of lens-LED in Zemax, and analysis of the emission on a detector surface located at 20 cm of the LED; f) photograph of the real lens. 

The main objective of the present study was to develop a violet LED light source suitable for medical application devoted to the diagnostic and treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers. For this propose, we constructed a 12 W violet LED lamp (with maximum emission peak at 405 nm) made up of four mobile 3 W LED. The LED lamp was characterized employing a spectrometer coupled to an optical fiber. The irradiance, the radiant power and the radiant intensity for different distances between the lamp and the detector was assessed. Data were compared with a simulated LED lamp by using the Zemax optic software for the realization of luminaries with the desired characteristics as required for medical applications.

The developed lamp in combination with a portable spectrometer was employed under medical supervision to detect differences in the emission spectrum of skin suspicious regions and healthy ones of a patient with non-melanoma skin cancer. The light of the LED lamp was concentrated in the examined region by means of the proper focusing of the four individual LEDs, rendering a high intensity homogeneous spot. Thus, endogenous chromophores at the skin were excited, and the emission intensity appeared to be enough to detect an enhanced peaked structure around 600 nm for some suspicious regions before treatment, and that were absence in healthy regions. These differences can be related to the augmented protoporphyrin IX content in neoplastic regions.

Results presented in this work indicates the usefulness of the developed LED lamp as an easyto-use device for the non-invasive detection of skin neoplastic pathologies, before and after treatment, with the aim of better define the malignant regions as well as predict the outcome of a certain treatment.

Key words: Non-melanoma skin cancer, one-point fluorescence detection, violet LED lamp.

The early detection of a neoplastic disease, as well as the development of more efficient treatments, are crucial for improving the survival rate. A variety of new and emerging diagnostic strategies based on spectroscopic techniques such as non-invasive one-point fluorescence (PF) detection, are available to improve the screening procedure [1,2]. PF technique provides useful information for monitoring the evolution of the abundance and distribution of endogenous fluorophores associated with the neoplastic disease in low-pigmented superficial neoplasia [3,4].

Currently, the use of devices emitting light is an indispensable element of many non-invasive diagnostic procedures. Non-invasive fluorescence detection techniques are available for point measurement which provides information useful for monitoring the abundance and location of the fluorophores in lowpigmented superficial neoplasia. These fluorophores could be classified into three main categories: endogenous fluorophores that are responsible for native tissue fluorescence (autofluorescence) like keratin, porphyrins, vitamins and lipids [1,3,5-8]; fluorophores synthetized in the tissue after external administration of a precursor molecule, specifically protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) induced by  5aminolevulinic acid (ALA) [9]; and fluorophores administrated as exogenous drug such as tetra(mhydroxyphenyl) chlorin (mTHPC), a typical photosensitizer used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) [10]. In this case, because of the optimal dose during and after PDT are extremely variable [2], the prognosis of PDT treated patients is required.  In this vein, it has been reported that fluorescence measurements of PpIX in the skin of patients showed changes in PpIX levels during therapy (photobleaching) and was a good predictor of clinical results [11].

The influence of tissue optics on fluorescence measurements were comprehensively reviewed in literature [12]. Thus, there are important properties that influence fluorescence measurements in tissues, namely, attenuation of light in the tissue, presence of endogenous fluorophores which cause autofluorescence, absorption, scattering, and reflection of light.  Light-induced autofluorescence spectroscopy is a very attractive tool for early diagnosis of cancer due to its high sensitivity, easy-to-use methodology for measurements, lack of need for contrast agents’ application on the tissue under investigation, possibilities for real time measurements and non-invasive tumor detection [3, 5]. This procedure allows the discrimination between pathological and normal tissue regions based on the differences in the content and metabolic state of a fluorescent compound. Fluorescence measurements are, in principle, straightforward. By filtering the reflected excitation light, it is possible to obtain rather strong signals from the tissues. Problems arise for interpreting the fluorescence signal as the fluorescence peaks are mostly broad and various fluorophores can overlap. Different optical properties in excitation and detection wavelengths also influence the signal. Furthermore, for the excitation wavelength range, generally in the UV region, the penetration depth is a few hundred micrometers, while for detection, the visible region is used, and light can go more than a couple of millimeters. These facts suggest that the intensity of fluorescence cannot be directly interpreted as the corresponding fluorophore concentration. Another consequence is that the measurement configuration, both in excitation and detection, strongly influences not only the signal level but also the shape of the spectrum. Moreover, when the lesion is highly pigmented the obtained fluorescence signal is too weak to be used for diagnostics. In such cases exogenous fluorescent markers could be applied [12,13].

