#shell petroleum corporation

[stone-cold-groove]

Illustration detail from Shell Petroleum Corporation’s New Orleans and Vicinity Road Map - 1932.

[hotvampireadjacent]

Good lord. I knew the oil industry was drenched in blood but I didn’t know that literally. Still reading opens veins of Latin America. How the oil barons keep control over Latin America and sometimes literally instigating coups and wars for their own advantage.

One specific example is the Chaco war of 1932-1935. “Huey long shook the United States on may 30,1934 with a violent speech according standard oil of New Jersey of provoking the conflict and of financing the Bolivian army so that it would appropriate the Paraguayan Chaco on its behalf. It needed the Chaco- which was also thought to be rich in petroleum- for a pipeline from Bolivia to the river. “These criminals,” Long charged, “have gone down there and hired their assassins.” At Shell’s urging, the Paraguayans marched to the slaughterhouse: advancing northward, the soldiers discovered standard oil’s perforations at the scene of the dispute. It was a quarrel between two corporations, enemies and at the same time partners within the cartel, but it was not they who shed their blood.” (Page 163)

[upismediacenter]

OPINION: STOP THE E-JEEP! #NoToJeepneyPhaseout

Commuter or not, every Filipino is familiar with jeepneys. Once dubbed “King of the Roads”, jeepneys are a symbol of Philippine culture and resourcefulness, as they were made from converted jeeps left by American troops after World War II. As the most popular public transport vehicle in our country for decades, these jeepneys are now at risk of disappearing, causing public uproar.

The controversy surrounding the phasing out of jeepneys first sparked in 2017 when the government launched the Public Utility Vehicle Modernization Program (PUVMP). The program’s goal is to replace the old model jeepneys with modern electronic jeepneys (e-jeeps) that are claimed to guarantee cleaner emissions and improved safety. This has been met with several worries that could adversely affect the Filipino populace.

Public unrest over the jeepney phaseout has been going on for years. The consolidation deadline for Public Utility Vehicles (PUVs) which included jeepneys, UV Expresses, and Filcab units was extended three times. The first was due to the COVID-19 pandemic and multiple protests from transport groups, which affected the government’s original plan to consolidate PUVs in March 2020. As a result, it was rescheduled at the end of last year, December 31, 2023. The second extension was on January 31, 2024, to allow unconsolidated PUVs to ply their routes with the stipulation of being barred from joining cooperatives and corporations. The third and “final” deadline was on April 30, 2024—three months after the last deadline—to allow driver-operators one last time to consolidate, or else they would not be allowed to ply their routes. Amid these several deadlines, protests and strikes are unwavering as dissents push for the PUVMP to be suspended, arguing that imposing deadline extensions does not address the structural problems of the modernization program.

One day before the “final” deadline, the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB) declared that unconsolidated jeepneys have a 15-day leeway to continue their usual routes before they are impounded. Again, this is another smokescreen from the systemic issues brought by the modernization program. The PUVMP must be suspended, as it ostensibly presents more problems than solutions. If the PUVMP truly is for the people, why is there a persistent and contentious pushback by the public?

Enforcing deadlines and giving grace periods for jeepney drivers only delays—the government must suspend the PUVMP and reevaluate its effectiveness. Displacing and disenfranchising jeepney drivers from their livelihoods defeats the purpose of an inclusive and sustainable program as the PUVMP endorses itself to be.

Who are those affected?

Jeepney drivers are most affected by the modernization program. If they choose not to consolidate with cooperatives and corporations or cannot afford an e-jeep alone, their vehicles will be impounded, taking away their only source of income. Additionally, commuters, UP Diliman constituents, and other sectors also have to bear the cost of the PUVMP due to the policies and funds allocated to this program.

The transport group for jeepney drivers, Pagkakaisa ng mga Samahan ng Tsuper at Opereytor Nationwide, more commonly known as PISTON, is the leading opposition group against the PUVMP. First established in 1981, PISTON serves as an organization that aims to promote the welfare and democratic rights of jeepney drivers. In 2013, they launched a campaign against the oil price hike, directed at the country’s main petroleum companies, namely Petron, Shell, and Chevron. Since the government has revealed plans to phase out jeepneys over 15 years old, they have been organizing protests against the PUVMP, criticizing its anti-poor policies and prioritizing for-profit corporate consolidation.

The PUVMP pressures jeepney drivers to switch to e-jeeps or new combustion engine vehicles that meet Euro IV emission standards which only permit carbon monoxide (CO) emissions of 1.0g/km for gasoline and 0.5g/km for diesel vehicles. Units and parts that make up the e-jeep are imported from other countries, which is why they are priced as high as PHP 3 million. While the modernization program offers subsidies of PHP 160 thousand through loan programs by the Development Bank of the Philippines (DBP) and the Land Bank of the Philippines (LBP) to help offset the costs, this amount is only 5.7% of the total cost of a modern jeepney. Jeepney drivers state that they will need to make around PHP 3.5 thousand each day to pay off the debt from switching to an e-jeep, but at the moment, they only make around PHP 2 thousand a day.

The large amount of money that needs to be spent transitioning to modern e-jeeps is the main concern of dissent to this program. Replacing a huge fleet of jeepneys requires massive resources, taking away from vital sectors such as education and healthcare. Additionally, the PUVMP disproportionately affects low-income citizens—specifically, jeepney drivers who mostly come from low-income families and struggle to meet the high e-jeep cost. The debt burden forces them to work longer hours just to break even, negatively impacting their livelihood. Jeepney drivers worry that the transition to e-jeeps or new combustion engine vehicles will exacerbate their financial burdens and force them to work longer hours just to break even.

Furthermore, units from local manufacturing companies such as eFrancisco Motor Corporation and Sarao Jeepneys are still priced at around PHP 2.5 million, further putting jeepney drivers at odds with the financial burden of the PUVMP. With large corporations dominating the market and the PUVMP’s policy to consolidate driver-operators to cooperative-led fleets, this raises concerns of corporate takeover and the economic marginalization of jeepney drivers. Since large companies are the ones who have the capacity to fully adhere to the program, jeepney drivers are left disenfranchised because of their financial disadvantage.

Commuters are also affected heavily by this program. Modern jeeps usually charge higher fares because, aside from the initial cost of modernization, their maintenance and repair costs are higher than the traditional jeepneys’. This adds more financial problems to Filipinos already facing higher living expenses as a result of inflation rates. Moreover, unfamiliar technology could present a significant challenge for traditional drivers transitioning to modern jeepneys, leading to potential operational difficulties and increased maintenance expenses.

Constituents of UP Diliman (UPD) share similar concerns. The UP Transport Group (UPTG), which consists of jeepney drivers from all routes around the campus such as Ikot, Toki, UP-Pantranco, UP-Philcoa, and UP-Katipunan, organized a silent strike on December 13, 2023, in protest of the earlier December 31 deadline. Based on interviews with the UPD Vice Chancellor for Community Affairs Roehl Jamon, UP jeepney drivers may have to comply with the modernization. According to Jamon, the only two options they have are for the university to pay for the units themselves, which cost about PHP 1.4 to 3 million each, or for the university to partner with transport cooperatives that already own modernized units and invite them to service the campus, which is the less expensive option between the two. Although the latter is cheaper, this still gives way for corporations to take advantage of the modernization program.

Jeepneys are extensively used by UP college students and students of UP Integrated School (UPIS) for commuting to and from the university campus because they charge less than other PUVs. However, these fares could be completely changed by the PUVMP’s effect on jeepney availability and rates, possibly altering their daily commutes by making them spend more on transport alternatives or by forcing them to look for different routes. This might put additional financial burden as well as longer hours of travel in their everyday life, affecting not only their academic performance but also their general welfare.

