#sittingbull

[whencyclopedia]

Sitting Bull

Sitting Bull (Tatanka Iyotanka, l. c. 1837-1890) was a Hunkpapa Sioux holy man, warrior, leader, and symbol of traditional Sioux values and resistance to the United States' expansionist policies. He is among the best-known Native American chiefs of the 19th century and remains as famous today as he was when he led his people.

He is widely known for his part in the Battle of the Little Bighorn in June 1876 and his later celebrity as a performer in Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show, but, for the Sioux, Sitting Bull is celebrated as the embodiment of the four cardinal virtues of his people: courage, fortitude, generosity, and wisdom. He is also recognized for his refusal to abandon the traditions of his people and his efforts to preserve their culture. Although famous as a holy man, prophet, war chief, and hunter, Sitting Bull was also a poet and composer, as well-known among his people for his rapport with wild animals and herbal knowledge as for his leadership.

He was killed while resisting arrest at the Standing Rock Agency Reservation in South Dakota on 15 December 1890 and was buried at Fort Yates in North Dakota. His remains were exhumed by family members in the 1950s and interred at Mobridge, South Dakota, near where he was thought to have been born. Debate continues over whether these remains are those of Sitting Bull, and historians also offer differing views on his legacy. His reputation as a great leader of his people, however, is unchallenged as he continues to be recognized as a symbol of Native American pride, honor, and traditional values, as well as for his stand against injustice.

Youth & Name

Little is known of Sitting Bull's life before the age of 14. His date of birth, given as 1831, 1832, 1834, or 1837, is debated, as was his birthplace until fairly recently. He is now understood to have been born on the Yellowstone River (known to the Sioux as Elk River) in modern-day Montana and was named Jumping Badger (Hoka Psice). He quickly earned the nickname Slow (Hunkesni), owing, according to scholar Robert. M. Utley, to "his willful and deliberate ways" (6). His father was Chief Sitting Bull of the Hunkpapa Sioux, and his mother was Her-Holy-Door from a respectable Hunkpapa family. He had two sisters and a half-brother but would later adopt others as his brothers, and these are sometimes mistakenly referenced as biological siblings.

Chief Sitting Bull taught his son to ride, hunt, and shoot expertly before the boy was ten years old. Young Slow was an excellent shot with bow and arrow and became so closely associated with horses that his peers joked how he even walked as though he were on horseback. When he was 14, he joined a war party against the Crow and "counted coup" against a Crow warrior, knocking him from his horse where he was then killed by another of the party. For this act of courage – defeating an enemy without killing him – Chief Sitting Bull gave his name to his son and assumed the name Jumping Bull. "Sitting Bull" – Tatanka Iyotanka (literally "Buffalo Who Sits Down") – fit the youth's personality as, "according to fellow tribesmen, suggested an animal possessed of great endurance, his build much admired by the people, and when brought to bay, planted immovably on his haunches to fight on to the death" (Utley, 15).

Later acquaintances and writers would claim the name was given him due to his stubbornness or, according to Sioux writer and physician Charles A. Eastman, that he was given the name after forcing a buffalo calf to sit down. The name was actually given in accordance with the tradition whereby a father passed his own name to his son when the boy was recognized as attaining manhood.

Between the ages of 14 and 20, Sitting Bull led his own war parties, and his name became famous among his enemies as a formidable warrior. Utley describes him at around the age of 20:

A heavy, muscular frame, a big chest, and a large head, he impressed people as short and stocky, although he stood only two inches under six feet. His dark hair, often braided on one side with otter fur and allowed to hang loose on the other, reached his shoulders. A severe part over the center of the scalp glistened with a heavy streak of crimson paint. A low forehead surmounted piercing eyes, a flat nose, and thin lips. Although dexterous afoot and superbly agile mounted, he appeared to some as awkward and even clumsy. (19-20)

Around 1857, in a clash with an Assiniboine band, Sitting Bull spared a 13-year-old boy whom he later adopted as a younger brother. When Sitting Bull's father was killed in battle with the Crow in 1859, the boy took the name Jumping Bull and would remain by Sitting Bull's side for the rest of his life.

