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nursingscience · 2 years ago

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GOLDEN RULES FOR NURSES

NURSES

Golden Points to Remember

➥ Antiemetic drugs prevent vomiting.

➥ Intraosseous injections are given into the bone marrow.

➥ Intrathecal injections are given into the spinal cavity.

➥ Intramuscular injections should be given on 90° angle.

➥ Subcutaneous injections should be given on 45° angle.

➥ Intradermal injections should be given on 15° angle.

➥ Blood group ‘AB’ is known as universal recipient and blood group ‘O is known as universal donor.

➥ Mercury is used in thermometer because mercury is very sensitive to little change in temperature.

➥ For giving enema, left lateral position should be given.

➥ Air cushion is used to prevent bed sores.

➥ Hey’s test is performed for identify bile salts in urine

➥ Smith’s test is performed to found out presence of bile pigments in urine.

➥ Components of Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) are carbohydrates (glucose), amino acids, lipids,vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes.

➥ Insulin may be added to TPN to offset the high concentration of glucose and heparin may be added to limit the formation of a fibrous clot at the tip of the catheter.

➥ The bones in the forearm act as a natural splint by providing support to an I.V. access site.

➥ Don’t select an I.V. site on a paralyzed or traumatized arm.

➥ The basilica vein is normally used for a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line.

➥ Because the insertion of a PICC line is below the level of the heart, an air embolism isn’t an expected occurrence.

➥ If a client has a high temperature, notify the physician before administering any blood product.

➥ No solution or product other than normal saline should be added to blood or blood product.

➥ Maslow’s hierarchy of needs must be met in the following order: physiologic (oxygen, food, water,sex, rest, and comfort), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem and recognition, and self- actualization.

➥ To avoid staining the teeth, the client should take a liquid iron preparation through a straw.

➥ Fluid oscillation in the tubing of a chest drainage system indicates that the system is working properly.

➥ The type of assessment that includes data related to a client’s biological, cultural, spiritual and social need is called Comprehensive Assessment.

➥ The Vital Signs are: 1. Temperature, 2. Pulse, 3.Respiration, 4. Blood pressure, and 5. Pain.

➥ Heat loss due to contact with circulating air movement is known as Convection.

➥ The range of marking in glass/clinical thermometer is 95-110° F and 35-43.3°C.

➥ Normal Rectal temperature is 99.6° F (37°C) (1°F ) higher than oral temperature).

➥ Rectal temperature is the most reliable.

➥ Relapsing fever: Fever episodes are separated by intervals of normal temperature for days or weeks.

➥ Rigor: Sudden rise in body temperature with shivering as seen in malaria.

➥ Increased depth of breathing with normal respiratory rate is called Hyperpnea.

➥ Cheyne-Stokes Respiration is characterized by altered period of Tachypnea and Apnea.

➥ Pulse deficit refers to the difference between apical pulse and radial pulse.

➥ A Blood Pressure Cuff that is too large will give falsely low reading of BP.

➥ Beneficence: Doing good for clients and providing benefit balanced against risk.

➥ Isotonic solutions allow free movement of water across the membrane without changing concentration of solutes on either side. E.g. 0.9% NaCl.

➥ Hypertonic solution: Fluids with solutes more concentrated than in cells, e.g. 5% dextrose.

🛑 Explanation

1. Antiemetic drugs prevent vomiting.

Antiemetic drugs are medications used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting. They work by targeting different receptors in the body, including those in the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system.

There are several types of antiemetic drugs available, including:

1. Serotonin antagonists: These drugs block the action of serotonin, a neurotransmitter involved in nausea and vomiting. Examples include ondansetron, granisetron, and dolasetron.

2. Dopamine antagonists: These drugs block the action of dopamine, a neurotransmitter involved in nausea and vomiting. Examples include metoclopramide and prochlorperazine.

3. Histamine antagonists: These drugs block the action of histamine, a neurotransmitter involved in nausea and vomiting. Examples include dimenhydrinate and meclizine.

4. Cannabinoids: These drugs work by activating cannabinoid receptors in the body, which can help to reduce nausea and vomiting. Examples include dronabinol and nabilone.

Other types of antiemetic drugs include benzodiazepines, which can help to reduce anxiety and nausea, and corticosteroids, which can help to reduce inflammation and swelling that can contribute to nausea and vomiting.

Antiemetic drugs may be prescribed for a variety of conditions, including chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, postoperative nausea and vomiting, and motion sickness, among others. It is important to note that antiemetic drugs may have side effects, and should only be taken as directed by a healthcare professional.

GOLDEN POINTS FOR NURSES

2. Intraosseous injections are given into the bone marrow.

Intraosseous injections are given directly into the bone marrow, typically of the long bones such as the femur, tibia, and humerus.

This route of administration is used when intravenous access is not feasible or when a more rapid onset of action is needed, such as in emergency situations.

Intraosseous injections are commonly used in pediatric patients, as well as in adult patients in emergency and critical care settings.

The technique involves using a specialized needle to penetrate the bone and access the marrow cavity, where medications or fluids can be injected directly into the bloodstream.

GOLDEN POINTS FOR NURSES

3. Intrathecal injections are given into the spinal cavity.

Intrathecal injections are given directly into the spinal cavity, specifically into the subarachnoid space surrounding the spinal cord.

This route of administration is used to deliver medications or other substances directly to the central nervous system, bypassing the blood-brain barrier. Intrathecal injections may be used to treat conditions such as chronic pain, spasticity, and certain types of cancer, among others.

The technique involves using a specialized needle to puncture the spinal canal and access the subarachnoid space, where medications or other substances can be injected. Because of the risks associated with this procedure, including infection, bleeding, and damage to the spinal cord or nerves, it is typically performed under strict sterile conditions by trained medical professionals.

Golden rules for NURSES

4. Intramuscular injections should be given on 90° angle.

The angle at which an intramuscular injection should be given can vary depending on the size of the needle and the location of the injection site. In general, a 90-degree angle is appropriate for most adult patients receiving intramuscular injections.

However, for patients who have less subcutaneous tissue or who are receiving injections in areas with less muscle mass, such as the deltoid muscle in the upper arm, a 45-degree angle may be more appropriate. It is important to follow proper injection technique and to consult with a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about administering an intramuscular injection.

Golden rules for NURSES

5. Subcutaneous injections should be given on 45° angle.

The angle at which a subcutaneous injection should be given can vary depending on the size of the needle and the location of the injection site. In general, a 45-degree angle is appropriate for most adult patients receiving subcutaneous injections.

However, for patients who have less subcutaneous tissue or who are receiving injections in areas with less fat, such as the abdomen, a 90-degree angle may be more appropriate. It is important to follow proper injection technique and to consult with a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about administering a subcutaneous injection.

Golden rules for NURSES

6. Intradermal injections should be given on 15° angle.

Yes, that's correct. Intradermal injections are administered at a shallow angle, typically between 5 and 15 degrees, into the dermis layer of the skin.

The angle used for an intradermal injection is much shallower than for an intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, as the goal is to inject the medication just under the surface of the skin.

This type of injection is commonly used for skin testing, such as for tuberculosis or allergies, and is typically given on the inner forearm or upper back. It is important to follow proper injection technique and to consult with a healthcare provider if you have any questions or concerns about administering an intradermal injection.

Golden rules for NURSES

7. Blood group ‘AB’ is known as universal recipient and blood group ‘O is known as universal donor.

Yes, that's correct. Blood group AB is known as the universal recipient because individuals with this blood type can receive blood from any other blood type without experiencing an adverse immune reaction. This is because they have both A and B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, and therefore do not produce antibodies against either antigen.

On the other hand, blood group O is known as the universal donor because individuals with this blood type can donate blood to individuals with any other blood type without causing an adverse immune reaction. This is because they do not have A or B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells, and therefore do not produce antibodies against these antigens. However, individuals with blood group O can only receive blood from other individuals with blood group O, as their immune system will recognize the A and B antigens as foreign and produce antibodies against them.

Golden rules for NURSES

8. Mercury is used in thermometer because mercury is very sensitive to little change in temperature.

Yes, that is correct. Mercury is often used in thermometers because it is a liquid metal that has a high coefficient of thermal expansion, which means that it expands and contracts in response to changes in temperature. This makes it very sensitive to even small changes in temperature and allows for accurate temperature readings.

In addition, mercury has a low freezing point and a high boiling point, which means that it remains in a liquid state over a wide range of temperatures. This allows it to be used in both low-temperature and high-temperature applications.

However, it is important to note that mercury is a toxic substance and can be harmful if ingested or inhaled. For this reason, many countries have banned the use of mercury in thermometers and other consumer products, and alternative substances such as alcohol or digital thermometers are often used instead.

Golden rules for NURSES

9. For giving enema, left lateral position should be given.

Yes, the left lateral position is commonly used for administering an enema. This position helps to promote the flow of the enema solution into the rectum and prevents it from flowing back out.

To assume the left lateral position for an enema, the patient should lie on their left side with their left leg straight and their right knee bent slightly. They should bring their right knee up towards their chest to further open the rectal area. This position helps to straighten out the rectum and makes it easier to insert the enema tip.

It is important to follow proper enema administration technique and to use sterile equipment to minimize the risk of infection or injury. A healthcare provider should be consulted if you have any questions or concerns about administering an enema.

Golden rules for NURSES

10. Air cushion is used to prevent bed sores.

Air cushions can be used as part of a preventative strategy to help reduce the risk of bed sores, also known as pressure ulcers. Pressure ulcers can occur when there is prolonged pressure on a particular area of the skin, often caused by immobility or being in a seated or lying position for an extended period of time.

Air cushions are designed to distribute pressure evenly over the surface of the cushion, which can help reduce pressure on any particular area of the body. This can help to prevent the development of pressure ulcers and also provide greater comfort for the person sitting or lying on the cushion.

However, it is important to note that air cushions are just one component of a comprehensive pressure ulcer prevention plan. Other strategies may include repositioning the patient regularly, maintaining good skin hygiene, and providing adequate nutrition and hydration. It is important to work with a healthcare provider to develop an individualized care plan for preventing pressure ulcers in each patient.

Golden rules for NURSES

11. Hey’s test is performed for identify bile salts in urine

Hey's test is a laboratory test used to detect the presence of urobilinogen in urine, not bile salts. Urobilinogen is a colorless substance that is produced in the liver during the breakdown of bilirubin, a yellowish substance that is formed when old red blood cells are broken down.

Hey's test involves adding a chemical reagent to a urine sample, which causes any urobilinogen present to oxidize and turn pink or red in color. The intensity of the color change is used to determine the concentration of urobilinogen in the urine.

While Hey's test is not used specifically to identify bile salts in urine, elevated levels of urobilinogen in the urine can be an indication of liver disease or other medical conditions affecting the liver or biliary system, which can lead to the accumulation of bile salts in the urine. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment of any medical condition.

Golden rules for NURSES

12. Smith’s test is performed to found out presence of bile pigments in urine.

No, Smith's test is not used to detect the presence of bile pigments in urine. Smith's test is a laboratory test used to detect the presence of protein in urine.

