#satemization

[indo-europeans]

The first letter change from 'a' to 'i' in the words Andra to Indra and Aryan to Iran is a common phenomenon in Indo-Iranian languages called "Satemization." Satemization refers to the shift in pronunciation of the Proto-Indo-European (PIE) velar consonants (/k/, /g/, and /gʰ/) to palatal or postalveolar sounds (/s/, /ʃ/, and /ʒ/) in the Indo-Iranian branch of the language family. This change occurred in the Indo-Iranian language branch around 1500 BCE, which led to the development of the satem languages (such as Sanskrit and Persian) from the earlier centum languages (such as Latin and Greek).

[tlaquetzqui]

Apparently the Sikh stick-fighting martial art, gatka, is named from the diminutive of gada, “mace, club”. And, like…your diminutive is -ka? Really? Or more to the point, prawda?

Small world. Small Indo-European language group.

[hayakawalove]

Dying trying to figure out the ship names

It looks like lots of people are selfshipping lately I love that

[linguisticdiscovery]

Tocharian

Around 3,000 BCE, speakers of an early branch of the Indo-European languages decided to go for a little hike, and wound up all the way in South Siberia.

A few thousand years later, scholars discovered manuscripts in northwestern China dating to 500–800 CE that were shown conclusively to be written in a language from an early branch of Indo-European. They named this language Tocharian.

The discovery of Tocharian upset decades of research on ancient Indo-European languages and revitalized interested in them for two reasons:

Nobody even suspected that another branch of Indo-European existed, let alone in China’s Tarim Basin.

It was previously thought that the Indo-European languages were divided into eastern and western groups, based on whether the /k/ sound had changed to an /s/. The western languages that retained the /k/ were called centum languages (the Latin word for ‘hundred’, pronounced with an initial /k/), while the eastern languages with /s/ were called satem languages (the Avestan word for ‘hundred’). Yet Tocharian was a centum language sitting further east than almost any other language in the family. (Linguists later hypothesized that the centum-satem split wasn’t so much an east-west split as it was a spread of /s/ from the center of the language family outward, a change which didn’t reach the furthest members of the family).

Tocharian was written in a variant of Brahmi; here’s a sample of Tocharian script on a wooden tablet:

If you really want to challenge yourself, here’s a problem about Tocharian from the International Linguistics Olympiad:

[ishparpuaqib]

contrary to their reputation as the only south slavic people free of the balkan fondness for pseudohistoric speculation, slovenians do in fact possess a minor if fun tradition of ethnonationalist parahistoriography. its most notable product is the venetic theory, which claims the adriatic venetii of antiquity were slavs, and that modern slovenes are the direct descendants of the venetii. and like, to be completely fair to slovenian nationalists, it seems like a colossal coincidence that slavs, a people historically better known under the foreign sobriquet "wend"—which does in fact derive from "venetii", except not those venetii, but instead another, unrelated tribe of the same name—just happened to settle in the lands of the venetii. wends (satem) replacing wends (centum). if i didn't know any better, i'd probably question the academic consensus as well!

also, the vistula venetii (from whose endonym proto-germanic *winidaz was derived, whence "wend") might not have been slavs at all. wikipedia says their language was more probably some variety of west baltic, but like. balto-slavic still functioned as a single language in the 1st/2nd centuries AD (when pliny the elder first mentioned the "sarmatian veneti", and ptolemy referred to the southern shore of the baltic as the "venetian bay"), right? so the question "were the vistula venetii balts or slavs" might well be categorically unanswerable

[paganimagevault]

Mummified heads from Xiaohe cemetery 2000 BCE

"Readers of Language Log will certainly be aware of Tocharian, but when I began my international research project on the Tarim Basin mummies in 1991, very few people — only a tiny handful of esoteric researchers — had ever heard of the Tocharians and their language since they went extinct more than a millennium ago, until fragmentary manuscripts were discovered in the early part of the 20th century and were deciphered by Sieg und Siegling (I always love the sound of their surnames linked together by "und"), two German Indologists / philologists — Emil Sieg (1866-1951) and Wilhelm Siegling (1880-1946), in the first decade of the last century.

It wasn't long after the decipherment of Tocharian by Sieg und Siegling that historical linguists began to realize the monumental importance of this hitherto completely unknown language. First of all, it is the second oldest — after Hittite — Indo-European language to branch off from PIE. Second, even though its historical seat was on the back doorstep of Sinitic and it loaned many significant words (e.g., "honey", "lion") to the latter, it is a centum (Hellenic, Celtic, Italic and Germanic) language lying to the east of the satem (Indo-Iranian and Balto-Slavic) IE languages. (PROVISO: some sophists will undoubtedly argue that the centum-satem split in Indo-European is meaningless; it has happened before on Language Log and elsewhere, but I think it does matter for the history of IE languages and the people who spoke them.) Third, Tocharian has grammatical features that resemble Italic, Celtic, and Germanic (i.e., northwest European languages) more than they do the other branches of IE. (STIPULATION: certain casuists will surely argue that such differences are meaningless, but I believe they are crucial for comprehending the nature of the spread of IE in time and space.) Etc.