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[littlefeather-wolf]

Sitting Bull, Lakota Sioux taken in 1885 ...

It was taken by William Notman studios in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, during Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show. The photograph was later copyrighted by D.F. Barry in June 1897 ...

Sitting Bull was a Hunkpapa Lakota chief who led his people in resistance against the United States government's efforts to force them onto reservations. He was killed by Indian police on December 15, 1890, at the age of 59 ...

The photograph you sent is a valuable historical document that shows Sitting Bull in his later years. It is a reminder of the important role he played in Native American history ...

[whencyclopedfr]

Guerre des Black Hills

La guerre des Black Hills (également appelée Grande Guerre des Sioux, 1876-1877) fut un conflit militaire entre les forces alliées des Sioux Lakota et des Cheyennes du Nord et le gouvernement américain au sujet du territoire des Black Hills et, plus largement, des politiques américaines d'expansion vers l'ouest et d'appropriation des terres des populations autochtones.

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[toylocodesign]

Native American

[kamala-laxman]

Behold, my friends, the spring is come; the earth has gladly received the embraces of the sun, and we shall soon see the results of their love! Sitting Bull

[marcia2024]

On December, 15, 1890, the chief and medicine man Sitting Bull was murdered by Indian police in the Standing Rock Reservation, North Dakota. He was responsible for the last victory of the indians over the 7th cavalry under General Custer at the Little Big Horn on July, 25-26, 1876.

[bdknopp]

SPRING RENEWAL…

“Behold, my friends, the spring is come; the Earth has gladly received the embraces of the sun, and we shall soon see the results of their love!” ― Sitting Bull Sitting Bull, the great Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux chief and spiritual leader, shares a beautiful observation of nature, celebrating the arrival of spring and the renewal of life. His words remind us of the cyclical nature of our world and…

[goldiers1]

Sitting Bull Beats Custer at Little Big Horn Battle

  Sitting Bull was a fearless leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota people. He boldly fought for his tribe's lands and rights in face of U.S. government policies that threatened their way of life. His vision triggered one of history’s greatest Native American victories known as “The Battle Of The Little Bighorn,” where Sitting Bull outmaneuvered US troops under Lieutenant Colonel Custer - leading to an improbable victory with no survivors among the enemy forces!  

Early Life: Childhood and Youth

Sitting Bull was born in 1831 to the Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux Tribe. He began his formal education with traditional Native American teachings from his parents and elders, being given the name Sitting Bull due to his bravery and assurance. Sitting Bull grew up a hunter and warrior, participating in tribal wars at a young age. Sitting Bull's first major battle was against the Crow Tribe in 1854 when he was in his early twenties. He was able to take scalps from the enemy tribe despite their attempts to kill him multiple times, leading his people to victory as chief of the hunting party. To this day Sitting Bull is remembered as a great leader responsible for uniting various tribes in standing up against the white colonialists which eventually led to victories at both Little Big Horn and Rosebud Creek decades later.  

Sioux Rebellion: Resistance to US Government

Indians of the Sioux Nation engaged in a series of conflicts with the United States Government between 1876 and 1890. This uprising, known as the Sioux Rebellion, was sparked by US interference in tribal affairs and a series of broken treaties. Indians attempted to resist encroaching forces by attacking settlements and military posts to regain control over their territories. In response, the US—led by General George Crook—used a combination of diplomacy, military might, and scorched earth tactics to quell what it considered "hostile Indians". Despite their courageous and determined efforts, the Indians were ultimately unable to successfully resist government intrusion into their homelands. As a result, Indians were forced onto reservations throughout what is now the western United States.  

Little Bighorn Mural. Photo by Mary Harrsch. Flickr.  