In this work, we develop a violet LED light source suitable for medical application devoted to the diagnostic and treatment of non-melanoma skin cancers. The developed lamp, in combination with a portable spectrometer, is employed to detect differences between the emission spectrum of skin regions with non-melanoma skin cancer and healthy ones at the head of a patient.

Software for the LED lamp modeling:ZemaxOpticStudio 18.4.1 is a commonly used optical design program used for lighting systems design and image analysis [14-17]. Finished designs of optical devices can be exported as manufacturing-ready results such as ISO drawings and common CAD file formats. We simulated the LEDs source utilizing Blender 2.76 to create a three-dimensional model of the lens and the ZemaxOpticStudio 18.4.1 to describe the light emission performance. For this purpose, the following variables were considered:  numbers of simulated rays (n), distance between the source and the sensing surface (d), dimension (12 cm x 12 cm) and number of pixels on the sensing surface (100 x 100 pixels), emission wavelengths of the source, its output power (W), and the light diffusion considered through the Lambertian fractions (1/10, 1/12, 0.55/1). Furthermore, we set the wavelength profile for the light source with a central maximum that falls off following a Gaussian curve. Results from simulations were utilized for guiding the LED lamp construction and then the outcome of the real and simulated lamps were compared.

The LED lamp was constructed employing four 3 W LEDs, coupled to individual lenses and heat sinks. Each LED is fed by an independent electrical circuit with variable electric power to modulate the light intensity.

To characterize the constructed LED lamp, illuminance/irradiance parameters such as irradiance (W/cm2), radiant power (W) and radiant intensity (W/sr) were determined. For this purpose, an AvaSpec-ULS3648-USB2-UA-25 spectrometer with a CCD detector (3648 pixels) provided with a DUV3648 filter for reduction of second-order effect, and coupled to an optical fiber (200 μm in diameter and 2 m in length) for UV / VIS / NIR range (250- 2500 nm), was utilized.  A cosine law CC-VIS / NIR diffuser was adapted to the fiber optic lens. The signal was registered by Avasoft-Full Software. The optical fiber couple to the spectrometer was located at one end of an optical bench, and the light source at a known distance, at the other end of the bench (Fig.1).

Spectroscopic measurements on the skin of a patient: The lesions on the skin are registered employing a point monitoring system.

Scheme of the experimental arrangement for characterizing the LED lamp. At one end of the optical bench the LED source is located, and the tip of the fiber optic connected to the spectrometer, is placed at the other end, at a known distance. The spectrometer records the illuminance and allows expressing radiometric analogue units.

The excitation light come from the violet LED source developed, and the detection is made by an optical fiber measuring in the 300-800 nm range. The fiber during measurement is supported by hand on the surface of the targeted detection tissue (Fig.2.).  For comparison, emission spectra from suspicious skin regions, as well as healthy zones were registered.

Light source Modeling:The final light pattern generated by a LED is the result of the sum of the light directly refracted by the encapsulating lens, the light internally reflected inside the lens, and the light from the reflecting cup [20]. The first step to carry out the simulation is to build the emitting source based on a LED and the corresponding lens. Thus, an 8 ° lens was designed using the Blender 2.76 program. In this software, by drawing the profile of the lens and using the tool “spin”, a solid of revolution was created. The draw lens was exported as CAD file to Zemax OpticStudio where PMMA for lens material, Lambertian lens type (Lambertian fraction) [18],

Scheme of autofluorescence point monitoring system: the excitation is external to the detector, and the detected emission light travels apart through an optical fiber.