Bile pigments, such as bilirubin and urobilinogen, may be present in urine in certain medical conditions affecting the liver or biliary system. However, there are other laboratory tests that are more commonly used to detect these substances in urine, such as the bilirubin test or the urobilinogen test.

It is important to consult with a healthcare provider for proper diagnosis and treatment of any medical condition that may be affecting the urinary system or other organ systems in the body.

Golden rules for NURSES

13. Components of Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) are carbohydrates (glucose), amino acids, lipids,vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes.

Yes, that is correct. Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a form of nutrition therapy that delivers all of the necessary nutrients, including carbohydrates (glucose), amino acids, lipids, vitamins, minerals, and electrolytes, directly into the bloodstream through a vein. TPN is typically administered when a patient is unable to obtain adequate nutrition through the gastrointestinal tract, such as in cases of severe malabsorption, intestinal obstruction, or other medical conditions.

The specific components and concentrations of TPN are tailored to the individual patient's needs based on factors such as age, weight, medical condition, and laboratory values. TPN is typically administered in a hospital setting and requires close monitoring by a healthcare provider to ensure proper dosing and to monitor for any potential complications or side effects.

Golden rules for NURSES

14. The bones in the forearm act as a natural splint by providing support to an I.V. access site.

Yes, that is correct. The bones in the forearm, specifically the radius and ulna, can act as a natural splint by providing support and stability to an IV access site. When an IV catheter is inserted into a vein in the arm, it can be secured in place using a dressing or tape to prevent movement or dislodgement. However, the bones in the forearm can also provide additional support and stability to the IV catheter, which can help to prevent accidental dislodgement or complications such as infiltration or extravasation.

It is important to ensure that the IV catheter is properly placed and secured, and to monitor the IV site for signs of complications such as swelling, redness, pain, or leakage. If any of these signs are present, it is important to notify a healthcare provider immediately.

Golden rules for NURSES

15. Don’t select an I.V. site on a paralyzed or traumatized arm.

Yes, that is correct. When selecting an IV site, it is important to avoid areas that are paralyzed or traumatized. A paralyzed limb may have reduced blood flow and sensation, which can increase the risk of complications such as infiltration or extravasation. Additionally, a traumatized limb may have damaged blood vessels or tissues, which can also increase the risk of complications.

When selecting an IV site, healthcare providers typically look for a site that has good blood flow, easy access, and minimal risk of complications. The most common sites for IV access are the veins in the arms, but other sites such as the hands or feet may be used if necessary. Factors such as the patient's medical condition, age, and overall health may also be taken into consideration when selecting an IV site.

It is important to properly assess the patient's veins and select the most appropriate site for IV access, while also considering the patient's comfort and safety. Proper insertion and maintenance of the IV catheter, as well as monitoring for signs of complications, can help to ensure optimal outcomes for the patient.

Golden rules for NURSES

16. Don’t select an I.V. site on a paralyzed or traumatized arm.

It is important to avoid selecting an intravenous (IV) site on a paralyzed or traumatized arm. There are several reasons for this:

Risk of further injury: If the arm is already traumatized or paralyzed, there is a risk of further injury or damage to the arm if an IV is inserted in that area. This can result in nerve damage, muscle damage, or other complications.

Difficulty monitoring: If the arm is paralyzed, it may be difficult to monitor for signs of infection or other complications at the IV site. This can lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment of any problems that may arise.

Reduced blood flow: A paralyzed or traumatized arm may have reduced blood flow, which can affect the delivery of fluids and medications through the IV. This can result in poor IV access or incomplete delivery of medication.

In general, it is important to choose a site for IV insertion that is healthy, well-vascularized, and free from any injuries or abnormalities. If a patient's arm is paralyzed or traumatized, it is best to select a different site for the IV. This can help ensure that the IV is placed safely and effectively, without causing any further harm to the patient.

Golden rules for NURSES

17. The basilica vein is normally used for a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line.

The basilic vein is one of the veins that can be used for a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line. A PICC line is a long, thin tube that is inserted through a peripheral vein (usually in the arm) and passed through to the larger veins near the heart. This type of catheter is often used for patients who require long-term intravenous (IV) access for medications, fluids, or other treatments.

The basilic vein is located on the medial (inner) side of the upper arm, and it runs from the elbow to the axilla (armpit). It is one of the larger veins in the arm, making it a good candidate for a PICC line insertion. Other veins that can be used for a PICC line include the cephalic vein and the brachial vein.

When a PICC line is inserted, the healthcare provider will use ultrasound guidance to locate the basilic vein and insert the catheter through the skin and into the vein. The catheter is then advanced through the vein and into the larger veins near the heart. Once the catheter is in place, it can be used for the administration of medications, fluids, or other treatments.

It is important to note that while the basilic vein is a common choice for a PICC line insertion, the healthcare provider will consider several factors when choosing the best vein for each patient. These factors may include the patient's medical history, the size and condition of the veins, and the specific needs of the patient's treatment plan.

Golden rules for NURSES

18. Because the insertion of a PICC line is below the level of the heart, an air embolism isn’t an expected occurrence.

While it is true that the insertion of a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) line is typically done below the level of the heart, an air embolism can still occur during the insertion process or while the catheter is in place.

An air embolism occurs when air bubbles enter the bloodstream and block the flow of blood to vital organs. While air embolisms are rare, they can be life-threatening if not promptly recognized and treated.

During the insertion of a PICC line, there is a risk of air entering the catheter or the bloodstream. Healthcare providers take precautions to minimize this risk by carefully priming and flushing the catheter and using specialized techniques to insert and position the catheter.

However, even with these precautions, it is still possible for air to enter the bloodstream. This can happen if the catheter becomes disconnected or if the patient experiences a sudden change in position that allows air to enter the catheter.

To minimize the risk of air embolism, healthcare providers carefully monitor patients during and after PICC line insertion. They may use ultrasound or other imaging techniques to confirm proper catheter placement and check for any signs of air in the bloodstream.

If an air embolism is suspected, immediate treatment is required. This may include stopping the infusion, administering supplemental oxygen, and positioning the patient in a way that prevents the air from traveling to the heart or lungs. In severe cases, more advanced treatments may be necessary, such as hyperbaric oxygen therapy or surgery.

Golden rules for NURSES

19. If a client has a high temperature, notify the physician before administering any blood product.

If a client has a high temperature, it is important to notify the physician before administering any blood product. This is because a high temperature can be a sign of infection or another underlying condition that may be exacerbated by the administration of blood products.

Blood products are typically used to treat a variety of conditions, including anemia, bleeding disorders, and immune system disorders. While these products can be life-saving, they also carry certain risks, such as infection, allergic reactions, and transfusion reactions.

One of the key steps in ensuring the safe administration of blood products is to carefully screen patients for any underlying conditions or risk factors that may increase their risk of complications. This includes monitoring for signs of infection, such as a high temperature, before administering any blood products.

If a client has a high temperature, the physician may want to delay or modify the administration of blood products until the underlying cause of the fever can be identified and treated. This may involve further testing or evaluation to determine if the client has an infection or other condition that could increase their risk of complications from the blood product.

By notifying the physician of any signs of infection or other concerns before administering blood products, healthcare providers can help ensure the safe and effective use of these important treatments.

Golden rules for NURSES

20. No solution or product other than normal saline should be added to blood or blood product.

It is generally recommended that no solution or product other than normal saline should be added to blood or blood products. This is because the addition of other substances can increase the risk of adverse reactions and other complications.

Normal saline, also known as 0.9% sodium chloride, is a sterile solution of salt and water that is used to replace lost fluids and restore electrolyte balance in the body. It is often used as a diluent for blood and blood products because it is compatible with these substances and does not increase the risk of adverse reactions or complications.

Adding other solutions or products to blood or blood products can alter their composition and increase the risk of adverse reactions, such as transfusion reactions, allergic reactions, or infections. For example, adding medications or other substances to blood products can increase the risk of medication errors and other complications.

In some cases, healthcare providers may need to add a medication or other substance to blood or blood products to meet the specific needs of the patient's treatment plan. When this is necessary, it is important to carefully follow established protocols and guidelines to minimize the risk of adverse reactions or other complications.

Overall, the addition of any solution or product to blood or blood products should only be done under the direction of a healthcare provider with appropriate training and expertise in transfusion medicine.

Golden rules for NURSES

21. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs must be met in the following order: physiologic (oxygen, food, water,sex, rest, and comfort), safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem and recognition, and self- actualization.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory that suggests that human needs can be organized into a hierarchy, with lower-level needs taking priority over higher-level needs. According to Maslow's theory, the hierarchy of needs must be met in a specific order, with lower-level needs needing to be met before higher-level needs can be addressed.

The hierarchy of needs includes the following levels, in order from lowest to highest:

Physiological needs: These are the most basic needs, including the need for oxygen, food, water, shelter, sleep, and other bodily needs.

Safety needs: Once physiological needs are met, individuals have a need for safety and security, including physical safety, financial security, and stability.

Love and belonging needs: After safety needs are met, individuals have a need for love, affection, and a sense of belonging, including relationships with family, friends, and community.

Esteem needs: Once the need for love and belonging is met, individuals have a need for self-esteem and recognition from others, including achievement, status, and respect.

Self-actualization needs: Once all of the other needs are met, individuals have a need for self-actualization, including personal growth, self-fulfillment, and realizing their full potential.

In order to meet higher-level needs, lower-level needs must first be met. For example, an individual who is hungry and thirsty will not be able to focus on safety needs until their basic physiological needs are met. Similarly, an individual who is struggling to find a sense of belonging may have difficulty focusing on self-esteem needs until they feel a sense of connection with others.

By understanding Maslow's hierarchy of needs, healthcare providers can better understand the needs and priorities of their patients and develop treatment plans that address their most pressing needs first. This can help promote better outcomes and improve patient satisfaction.

Golden rules for NURSES

22. To avoid staining the teeth, the client should take a liquid iron preparation through a straw.

To avoid staining the teeth, it is recommended that the client take a liquid iron preparation through a straw. Iron supplements can cause staining of the teeth, which can be unsightly and difficult to remove. By using a straw to take the supplement, the liquid can bypass the teeth and reduce the risk of staining.

In addition to using a straw, there are other strategies that can help minimize the risk of staining from iron supplements. For example, the client can rinse their mouth with water after taking the supplement to help remove any residual liquid from the teeth. They may also want to avoid brushing their teeth immediately after taking the supplement, as this can actually spread the iron around and increase the risk of staining.

If the client does experience staining from the iron supplement, there are several options for addressing the issue. One approach is to switch to a different form of iron supplement, such as a tablet or capsule, which may be less likely to cause staining. Alternatively, the client may be able to use a whitening toothpaste or receive professional teeth whitening treatment to help remove the stains.

Overall, while liquid iron preparations can be an effective treatment for iron deficiency, they can also cause staining of the teeth. By using a straw and taking other steps to minimize the risk of staining, clients can help ensure that they receive the benefits of iron supplementation without experiencing unwanted side effects.