Moreover, the PUVMP is taking attention and funding from other sectors that have more pressing needs. In particular, the Department of Education (DepEd) is significantly impacted by lack of funding. Classroom and teacher shortages have been notable areas of concern with an estimated 165,444 classrooms and nearly 90,000 teachers needed. According to DepEd, PHP 105 billion would be needed each year up until 2030 to address the classroom shortage, while PHP 5.6 billion would be needed to hire 20,000 teachers in the upcoming school year, as discussed in the Senate plenary deliberations on the proposed 2024 national budget. Aside from the education sector, the Department of Health (DOH) has been grappling with vaccine shortages, namely pertussis, which has led to 54 infant deaths since the beginning of the year. According to the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), in 2022, the Philippines was among the top 5 contributors to the 18 million zero-dose children in the world. Despite this and multiple warnings from health authorities, the Philippines still hasn’t fully addressed this vaccine gap, leaving one million unvaccinated Filipino children vulnerable and susceptible to life-threatening diseases such as polio, measles, and tuberculosis. In light of these issues, resources should be prioritized in these matters instead of the PUVMP. Action must be taken immediately to address these pressing concerns and ensure the well-being of the Filipino people.

Are E-jeeps really the “better option”?

According to a study by the Center for Energy, Ecology, and Development (CEED), jeepneys only make up about 2% of the total registered vehicles in the nation and PUVs only contribute about 15% of the total particulate matter emissions in Metro Manila. If the PUVMP aims to transform our public transportation into becoming more sustainable and environmentally friendly, this number does not justify the relentless pressure on jeepney drivers to consolidate. The PUVMP will only contribute 2% to the country’s vehicles that cause pollution. This raises the question of the significance of its impact on saving the environment and reducing emissions in the long run. Additionally, modern jeepneys still run on fossil fuels, such as petroleum oil, defeating the purpose of the program’s goal of creating a more environmentally friendly public transport system. In the same study by CEED, it was argued that solely focusing modernization efforts on jeepneys to reduce air pollution would be negligible. Taking this into account, the government should instead consider upgrading traditional jeepneys to meet the proposed emission standards which would be cheaper for the program.

Furthermore, as said in a paper by the UP Center for Integrative and Developmental Studies, drawing from the current rate of assembly of modern jeepneys, it will take an estimated 270 years before all traditional jeepneys in the country are replaced. This begs the question of why the government keeps enforcing deadlines when it will take almost three centuries before all jeepneys are replaced with e-jeeps.

The PUVMP, while well-intentioned, presents a flawed solution. The environmental costs being too high, the unjust burden on the poor, and the uncertain consequences of such a drastic transition are strong arguments for reconsideration. The government should consider other options like rehabilitating existing jeepneys and using cleaner-burning fuels. One example that can be improved with the government’s help is the rehabilitated jeepney proposed by the Libmanan Transport Service Cooperative (LIBTRASCO). This model includes all government-specified features of the modernized jeepney—such as a side door, a higher ceiling, bigger windows, and even stabilizers to account for the increased height. Compared to e-jeeps, these rehabilitated models only cost around PHP 400 thousand to PHP 500 thousand, making them more affordable for jeepney drivers. Though the rehabilitated jeepney still uses the jeepney’s diesel engine, it can still be adapted to use a Euro 4 engine and even include air conditioning. If the government chooses to work with LIBTRASCO and retrofit the rehabilitated jeepney as an alternative, the Philippines can then improve its transport system while keeping its traditional jeepneys and people’s livelihoods by prioritizing affordability, inclusiveness, and a sustainable future.

Modernization shouldn’t be at the expense of the workers. The primary reason why many are aggressively opposing the program is that the welfare of jeepney drivers was not carefully considered when they should be the center of the solution. For the past years that the modernization program has been implemented, instead of listening to the pleas and concerns of jeepney drivers, commuters, and other constituents, the government has kept imposing the jeepney consolidation and resisting any demands by the public.

Taking all of this into account, we must request the government to prioritize policies that consider the money and power of all citizens, especially those from poor backgrounds. This includes subsidizing the move towards modern vehicles or examining other options that do not oppress marginalized communities. Instead of pushing jeepney drivers to consolidate and buy e-jeeps, the government should consider exploring and supporting initiatives that use cleaner-burning fuels and retrofitting existing jeepneys to meet emission standards to help maintain the environment in its sustainable state without overhauling the iconic jeepney fleet.

Above all else, this transition must be led by the workers—jeepney drivers whom the public has relied on for decades. Development must be made with the public in mind, not without.

// by Kela Alcantara & Xia Mentes

References:

Abarca, C. (2024, March 21). Calabarzon, Metro Manila top classroom shortage list – DepEd. INQUIRER.net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1921036/fwd-on-public-classroom-shortage#:~:text=The%20estimated%20total%20number%20of,country’s%20classroom%20shortage%20by%202030

Ansis, JC (December 14, 2015). "Piston: Continuing to fight for the transport sector". CNN Philippines. https://web.archive.org/web/20190131083905/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2015/12/14/piston-protests-continuing-to-fight-for-transport-sector.html

Bautista, P., Moya, R. (2023, September 3). Jeepney modernization program: Drivers have a steep price to pay. Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/09/03/2293549/jeepney-modernization-program-drivers-have-steep-price-pay

CEED Office. (2018, November). Just Transition in the Philippines. CEED. https://ceedphilippines.com/just-transition-in-the-philippines/

Conde, M. (2019, November 16). Transport coop makes pitch for ‘affordable, safe’ rehabilitated jeepney. RAPPLER. https://www.rappler.com/nation/244909-camarines-sur-transport-cooperative-rehabilitated-jeepney/

Dimalanta, R. Atienza, J. Samonte E. (2023). Putting Transport Workers and Commuters First: The Route to Just Transition in Public Transport Modernization. UP CIDS Policy Brief. ISSN 2619-7286.

Gatarin, G. (2024), Modernising the ‘king of the road’: Pathways for just transitions for the Filipino jeepney. Urban Governance. 4(1). 37-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ugj.2023.11.002

Golez, P. (2024, January 24). Marcos extends jeepney consolidation deadline til April 30. POLITIKO. https://politiko.com.ph/2024/01/24/marcos-extends-jeepney-consolidation-deadline-til-april-30/daily-feed/

Latoza, G. (2023, December 15). What are UP’s plans for commuters amid PUVMP? Tinig ng Plaridel. https://www.tinigngplaridel.net/up-transport-puvmp/

Magramo, K. (2024, January 16). Philippines jeepneys: Will the loud, colorful vehicles soon disappear from the roads?. CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2024/01/16/asia/philippines-jeepney-phase-out-strikes-intl-hnk/index.html

Mendoza, T. C. (2021, February). Addressing the “blind side” of the government’s jeepney “modernization” program. University of the Philippines Center for Integrative and Developmental Studies. 1-69. ISSN 2619-7456.