Because their physical, textual, and cultural remains were indisputably found in the Tarim Basin, the Tocharians naturally became a primary focus of my investigations in Eastern Central Asia during the more than two decades from the nineties through 2012."

-Victor Mair, Language Log: The sound and sense of Tocharian. University of Pennsylvania.

[razistoricharka]

Recently saw a post about how it's insane that indoeuropean is all one language family and yes actually it shouldn't be it's fucking stupid. Should be split into a centumic and satemic family at least.

[unlimitedx]

Pembalasan

Cerita ini berlaku pada tahun 2000. Aku ingin menceritakan suatu kisah fantasi, bagaimana aku membalas dendam kepada kakak ipar dan suaminya iaitu biras aku yang selalu mengeji dan menghina kami sepasang suami isteri. Perihal terjadinya sejarah hitam dalam perkahwinanku, maka terjadilah pembalasan ini.

Ceritanya mula begini. Aku berkahwin dengan isteri aku yang bernama Rita atas dasar percintaan, tetapi percintaan kami tidak direstu oleh ahli keluarga isteriku, lalu kami disisih dari keluarga isteriku. Keluarga isteriku adalah golongan berada dan isteriku mempunyai sorang kakak yang bernama Rosni dan suaminya bernama Salleh.

Rosni ni surirumah sepenuh masa, suka berjoli dengan shopping dan amat menyayani Salleh. Manakala Salleh pula ialah seorang ahli perniagaan yang berjaya dan selalu membawa rakan niaganya ke seberang tanahair di sebelah utara untuk kegiatan melobi projek-projeknya.

Kami semua menetap di negeri sebelah utara Malaysia. Aku pula ialah seorang pemandu kepada seorang pegawai polis, tetapi tugas sebenar aku ialah sebagai ahli perisik polis. Tugas aku ini hampir-hampir sama macam ajen MI6 dan tidak diketahui oleh sesiapa pun termasuk isteri aku.

Isteriku dan keluarganya hanya tahu, yang aku adalah seorang pemandu lori, kerana aku selalu bawak balik lori kecil 1 tan. Oleh kerana tugas aku tidak menentu masa dan tempat, maka selalulah isteri aku ditinggalkan di rumah keluarganya. Ini adalah kerana isteriku menganggarkan bahawa aku berpendapatan kecil dan selalu keluar membuat penghantaran di luar kawasan. Tetapi yang sebenarnya aku dan ahli team aku selalu keluar pergi membuat kerja merisik maklumat. Adakala masa off duti, aku akan bersama team aku berbincang di markas kami yang terpencil.

Dalam team aku ni, terdiri dari Raja (seorang India Benggali), Miss Chan dan Satem (darah keturunan Jawa). Kami bertugas rapat dan punyai hubungan dengan pihak Interpol dan juga perisik dinegeri seberang utara (Perisik Thai). Kami juga boleh bertutur dalam pelbagai bahasa dan mahir dalam pelbagai muslihat.

Isteri aku amat menyayangi diriku, dia selalu menyembunyikan keresahan dan kekecewaan hatinya dari pengetahuanku. Takkala pulang dari bertugas aku akan peroleh beberapa hari cuti dari duti dan pada masa itulah aku dapat merasakan betapa manja dan tingginya harapan serta kuatnya merajuk isteriku takkala bermesra denganku, bagaikan tidak mahu melepaskan aku pergi.

Untuk makluman, kami sudah berkahwin selama 2 tahun setengah dan belum beroleh anak. Dari sinilah aku menelah bahawa isteriku ini mungkin dirundung tekanan perasaan. Ahli keluarganya tidak tahu aku bekerja dalam jabatan perisik polis, malah mereka tidak langsung menghormati dan mengindahkan aku. Drebar lorilah katakan.

Malah setiap kali aku menjemput isteriku, aku tidak pun dipelawa masuk. Kalau aku masuk pun, mereka masing-masing menjauhkan diri. Begitulah hinanya pandangan mereka kepada kami berdua. Walaupun, aku punyai pendapatan yang agak lumayan, tetapi aku tidak boleh menunjuknya. Aku cuma menyimpan dan menabung sebanyak mungkin untuk kami berhijrah jauh kelak, selepas aku berhenti kerja suatu hari nanti.