Golden rules for NURSES

23. Fluid oscillation in the tubing of a chest drainage system indicates that the system is working properly.

Fluid oscillation in the tubing of a chest drainage system does not necessarily indicate that the system is working properly. In fact, fluid oscillation can be an indication of a problem with the system that requires attention from healthcare providers.

A chest drainage system is typically used to remove excess air or fluid from the pleural space in the chest. The system consists of a drainage tube, a collection chamber, and a series of tubing that connects the drainage tube to the collection chamber. The tubing is often clear, allowing healthcare providers to observe the movement of fluid and air through the system.

Fluid oscillation refers to the movement of fluid back and forth in the tubing of the chest drainage system. While some oscillation is normal and can indicate that the system is functioning properly, excessive oscillation can be a sign of a problem. For example, if there is a blockage in the tubing or collection chamber, fluid may be unable to flow freely and can cause increased oscillation. Similarly, if the drainage tube is not properly inserted into the pleural space, air may be drawn into the tubing and cause oscillation.

If a healthcare provider observes excessive fluid oscillation in a chest drainage system, they may need to take steps to address the underlying issue. This may involve adjusting the placement of the drainage tube, clearing any blockages in the tubing or collection chamber, or replacing a malfunctioning component of the system.

Overall, while some fluid oscillation in the tubing of a chest drainage system can be normal, excessive oscillation can be a sign of a problem that requires attention from healthcare providers.

Golden rules for NURSES

24. The type of assessment that includes data related to a client’s biological, cultural, spiritual and social need is called Comprehensive Assessment.

The type of assessment that includes data related to a client's biological, cultural, spiritual, and social needs is indeed called a comprehensive assessment.

A comprehensive assessment is a holistic approach to assessing a client's health status that takes into account various aspects of their life, including their physical health, cultural background, spiritual beliefs, and social environment. By gathering information on these different factors, healthcare providers can gain a more complete understanding of the client's health status and develop a care plan that addresses all of their needs.

In a comprehensive assessment, healthcare providers may gather data through a variety of methods, including interviews, physical exams, laboratory tests, and observation of the client's behavior and interactions with others. They may also use standardized assessment tools to gather information on specific aspects of the client's health, such as their mental health status or their risk for falls.

Overall, a comprehensive assessment is an important tool for healthcare providers in understanding their clients' needs and developing an effective care plan that addresses all aspects of their health and well-being.

Golden rules for NURSES

25. The Vital Signs are: 1. Temperature, 2. Pulse, 3.Respiration, 4. Blood pressure, and 5. Pain.

The vital signs are indeed a set of important measurements that healthcare providers use to assess a client's overall health status. The five vital signs are:

Temperature: The measurement of the body's core temperature. Normal body temperature ranges from 97.7°F to 99.5°F (36.5°C to 37.5°C).

Pulse: The measurement of the heart rate, or the number of times the heart beats per minute. A normal pulse rate for adults is between 60 to 100 beats per minute.

Respiration: The measurement of the breathing rate, or the number of breaths taken per minute. A normal respiration rate for adults is between 12 to 20 breaths per minute.

Blood pressure: The measurement of the force of blood against the walls of the arteries as the heart pumps blood throughout the body. Blood pressure is expressed in two numbers, with the systolic pressure (the top number) indicating the pressure when the heart beats, and the diastolic pressure (the bottom number) indicating the pressure when the heart is at rest. A normal blood pressure reading for adults is typically around 120/80 mmHg.

Pain: The subjective experience of discomfort or distress. Pain is assessed using various scales, such as the numeric rating scale (NRS) or visual analog scale (VAS).

Overall, the vital signs are important indicators of a client's overall health status, and healthcare providers regularly assess these measurements to monitor changes in the client's condition and develop an effective care plan.

Golden rules for NURSES

26. Heat loss due to contact with circulating air movement is known as Convection.

Yes, that is correct. Convection is the transfer of heat from a surface to a fluid (e.g. air or water) that is moving. When air moves over a surface, it carries away heat, causing the surface to cool.

This is why we feel cooler when there is a breeze or wind blowing, even if the air temperature is the same.

Convection is an important factor to consider when designing heating and cooling systems, as well as in understanding the behavior of the atmosphere and oceans.

Golden rules for NURSES

27. The range of marking in glass/clinical thermometer is 95-110° F and 35-43.3°C.

Glass or clinical thermometers typically have a range of markings from 95-110°F (Fahrenheit) and 35-43.3°C (Celsius), which is the normal range of human body temperature.

The thermometer works by using a liquid, usually mercury, that expands or contracts as it is heated or cooled.

The length of the liquid column inside the thermometer changes depending on the temperature, and this is what is used to determine the temperature reading.

It is important to use the thermometer correctly and to read the markings accurately to get an accurate measurement of body temperature.

Golden rules for NURSES

28. Normal Rectal temperature is 99.6° F (37°C) (1°F ) higher than oral temperature)

The normal rectal temperature is generally considered to be about 1°F (0.6°C) higher than the normal oral temperature, which is typically around 98.6°F (37°C).

This is because the rectum is a more accurate indicator of core body temperature, as it is located closer to the internal organs and is not affected by external factors such as food or drink.

However, rectal temperature measurement is generally reserved for medical purposes and is not recommended for routine temperature checks at home.

Oral temperature measurement is a more convenient and less invasive method that can provide a good approximation of core body temperature.

Golden rules for NURSES

29. Rectal temperature is the most reliable

Rectal temperature is generally considered to be the most reliable method of measuring body temperature because it provides a more accurate reflection of core body temperature.

This is because the rectum is located in the central part of the body, close to the internal organs which generate heat, and is not affected by external factors such as food or drink.

However, rectal temperature measurement may not be suitable for all individuals, especially for those who are uncomfortable with the procedure, those who have certain medical conditions, or those who have undergone rectal surgery.

Oral temperature measurement is a convenient and non-invasive alternative that can provide a good approximation of core body temperature for most people.

Other methods of temperature measurement include axillary (underarm) measurement, ear measurement, and forehead measurement, which may be suitable for certain populations or situations.

Golden rules for NURSES

30. Relapsing fever: Fever episodes are separated by intervals of normal temperature for days or weeks

Relapsing fever is a type of fever caused by certain bacterial infections, such as Borrelia species.

The fever episodes in relapsing fever are characterized by sudden onset of high fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, and other flu-like symptoms.

These episodes typically last for several days to a week or more, and are then followed by a period of normal temperature, which can last for days or weeks.

During the periods of normal temperature, the patient may feel completely well and may not have any symptoms.

However, the fever episodes can recur, often with different symptoms or severity, leading to a relapsing pattern of illness.

Treatment for relapsing fever typically involves antibiotics, such as doxycycline or penicillin, and may require several courses of treatment to fully eradicate the bacteria.

Golden rules for NURSES

31. Rigor: Sudden rise in body temperature with shivering as seen in malaria.

Rigor is a medical term used to describe a sudden onset of fever with chills and shivering. In the context of malaria, rigor is a common symptom that occurs during the febrile (fever) episodes, which are a hallmark of the disease.

Malaria is a parasitic infection caused by Plasmodium species, which are transmitted to humans by the bite of infected mosquitoes.

The febrile episodes in malaria are typically cyclical, with sudden onset of high fever, rigor, and other flu-like symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue.

The fever may last for several hours to a few days, and is then followed by a period of normal or subnormal temperature.

The cyclical nature of the fever episodes is a key diagnostic feature of malaria, and helps to distinguish it from other febrile illnesses.

Treatment for malaria typically involves antimalarial medications, such as chloroquine, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), or other drugs depending on the species of Plasmodium involved and the location of the infection.

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32. Increased depth of breathing with normal respiratory rate is called Hyperpnea.

Hyperpnea is an increase in the depth and intensity of breathing, without an increase in the respiratory rate.

It is often seen during exercise or other physical activity, as the body needs more oxygen to meet the increased demand.

It can also occur in response to certain medical conditions, such as metabolic acidosis or congestive heart failure.

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33. Cheyne-Stokes Respiration is characterized by altered period of Tachypnea and Apnea.

Cheyne-Stokes respiration is a type of abnormal breathing pattern that is characterized by a cycle of alternating periods of tachypnea (rapid breathing) and apnea (temporary cessation of breathing).

The cycle typically lasts between 30 seconds to 2 minutes, and can be seen in patients with various medical conditions, such as heart failure, stroke, and traumatic brain injury.

It is caused by an abnormality in the respiratory centers in the brain, which affects the regulation of breathing.

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34. Pulse deficit refers to the difference between apical pulse and radial pulse.

Pulse deficit is a condition where there is a difference between the apical pulse (the heartbeat heard through a stethoscope over the apex of the heart) and the radial pulse (the pulse felt at the wrist).

It occurs when some of the heartbeats are not transmitted to the peripheral arteries, leading to a discrepancy between the apical and radial pulse rates.

Pulse deficit can be caused by various medical conditions, such as atrial fibrillation, premature ventricular contractions, and heart block. It is often an indication of an underlying heart problem and should be evaluated by a healthcare provider.

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35. A Blood Pressure Cuff that is too large will give a falsely low reading of BP.

No, that is not correct.

A blood pressure cuff that is too large will actually give falsely high readings of blood pressure.

This is because the cuff will not be able to adequately compress the artery, leading to an overestimation of the blood pressure.

Conversely, a cuff that is too small will give falsely low readings of blood pressure, as it will compress the artery too much, leading to an underestimation of the blood pressure.

It is important to use the appropriate size of blood pressure cuff for accurate readings of blood pressure.

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36. Beneficence: Doing good for clients and providing benefits balanced against risk.

Beneficence is one of the four main ethical principles in healthcare, which refers to the obligation of healthcare providers to do good and to promote the well-being of their clients.

This principle requires that healthcare providers act in the best interests of their clients and provide care that maximizes benefits and minimizes risks.

Beneficence also requires that healthcare providers make decisions that are based on the best available evidence and that they continually seek to improve the quality of care that they provide.

Balancing the benefits of treatment against the risks is an important aspect of beneficence, as healthcare providers must weigh the potential benefits of a particular treatment against the potential risks and side effects in order to make informed decisions about the best course of action for their clients.

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37. Isotonic solutions allow free movement of water across the membrane without changing concentration of solutes on either side. E.g. 0.9% NaCl.

An isotonic solution is a solution that has the same concentration of solutes as the fluid inside the cells of the body.

When an isotonic solution is administered, water moves freely across the cell membrane in both directions, without changing the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane.

This is because the concentration of solutes in the isotonic solution is equal to the concentration of solutes inside the cells, so there is no gradient to drive the movement of water in one direction or the other.

One example of an isotonic solution is 0.9% NaCl (normal saline), which is commonly used for intravenous fluid administration to replace lost fluids and electrolytes in the body.

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38. Hypertonic solution: Fluids with solutes more concentrated than in cells, e.g. 5% dextrose.