Mondoñedo-Ynot, L. (2024, April 10). April 30 is final deadline for Puv Consolidation. SunStar Publishing Inc. https://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/april-30-is-final-deadline-for-puv-consolidation

Ombay, G. (2023, November 9). DepEd lacks nearly 90,000 teachers - Pia Cayetano. GMA News Online. https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/topstories/nation/887851/deped-lacks-nearly-90-000-teachers-pia-cayetano/story/

Pabustan, D. (2017, September 21). Euro 4, what does it mean and why do we need it?. AutoDeal.https://www.autodeal.com.ph/articles/car-features/euro-4-what-does-it-mean-and-why-do-we-need-it

Philippine Daily Inquirer. (2024, April 14). DOH’s Lack of Vaccine Urgency. INQUIRER.net. https://opinion.inquirer.net/172935/dohs-lack-of-vaccine-urgency

Presidential Communications Office. (2024, January 24). PBBM approves three-month extension of PUV Consolidation. https://pco.gov.ph/news_releases/pbbm-approves-three-month-extension-of-puv-consolidation/

RAC. (n.d.). Euro 1 to Euro 6 guide – find out your vehicle’s emissions standard. https://www.rac.co.uk/drive/advice/emissions/euro-emissions-standards/

Relativo, J. (2023, December 28). Unconsolidated jeepneys, UV Express “allowed to operate” until Jan. 31, 2024. Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2023/12/28/2321963/unconsolidated-jeepneys-uv-express-allowed-operate-until-jan-31-2024

Relativo, J. (2024, April 30). Unconsolidated jeepneys given “15-day leeway” after consolidation deadline. Philstar.com. https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2024/04/30/2351543/unconsolidated-jeepneys-given-15-day-leeway-after-consolidation-deadline

Reyes, R. O. (2024, January 29). Jeepney drivers rejoice “partial victory” for phaseout extension. SunStar Publishing Inc. https://www.sunstar.com.ph/tacloban/jeepney-drivers-rejoice-partial-victory-for-phaseout-extension#:~:text=approved%20the%20extension%20for%20franchise

Rivas, R. (2023, March 7). In numbers: Why jeepney phaseout is anti-poor, will do little for environment. RAPPLER. https://www.rappler.com/business/numbers-why-government-phaseout-jeepneys-anti-poor-do-little-environment/

Santos, J. (2024, February 7). Consolidation extension is not what the protest demands. Philippine Collegian.https://phkule.org/article/1106/consolidation-extension-is-not-what-the-protest-demands

[la-femme-de-stardust]

Humans are burning about 40 gigatons (a gigaton is a billion tons) of fossil carbon per year. Scientists have calculated that we can burn about 500 more gigatons of fossil carbon before we push the average global temperature over 2 degrees Celsius higher than it was when the industrial revolution began; this is as high as we can push it, they calculate, before really dangerous effects will follow for most of Earth’s bioregions, meaning also food production for people. Some used to question how dangerous the effects would be. But already more of the sun’s energy stays in the Earth system than leaves it by about 0.7 of a watt per square meter of the Earth’s surface. This means an inexorable rise in average temperatures. And a wet-bulb temperature of 35 will kill humans, even if unclothed and sitting in the shade; the combination of heat and humidity prevents sweating from dissipating heat, and death by hyperthermia soon results. And wet-bulb temperatures of 34 have been recorded since the year 1990, once in Chicago. So the danger seems evident enough.

Thus, 500 gigatons; but meanwhile, the fossil fuels industry has already located at least 3,000 gigatons of fossil carbon in the ground. All these concentrations of carbon are listed as assets by the corporations that have located them, and they are regarded as national resources by the nationstates in which they have been found. Only about a quarter of this carbon is owned by private companies; the rest is in the possession of various nation-states. The notional value of the 2,500 gigatons of carbon that should be left in the ground, calculated by using the current price of oil, is on the order of 1,500 trillion US dollars.

It seems quite possible that these 2,500 gigatons of carbon might eventually come to be regarded as a kind of stranded asset, but in the meantime, some people will be trying to sell and burn the portion of it they own or control, while they still can. Just enough to make a trillion or two, they’ll be saying to themselves—not the crucial portion, not the burn that pushes us over the edge, just one last little taking. People need it.

The nineteen largest organizations doing this will be, in order of size from biggest to smallest: Saudi Aramco, Chevron, Gazprom, ExxonMobil, National Iranian Oil Company, BP, Royal Dutch Shell, Pemex, Petróleos de Venezuela, PetroChina, Peabody Energy, ConocoPhillips, Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, Kuwait Petroleum Corporation, Iraq National Oil Company, Total SA, Sonatrach, BHP Billiton, and Petrobras.

Executive decisions for these organizations’ actions will be made by about five hundred people. They will be good people. Patriotic politicians, concerned for the fate of their beloved nation’s citizens; conscientious hard-working corporate executives, fulfilling their obligations to their board and their shareholders. Men, for the most part; family men for the most part: well-educated, well-meaning. Pillars of the community. Givers to charity. When they go to the concert hall of an evening, their hearts will stir at the somber majesty of Brahms’s Fourth Symphony. They will want the best for their children.

Kim Stanley Robinson, The Ministry for the Future

[mosswolf]

Shell is by far the largest foreign stakeholder in the Nigerian economy, owning 47 percent of the oil industry. Its joint venture partner in the petroleum business during Nigeria's most draconian years was the Abacha regime. Yet Shell representatives have repeatedly declared that they exercise no influence over Nigeria's rulers; Europe's largest oil corporation has thereby ducked behind the brutalities of its militaristic financial partners. Such an arrangement means that Shell and other foreign oil corporations can maintain their desired technological presence while, under cover of deference for national sovereignty, they continue to act as ethical absentees.

This arrangement has also enabled Shell to ignore appeals by the Ogoni, the Ijaw, the Ikwerre and other neighboring micro-minorities for a share of oil revenues, a measure of environmental self-determination, and economic redress for their devastated environment. For Shell, Chevron, and the other oil majors operating in the delta, these are internal, Nigerian matters that belong to a sovereign realm inaccessible to corporate influence. But the record suggests otherwise: Chevron, for example, has acknowledged transporting Nigerian forces to quell uprisings in the oil camps of Rivers State. Shell has imported arms for the Nigerian police, paid retainers to Nigerian military personnel, and made boats and helicopters available to them in assaults against protestors. This is all integral to what one former Shell scientist has dubbed "the militarization of commerce" - an apt designation, if ever there was one, of resource extraction procedures under neoliberalism across the global South.

slow violence and the environmentalism of the poor, rob nixon

[thecoolestessaywriters]

Fossil Fuel Corps Wield an Immense Amount of Political Influence

Fossil fuel corporations wield immense political power thanks to their massive lobbying efforts and the fact that they comprise 8% of the entire US’s Gross Domestic Product (acc. to the American Petroleum Institute).

Between 2000 and 2016 alone, the fossil fuel industry spent roughly $2 billion to disrupt the passing of climate change legislation

Exxonmobil has been the largest contributor of climate change denialism in recent history

Directly funded 69 climate change denial interest groups from 1998 to 2014

Ironically a descendent of enormously wealthy industrialist John D. Rockefeller (founder of Standard Oil which was later renamed to "Exxon Mobil") himself urged the company to stop promoting climate change and acknowledge the problem, to no avail

Joined alongside other fossil fuel giants such as Shell and Texaco to directly fund the deceptively named anti-climate change think tank, the “Global Climate Coalition” in 1989, which had the goal of creating and then disseminating some of the first climate change denialist rhetoric that has contributed to the muddy public discourse we currently see today

In a case of impossibly dramatic irony, Exxonmobil’s own proprietary research teams conducted groundbreaking research, as early as the late 1970s, that predicted, with remarkable accuracy, that carbon dioxide emissions over the coming decades would “lead to a 0.2℃ of global warming per decade with a margin of error of 0.04 degrees”, according to the Harvard Gazette.

This makes the irritating fact that Exxon did not even publicly acknowledge the existence of climate change until 2014 all the more unconscionable

Worse still, the numerous studies they conducted that empirically demonstrated the existence of anthropogenic causes of climate change were only disseminated internally (within the corporation) and publicly hidden behind an overwhelming torrent of skeptical editorial pieces they published in order to sow doubt among the general populace

They made sure that anything they published proving climate change, would be outshined by their climate denialist editorials

Exxon wasn't the only company guilty of this sin of omission either:

As early as the 1980s, Shell disseminated internal (intra-corporate) documents that not only acknowledged the existence of climate change, but knew full well that their own products were responsible for contributing to it

Bottom Line: Companies have the political sway that is usually only reserved for politicians and political organizations. This complicates the matter of adopting eco-friendly corporate policy since it has ostensibly become a conflict of interest.