Battle of Little Bighorn: Defeating Custer

On June 25th, 1876, at the Battle of Little Bighorn General Custer and 600 US soldiers of the 7th Cavalry encountered a large force of Indians comprising Sioux and Cheyenne warriors estimated to be about three thousand in number. Despite defending themselves as best they could with rapid-fire carbines against Indians attacking strategically on horseback, Custer’s troops were unable to withstand the Indians’ numbers and experienced 268 dead and 55 severely wounded (6 died later from their wounds) while the Indians suffered only around 31 casualties. This battle is famously known as ‘Custer's last stand’. It is also described as the Battle of Agusta Creek or Greasy Grass Creek, as it was referred to by the Indians due to a grass fire that had taken place prior to the battle.  

Legacy: Impact on Native Americans

Sitting Bull, a Lakota holy man, and a warrior is arguably one of the most well-known Native American figures in history. During Sitting Bull’s lifetime, he helped to break the army at Peak Butte and stood as a leader for his people during a time of tremendous transition and change. Sitting Bull’s legacy paved the way for other battles by native nations including Wounded Knee in 1890. Described by some as a massacre that left some 150 Native Americans dead. Sitting Bull’s fanatical stance against colonization is still an inspiration today among many in Indian Country who have used Sitting Bull's legacy to create their own ongoing strategies of resistance. His legacy has become a central part of many Native American cultures and histories, ensuring that Sitting Bull will continue to be remembered long into the future.  

Sitting Bull & William F. Cody. Photo by David F. Barry. Flickr.  

Assassination: End of a Movement

Sitting Bull was the leader of the Lakota Sioux for years but he met a tragic end in 1890 when he was assassinated on December 15th by Indian police officers. He was shot in the head and was eventually buried in Fort Yates, North Dakota. Sitting Bull's death marked the end of any Native American rights protests that Sitting Bull encouraged as no one else was qualified to take his place. From this point onwards, Native Americans were forced onto reservations and most forms of civil unrest were stopped. Sitting Bull's death signified the practical end of any collective action against the unlawful disarmament and relocation acts implemented by European settlers and the US government at that time. Sitting Bull is remembered today as a leader who devoted his life to fighting for what he believed was right, even though it cost him his life in the end.  

Sitting Bull Grave. Photo by Jimmy Emerson. Flickr.  

Burial Site: Honoring the Great Leader

Sitting Bull, the great leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux Tribe was honored with a burial site after his death in 1890. Sitting Bull's body was wrapped in an American flag and placed on a scaffold, along with his personal belongings. Sitting Bull's burial site has long been an important landmark among Native Americans and is considered a sacred site in North Dakota. People who choose to visit the burial site must observe certain respectful behaviors such as refraining from taking pictures or talking loudly near Sitting Bull's grave. An annual ceremony is conducted at Sitting Bull's burial site every December, where Native Americans can come to commemorate Sitting Bull and offer prayers in his honor. Today Sitting Bull's remains continue to be celebrated as a symbol of courage and leadership, making this burial site an incredibly poignant reminder of his legacy.  

Conclusion: Reflection on Sitting Bull's Impact

Sitting Bull's legacy will continue to live on and be celebrated for generations to come. His courage, leadership, and dedication to fighting for what he believed was right have left an indelible mark in history that can still be felt today. The burial site at Fort Yates serves as a poignant reminder of his impact and it is here where people go each year to honor Sitting Bull’s memory with prayers and respect. He has become a symbol of strength, resilience, and tenacity among Native Americans who draw inspiration from Sitting Bull’s example when facing their own challenges. It is clear that the contributions made by this great leader are impossible to ignore or forget—his spirit lives on through our collective memories of him forevermore.   Sources: THX News, History.com & Wikipedia. Read the full article

[sandyhookhistory]

~ Alfred Terry ~

We have a belated #harbordefensehappybirthday to celebrate!today, we honor U.S. Army Major General Alfred Howe Terry, born (Sat) November 10th, 1827 in Hartford, CT. He graduated from Yale Law in 1848, and became a clerk for the New Haven County Superior Court.