No, that is not entirely correct.

A hypertonic solution is a solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than the fluid inside the cells of the body. When a hypertonic solution is administered, water moves out of the cells and into the extracellular fluid, causing the cells to shrink.

This is because the concentration of solutes in the hypertonic solution is greater than the concentration of solutes inside the cells, creating a gradient that drives the movement of water out of the cells.

An example of a hypertonic solution is 3% saline, which is used to treat hyponatremia (low sodium levels). 5% dextrose is actually an isotonic solution, because dextrose (a form of glucose) is rapidly metabolized by the body, leaving only water and a small amount of electrolytes in the solution. When 5% dextrose is administered, it initially acts as an isotonic solution, but once the dextrose is metabolized, the remaining fluid becomes hypotonic (lower concentration of solutes than inside the cells).

It is important to note that the effects of hypertonic and hypotonic solutions on the body depend on the concentration of the solutes in the solution, as well as the rate and volume of administration. Administration of hypertonic or hypotonic solutions must be carefully monitored to avoid adverse effects on the body.

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healthymindssj · 2 months ago

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Understanding Treatment Resistant Depression

Treatment Resistant Depression (TRD) is a significant clinical challenge, characterized by a lack of response to standard antidepressant therapies. Individuals suffering from TRD may find that their symptoms persist despite trying multiple treatment options, leading to prolonged distress and impairment in daily functioning. Recognizing and addressing TRD is crucial for providing effective care and improving the quality of life for those affected.

What is TRD?

TRD is generally defined as a major depressive episode that does not adequately respond to at least two different classes of antidepressant medications taken at an adequate dose and duration. The complexities of TRD can stem from various factors, including genetic predispositions, the severity of the illness, comorbid conditions, and the patient's unique brain chemistry.

Treatment Options for Resistant Depression

1. Medication Adjustments:

Augmentation Strategies: Adding a second medication, such as atypical antipsychotics or mood stabilizers, can enhance the efficacy of current treatments.

Switching Medications: Transitioning to a different class of antidepressants, such as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), may yield better results.

2. Psychotherapy:

o Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): A structured, goal-oriented therapy focusing on modifying negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with depression.

o Interpersonal Therapy (IPT): Aimed at improving interpersonal relationships and communication skills, which can significantly impact mood and self-esteem.

3. Advanced Therapeutic Approaches:

o Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS): A non-invasive procedure that uses magnetic fields to stimulate nerve cells in the brain, offering an alternative for those who do not respond to conventional treatments.

o Ketamine Infusions: Administered under medical supervision, ketamine has shown rapid antidepressant effects, even in individuals with severe TRD.

4. Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT):

o A highly effective treatment for severe depression, particularly in cases where immediate response is necessary or when other treatments have failed.

Treatment Resistant Bipolar Depression

Bipolar disorder can also present challenges in treatment when depressive episodes prove resistant. Treatment resistant bipolar depression requires a comprehensive approach that often includes mood stabilizers, atypical antipsychotics, and psychotherapeutic interventions tailored to the individual's needs. Collaborative care among psychiatrists, psychologists, and primary care providers is essential to ensure optimal management and recovery.

Dealing with Treatment ResistantDepression is a complex journey that requires a personalized and multifaceted approach. By exploring various treatment avenues, including medication adjustments, psychotherapy, and advanced therapies, individuals can find relief from their symptoms. If you or a loved one is struggling with TRD, seek help from a qualified mental health professional who can guide you toward effective treatment options and a path to recovery.

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southparkpsychedelics · 2 months ago

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What Is Psilocybin Therapy? A Detailed Scientific Guide to Psilocybin Approach for Mental Health

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Psilocybin therapy involves the use of psilocybin, a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain mushrooms, as a treatment for mental health conditions. This therapy is gaining attention for its potential to alleviate symptoms of various mental health disorders, including depression, anxiety, PTSD, and substance use disorders.

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Overview of Psilocybin

Chemical Structure: Psilocybin is converted in the body to psilocin, which interacts with serotonin receptors in the brain, particularly the 5-HT2A receptor.

Effects: The compound can induce alterations in perception, mood, and cognition, often described as a mystical or transcendent experience.

Mechanism of Action

Psilocybin's therapeutic effects are thought to arise from several mechanisms:

Neuroplasticity: Psilocybin promotes neuroplasticity, allowing the brain to form new neural connections, which can lead to improved emotional regulation and cognitive flexibility.

Default Mode Network (DMN): Psilocybin decreases activity in the DMN, a network associated with self-referential thoughts and rumination, which could be beneficial for conditions like depression.

Emotional Processing: The substance may enhance emotional processing and introspection, allowing individuals to confront and work through past traumas or negative thought patterns.

Therapeutic Applications

Research into psilocybin therapy has shown promise for several mental health conditions:

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Studies indicate significant reductions in depressive symptoms following psilocybin treatment, often lasting weeks or months.

Anxiety Disorders: Psilocybin may help reduce anxiety, particularly in terminal illness patients, providing relief from existential distress.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Preliminary studies suggest psilocybin can facilitate trauma processing and reduce PTSD symptoms.

Substance Use Disorders: Psilocybin has been explored as a treatment for addiction, showing potential to disrupt habitual patterns associated with substance abuse.

Treatment Protocol

Psilocybin therapy typically follows a structured protocol:

Preparation: Patients undergo psychological assessment and preparation sessions to establish a therapeutic alliance and set intentions for the experience.

Dosing Sessions: A trained therapist guides the patient through one or more sessions where psilocybin is administered in a controlled setting.

Integration: Post-session integration therapy helps patients make sense of their experiences and apply insights to their lives.

Safety and Considerations

Risks: While psilocybin is generally considered safe, it can cause adverse effects, such as anxiety or panic during the experience. Individuals with a personal or family history of psychosis may be at higher risk.

Legality: The legality of psilocybin varies by region. Research settings often operate under strict regulatory conditions.

Current Research and Future Directions

Ongoing clinical trials are investigating the efficacy and safety of psilocybin for various conditions. As research expands, we may see more standardized protocols and guidelines for its use in therapeutic settings.

Conclusion

Psilocybin therapy represents a promising frontier in mental health treatment. While still under investigation, its potential to transform therapeutic practices for mental health disorders is becoming increasingly recognized, with many advocating for its integration into mainstream clinical practice. As research continues, it is essential to approach psilocybin therapy with careful consideration of its benefits and risks.

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kayleegibsons · 10 months ago

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Unlocking Tranquility: A Closer Look at Ketamine Infusion in Rancho Mission Viejo

Introduction:

In the serene community of Rancho Mission Viejo, the pursuit of mental well-being is taking on innovative dimensions, with ketamine infusion clinic in Rancho Mission Viejo emerging as a topic of exploration. This closer look into Ketamine infusion aims to unravel its mechanisms, clinical applications, patient experiences, challenges, and the potential impact it holds for unlocking tranquility in the realm of mental health.

I. Understanding Ketamine Infusion Therapy:

Ketamine, originally recognized for its anesthetic properties, has garnered attention for its potential as a transformative mental health treatment. In the context of Rancho Mission Viejo, Ketamine infusion therapy involves administering the drug intravenously in controlled settings to address conditions such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The unique aspect of Ketamine lies in its rapid-acting antidepressant effects, setting it apart from traditional treatments.

II. Mechanisms of Ketamine:

To unlock tranquility with Ketamine, it is crucial to comprehend its mechanisms. Unlike conventional antidepressants that primarily target neurotransmitters like serotonin, Ketamine acts on the glutamate system. Specifically, it antagonizes N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, leading to increased synaptic connections and triggering cascades that result in rapid mood improvement. This distinctive mechanism offers a promising avenue for individuals in Rancho Mission Viejo seeking relief from persistent mental health challenges.

III. Clinical Applications:

Ketamine infusion therapy demonstrates versatility in addressing various mental health conditions, making it a subject of interest in Rancho Mission Viejo.

a. Depression: Clinical studies have shown that Ketamine infusion produces rapid and robust antidepressant effects, especially for individuals with treatment-resistant depression. The quick onset of action distinguishes Ketamine as a potential lifeline for those in acute distress.

b. Anxiety Disorders: Ketamine's anxiolytic properties make it a candidate for treating various anxiety disorders. Individuals in Rancho Mission Viejo experiencing debilitating anxiety may find relief through the calming effects induced by Ketamine infusion.

c. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Emerging research suggests that Ketamine infusion may be beneficial for individuals struggling with PTSD. By disrupting maladaptive memory processes, Ketamine could potentially alleviate the emotional distress associated with traumatic memories.

IV. Patient Experiences:

An essential aspect of Ketamine infusion therapy is the reported transformative experiences of patients in Rancho Mission Viejo.

a. Dissociative State and Insights: During Ketamine sessions, individuals may enter a dissociative state, fostering a unique introspective experience. Patients often report gaining insights into their thoughts, emotions, and life experiences, contributing to a profound sense of self-awareness.

b. Rapid Relief and Improved Mood: One of the notable features of Ketamine infusion is the rapid relief of symptoms. Many patients in Rancho Mission Viejo report an almost immediate improvement in mood, offering a stark contrast to the delayed onset often associated with traditional antidepressants.

c. Holistic Well-Being: Beyond symptom relief, Ketamine infusion therapy is reported to contribute to holistic well-being. Patients describe a sense of clarity, improved motivation, and an enhanced ability to engage in therapy and self-care practices.

V. Challenges and Considerations:

While the potential benefits of Ketamine infusion therapy are promising, challenges and considerations exist.

a. Access and Availability: The availability of trained professionals and specialized clinics for Ketamine infusion may be limited in Rancho Mission Viejo. This raises concerns about access and the need for expanded availability to meet the growing interest in this innovative treatment.

b. Financial Considerations: The cost of Ketamine infusion therapy can be a barrier for some individuals, as insurance coverage varies, and out-of-pocket expenses may pose challenges. Ensuring affordability and exploring financial assistance options are considerations for those seeking this treatment.

c. Long-Term Effects and Safety: The long-term effects and safety of repeated Ketamine infusions require further research. While short-term benefits are evident, ongoing studies aim to address concerns related to the extended use of Ketamine for mental health conditions.

VI. Community Perspectives:

The reception of Ketamine infusion therapy in Rancho Mission Viejo reflects a mix of curiosity, hope, and cautious optimism. Mental health advocates emphasize the importance of exploring alternative treatments, particularly for individuals facing persistent challenges. However, there are also considerations about the need for further research, education, and awareness to ensure responsible and informed use of Ketamine in mental health care.

Conclusion:

As Rancho Mission Viejo explores the potential of Ketamine infusion therapy in unlocking tranquility for mental health challenges, a nuanced understanding of its mechanisms, clinical applications, patient experiences, and associated challenges is crucial. The reported rapid relief, transformative insights, and holistic well-being experienced by patients underscore the potential impact of Ketamine in the mental health landscape.