But the question remains, What Do We Do?

There have been many proposed solutions, but unfortunately very few have yielded success:

The Paris Climate Agreement was an international treaty established in 2016 that established a goal to reduce global GHG emissions by 43% by 2030

Though good on paper, the problem lies in its lack of enforcement capabilities since as we've seen corporations are immense contributors to GHG emissions but due to the nature of the agreement, governments themeselves are solely responsible for enforcing the aggreement on corporations' activities

But in a Capitalist society, and given the fact that in the US alone the fossil fuel sector accounts for 79% of our energy production, government actors have very little incentive to risk pissing these companies off which runs the risk of scaring their business away to foreign markets

What is perhaps the most realistically feasible (in theory) solution to reigning in fossil fuel (and other) corporations is the implementation of a....

Which is basically a tax imposed on some level of a fossil fuel producer (its factories, its shipping network, its suppliers, etc.) on a specified amount of greenhouse gasses produced in the company's activities

Could be a great way to get corporations to limit their emissions by making it less attractive to emit large amounts of GHGs to maximize profits since doing so would incur significant costs to said company

or at least enough costs to make them limit their activities

A study done in 2017 estimated that a tax of $49 per metric ton of CO2 could raise up to $2.2 trillion in revenue which could then be used to fund things such as eco-friendly energy solutions or even just return it to consumers

Now this is not to say this is the "antidote" to corporate GHG emissions, because it simply is not:

For starters imposing such a tax would naturally increase the price of energy and fuel, which could seriously hurt lower income people who already spend a good chunk of their income on those things

Could entice domestic corporations to move overseas where tax laws are more lenient

So, in conclusion:

Solving corporate GHG emissions which contribute to climate change is going to be a really complicated, multifaceted affair that is not going to occur overnight.

However we still should try and pursue these solutions, even if we may not see them in our lifetimes, because it is an objective fact that these companies need to be reigned in and something must be done to curb emissions before we literally reach a point of no return.

We need to build a future that is far less dependent on fossil fuels and it's going to take a lot of work and collective action to do it, so..

DO IT YOU LAZY BUMS, GET ANGY, GET MAD, DON'T LET THESE BOZOS FEEL LIKE IT'S OK TO RUIN THE PLANET!

IT'S THE ONLY ONE WE GOT!!!

[beesandwasps]

Okay, I have kind of a nagging comment about the first one about Shell.

Shell is a big, multinational company, and it exists only because there are so many people who want to buy petroleum — particularly gasoline. If the demand for gas went away, Shell would do the same. It makes more sense, then, to consider how much Shell (and other gas companies) increase the share of emissions per average customer than it does to talk about the aggregate — the bigger a given gas company gets, the more emissions it will have, and they’re mostly so huge that the numbers are naturally going to be gigantic.

Now, this is actually a very messy calculation to make without doing a lot more research work than I am willing to put in, so please understand up-front that although I’ve looked up some numbers, all of which turned out to be from Statista.com, there are a lot of assumptions being made here which might be false. Without thinking too hard about it for more subtle potential nitpicks, I’m assuming that:

the number of people who buy gasoline in the US is approximately the number of vehicles in the US (that is, there may be households with multiple cars, but households with multiple cars generally have one gas-buyer per vehicle; the number of individuals who personally own multiple vehicles is small) — or, in other words, the number of gas buyers is approximately the number of vehicles

it is reasonable to equate market share of gas sales in the US directly to percentage of gas buyers in the US

the amount of profit per gas buyer in the US is equivalent to the amount of profit per gas buyer in the rest of the world

the “77 million years” figure is based on the global average, not the US average, since Shell is a multinational company

the “77 million years” figure is not already calculated into the average customer’s carbon emissions as quoted (I’ve always kind of wondered about that — the carbon footprint calculators I’ve seen always ask about your gas and manufactured goods consumption, which would mean that those carbon footprint quotations assume corporate emissions are effectively 0 because business emissions are all rolled into the figures for their customers. But we’ll assume here that this is not the case.)

In the last decade Shell actually usually made more profit in both Asia and Europe, separately, than in the Americas. (The overwhelming majority of its profit in the Americas is from the US, but even adding in the rest they still usually get more from Asia and Europe — and even in years where the Americas aren’t in third place, they still don’t go far above a third of the total). Let’s simplify and say that the Americas make up a third of their profits and the US is 30%. (These are both overestimates, meaning they will tend to reduce the estimated number of customers.)

Shell had, in 2019, a 12.5% share of gas sales in the US. (No need to round or anything, that’s directly the number Statista.com said.)

In 2019, there were over 276 million registered vehicles in the US; we’ll round down to 250 million to account for public vehicles — there are buses in the US — and those people who personally own multiple vehicles.

So, out of an estimated 250 million gasoline buyers in the US in 2019, Shell had a 12.5% share, which is 31.25 million; call it 30 million. We are explicitly assuming that Shell makes the same profit per customer everywhere in the world and the US generally makes up 30% of its profits, so each percentage of its profit is 1 million people, and therefore worldwide it has 100 million customers. (I swear I didn’t pick any of the rounded values with this in mind in advance — the numbers just worked out that way.) (I suspect that this number is far too low, but it’s a loose estimate to demonstrate my point so that isn’t really all that important.)

Now, if Shell is generating enough emissions that an average person would have to live 77 million years, but it has 100 million customers, then from another perspective it is raising the emissions of its customers by slightly over ¾ — if the average person is personally responsible for annual carbon emissions of 4 tons (the global average; much higher for developed nations), then by being a Shell customer, they cause an additional 3 tons of emissions for which they are not considered personally responsible. That’s pretty terrible, but I’m not 100% convinced that it is possible to have fossil fuel usage without figures that are just as appalling — in which case the problem isn’t that Shell is specifically Shell, it’s that gas companies exist at all. It would be interesting to patch up the estimated value above to correct for the assumptions and get more accurate values, and then to do the calculations for other gas companies and see whether Shell really is more egregious than the others; if that were the case, it would immediately justify worldwide consumer boycotts — you could immediately lower your carbon footprint, without even cutting your gas consumption, by simply not using Shell gas.

(If the average emissions figure per person includes all the emissions from consumerism, as I mentioned that carbon footprint calculators tend to do, then it means — with this estimate, at least — that ¾ of the average Shell customer’s annual emissions are purely from their gas purchases from Shell, and that’s even more appalling!)

feel free to share the truth...

[willyskristina]

Petroleum Liquid Feedstock Market

Petroleum Liquid Feedstock Market Size, Share, Trends: ExxonMobil Corporation Leads

Shift Towards Lighter Feedstocks for Petrochemical Production

Market Overview: 

The Petroleum Liquid Feedstock Market is expected to develop at a 3.8% CAGR from 2024 to 2031. The market value is predicted to rise from XX USD in 2024 to YY USD in 2031. Asia-Pacific currently dominates the market, with key data reflecting robust demand from the petrochemical and transportation industries. The market is steadily growing, owing to rising energy consumption, a developing petrochemical industry, and continued investments in refinery capacity expansion.

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Market Trends: 

The petroleum liquid feedstock industry is seeing a considerable shift towards the use of lighter feedstocks, particularly naphtha, in petrochemical manufacturing. The growing demand for high-value petrochemical products, as well as the necessity for more flexible and efficient production techniques, are driving this change. Lighter feedstocks produce more value products, such as ethylene and propylene, which are fundamental building blocks for many polymers and chemicals. Furthermore, the quantity of light crude oil and natural gas liquids (NGLs) from shale resources has expedited this trend, especially in areas with high shale oil and gas production.