With the outbreak of the Civil War, Terry raised his own Regiment, the 2nd Connecticut Volunteer Infantry. They were immediately engaged at First Bull Run. He then raised a new unit, the 7th CT Volunteer Infantry. They went to South Carolina, fighting around Charleston where they captured Fort Wagner in September 1863, before proceeding to Virginia through 1864, where they fought at Petersburg.

Terry led his men into the teeth of the Confederate defenses at Fort Fisher, NC in January, 1865, then drove on Wilmington. Following the end of the war, he helped broker a treaty with the Indians in Wyoming in 1868 before serving as Military Governor in Atlanta. Returning to The West, his men were first on the scene after Custer’s massacre at Little Big Horn in 1876. He negotiated with Sitting Bull, and fought in the Nez Perce War in 1877.

His final command was the Military Division Of The Missouri, from which he retired in 1888. Sadly, he passed away just two years later on December 16th, 1890, aged 63. He was buried in New Haven.

However, his legacy of service would not be allowed to end there. With War Department General Order No. 134 on July 22nd, 1899, he became the namesake to Fort Terry on Plum Island at the entrance of Long Island Sound. It would form part of the defensive chain in conjunction with adjacent Forts Michie and H.G. Wright. Fort Terry would be armed to the teeth, with no less than 13 gun batteries between 1897 and 1946.

Today, the Fort exists in a bizarre limbo. Rather than public sale or transition to a park, Fort Terry and Plum Island were transferred to the Department of Agriculture, and since 1954, has been home to the Plum Island Animal Disease Center. Here, top secret testing on the threats and countermeasures to livestock is undertaken. The island is heavy guarded by the Department of Homeland Security. Many of the Fort buildings and nearly all the batteries sit in quiet isolation, neglected, but preserved from vandalism.

Not to brag or anything, but I am one of the very few people who can say they have been to Fort Terry. That was the “add-on” trip to the 2011 Coast Defense Study Group Conference in Narragansett Bay & New Bedford. We had to undergo a background check, a pat-down, and hawk-like security while we were there (not even allowed to go INTO the Batteries) but boy, was it worth it.

As of late 2023, there are talks of moving the Disease Lab to the mid-west, and preserving the island as a natural resource site, as opposed to private sale – and development. Our fingers are crossed, and we will keep you posted if we learn anything.

Today, we remember and honor Major General Terry’s incredible service. Hopefully, one day, all of us will be able to travel freely to Plum Island to enjoy it as a natural and cultural resource. In the meantime, however, General Terry’s legacy, that of the Fort that carries his name, and most importantly, the Soldiers who manned it, is in safe hands, here.

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[thewriterkb]

Buffalo Skulls, 1892 - The American Army, alongside military assisted hunters, rapidly and deliberately destroyed the Buffalo as a Scorched Earth tactic against the Native Americans, from 30-60mil animals to only 300 in 1884. LtCol. Dodge concisely put it as: “Every Buffalo Dead is an Indian Gone!”

No man did more to seal the fate of the American buffalo than General Sherman. Sherman was a celebrated veteran from the civil war, who learned some valuable lessons in the concept of Total War that he would later employ to solve the so called “Indian Problem”. His strategies relied on the belief that his Army “must make old and young, rich and poor, feel the hard hand of war”. While controlling the great plains, he witnessed how dependent the Native Americas were on the Buffalo for their physical and cultural subsistence.

The Army was left feeling frustrated as the Native Americans were far swifter with their nomadic way of living, meaning they could easily relocate during attacks. This meant that the Army, who were more bogged down with supplies, could never deal any fatal blows. The buffalo, of course, were a far more accessible target. This was exaggerated due to the nature of the animal as when one buffalo is killed, others rally around it for defence, meaning a party with guns and ammunition can slaughter hundreds of the beasts.