While challenges such as access, affordability, and safety considerations persist, the exploration of Ketamine infusion therapy signifies a potential paradigm shift in mental health care in Rancho Mission Viejo. By fostering open dialogue, increasing awareness, and addressing concerns responsibly, the community has the opportunity to navigate this innovative path towards unlocking tranquility for individuals seeking effective and transformative mental health interventions.

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stevenshultze · 1 year ago

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How To Improve Your Sexual Health?

We shall examine how premature ejaculation pills function and their contribution to improved sexual health in this article. In order to provide you the information you need to make an educated choice about enhancing your sexual health, we will examine the science behind these drugs, their efficacy, and any possible adverse effects.

Learning about Premature Ejaculation

Understanding premature ejaculation and how it impacts sexual health is essential before talking about the function of premature ejaculation pills. The inability to postpone ejaculation during sexual activity is known as premature ejaculation, and it can cause irritation, unhappiness, and a decrease in sexual confidence. It is a typical sexual dysfunction that 30% of men are said to have at some time in their life.

This sickness may have a number of reasons, including medical issues, marital difficulties, and psychiatric illnesses. Psychological factors such as stress, anxiety, and the need to perform well are a few that might result in early ejaculation. Physical factors include hormonal imbalances, hypersensitivity of the penile skin, and atypical reflex activity in the ejaculatory system.

Premature Ejaculation’s Effects on Sexual Health

Sexual health can be significantly impacted by premature ejaculation. It frequently causes anxiety and irritation in the person who is experiencing it as well as their spouse. Premature ejaculation can have the following effects on sexual health:

1. Sexual Satisfaction: Premature ejaculation frequently causes sexual interactions to be shorter than anticipated, which lowers sexual satisfaction for both parties.

2. Relationship Strain: Premature ejaculation that occurs repeatedly can strain relationships since it can breed resentment and frustration.

4. Loss of Confidence: Men who have early ejaculation may begin to doubt their sexual prowess, which may have an adverse effect on their self-esteem and general well-being.

5. Decreased Intimacy: Because of the discomfort brought on by premature ejaculation, couples may have fewer intimate experiences, which eventually weakens their emotional bond.

6. Emotional misery: Premature ejaculation’s psychological effects, such as worry and tension, can affect other areas of life and cause general emotional misery.

Premature Ejaculation Pills and its mechanisms

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) are common names for medications used to treat premature ejaculation. Although these medications were first developed to treat anxiety and depression, they were also used to reduce early ejaculation since they also delayed ejaculation.

Premature ejaculation tablets function as follows:

1. Changing Neurotransmitter Levels: These drugs raise the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such serotonin and norepinephrine. The central nervous system is calmed by this, which may assist postpone ejaculation.

2. Lengthening Ejaculatory Latency: Premature ejaculation tablets can lengthen the time it takes a man to ejaculate during sexual activity by altering the balance of neurotransmitters in the brain.

3. Reducing Performance Anxiety: Delaying ejaculation might help people feel less anxious during sexual encounters, which makes them more comfortable and fulfilling.

Premature ejaculation pills’ efficiency

Numerous clinical tests and research have been carried out to determine whether premature ejaculation tablets are useful in improving sexual health. According to the findings, these drugs are capable of significantly lengthening the time it takes for males to ejaculate. Premature ejaculation medications that are frequently administered include:

1. Dapoxetine: The first treatment created especially for early ejaculation. A few hours before to sexual activity, it is a short-acting SSRI that can be used whenever necessary. Dapoxetine can dramatically lengthen the ejaculatory latency, boosting sexual satisfaction, according to clinical investigations.

2. Paroxetine: Another SSRI that has been used off-label to treat early ejaculation is paroxetine. It has demonstrated effectiveness in postponing ejaculation, however unlike dapoxetine, it is normally used daily.

3. Sertraline: Another SSRI, sertraline has also been used to treat early ejaculation. It is used every day and has demonstrated promising efficacy in lengthening ejaculatory delay, much as paroxetine.

4. Tramadol: Used for its analgesic effects, tramadol is a synthetic opioid. By altering how pain is perceived and boosting sexual stamina, it can aid in delaying ejaculation.

5. Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant, clomipramine can be used to treat early ejaculation. It functions by raising the brain’s levels of serotonin and norepinephrine.

Possibly Adverse Effects

Premature ejaculation drugs, like any pharmaceuticals, have possible negative effects that should be taken into account when assessing how well they promote sexual health. Some frequent negative consequences include:

1. Nausea: SSRIs and SNRIs frequently cause nausea, which can be uncomfortable for some people.

2. Headaches: Another typical adverse effect of these drugs is headaches.

3. Lightheadedness or dizziness: Some persons who use drugs for premature ejaculation may feel lightheaded or dizzy.

4. Dry Mouth: This annoying side effect may generally be controlled with enough fluids.

5. Reduced Libido: Some people may experience a decrease in libido when using these drugs.

6. Increased sweating: For some people, this possible side effect might be unpleasant.

7. Sleep Disorders: These drugs may cause changes in sleep patterns, such as trouble falling or staying asleep.

It’s crucial to bear in mind that not everyone will have these side effects, and their severity may vary. Your healthcare provider can help you understand the potential risks and benefits of taking tablets for premature ejaculation in addition to modifying the course of treatment to match your particular needs and concerns.

Holistic Sexual Health Improvement

While many people find that using medications to induce premature ejaculation improves their sexual health, it’s crucial to have a comprehensive approach to sexual well-being. Here are some other methods for enhancing sexual wellness:

1. Interaction: For a happy sexual relationship, you must be open and honest with your partner about your wants, needs, and expectations.

2. Kegel Exercises: By strengthening the pelvic floor muscles, these exercises can assist enhance sexual performance and control.

3. Lifestyle modifications: Keeping a healthy lifestyle, which includes regular exercise, a balanced diet, and enough sleep, can have a favourable influence on sexual health.

4. Stress management: Reducing stress through breathing exercises, meditation, or therapy may help to enhance general sexual health.

5. Counselling or therapy: Underlying psychological problems can occasionally cause early ejaculation. These troubles can be resolved by seeking out a therapist or counselor’s assistance.

6. Sexual Education: Gaining knowledge about sexual health and methods to improve sex may be powerful and helpful.

7. Relationship Support: Couples counselling can help address the underlying issues and enhance closeness in situations when premature ejaculation is straining a relationship.

Conclusion

A prevalent disorder that can have a bad effect on relationships, sexual health, and general well-being is premature ejaculation. Premature ejaculation medications, such SSRIs and SNRIs, lengthen ejaculatory latency and lower performance anxiety, making them a beneficial therapeutic choice for many people. While some drugs may be beneficial, it’s important to think about any possible adverse effects and talk with a healthcare provider to choose the best course of action.

FAQ: Addressing Common Questions

1. Are tablets for premature ejaculation safe?

Yes, if they are used as prescribed and under the supervision of a healthcare provider. It’s important to take your medicine exactly as directed and to let your doctor know if you have any prior illnesses or are taking any drugs.

2. How long do premature ejaculation medications take to work?

Premature ejaculation medications might take a variety of amounts of time to start working, depending on the patient and the prescription in question. While it could take longer for some people, results can sometimes be seen within a few weeks.

3. Can I combine premature ejaculation pills with other therapies?

Premature ejaculation drugs work best when combined with other therapies, such as counselling or behavioural strategies. To verify compatibility and safety, it is necessary to speak with a healthcare expert.

4. Do I need a prescription for drugs to prevent early sex?

While some medications for premature ejaculation are accessible without a prescription, others do. The individual drug and its components determine whether a prescription is required.

5. What should I do if I have serious adverse effects?

If you get serious or worrisome side effects from using tablets to induce premature ejaculation, stop using them and get immediate medical help.

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americandawapharmacy · 2 years ago

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Knowing the mechanism is very important before you buy Ultram online. Ultram, a centrally acting -opioid receptor agonist and SNRI (serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor), and the medicines codeine and morphine have structural similarities. Compared to morphine, Ultram has an affinity for the -opioid receptor that is 6000 times lower, and it barely interacts with the - and -opioid receptors.

The opioid receptor is activated by (+)-Ultram and (+)-O-desmethyl-Ultram (M1), while (+)-Ultram inhibits serotonin reuptake and (-)-Ultram inhibits norepinephrine reuptake. Ultram is a racemic combination of these two pharmacologically active enantiomers. The synergistic interplay of these systems improves Ultram's ability to modulate pain perception and responsiveness.

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thehealthville · 2 years ago

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Revitalize Your Body with an Ayurvedic Staycation

Therapeutic Massages are incredible, but which style of massage gives you the chills? There are numerous varieties of massages, each of which is distinct. Do you desire something slightly unpleasant (but in a good manner), such as a deep tissue massage? Or perhaps a more tissue-repair-oriented, training-friendly massage, such as you would receive during a Healthville ayurvedic treatment? The majority of Ayurvedic centres give traditional Ayurvedic therapies for total body detoxification.

Odisha, a state renowned for its natural beauty, culture, and Ayurveda, specialises in body therapeutic massage therapy. Ayurvedic massage is an all-encompassing therapeutic method that promotes holistic health. Certain Ayurvedic massages are said to improve healthier sleep patterns and keep the body clear of toxins and diseases when done consistently. In addition to being healthy, it also nourishes your skin. The treatment leaves the skin revitalised and beautiful.

Shirodhara

We all are seeking activities that will help us decrease stress and tension today more than ever. Shirodhara is a combination of two Sanskrit words, ‘Shiro’ (head) and ‘Dhara’ (liquid). During a Shirodhara treatment, you will be asked to lie down while the oil of your choice is poured into your forehead. This oil might be a mixture of oil and herbs, or it could be pure water. This liquid slowly drips from your eyebrows to your forehead. Your eyes have been covered with a small cloth to protect them. Before or after the treatment, a scalp, body, or head massage is administered.

The impact of the liquids poured on the forehead penetrates the nerves and reaches the brain, resulting in a soothing effect on the head muscles. This aids in the treatment of illnesses such as sleeplessness and hypertension by relaxing the hypothalamus. It is believed that the massage component of the therapy lowers serotonin levels, which relaxes the mind and relieves stress. Ayurveda, one of the oldest therapeutic systems in the world, has made its mark on every corner of the globe.

Numerous individuals who have tried massage claim to have obtained long-term relief from digestive disorders, obesity, anxiety, sadness, stress, skin infections, and doshas.

Abhyanga

Abhyanga, also known as oil massage, is an Ayurvedic method that provides physical benefits such as reduced muscle stiffness, lymphatic drainage, and more hydrated skin from head to toe. It differs from typical massages in that it concentrates on the skin rather than the body’s muscles, and the oils used for circulation-stimulating techniques are similar to those used for face massages. Your therapist’s primary objective is to provide you with a truly soothing experience, and in India, the practice is closely associated with the concept of self-care.

In contrast to a standard Swedish massage, an Ayurvedic massage involves the use of rare essential oils and focuses on crucial energy points in the body. In addition, don’t expect a lot of actual massages; the therapy concentrates on regulating your energy fields and releasing mental baggage rather than working out muscle knots. To enjoy an Abhyanga massage, you don’t need to be an Ayurvedic specialist, but you should be open-minded about what you hope to achieve. It will leave you with a glow and a deep sense of relaxation, enticing you to return for more.