Market Segmentation: 

Naphtha has emerged as the dominating sector in the petroleum liquid feedstock industry, with a sizable market share. Naphtha's appeal stems from its adaptability as a feedstock for a variety of petrochemical processes, particularly the manufacture of olefins (ethylene and propylene) and aromatic compounds. Naphtha's high output of important petrochemical compounds makes it a popular choice among petrochemical companies.

The increasing demand for plastics, synthetic fibres, and other petrochemical products has fuelled the use of naphtha as a feedstock. According to industry data, naphtha accounts for over 70% of the feedstock used in steam crackers worldwide, emphasising its significance in the petrochemical industry.

Recent technological developments have improved the efficiency of naphtha crackers, increasing output while lowering energy usage. For example, sophisticated process control systems and catalysts have increased ethylene production from naphtha by up to 5% in certain modern plants. This increased efficiency has made naphtha an even more appealing feedstock option, especially in areas with limited access to other feedstocks like ethane.

Market Key Players:

ExxonMobil Corporation

Royal Dutch Shell plc

Saudi Aramco

Chevron Corporation

BP plc

TotalEnergies SE

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[tradeimexdataprovider]

US Crude Oil Import Data: Top Crude Oil Importers in the US

The environment of US crude oil imports has changed significantly during the past decade. Crude oil imports are used to supply a major portion of the energy and crude oil needs of the United States. Imports account for over 40% of the US's total petroleum consumption, making them a vital component of the nation's energy balance. In 2023, the United States imported $172.42 billion worth of crude oil, a 16% reduction from the last year. According to US import data, the country imported 1.78 billion barrels of crude oil in the first three quarters of 2024, totaling $133.56 billion.

About 6.48 million barrels of crude oil were imported daily by the US in 2023, for a total quantity of 236.52 million barrels. Crude oil is the most imported commodity in the United States, which is the second-largest importer of the commodity globally, after China. This article will look at the top US crude oil importers and the latest trends and market research about US crude oil imports for 2023–2024.

Import Data and Trends of US Crude Oil Importers

The largest crude oil importers in the United States are ExxonMobil, Chevron Corp., and Valero Energy Corp.

Data from the US crude oil buyers and importers list shows that there are over 2000 verified crude oil importers and purchasers in the United States.

Sixty-six percent of all energy imports into the US are crude oil.

These importers purchase crude oil from more than 3100 suppliers worldwide.

There are now over 28,900 shipments of crude oil into the United States, based on USA shipment data.

The United States imports crude oil from over 100 countries, according to data on imports by country.

Crude oil has the 4-digit HS code 2709, which places it under the HS code 27 for worldwide trade and in the classification of mineral fuels.

USA Crude Oil Importers List: Database of Leading Crude Oil Importers in the US

According to US importer statistics and US crude oil import estimates for 2023–2024, these are the largest 10 American companies that import crude oil:

1. Valero Energy Corporation: Import Value: ~$25 billion

Total Import Quantity: ~230 million barrels

Import Shipments: Over 9,000 annually

Headquarters: San Antonio, Texas

2. Chevron Corporation: Import Value: ~$21 billion

Total Import Quantity: ~190 million barrels

Import Shipments: Over 8,000 annually

Headquarters: San Ramon, California

3. ExxonMobil: Import Value: ~$18 billion

Total Import Quantity: ~165 million barrels

Import Shipments: Over 7,000 annually

Headquarters: Irving, Texas

4. Marathon Petroleum Corporation: Import Value: ~$16 billion

Total Import Quantity: ~150 million barrels

Import Shipments: Over 6,500 annually

Headquarters: Findlay, Ohio

5. Phillips 66: Import Value: ~$14 billion

Total Import Quantity: ~125 million barrels

Import Shipments: Over 5,500 annually

Headquarters: Houston, Texas

6. Motiva Enterprises: Import Value: ~$12 billion

Total Import Quantity: ~110 million barrels

Import Shipments: Over 5,000 annually

Headquarters: Houston, Texas

7. Shell USA (formerly Shell Oil Company): Import Value: ~$10 billion

Total Import Quantity: ~100 million barrels

Import Shipments: Over 4,500 annually

Headquarters: Houston, Texas

8. Tesoro Corporation: Import Value: ~$8.5 billion

Total Import Quantity: ~80 million barrels

Import Shipments: Over 3,500 annually

Headquarters: San Antonio, Texas

9. BP America: Import Value: ~$7.2 billion

Total Import Quantity: ~70 million barrels

Import Shipments: Over 3,000 annually

Headquarters: Houston, Texas

10. HollyFrontier Corporation: Import Value: ~$6 billion

Total Import Quantity: ~60 million barrels

Import Shipments: Over 2,500 annually

Headquarters: Dallas, Texas

Imports of US Crude Oil by Country: US Crude Import Data by Country

The USA imports the majority of its crude oil from Saudi Arabia, Mexico, and Canada. About 3.8 million barrels of crude oil were imported daily from Canada to the United States in 2023, bringing the total import value to $97.18 billion. In total, 370.39 million cubic meters of crude oil were imported into the US. The top ten countries from which the United States imports crude oil in 2023 are:

1. Canada: $97.18 billion (56.4%)

2. Mexico: $20.35 billion (11.8%)

3. Saudi Arabia: $10.81 billion (6.3%)

4. Iraq: $6.01 billion (3.5%)

5. Brazil: $5.90 billion (3.4%)

6. Colombia: $5.59 billion (3.2%)

7. Nigeria: $4.73 billion (2.7%)

8. Ecuador: $3.95 billion (2.3%)

9. Venezuela: $3.45 billion (2%)

10. Guyana: $3.09 billion (1.8%)

Local Crude Oil Consumption in the United States

The USA is one of the biggest consumers of crude oil in the world, with a considerable percentage of its energy demands being met by crude oil and petroleum products. The nation's domestic crude oil consumption is driven by several industries, including shipping, residential, commercial, and industrial demands. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) recently released data showing that in 2023, the country's daily crude oil consumption exceeded 20 million barrels.

The United States trade policy and regulations on crude oil imports

The US government has implemented several policies and initiatives to manage environmental concerns, promote domestic production, and regulate imports of crude oil. The federal government can impose trade restrictions like tariffs and quotas to regulate imports of crude oil.

One of the main laws affecting the import of crude oil is the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), which mandates the use of biofuels such as ethanol and biodiesel in transportation fuels. This program aims to reduce the nation's dependency on imported crude oil and promote the growth of renewable energy sources.

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) plays a key role in regulating the crude oil industry by enforcing environmental laws and regulations. These regulations cover many subjects, including greenhouse gas emissions, pollution of the air and water, and the handling and disposal of hazardous materials.

Bottom Line

To sum up, US imports of crude oil are critical to ensuring the nation has a strong and consistent energy supply. Despite being a major producer of crude oil, it imports crude oil to meet its domestic needs. Identifying the impact of the crude oil import market will help policymakers make well-informed decisions to ensure energy security and prosperity in the years to come.

[oilgasenergymagazine]

Major Oil and Gas Companies: Dominating the Global Energy Sector

Category: Conventional Energy

  

The oil and gas industry plays a pivotal role in shaping the global economy, fueling industries, and meeting the energy demands of billions of people. From exploration and drilling to refining and distribution, major oil and gas companies are at the forefront of this multi-trillion-dollar industry. This article will delve into some of the most influential players in the oil and gas sector, their global reach, and the significant role they play in powering the world.

What Defines Major Oil and Gas Companies?