The Army themselves had been targeting Buffalo, but when a tannery in Pennsylvania learned how to convert buffalo hide into commercial leather, the hide hunters then targeted the animals in droves for their skin. The Army outfitted these hide hunters with transport, weapons, protection, and supplies in order to assist in the killing. Customarily, the animals would be killed for their tongues, hides and sometimes humps, while leaving the rest of the animal to rot on the plains.

A bill to protect the buffalo was introduced in 1875, which was quickly vetoed by Ulysses S. Grant.

Years later in Sherman’s memoirs, he wrote a particularly callus passage applauding the slaughter, saying “in so short a time replaced the wild buffaloes by more numerous herds of tame cattle, and by substituting for the useless Indians the intelligent owners of productive farms and cattle-ranches”.

The effect on the Native Americans cannot be overstated, and it paralyzed most of the tribes. As put by Crow Leader, Chief Plenty Coups: "When the buffalo went away the hearts of my people fell to the ground, and they could not lift them up again. After this nothing happened. There was little singing anywhere."

For More: https://youtu.be/TjCglblxZp0

[whencyclopedia]

Battle of the Little Bighorn

The Battle of the Little Bighorn (25-26 June 1876) is the most famous engagement of the Great Sioux War (1876-1877). Five divisions of the 7th Cavalry under Lt. Colonel George Armstrong Custer (l. 1839-1876) were wiped out in one day by the combined forces of Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho warriors under the Sioux chief Sitting Bull (l. c. 1837-1890).

Custer located Sitting Bull's camp by the banks of the Little Bighorn River (known to the local Native Americans as the Greasy Grass) in modern-day Montana but had no idea how large it was or how many warriors were present. Having been given a free hand to wage total war against the Plains Indians, Custer divided his command as he had in 1868 at the Washita Massacre. His plan was to attack the camp from opposite sides and close on it in a pincer movement, capturing the women and children as hostages, and forcing whatever warriors had not been killed to surrender. He sent Captain Frederick Benteen (l. 1834-1898) to scout, and Major Marcus Reno (l. 1834-1889) to position himself to strike at the far side.

When Reno launched his attack, however, he was met by a large force of warriors under Sioux war chief Gall (l. c. 1840-1894). Benteen, who had been ordered to bring ammunition to Custer's position, instead tried to support Reno but wound up joining him in retreat. While Gall was driving back Reno and Benteen, Sioux war chief Crazy Horse (l. c. 1840-1877) led a charge against Custer's position.

Custer and all five companies with him were killed in what has come to be known as "Custer's Last Stand." The battle was a decisive Native American victory but could not be capitalized upon because of the public outcry for revenge for the death of Custer, a popular hero of the American Civil War who had also made a name for himself as an Indian Fighter.

After the Battle of the Little Bighorn (also known as the Battle of the Greasy Grass), the Native American leaders went their separate ways to avoid capture and execution. The last major engagements of the Great Sioux War were US victories (or a draw, in the case of the Battle of Wolf Mountain), and, with the Sioux, Cheyenne, Arapaho, and others pushed onto reservations, the Great Plains were open for colonization.

Background

According to the Yanktonai Sioux Chief Lone Dog's Winter Count (a yearly account of events from 1800-1870), "White soldiers made their first appearance in the region" in 1823-1824 (Townsend, 128). The Sioux had little to do with them until 1854 when 2nd Lieutenant John L. Grattan arrived at the camp of Sioux Chief Conquering Bear (l. c. 1800-1854) and demanded the surrender of a man he claimed had stolen a cow from a passing wagon train of Mormons. Conquering Bear refused the demand, Grattan's men opened fire (mortally wounding Conquering Bear), and the Sioux then slaughtered Grattan and the 30 troops under his command in what came to be known as the Grattan Fight or the Grattan Massacre, leading to the First Sioux War of 1854-1856.