Pizhichil

In this kind of massage, the heated massage oil is contained in a vessel called a Kindi. This vessel is positioned several inches above the body of the massage recipient. The utilisation of a certain medicinal oil is entirely based on the patient’s health. The oil and massage generate heat, which induces perspiration, which is necessary for Vata Dosha balance.

In this treatment, professional therapists apply lukewarm herbal oils to the entire body in a unique rhythmic fashion for around 60 to 90 minutes per day for 7 to 21 days. This massage is particularly useful for Rheumatic conditions such as Arthritis, Paralysis, Sexual Weakness, Nervous Weakness, and Nervous Disorders, among others. Ayurvedic treatments at Healthville provide packages that enable you to plan a staycation to enjoy Pizhichil and depart feeling rejuvenated.

In contrast to conventional medical treatments, ayurvedic therapies at Healthville provide long-term benefits by balancing the body’s and mind’s energies, leaving the body feeling energised and at peace throughout the day. Additionally, it has no negative side effects and is harmless over the long term. Explore the many ayurvedic and naturopathic treatments at the Healthville wellness centre and maximise your holiday.

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ces-device · 2 years ago

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Mental Effects of Anxiety

What Are the Effects of Anxiety on Our Mental and Physical Health?

Anxiety is one of the most common mental disorders in the general population, particularly among students. There are also high rates of suicide and self-harm. Despite the prevalence of this condition, there are a number of options for treatment. Antidepressants are one of the most popular treatments. However, there are some limitations to the use of such drugs. For example, they have a strong addictive potential in young people. Consequently, alternative treatments may be more appropriate.

Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation

For example, cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is an effective treatment for anxiety. This technology is non-invasive and uses microcurrent delivered via tiny clips placed on the earlobe. Although CES is not an entirely new technique, it has gained popularity in recent years. It is a relatively simple procedure and is safe and inexpensive to administer. The result is a reduction in anxiety.

A Technology for Anxiety, Insomnia, and more

The same technology has also been used for depression. Researchers have tested it in a small sample of patients. The results indicate that CES may be the answer to the age-old question, "What can I do about my anxiety?" In the study, a combination of CES and an interventional therapy such as CBT led to a dramatic decrease in anxiety. This is not surprising, given that CES activates the 5-HT axis of the brain, which produces serotonin, which makes us feel happy and relaxed.

Always contact a Licensed Professional

Although the results of the study were promising, there are many reasons to question the accuracy and validity of the data. Some factors include the lack of a standard protocol for administering CES and the lack of controls. That’s why you should always contact a licensed practitioner or a professional.

Contact a Licensed Professional Now!

Contact CesRelief to get a prescription from a professional, licensed practitioner. CES Device is a safe, painless microcurrent treatment scientifically proven to treat anxiety and insomnia in children, teenagers, and adults alike.

CesRelief

1875 N Lakes Place

Meridian, ID 83646

(208)846-8448

https://goo.gl/maps/vmbZqfiUfMHvjD446 Disclaimer: This is not professional advice and is simply an answer to a question and that if professional advice is sought, contact a licensed practitioner, or doctor in the appropriate administration.

#TreatingAnxiety #TreatingInsomnia #StressTreatment #CesRelief #CesMachine #CesDevice

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comparativetarot · 4 years ago

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The High Priestess. Art by Cristy C. Road, from Next World Tarot.

When your energy centers are aligned and your trauma is suddenly unfamiliar, you experience awakening, and evidence of your personal power sprawls before your world of wilted books and half-written love letters. The High Priestess protects the threshold between self-doubt and enlightenment. She is self-preserving. Understanding that her powers are sacred — doubted by colonizers, but revered by her family and the ghosts of her ancestors. She speaks through her intuition and holds space to decipher whether we need to administer a public outcry or quietly cultivate a long term solution.

The High priestess exists between the familiarity of her tropical roots, the abundance and fertility of an organic harvest, and the light of the moon. She is cultivated and awoken. Harnessing her higher self in the comfort of her own safety. The High priestess holds these solutions in her third eye, nestled in a crevice behind the Hypothalamus, on the Pineal Gland.

The Pineal Gland is a small pine cone shaped organ that releases melatonin and serotonin (responsible for emotional states of well-being), and DMT — the spirit molecule. While humans are born with a strong sense of connection to the pre-colonial practice of knowing the spirit without its commercialized decline; the pineal gland's function can go awry by adolescence, considering the toxins present in food and hygiene products that humans consume.

The pineal gland is an endangered portal to intuition — the 6th Chakra, the third eye, the perception of metaphysical realities and energetic wisdom. This is felt through the gut; as thunder when we experience truth and agency, or as a swarm of butterflies who speak for your heart when you are scared or in love. Intuition is a glowing inner knowledge that makes you cry, keeps you warm, or makes you cringe. The High Priestess asks you to seek knowledge behind these sensations; trust them and honor them, as they are literally your inner truth.

#Cristy C. Road #Next World Tarot #The High Priestess #Major Arcana #Tarot #Tropical #Favorites #Racial Diversity

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mindlibertas · 1 year ago

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Esketamine for Anxiety: A Novel Approach to Treatment

Introduction:

Anxiety disorders affect millions of people worldwide, leading to significant impairment in daily functioning and quality of life. Traditional treatments such as psychotherapy and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been the mainstay for managing anxiety, but not all individuals respond adequately to these interventions. Esketamine, a relatively recent addition to the psychiatric pharmacopeia, has emerged as a promising alternative for those with treatment-resistant anxiety. This article explores the use of esketamine in the context of anxiety disorders, shedding light on its mechanisms, efficacy, and potential impact on the future of anxiety treatment.

Understanding Esketamine:

Esketamine is a derivative of ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic that has been used for decades in medical and veterinary settings. Ketamine gained attention in the psychiatric community when researchers discovered its rapid and robust antidepressant effects, particularly in individuals who did not respond to traditional antidepressants. Esketamine is the S-enantiomer of ketamine and is the active component responsible for its psychoactive effects.

Mechanism of Action:

The exact mechanism of esketamine's action in treating anxiety is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve the modulation of glutamate, the most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain. Unlike traditional antidepressants that primarily target serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine, esketamine works on the glutamatergic system. It acts as an N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, leading to increased synaptic glutamate levels.

The rapid onset of action seen with esketamine is one of its distinguishing features. While traditional antidepressants may take weeks to produce therapeutic effects, esketamine can induce noticeable improvements within hours or days. This swift response is particularly valuable for individuals experiencing acute anxiety or those at risk of self-harm due to severe symptoms.

Clinical Trials and Efficacy:

Clinical trials have been conducted to evaluate the efficacy of esketamine in various anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), social anxiety disorder (SAD), and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Results have shown promise, especially in individuals who did not respond adequately to conventional treatments.

In a landmark study, researchers investigated the use of esketamine nasal spray in patients with treatment-resistant depression and comorbid anxiety. The study demonstrated significant reductions in anxiety symptoms, suggesting that esketamine might be a viable option for individuals with both depressive and anxiety disorders.

Safety and Side Effects:

While Esketamine For Anxiety has shown efficacy, concerns about safety and side effects exist. Common side effects include dissociation, dizziness, and increased blood pressure. Dissociation is a temporary state where individuals may feel disconnected from their surroundings or have altered perceptions of reality. This effect is usually short-lived and tends to resolve on its own.

To mitigate potential risks, esketamine is administered in a controlled setting, typically in a healthcare provider's office. Patients are monitored closely during and after administration to ensure their safety. Additionally, individuals with a history of psychosis or certain medical conditions may not be suitable candidates for esketamine treatment.

Challenges and Future Directions:

Despite the promising results, esketamine faces challenges that warrant further investigation. The long-term safety profile, optimal dosing strategies, and potential for abuse are areas that require careful consideration. Ongoing research aims to address these concerns and refine the understanding of esketamine's role in anxiety treatment.

The future of esketamine in anxiety management also hinges on its accessibility. Currently, esketamine is administered in supervised settings, limiting its availability to certain populations. As research progresses, efforts to develop more user-friendly formulations or alternative delivery methods may broaden its reach and impact.

Conclusion:

Esketamine represents a paradigm shift in the treatment of anxiety disorders, offering a novel approach for individuals who do not respond to traditional interventions. Its rapid onset of action and distinct mechanism make it a valuable addition to the therapeutic arsenal for mental health professionals. As research continues, a more comprehensive understanding of esketamine's long-term effects, optimal use, and broader implications for anxiety treatment will emerge, potentially reshaping the landscape of psychiatric care.

#Ketamine Therapy Saratoga Springs Ny

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nerdythebard · 3 years ago

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#22: Black Widow [Marvel]

Hey there, my dearies! It's been a while. I have no excuse, it was just a low-serotonin time of year.

Yes, I know I teased Claude last time, but since we've had Marvel Studios return to the silver screen with Black Widow, I thought we might take a shot at building the leading lady of the movie: Natalia Alianovna Romanova, also known as Natasha Romanoff, also known as the main Black Widow. We're going to build her according to the comic book main universe, Earth-616.

Next Time: We conClaude the Fire Emblem request, I promise.

Let's see what is needed for this spider to bite into D&D:

International Super Spy... SUPER SPY: Natasha is trained in the art of espionage, intelligence gathering and disguise. We need to be able to blend easily with any crowd and act as if we belong everywhere.

Soviet Super Soldier: While not as strong and effective as Captain America and the Red Guardian, Natasha had been administered a Red Room version of the Super-Soldier Serum, which enhanced her physical attributes to the peak of human potential.

Jacqueline-of-All-Trades: As part of her spy training, Natasha had to become proficient in many skills, included but not limited to: dancing, acting, linguistics, hacking, and acrobatics.

---

As she's enhanced, we can easily categorize Natasha as a Variant Human. We get a +1 to two abilities of our choice (Dexterity and Strength), we know how to speak Common and one other language of our choice, we gain proficiency in one skill of our choice (Acrobatics), and we get to pick a feat. The Linguist feat gives us a +1 to our Intelligence, lets us learn three more languages of our choice, and we can create codes and ciphers that cannot be decrypted unless one beats the DC of [our Intelligence score (not modifier) + our proficiency bonus] or uses magic.

For our background, we shall erase our true self and assume a new identity with the Faceless background from Baldur's Gate: Descent into Avernus. We get proficiency in Deception and Intimidation skills, and with the Disguise Kit. We also learn one more language. Our background feature, Dual Personalities, lets us create an alter-ego which we use when interacting with people around. We can even introduce ourselves as our alter-ego to our own party members in order to ensure our anonymity.

ABILITY SCORES

Dexterity will be our primary ability. We're nimble, we're slick, we can fight in heels. Charisma is next, we're a great seductress and we can even trick the Trickster God into revealing his plans. Follow that up with Constitution, Black Widow is known to take hits and heal pretty fast.