Major oil and gas companies are typically large, vertically integrated corporations involved in multiple stages of the oil and gas value chain. These companies dominate the energy market through their massive reserves, cutting-edge technology, and significant global presence. They engage in upstream activities, such as exploration and extraction, midstream processes like transportation and storage, and downstream operations including refining and distribution.

These companies often have a major impact on national economies, not only due to their revenue generation but also because of their role in creating jobs, fostering innovation, and contributing to energy security.

The Global Landscape of Major Oil and Gas Companies:

https://oilgasenergymagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/15.1-The-Global-Landscape-of-Major-Oil-and-Gas-Companies-Image-by-Rangsarit-Chaiyakun-from-Getty-.jpg

The global oil and gas sector is primarily dominated by a few major oil and gas companies, also known as “Big Oil.” These corporations have their operations spanning continents, and their revenue streams often surpass the GDP of many countries. Let’s take a closer look at some of these major oil and gas businesses and their influence on the industry.

1. Saudi Aramco

https://oilgasenergymagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/15.1-Saudi-Arabia-Source-linkedin.com_.jpg

Saudi Aramco, officially known as the Saudi Arabian Oil Company, is widely regarded as the largest and most profitable oil company in the world. Headquartered in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Aramco boasts the world’s largest proven crude oil reserves and is also the largest daily oil producer. As one of the major oil and gas companies, Aramco plays a crucial role in the global supply of petroleum and its by-products.

In 2019, Saudi Aramco went public, achieving the largest IPO in history, which solidified its financial dominance. With state-backed support, Aramco continues to invest in exploration projects worldwide, expanding its reach in both upstream and downstream sectors. Its sheer size and market influence make it one of the most critical players in the oil and gas industry.

2. ExxonMobil

ExxonMobil is one of the most recognizable names among major oil and gas companies. Based in Irving, Texas, ExxonMobil has a long-standing legacy that dates back to John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil. The company is a leader in both upstream and downstream operations, focusing on oil exploration, production, and refining.

ExxonMobil has operations in over 40 countries, producing millions of barrels of oil and natural gas every day. It is also heavily invested in research and development, particularly in advancing technologies for sustainable energy solutions. However, despite its efforts to diversify, a significant portion of its revenue still comes from traditional fossil fuels, making it one of the biggest major oil and gas companies globally.

3. Shell (Royal Dutch Shell)

Another titan in the world of major oil and gas companies is Shell, a British-Dutch multinational with its headquarters in The Hague, Netherlands. Shell operates in more than 70 countries and is well-known for its extensive network of service stations and refineries. The company is involved in the exploration, extraction, refining, and marketing of oil and natural gas, as well as alternative energy projects.

Shell has been increasingly shifting its focus towards sustainable energy initiatives, such as biofuels, wind energy, and electric vehicle charging networks. However, its dominance in the traditional oil and gas sector remains unparalleled, making it a key player in the global energy market.

4. BP (British Petroleum)

https://oilgasenergymagazine.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/15.2-BP-British-Petroleum-Source-thestatesman.com_.jpg

BP is another major oil and gas company with a rich history, originally founded as the Anglo-Persian Oil Company in 1908. Headquartered in London, BP is one of the world’s largest oil and gas companies, with operations in over 70 countries. It engages in all facets of the oil and gas industry, including exploration, extraction, refining, and retail.

BP has also been actively diversifying its portfolio by investing in renewable energy sources, particularly wind and solar power. Despite these efforts, traditional fossil fuel production still contributes significantly to its revenue, keeping BP firmly among the world’s major oil and gas companies.

5. Chevron

Chevron, headquartered in San Ramon, California, is one of the largest oil companies in the United States and a leading player among major oil and gas companies worldwide. Chevron has operations in more than 180 countries, engaged in every aspect of the oil, natural gas, and geothermal energy industries.

With a focus on technology and innovation, Chevron is heavily invested in research to improve the efficiency of oil extraction and refining. Additionally, the company has made strides in the development of alternative energy technologies, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS), and biofuels.

Challenges Faced by Major Oil and Gas Companies

While the major oil and gas companies continue to dominate the global energy landscape, they also face significant challenges. The industry is undergoing a transformative phase due to the growing emphasis on environmental sustainability and the shift towards renewable energy. The global push for reducing carbon emissions and mitigating climate change has forced these companies to rethink their strategies and adapt to new market demands.

Another key challenge is the fluctuating oil prices, which are influenced by various geopolitical factors, including supply disruptions, trade tensions, and regulatory changes. Major oil and gas businesses must navigate these uncertainties while balancing profitability with their commitments to reduce their environmental footprint.

The Future of Major Oil and Gas Companies

Looking ahead, major oil and gas companies are likely to continue playing a central role in the global energy mix, despite the shift towards cleaner energy sources. However, to remain relevant and sustainable, these companies must innovate and adapt to the changing market dynamics. Many of the leading players are already investing heavily in renewable energy projects, such as solar and wind farms, as well as carbon capture and hydrogen technologies.

In conclusion, major oil and gas businesses are indispensable to the global economy, providing essential energy resources that power industries, transportation, and households. Despite facing numerous challenges, including the transition to renewable energy, these companies are evolving and diversifying their portfolios to meet the world’s growing energy demands.

By leveraging their vast resources and expertise, major oil and gas corporations will likely remain dominant in the energy sector for years to come, shaping the future of energy and driving economic growth on a global scale.

[stone-cold-groove]

Illustration detail from Shell Petroleum Corporation’s New Orleans and Vicinity Road Map - 1932.

[hariganesh858]

Liquefied Petroleum Gas Market

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Market Size, Share, Trends: Saudi Aramco Leads

Growing Demand for Cleaner Fuels Propels LPG Market Expansion

Market Overview:

The Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) market is on an upward trajectory, driven by the increasing demand for cleaner cooking fuels in developing countries. Asia-Pacific leads the market, fueled by rapid urbanization, rising population, and growing consumer preference for LPG over traditional biomass fuels. LPG's versatility as a clean-burning fuel for cooking, heating, and transportation further accelerates its market growth. Government initiatives aimed at promoting LPG use and expanding infrastructure are crucial in supporting this market's expansion.

The growing awareness of LPG’s environmental benefits and its role in reducing indoor air pollution is attracting more households to switch to this fuel. With a broad scope, the LPG market spans various applications and continues to evolve with technological advancements and supportive government policies.

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Market Trends:

A major trend driving the market is the growing demand for LPG as an automotive fuel. This trend is significant as it contributes to reducing air pollution and carbon emissions, making cities cleaner and more sustainable. The adoption of LPG-powered vehicles is increasing, supported by the availability of refueling infrastructure and government incentives.

Market Segmentation:

The residential sector is poised to dominate the LPG market during the forecast period. This segment’s growth is fueled by the widespread use of LPG as a cooking fuel in households, particularly in developing nations. Factors such as increasing population, urbanization, and rising disposable incomes boost demand. Innovative distribution mechanisms like pay-as-you-go schemes and enhanced LPG cylinder safety features make this fuel more accessible and affordable for low-income households, driving the segment’s growth.

Market Key Players:

Leading the LPG market are industry giants such as Saudi Aramco, ExxonMobil Corporation, BP plc, Royal Dutch Shell plc, China Gas Holdings Limited, and ADNOC. These key players focus on expanding production capacities, enhancing distribution networks, and investing in LPG infrastructure, positioning themselves as market leaders.

Contact Us:

Name: Hari Krishna

Email us: hari.krishna@aurorawaveintellects.com

Website: https://aurorawaveintellects.com/

[insightsresearch]

Global Refinery Catalysts Market Will Generate New Growth Opportunities by 2037    

 

Analysis of Global Refinery Catalysts Market Size by Research Nester Reveals Market to Expand with a CAGR of 4.2% During 2024-2037, Reaching 14.6 USD billion by 2037

Research Nester assesses the growth and market size of the global Refinery catalysts market, driven by rising demand for energy supplies and technological advancements.