Application of spin tool to obtain the solid of revolution of the profile drawn in b); d) simulated lens with better definition than c), which was exported to Zemax; e) system of lens-LED in Zemax, and analysis of the emission on a detector surface located at 20 cm of the LED; f) photograph of the real lens. Multiple variations were tested to model the exit beam of the light source. For example, the radiant intensity is represented for different variables (Fig.4). For n = 50.000 and Lambertian fraction 1/10, the image achieves acceptable definition on the detector surface (Fig.4c).Construction of the LED lamp: Each 3 W LED coupled to a heat sink and a lens was mounted on a mobile arm which can be displace in order to focus the lens-LED-heat sink systems on a convenient small region . The real image of the illumination area generated by the LED source with central axis-oriented lenses at 20 cm distance, is shown in Fig.5e.Comparison between simulated and constructed LED lamp:We obtained the simulated irradiance from the source (W/cm²) for different Lambertian fraction and compared it with the irradiance of the constructed LED lamp measured with the spectrometer described above. For a Lambertian. Radiant intensity for different n and Lambertian fractions for d = 20 cm and detector area 12 cm x 12 cm, i.e., 100 x 100 pixels: a) n = 10,000, Lambertian fraction: 1/10; b) n = 50,000, Lambertian fraction: 0.55 / 1; c) n = 50,000, Lambertian fraction: 1/10.

Application of the violet LED source to detect non-melanoma skin cancer:As know, the PpIX exhibits maximum light absorption (the Soret peak) at 405 nm and an emission peak in the red region. PpIX concentration is expected to be increased in pathological skin [21]. For this propose, we used the constructed violet LED lamp with maximum excitation peak at 405 nm to illuminate suspicious points in the head of a patient with a non-melanoma skin cancer before (Figure 7a) and after (Figure 7b) the treatment with a red medical laser emitting at 652 nm.

Photographs of the lesion at the head of a patient before (a) and after (b) the treatment with a clinical red laser source. (c) Average fluorescence spectrum from lesions before treatment (black circles), and fluorescence spectrum from the skin of the hand (red circles) taken as healthy skin. The reference curve obtained from the decaying tail of the peak at 505 nm is shown in dashed lines. (d) Fluorescence spectrum from treated lesions.  After subtracting the reference curve, a rather clear peak in the 600 – 700 nm range related to an increased amount of PpIX in untreated pathological regions, can be distinguished in comparison to treated ones, as depicted in the insets.

The fluorescence intensity of the PpIX was recorded with a spectrometer couple to an optical fiber with the scheme showed in figure 2. The average spectrum from suspicious areas as well as regions of healthy skin exhibits an emission peak at 505 nm, being the intensity of suspicious points greater than healthy skin area. Furthermore, suspicious points exhibit another structured peak in the 600 - 700 nm range (Fig. 7c, black squares). The later feature appears as a shoulder for the case of the average emission spectrum taken from the hand skin (Fig. 7c, red squares) or from different treated points at the head (Fig. 7d). A reference curve can be obtained from the decaying tail of the peak at 505 nm to be subtracted from emission intensity at the 550 – 700 nm range [22]. The inset in Fig. 7d shows a rather clear peak, while a noisy signal is obtained for red laser treated regions (inset in Fig. 7c). This description is consistent with the increased amount of PpIX in pathological regions in comparison with a healthy skin and treated regions. A similar interpretation has been proposed in literature [23].

Fluorescence spectroscopy with 405 nm excitation for the detection of non-melanoma tumors in vivo has been reported in literature [4]. In this work, authors have demonstrated the correlation between cancer detection diagnostic accuracy and skin phototype of the patient. With increasing of cutaneous pigmentation, the diagnostic accuracy for tumor detection and differentiation from normal skin fall down. In our case, we followed the fluorescence on a patient with non-melanoma neoplastic disease before and after the treatment. It can be detected a significant decrease in the fluorescence in the 600 – 700 nm range, for treated regions (Figure 7). We employed a point monitoring system like that employed in reference [24]. There, the pharmacokinetics of PpIX in skin tumors, i.e., basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and T-cell lymphomas, as well as in normal skin has been studied utilizing red (652 nm) laser induced fluorescence for the in vivo monitoring. Results from this research showed that the emission spectra indicated the build-up of the PpiX and the tumor selectivity in the superficial layers of the area planned for treatment.

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