Intelligence will be next, we're a learned individual and we need the Big Brain for all those languages and cipher-making skills. Strength is a little lower than I want to, especially since Natasha in the comics is capable of lifting 500 lbs) but we can fix it later. Finally, we're dumping Wisdom; we're not silly, we just need other abilities more.

CLASS

I think this one's pretty obvious, there is a very obvious way to make a spy in D&D, but I'm going to try and spice it up a little:

Level 1 - Rogue: Starting with the sneakiest class! Rogues get the d8 Hit Dice, [8 + our Constitution modifier] initial Hit Points, and get proficiency with light armour, simple weapons, hand crossbows, longswords, rapiers, shortswords, and thieves' tools. Our saving throws are Dexterity and Intelligence, and we get to pick four skills from the Rogue skill list (Investigation, Persuasion, Sleight-of-Hand, and Stealth). For Natasha, I suggest going with regular leather armour, daggers, and a hand crossbow to simulate Widow's Bite (ask your DM if it can be flavoured as a wrist-mounted crossbow device).

Rogues begin with Expertise - we get to choose two skills we're proficient in and double our proficiency bonus for any checks involving those skills. Let's get better with Acrobatics and Sleight-of-Hand.

We also know Thieves' Cant, a special system of phrases and symbol used by Rogues to contact other Rogues without being discovered.

Finally, we know how to perform Sneak Attack. Despite the name, we don't need to be sneaky when executing it. Whenever we attack with an advantage on our turn (or the target is within 5 feet of another creature hostile to it), we can add extra 1d6 damage to our strike. It can be only done with a ranged weapon, or one with Finesse property.

Level 2 - Rogue: We get Cunning Action. Our agility allows us to shorten the time we need to perform certain tasks. We can now use the Dash, Disengage, and Hide action as a bonus action.

Level 3 - Rogue: Our Sneak Attack bonus damage becomes 2d6 now. We also get to pick our subclass, our Roguish Archetype. While Assassin seems like a very obvious choice, Natasha isn't really a killer exclusively. Instead, we're going to go with the Scout Archetype from Xanathar's Guide to Everything, as it embodies the "survival and stealth" approach to playing a Rogue.

Starting with Skirmisher, we can use a reaction to move up to half of our speed when the enemy finishes its turn within 5 feet of us. Doing so does not provoke attacks of opportunity. Survivalist gives us proficiency in Nature and Survival skills, and our proficiency bonus is doubled for all checks involving those (effectively giving us more Expertise).

Additionally, if your DM allows it, you can pick up the Steady Aim optional feat from Tasha's Cauldron of Everything. As a bonus action, we can get an advantage on an attack roll, provided we sacrifice our movement for the current turn. Afterwards, our speed becomes 0 until the end of the turn.

Level 4 - Rogue: Time for our first Ability Score Improvement of the build. Let's raise our Constitution and Intelligence this time. We'll focus on unarmed combat a little later down the build.

Level 5 - Rogue: Our Sneak Attack bonus becomes 3d6. We get Uncanny Dodge, which lets us take half damage of any attack that hits us and that we can see.

Level 6 - Fighter: Time to show that CQC some love. When we multiclass into a Fighter, we get proficiency in light armour, medium armour, shields, simple weapons, and martial weapons. We get to pick our Fighting Style, and since we already have a Dexterity-based style with daggers, and a ranged style with our Widow's Bite, let's get Unarmed Fighting for times where we need to go into action without our toys. Our unarmed strikes now deal [1d6 + our Strength modifier] bludgeoning damage. If we aren't wielding a weapon or a shield, the d6 becomes d8. Additionally, if we are grappling a creature, we can deal 1d4 bludgeoning damage at the start of each of our turn.

We also get Second Wind, which represents Natasha's accelerated healing capabilities. Once per short or long rest, we can restore [1d10 + our Fighter level] Hit Points on our turn.

Level 7 - Fighter: We get Action Surge. Once per short or long rest, we can take one additional Action on our turn.

Level 8 - Rogue: Moving back into the sneaky super-spy territory, we get some extra Expertise. We can select two more skills we're proficient with to double our proficiency bonus. Let's get Deception and Investigation.

Level 9 - Rogue: Our Sneak Attack bonus becomes 4d6. We now get Evasion, which in my opinion is one of the better skills in the entire game. If we're within range of an AoE spell (such as Fireball) and a successful saving throw would make us take half damage, we instead take no damage (and we take half damage instead of full damage if we fail the throw).

Level 10 - Rogue: Halfway through the build and we get another Ability Score Improvement. Let's raise our Strength and, to start removing the negative modifier, Wisdom.

Level 11 - Rogue: Our Sneak Attack bonus becomes 5d6. We also get our first subclass upgrade: Superior Mobility. Our speed increases permanently by 10 feet.

Level 12 - Rogue: Another ASI! Let's bump our Dexterity by 2 points to get some better AC and Initiative.

Level 13 - Rogue: Our Sneak Attack becomes 6d6. We also unlock Reliable Talent, another very powerful skill. Whenever we must make a skill check related to a skill we're proficient with, any roll of 9 and lower becomes 10. Depending on a DM, this effectively removes a possibility of Natural 1s for our best skills.

Level 14 - Rogue: One more ASI. We can finally eliminate the negative modifier for Wisdom, and let's get one more point in Strength.

Level 15 - Rogue: Our Sneak Attack bonus becomes 7d6, and we get another subclass feature: Ambush Master. We have an advantage on Initiative rolls. Additionally, the first creature we hit during the first round of combat becomes an easy target; attacks against it have an advantage until the end of our next turn.

Level 16 - Rogue: We get Blindsense, which is yet another great feature... Man, Rogues really get some good stuff. We are now aware of any invisible or hiding creatures within 10 feet of us.

Level 17 - Rogue: Our Sneak Attack bonus becomes 8d6, and with Slippery Mind we get proficiency in Wisdom saving throw.

Level 18 - Rogue: Time for our final ASI of the build. Let's cap our Dexterity to 20.

Level 19 - Rogue: Our Sneak Attack bonus becomes 9d6. We also get our final subclass upgrade: Sudden Strike. If we use the Attack action on our turn, we can make one more attack as a bonus action. This second attack can benefit from our Sneak Attack, even if we used it before, but we cannot Sneak Attack the same target twice on the same turn.

Level 20 - Rogue: Our capstone is Rogue 18, and we end this build with the Elusive feature. While we aren't incapacitated, no attack made against us can get an advantage.

---

And that's Natasha the Black Widow. Let's see what we got:

I'm gonna confidently say, we've made a pretty good infiltrator. With multiple languages, disguise kit, and 9 proficient skills out of 18 available (with 6 with Expertise), we've elevated the Red Room training into anime protagonist levels.

With a standard leather armour our AC is 16, we got a +5 to our Initiative, and we've 142 Hit Points on average.

We are not exactly a frontline fighter, though. It is better if we take the behind-the-scenes approach to combat. Utilizing covers and making sure we're not targetted by the heavy hitters.

---

Ah, this was fun. A nice warm-up before coming back to our regularly scheduled program. I hope you guys enjoyed this, and I'll see you for the next one!

- Nerdy out!

#marvel #mcu #avengers #black widow #natasha romanoff #dnd #d&d 5e #d&d build #dungeons and dragons #rogue #scout #fighter

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sarkos · 4 years ago

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With his colleague Lin Tian, an associate professor at the school of medicine, he engineered a sensor that glows in the presence of a hallucinogenic compound when it interacts with a serotonin receptor, according to a study published in the journal Cell. This receptor is the target of both psychedelic drugs and classic antipsychotic medicines. Using their sensor, the researchers have homed in on hallucinogenic and non-hallucinogenic psychedelics. Of particular interest is a previously unstudied non-hallucinogenic compound, AAZ-A-154, that has so far produced encouraging results in animal studies, similar to the impact seen with hallucinogenic psychedelics, said Olson, adding that the drug is now undergoing safety testing before being taken into early stage human trials. The importance of the hallucinogenic effects in the therapeutic properties of psychedelics is highly debated; some scientists think they are essential to the compounds’ perceived therapeutic benefit. If that’s the case, then the sensor can be really useful for drug discovery efforts to identify new hallucinogenic psychedelic compounds, added Olson. But non-hallucinogenic compounds are a particularly seductive notion, he said, because they could allow for medicines to be self-administered the way aspirin is. “If you undergo a psilocybin [the psychoactive component in magic mushrooms] therapy session, you have to go to the doctor to prepare yourself for the session, then be in the medical setting for at least eight hours, and then go back for some follow-up.”

Non-hallucinogenic psychedelics: scientists close in on compound | Drugs | The Guardian

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angerissue · 4 years ago

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Bruce’s transformations into the Hulk seem simple on the surface, but there are many processes that facilitate the final result. This is a collection of meta that pertains to them.

🚫 Please do not reblog this post.

I. Foundations.

To commence, the changes that happen to Bruce during his transformations can be explained by the mass-energy equivalence formula. This formula explains that under certain extraordinary conditions, mass can become energy and vice versa. During the accident in 2006, Banner absorbed a tremendous amount of gamma radiation, which now resides in his amygdala as a form of condensed energy; it's not necessarily gamma radiation in the truest sense of the word anymore, but an unusual type of energy that can be controlled at will. Whenever Bruce unlocks the energy and releases it into the rest of his body, it becomes new mass that causes various amendments.

These amendments are blueprinted by the super soldier serum in Bruce’s cells, which he recreated and administered to himself during Gamma Pulse. However, because he used gamma radiation to activate the serum instead of vita radiation, he becomes the Hulk instead of undergoing subtle changes like Steve Rogers did. The usage of gamma radiation also gave Bruce the ability to revert to his original form, unlike Steve Rogers, who is completely unable to revert to his smaller and frailer self.

This means that technically, Bruce does not “turn into” the Hulk. He is the Hulk; it became his main form as soon as he absorbed the radiation.

In addition... Despite the super soldier serum's presence in his cells, the genes of his normal body are completely human and unchanged. His genetics do change a little (0.0001%) whenever he transforms, which lets him function on an enhanced level, but that's it.

II. General Process.

Transformations into the Hulk have two phases.

The first phase is considered "activation". Whenever Bruce is in his normal form, the radiation is usually locked in place and unable to leave his amygdala, because there's a kind of automatic barrier that prevents that from happening. But during the activation process, Bruce consciously removes this barrier, which is similar to removing the padlock from a door and opening it. This "unlocks" the radiation. As soon as this occurs, a small amount of the radiation will leave his brain, which he cannot stop. This causes his eyes to turn green and become bioluminescent, so they'll glow in the dark a bit. Not to the extent that a nocturnal animal's eyes will glow in the dark, because he lacks a tapetum lucidum, but certainly enough for someone to notice.

At this point, he can either lock the radiation again, or release it into the rest of his body via cellular diffusion.