Research Nester’s recent market research analysis on "Global Refinery Catalysts Market: Supply & Demand Analysis, Growth Forecasts, Statistics Report 2024-2037" provides an in-depth competitor analysis and an extensive overview of the global Refinery catalysts market, segmented by type, component, and region.

Increasing Demand for Energy and Advanced Refinery Solutions to Boost Global Market Growth

The Refinery catalysts market is anticipated to witness rapid growth due to increasing demand for energy supplies from all over the world and virtually unparalleled technological advances. Due to this pressure for efficiency and low emissions refineries are calling for advanced catalytic solutions. Stricter environmental regulations drive the adoption of catalysts that cut harmful emissions and improve yields in general. New opportunities are opening up for market participants as a result of the movement toward cleaner fuels. Other factors contributing to the rise in demand for Refinery catalysts are investments in modernizing refinery infrastructure. 

Access our detailed report at: https://www.researchnester.com/reports/refinery-catalyst-market/3060

Key Drivers and Challenges Influencing the Refinery Catalysts Market

Here are some of the drivers and challenges influencing the demand for Refinery catalysts through 2037:

Growth Drivers:

Increasing global demand for energy supplies

Adoption of advanced catalytic solutions in refineries

Challenges:

Strict environmental regulations

High costs associated with technological advancements

By type, the FCC catalysts segment is expected to dominate the market, holding about 38.1% share during the forecast period. FCC catalysts are highly important in heavy crude oil processing of lighter and more valuable petroleum products. The complexity profile of crude oils is changing, and refiners globally are addressing how to achieve maximum efficiency and yield by implementing high-performance FCC catalysts. Next-generation FCC catalysts are currently under construction and are showing better performance and selectivity. Growth in this segment is driven due to the need for sustainability and improvement in Refinery processes. FCC catalysts will also continue to remain one of the main focus areas in the refinery catalysts market.

By region, Asia Pacific excluding Japan is expected to lead the Refinery catalysts market with 35.0% of the share during the forecast period. The growth in the region is driven by rapid industrialization and urbanization of countries such as India and China. Also, several efforts taken by the Indian government to enhance the Refinery capacity, including the upgrading of facilities, increase the demand for advanced catalytic solutions. Moreover, the push for cleaner fuels and higher output of petroleum products positions China as one of the significant players. The investments in Refinery capabilities will keep APEJ at the forefront of market developments.

Request Free Sample Copy of this Report @ https://www.researchnester.com/sample-request-3060

Some of the key players included in the report include ExxonMobil, Shell Catalysts & Technologies, and BASF, driving innovation to cater to the industry's requirements. Companies such as Honeywell UOP, Clariant, and Albemarle Corporation contribute to quality improvements in the solutions being applied to a wide array of Refinery processes.  Other companies such as Haldor Topsoe, Sinopec Corp, Evonik Industries AG, and Antenchem are developing their offerings in an attempt to stay competitive.

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Research Nester Analytics is a leading service provider for strategic market research and consulting. We provide unbiased, unparalleled market insights and industry analysis to help industries, conglomerates, and executives make informed decisions regarding future marketing strategy, expansion, and investments. We believe every business can expand its horizon with the right guidance at the right time. Our out-of-the-box thinking helps clients navigate future uncertainties and market dynamics.

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AJ Daniel

Email: info@researchnester.com

U.S. Phone: +1 646 586 9123

U.K. Phone: +44 203 608 5919

[industrynewsupdates]

Key Players in Transformer Oil Market: A Competitive Landscape Overview

The global transformer oil market size is expected to reach USD 6.12 billion by 2030, registering a CAGR of 12.3% from 2024 to 2030, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. The growth is driven by the high utilization of transformer oil in the power generation sector along with an increase in demand for electric grids in emerging economies.

The product is used to insulate high-voltage electrical transformers. It is developed to operate at very high temperatures. Transformer oil surrounds the windings and the core of transformers to prevent their wiring and cellulose-based insulation from corroding and oxidizing.

Recent market expansion is driven by technological development and rising R&D activities by key industry players. For instance, Cargill received an award from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, for developing transformer oil through natural esters. Market players are also focusing on manufacturing bio-based products to dominate the market.

Crude oil is the major raw material utilized for manufacturing transformer oil. Key industry participants involved in the production of this raw material are Saudi Aramco, Exxon Mobil Corporation, China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Shell Plc., and others. Some of the leading market players such as Exxon Mobil Corporation, China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, and others are integrated across the value chain to produce crude oil, base oil, and transformer oil which increases their profitability margin.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Transformer Oil Market

Transformer Oil Market Report Highlights

• By product, the bio-based segment is expected to register the fastest CAGR of 14.8% over the forecast period in terms of revenue due to growing regulations that are focused on reducing carbon emissions and increasing energy conservation

• By end-use, the residential segment is expected to register the fastest CAGR of 12.7% in terms of revenue over the forecast period owing to the growing population across the globe leading to an increase in the residential sector

• Asia Pacific is expected to register the fastest CAGR of 13.8% in terms of revenue over the forecast period owing to rapid industrialization in rural areas and investments by foreign bodies in the developing economies

• There is a significant demand for silicone-based products because of their capacity to extinguish themselves, making them acceptable for high-risk areas with possible fire threats. Due to their durability and lack of major maintenance requirements, silicones also contribute to longer transformer life

• In developing countries, the replacement of outdated transformers with new ones and technological advancements are anticipated to create numerous attractive job opportunities

• The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Electricity & Cogeneration Regulatory Authority, and other federal agencies have adopted strict restrictions surrounding energy waste, and this has fueled demand for oil to reduce emissions and electricity waste.

Browse through Grand View Research's Petrochemicals Industry Research Reports.

• The global biolubricants market size was valued at USD 2.95 billion in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 13.7% from 2025 to 2030.

• The global automotive engine oil market size was valued at USD 41.2 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.7% from 2024 to 2030.

Transformer Oil Market Segmentation

Grand View Research has segmented the global transformer oil market  based on product, rating, end-use, and region:

Transformer Oil Product Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

• Mineral-based Oils

o Naphthenic Base Oils

o Paraffinic Base Oils

• Silicone-based Oils

• Bio-based Oils

Transformer Oil Rating Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

• <100 MVA

• 100 MVA to 500 MVA

• 501 MVA to 800 MVA

• >800 MVA

Transformer Oil End-use Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

• Utilities

• Industrial

• Residential

• Commercial

Transformer Oil Regional Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Billion, 2018 - 2030)

• North America

o U.S.

o Canada

• Europe

o Germany

o France

o UK

o Italy

o Russia

• Asia Pacific

o China

o India

o Japan

o South Korea

o Australia

o Indonesia

• Central & America

o Brazil

o Argentina

• Middle East & Africa

o Saudi Arabia

o South Africa

o Turkey

Order a free sample PDF of the Transformer Oil Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.

[surbhijamdade]

Ethylene Market Analysis Report: Size, Share, and Trends Forecast for the Next Period

Ethylene Market Strategies: Taking Advantage of Trends to Drive Growth in 2032

The Ethylene Market Report provides essential insights for business strategists, offering a comprehensive overview of industry trends and growth projections. It includes detailed historical and future data on costs, revenues, supply, and demand, where applicable. The report features an in-depth analysis of the value chain and distributor networks.