Prior to the Grattan Fight, the US government had negotiated land rights and territories with several nations of Plains Indians, including the Sioux and the Cheyenne, through the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851, which stipulated, among other terms, that the United States had no claim on the lands occupied by those nations. Southern Cheyenne Chief Black Kettle (l. c. 1803-1868) was among those who signed the treaty, which was never honored by the United States and was broken in 1858 when gold was discovered in the region, prompting Pike's Peak Gold Rush and an influx of settlers. Further encroachments led to the Colorado War (1864-1865), during which Black Kettle's peaceful village, flying the American flag and the white flag of truce, was attacked in the Sand Creek Massacre of 29 November 1864.

Black Kettle at Sand Creek

Stone Rabbit (CC BY-SA)

As more settlers claimed Native American lands as their own, Oglala Sioux Chief Red Cloud (l. 1822-1909) launched Red Cloud's War (1866-1868) in defense of his people's land and to force the United States to honor its treaty. The war concluded with the Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868 but, that same year, Black Kettle, his wife, and between 60-150 Cheyenne and Arapaho were slaughtered by troops under Custer's command at the Washita Massacre on 27 November. The treaty of 1868 established the Great Sioux Reservation, but this was broken when, in 1874, Custer discovered gold in the Black Hills, sacred to the Sioux (and other nations) and part of the lands promised them. The Black Hills Gold Rush of 1876 that resulted from Custer's find ignited the Great Sioux War when the US government demanded the Sioux sell the Black Hills and the Sioux refused.

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[littlefeather-wolf]

Sitting Bull ¥ Teton Sioux ...

Sitting Bull was born into the Hunkpapa division of the Teton Sioux. He joined his first war party at age 14 and soon gained a reputation for fearlessness in battle. He became a leader of the powerful Strong Heart warrior society and, later, was a participant in the Silent Eaters, a select group concerned with tribal welfare ... As a tribal leader, Sitting Bull helped extend the Sioux hunting grounds westward into what had been the territory of the Shoshone, Crow, Assiniboin, and other Indian tribes. His first skirmish with white soldiers occurred in June 1863 during the U.S. Army’s retaliation against the Santee Sioux after the “Minnesota Massacre,” in which the Teton Sioux had no part. For the next five years he was in frequent hostile contact with the army, which was invading the Sioux hunting grounds and bringing ruin to the Indian economy ... In 1866 he became principal chief of the northern hunting Sioux, with Crazy Horse, leader of the Oglala Sioux, as his vice-chief. Respected for his courage and wisdom, Sitting Bull was made principal chief of the entire Sioux nation about 1867 ...

[whencyclopedfr]

Sitting Bull

Sitting Bull (Tatanka Iyotanka, c. 1837-1890) était un saint homme, un guerrier et un chef sioux Hunkpapa, symbole des valeurs traditionnelles des Sioux et de la résistance aux politiques expansionnistes des États-Unis. Il compte parmi les chefs amérindiens les plus connus du XIXe siècle et reste aussi célèbre aujourd'hui qu'il l'était à l'époque où il dirigeait son peuple.

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[toylocodesign]

Native American GD process

[strengthnprideapparel]

TATANKA IYOTAKE. This was my first design I created back in 2010. In my highest opinion from a very unbiased standpoint. This design still strikes me in a way that is hard to explain for an artist. In a very important way Sitting Bull was a very inspiring individual to me growing up. He was a very easy go to icon when it comes to a very powerful image. I think it was the right one to choose as a main staple design for my Enterprise. Being Lakota is very important to me. I am a mixed blood but in Lakota way none of that matters. I am Oglala and am very honored my creator made so. With all that being said I just wanted to express my admiration for this design and am very happy that I get to share this expression of my passion with all of you. -Wesley Running Bear "MATO INYANKA" ....BR HEARD, BE PROUD 🐻✊🏽✊🏽Here's to the SNP CRUE that has been with me since day 1. www.strengthnpride.com #STRENGTHNPRIDEAPPAREL #BeHeardBeProud #sittingbull #lakota #hunkpapa #oglala #oglalalakota #mato #tatankaiyotake #runningbear (at The Black Hills of South Dakota) https://www.instagram.com/p/CjGIMwtLJzC/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=