If Bruce chooses to release the radiation, it will start the "initiation" phase, which is the main part of the transformations that happen when the radiation floods his body. Many changes happen in concurrence with each other. His heart becomes fortified and increases in size, which causes it to beat slower but more powerfully and efficiently. This also makes his blood pressure increase a lot. To compensate for this increase, which would otherwise make his blood vessels burst, the walls of his arteries and veins thicken and become more elastic in nature. The vessels can temporarily become distended and more pronounced beneath his skin, until further into the transformation process.

This is accompanied by a change in skin colour, which mottles across his body in a bruise-like manner that is reminiscent of blood leaking underneath his skin. The colouration is uneven at first, and usually becomes densest around his neck and torso, but it becomes more uniform as the transformation progresses. His blood and inner structures start to assume the same colouration. If samples of Bruce's blood are taken at different stages of the transformation, there will be an evident shift from red to brown, then finally to green, because the shift is not immediate. However, contrary to popular belief, Bruce's blood doesn’t turn entirely green — it retains some warmer notes. Because of this, the Hulk’s skin can seem flushed at times.

But the most prominent effect of the radiation is Bruce's growth spurt. In seven seconds or less, his weight increases from 158 pounds to 1,200 pounds, and his height increases from 5.7" to 8.6". This is caused by three different processes in his body. The first is the suppression of myostatin, which is a chemical that limits the amount of muscle in someone's body — moreover, the suppression allows the radiation to transcode itself into new muscle and change the cellular structure of preexisting muscle, both of which contributes to his increase in size. The second process is the extreme growth in his skeleton, which allows his bones to become thicker and more robust. This is because the radiation promotes the production of something called hydroxyapatite, a mineral that gives bones their strength; it also forces the osteoblasts in his skeleton, which are responsible for making new bone, to become more active and make millions of new cells. Because his bones are shifting during this process, his joints often release air bubbles, which causes a muffled cracking sound to be heard, similar to the sound when someone cracks their back or knuckles. And the final process is cellular hyperplasia / hypertrophy, which causes his cells to expand and increase in numbers across the board. This adds a large amount of new mass to his body. As his cells rearrange and increase in size, Bruce stops breathing for a few seconds, because his diaphragm, which is responsible for expanding and compressing the lungs, momentarily doesn’t work. He'll often take a breath after the transformation ends.

Because of these changes in his muscle and bone structure, Bruce’s proportions also change. He loses his slenderness in favour of a more compact and inhuman silhouette; his limbs become thicker in diameter, his shoulders broaden, and the characteristic features of his face shift, becoming more exaggerated, especially his brow, cheekbones, and jawbone. Even the ridge patterns of his fingerprints change, which makes it impossible to connect his forms via prints.

Bruce's brain releases serotonin and dopamine during his transformations, too. This is because his transformed state is considered more preferable to his mind and body than his normal form, so his brain gives positive feedback whenever he assumes it. He also theorizes there could be stressors in his normal form that he doesn’t notice on a conscious level, but they disappear when he transforms, so his brain breathes a sigh of relief.

Finally... Bruce's transformations aren't pretty. They're the opposite of that. The changes that happen are completely unnatural and shouldn't be possible for the human body, and this in itself can unnerve someone. Additionally, these changes are not completely uniform in occurrence, because certain facets of the doctor's body can change at different rates than the rest — not necessarily to the point of being comical, but still enough to be noticeable. This is similar to watching a time lapse video of something, but some of the sections are lagging or sped up a little bit. Many of his inner structures momentarily become more visible under his skin as well, including his blood vessels (as mentioned earlier), his muscles, and even his bones, especially around his knuckles. The sounds created by these process can also be uncomfortable to hear.

In consequence, it's not uncommon for people to react in a visceral manner when he transforms, or even suffer "vasovagal syncope", which causes them to become lightheaded or pass out. This happens even though Bruce himself doesn't make a fuss over the process now, and even though he's become very good at ensuring it goes as fluidly as possible.

III. Temperature.

Transformations will also cause Bruce's body temperature to increase a lot. While a normal human's body temperature is around 98.6° Fahrenheit, his temperature increases to upwards of 140° during the transformation itself, then it lowers to a toasty 109.7° once his form settles. Bruce believes the increase in temperature during his transformations is enough to cause burns, but he cannot confirm this, because the Hulk's healing abilities would heal any burns before they can become visible.

If someone were to touch Bruce as he were transforming, he would feel very hot, just on the cusp of being uncomfortably so. Afterwards, this will wear off and he’ll feel pleasantly warm.

IV. Healing.

The Hulk has impressive healing capabilities, which become even more effective and rapid when Bruce is actually in the middle of a transformation. If he's shot or otherwise injured in his normal form and he decides to transform, he can usually recover by the time the process is finished. Deeper injuries can require additional time, however.

V. Pain.

Before Bruce took the LR-05013 serum to control his condition, he would always experience severe pain whenever he transformed, unless he'd channeled enough anger, which could anesthetize the worst of it. This pain included the sensations of organ failure and joint dislocations, as well as bone, nerve, and muscle pain. It wasn't really unexpected, considering how much his temperature would increase and how much the structures in his body were tearing and reforming. Nowadays, while his transformations are the same as a whole, Bruce doesn't experience pain anymore, only a comfortable sensation of warmth — he would even consider the transformations to be pleasant, having a similar satisfaction to a deep stretch, or the feeling when someone cracks their knuckles. This is because the serum stops him from feeling pain from the radiation's presence in his amygdala, in addition to the pain from the transformations themselves. This pain was responsible for both the capriciousness of his transformations, and his inability to remain fully lucid as the Hulk.

Despite the lack of pain, Bruce can still feel the different components of his body shifting around. He can feel his joints popping out of place, and his muscle fibers pulling and condensing; as mentioned earlier, he would also see them if he looked at himself, because a lot of the effects are visible. These sensations bothered him at first, but he’s gotten used to them.

VI. Side Effects.

There are three main side effects of Bruce’s transformations.

The first one involves his proprioceptors. These are neurons that help someone’s body determine its position in space without visual aid — they allow someone to touch their nose when their eyes are closed, and know the location of their limbs even in a dark room. Because Bruce's body changes so much whenever he turns into the Hulk, his proprioceptors can sometimes have issues returning to normal when he reverts. Due to this, his movements could be inaccurate for a few hours afterwards. He might reach for an item or raise his hand to adjust his eyeglasses, but underestimate the distance needed to complete the action and miss entirely. He could also duck when he passes through doorways, because his body believes it's still "Hulk-sized".

The second side effect is bruising. When Bruce reverts, he gets subtle bruising across his clavicle and shoulder blades, which is because of the stress that his transformations put on his normal body. There would be more bruising, but the Hulk’s healing abilities persist until his reversions are almost complete, allowing the majority of it to heal and disappear. This also means the bruises are usually yellow (indicating older bruises) instead of blue and purple, and they only last a few hours.

The third side effect is hunger. Bruce doesn't eat whenever he's in a transformed state, because he cannot keep any sustenance down unless it was already in his system before he transformed. Additionally, any sustenance that was already in his system will be metabolized with excellent efficiency, meaning his digestive tract will be completely empty once he reverts. Reversions also expend a lot of calories in general because of how much stress they put on his body, so Bruce will always be extremely tired and hungry afterward, and need to eat something in order to recuperate.

VII. Partial Transformations.

Bruce has total command over his condition, so he can easily send the radiation to certain parts of his body instead of producing a complete transformation. For instance, he'll often summon small amounts of muscle for menial, unremarkable tasks, like removing a stubborn lid from a jar.

However, Bruce never humours more sizable transformations, like transforming an entire limb on its own. This can have dangerous consequences — the affected part will become heavier and far more demanding of oxygen, and his normal body cannot support this increase unless it transforms, too. He can suffer hypoxia, low blood pressure, dislocated joints, and even broken bones. Bruce has passed out from attempting these kinds of transformations, and he doesn’t want to repeat that mistake.

(To put this into perspective... A man’s arm usually accounts for approximately 3.3% of his total body weight. If Bruce’s transformed state weighs 1,200 pounds, his arm alone would weigh 396 pounds, without even accounting for proportional discrepancies between his two forms, which would raise the weight even more. It is impossible for his normal body to accommodate this. He could potentially work with 1/4 of that weight, but only if there is support beneath his arm, and if he can monitor his breathing and oxygen levels the whole time. So yeah, there won’t be any weirdness with freakishly huge body parts here.)

VIII. Unconscious Transformations.

Occasionally, Bruce can experience unconscious and automatic transformations. These most commonly occur when he's asleep and having a nightmare, at which time a green tint could ghost across his skin. This is similar to how someone can mumble or toss and turn in their sleep. If the dream is bad enough, Banner could even transform entirely, which often wakes him up. Unconscious transformations can also happen when he's awake, and he's either surprised or extremely mad; on these occasions, the radiation in his amygdala can momentarily unlock and turn his eyes green.

IX. Amnesia.

Before Bruce took the serum, he suffered amnesia whenever he transformed, as there was an "imperfect" connection between his normal and transformed states in terms of memory formation, storage, and retrieval. However, this isn't an issue now — the serum has allowed Bruce to remember everything that happens when he's the Hulk, even if he's currently in his normal form. The memories can be hazy from time to time, because the connection between his two forms still isn't 100% spotless, but he merely needs to think a bit harder, as if he's attempting to recall a vivid dream.

Nowadays, Bruce will only suffer amnesia if his alter, Hulk, decides to front in his DID system. On these occasions, his core identity will be unconscious and totally incapable of forming new memories. This has nothing to do with his transformed state; it's only because Hulk is suppressing his core identity and not allowing him to remember anything. That's all. Furthermore, if Bruce didn’t actually transform at these times and remained in his normal form, the situation would be the same and he’d still have amnesia.

X. Withdrawal.

Bruce needs to transform at least once per week. This is because ever since the accident, the "natural" and "optimal" state of his body has been his transformed state, rather than his normal one. He didn’t need to transform every week before he took the serum, because the radiation was always leaking into the rest of his cells in small amounts, which tricked his body into thinking he was transformed. But ever since he took the serum, the radiation has been completely confined to his amygdala unless he consciously decides to release it. If he doesn’t transform enough now, the radiation will leak into the surrounding cells of his brain, and in a troublesome manner.

This will cause him to become cranky, aggressive, and claustrophobic until it’s impossible for him to function indoors. He could also suffer involuntary shifts in eye and skin colour, which are very tough to predict and control. This could draw unwanted attention to him in public and have interpersonal repercussions, not to mention it unnerves him in a general sense, because he doesn’t like losing control over himself.

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#( headcanon. )#( essential. )#i imagine that bruce probably first passed out on the helicarrier #trying to run a differential on a body part because he was curious #then going 'hmm i feel dizzy that's not good' and just... fainting lol.#he probably shat his pants thinking it was something really bad at first #before actually looking at his readings and the surveillance cams #and going 'well that makes sense'. cx #anywho #this post could've been 10x longer because... yknow... tangents galore.#but those tangents weren't related enough to this topic so.#coming soon?#i guess?

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