Employing various analytical techniques such as SWOT analysis, Porter’s Five Forces analysis, and feasibility studies, the report offers a thorough understanding of competitive dynamics, the risk of substitutes and new entrants, and identifies strengths, challenges, and business opportunities. This detailed assessment covers current patterns, driving factors, limitations, emerging developments, and high-growth areas, aiding stakeholders in making informed strategic decisions based on both current and future market trends. Additionally, the report includes an examination of the Automatic Rising Arm Barriers sector and its key opportunities.

According to Straits Research, the global Ethylene Market��market size was valued at USD 189.38 Billion in 2022. It is projected to reach from USD XX Billion in 2023 to USD 301.43 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 5.3% during the forecast period (2023–2031).

Get Free Request Sample Report @ https://straitsresearch.com/report/ethylene-market/request-sample

TOP Key Industry Players of the Ethylene Market

SABIC

The Dow Company

Exxon Mobil Corporation

Royal Dutch Shell

China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation

Chevron Phillips Chemical Company

Total SA

LyondellBasell Industries Holdings BV

China National Petroleum Corporation

Repsol

BASF SE

Westlake Chemical Corporation

Sasol

Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation

Nova Chemicals Corporation.

Global Ethylene Market: Segmentation

As a result of the Ethylene market segmentation, the market is divided into sub-segments based on product type, application, as well as regional and country-level forecasts. 

By End-User

Automotive

Packaging

Healthcare

Textile

Agrochemical

Building & construction

By Application

Polyethylene (PE)

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)

Polystyrene (PS)

Fibers & other organic chemicals

By Raw-Material

Naphtha

Natural gas

Browse Full Report and TOC @ https://straitsresearch.com/report/ethylene-market/request-sample

Reasons for Buying This Report:

Provides an analysis of the evolving competitive landscape of the Automatic Rising Arm Barriers market.

Offers analytical insights and strategic planning guidance to support informed business decisions.

Highlights key market dynamics, including drivers, restraints, emerging trends, developments, and opportunities.

Includes market estimates by region and profiles of various industry stakeholders.

Aids in understanding critical market segments.

Delivers extensive data on trends that could impact market growth.

Research Methodology:

Utilizes a robust methodology involving data triangulation with top-down and bottom-up approaches.

Validates market estimates through primary research with key stakeholders.

Estimates market size and forecasts for different segments at global, regional, and country levels using reliable published sources and stakeholder interviews.

About Straits Research

Straits Research is dedicated to providing businesses with the highest quality market research services. With a team of experienced researchers and analysts, we strive to deliver insightful and actionable data that helps our clients make informed decisions about their industry and market. Our customized approach allows us to tailor our research to each client's specific needs and goals, ensuring that they receive the most relevant and valuable insights.

Contact Us

Email: sales@straitsresearch.com

Address: 825 3rd Avenue, New York, NY, USA, 10022

Tel: UK: +44 203 695 0070, USA: +1 646 905 0080

[investorocean0007]

कैसे एक कंपनी ने पूरा देश बर्बाद कर दिया - How One Company Destroyed an Entire Country

Shell and Environmental Destruction in Nigeria: A Crisis of Corporate Responsibility

The activities of Shell, one of the largest multinational oil companies, have had a profound impact on Nigeria, particularly in the oil-rich Niger Delta region. While Shell's operations have contributed to Nigeria's economic growth, they have also resulted in significant environmental degradation, human rights violations, and socio-economic challenges. This essay examines how Shell's activities have affected Nigeria, the controversies surrounding its operations, and the ongoing efforts for accountability and remediation.

The Role of Shell in Nigeria

Shell began operating in Nigeria in 1937, and by the 1950s, it had discovered large oil reserves in the Niger Delta. Over the years, Shell has become a major player in Nigeria's oil industry, accounting for a significant portion of the country's crude oil production. Nigeria, in turn, became one of the world's largest oil exporters, with petroleum contributing over 90% of its export earnings.

While oil revenues have boosted Nigeria's economy, the Niger Delta communities, where much of the extraction occurs, have borne the brunt of the environmental and social costs.

Environmental Degradation

Oil Spills Shell’s operations have led to countless oil spills, resulting in widespread contamination of water, soil, and vegetation. The Niger Delta, once known for its rich biodiversity, has seen rivers polluted and farmlands rendered barren. These spills, often caused by pipeline corrosion, equipment failure, or sabotage, have devastated local ecosystems and livelihoods.

Gas Flaring Another major environmental concern is gas flaring, the burning of natural gas associated with oil extraction. Shell and other oil companies have flared gas in the Niger Delta for decades, releasing toxic pollutants into the atmosphere. This has led to respiratory problems, acid rain, and significant contributions to global warming.

Loss of Biodiversity The destruction of mangroves, wetlands, and other natural habitats has severely impacted wildlife and aquatic species in the Niger Delta. The ecological balance of the region has been disrupted, with long-term consequences for both the environment and the local communities.

Social and Economic Impact

Impact on Livelihoods The environmental damage caused by Shell’s operations has devastated agriculture and fishing, the primary sources of livelihood for Niger Delta communities. Contaminated water bodies and degraded land have made it nearly impossible for residents to sustain themselves.

Health Problems Exposure to toxic substances from oil spills, gas flaring, and contaminated drinking water has led to a rise in health issues, including cancer, respiratory diseases, and birth defects.

Human Rights Violations Shell has been accused of complicity in human rights abuses in Nigeria, particularly during the 1990s. The company allegedly collaborated with the Nigerian military to suppress opposition from local activists, most notably in the case of Ken Saro-Wiwa and the Ogoni Nine, who were executed in 1995 after protesting against Shell’s environmental practices.

Controversies and Legal Battles

Shell's operations in Nigeria have sparked widespread criticism and legal action:

Local Protests Communities in the Niger Delta have protested Shell’s activities for decades, demanding environmental cleanup, compensation for damages, and an end to exploitation. These protests have often been met with violent crackdowns, leading to further unrest.

Lawsuits Shell has faced numerous lawsuits both in Nigeria and internationally. In 2021, a Dutch court ordered Shell to pay compensation to Nigerian farmers for oil spills, setting a precedent for holding multinational corporations accountable for their actions abroad.

Corporate Accountability Despite public commitments to sustainability, Shell has been criticized for its lack of meaningful action to address the environmental and social harm caused by its operations.

Efforts for Remediation

Cleanup Initiatives Efforts like the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) report on Ogoniland have highlighted the need for large-scale environmental remediation. While Shell has pledged to support cleanup efforts, progress has been slow and inadequate.

Community Empowerment Civil society organizations and grassroots movements continue to advocate for justice, empowering communities to demand fair treatment and sustainable development.

Transition to Renewables As the world moves towards renewable energy, there is growing pressure on Shell and other oil companies to transition away from fossil fuels and invest in cleaner, more sustainable alternatives.

The Path Forward

To address the crisis in Nigeria, several steps are essential:

Enforcing Regulations: The Nigerian government must enforce stricter environmental and operational standards for oil companies.

Corporate Responsibility: Shell must take full responsibility for its environmental and social impact, ensuring proper cleanup, fair compensation, and investment in sustainable development.

Empowering Local Communities: Empowering Niger Delta communities through education, job creation, and infrastructure development can help mitigate the socio-economic impact of oil extraction.

Global Advocacy: International pressure on corporations and governments can play a crucial role in holding them accountable for environmental and human rights abuses.

Conclusion

Shell’s operations in Nigeria highlight the dark side of resource extraction, where profits come at the expense of the environment and local communities. While the economic benefits of oil are undeniable, they cannot justify the widespread destruction and suffering caused by decades of negligence and exploitation. Moving forward, Shell must embrace greater accountability and sustainability, working alongside the Nigerian government and local communities to rebuild what has been lost. Only through collective action can the Niger Delta hope to heal from the scars of environmental destruction and corporate irresponsibility.