Baiklah, berbalik kepada kisah pasangan ego ini. Rosni ni berumur 37 tahun, punya seorang anak lelaki berumur 16 tahun. Namanya Rizal dan sedang mengaji di sekolah asrama penuh di negeri sebelah utara. Anak lelaki mereka ni sangat miang dan suka mengendap bila balik bercuti. Yang aku hairan, dari manalah datangnya tabiat ini pun aku tak tahu. Ini yang membuatkan aku menyimpan dan memasang kamera perisik di sekitar perkakasan dan barangan hadiah yang ada dalam rumah keluarga isteriku.

Suami Rosni, iaitu Salleh pula berumur 40 tahun, dah masuk alam jantan miang jugak. Orangnya gemuk sikit dan pendek (5’). Manakala Rosni pula, orangnya putih gebu, hidung tinggi, berlesung pipit, berbadan sederhana gempal, potonganya 35D–30–35 dan sedikit tonggek. Tingginya 5’2” dan rupanya seiras artis Dina. Cuma bibirnya sedikit tebal dan berkening halus.

Memang cantik jelita orangnya cuma perangai dan hatinya, cukup dahsyat. Sombong, berego tinggi, suka perli dan mengata orang No.1, cakap lepas dan kedekut. Mata duitan, gemar kepada hadiah dan barang kemas. Dia ni penyayang, lagi manja dan percaya penuh kepada Salleh dan Rizal, anaknya.

Isteri aku pula memanglah cun, kalau tidak masakan kami lari berkahwin di Siam. Potongan badannya 33D-29-34, rendah sedikit berbanding Rosni.

Kisahnya berlaku pada suatu hari, semasa aku pergi untuk berjumpa dengan isteriku, di mana aku terdengar pertengkaran isteriku dengan kakaknya. Aku berada di luar pintu rumah yang tertutup.

Rosni memarahi isteriku dan mengatakan kenapa isteriku gatal memilih seorang lelaki yang bangsat untuk dijadikan suami. Jarang ada di rumah dan selalu menumpangkan isteriku di rumah ibu mereka.

Salleh pula menfitnah aku dengan mengatakan, entah-entah aku sedang berkongkek dengan jalang mana entah, dan isteri aku dituduhnya cuba mengoda dirinya, dan kalau dia berada di posisi isteriku, pasti dia akan pergi mencari jantan lain yang lebih kaya. Begitulah sekali hinanya mereka terhadap aku dan isteriku.

Aku tergamam seketika dan memikirkan bagaimanalah adanya dua orang yang hebat ini (dari segi harta, benda dan rupa) diberi otak yang sebegitu kotor dan jijik, boleh memandang rendah terhadap orang yang lebih kurang dari keupayaan mereka. Bilakah kami mengambil wang atau kebendaan dari mereka. Salahkah jika kami menumpang teduh dan kasih sayang dengan orang yang lebih berupaya.

Seingat aku, kami kerap juga mengeluarkan belanja membayar bil letrik, air dan makan ketika berada disana. Bahkan kami juga membelikan hadiah-hadiah harijadi dan ulangtahun perkahwinan kepada mereka. Aku merasa benar-benar teruja dan kecewa, samentelahlah lagi mendengar dan mentelahi akan isihati isteriku. Takkala aku mengetuk pintu dan memberi salam, mereka semua beredar dan isteriku mendapatkan aku sambil bersendu menangis.

Aku kata, “Sabarlah sayang, anggaplah ini semua sebagai dugaan”. Tapi dibenak hatiku, aku menaruh dendam untuk mengajar mereka akan pengertian peritnya perasan kami berdua.

Aku memaklumkan kepada isteriku bahawa aku kena pergi Ipoh keesokkan hari dan akan pulang beberapa hari selanjutnya. Isteriku masih menangis dan pinta untuk ikut bersama. Tapi aku memujuknya supaya bertenang dan tunggu beberapa hari sahaja lagi dan kami akan selesaikan masaalah ini seterusnya selepas aku pulang nanti. Lama juga barulah isteriku mengalah dan bersetuju.

Kami kemudian keluar makan bersama. Isteriku menceritakan angkara pertengkaran mereka tadi ialah kerana dia mengkhabarkan kepada kakaknya bahawa Salleh meraba tubuhnya. Aku terpaku dan merasa begitu marah dengan apa yang aku dengar. Kalau aku tahu hal kisah ini dari awal tadi, harus Salleh aku belasah cukup-cukup di depan isterinya.

Isteriku menceritakan bahawa Salleh bersentuh tubuhnya semasa di dapur dan cuba meraba buah dadanya. Isteriku menepis dan berlari dari situ lalu berlanggar dengan kakaknya semasa berlalu di muka pintu dapur. Apabila ditanya oleh Rosni, isteriku yang pada awalnya cuba menyembunyi perkara yang berlaku, lalu datang Salleh pula mengatakan isteriku cuba menggodanya. Begitulah jadinya pula cerita, lalu berlakulah pertengkaran dan berhamburnya kata-kata keji dan nista dari mereka berdua.

Aku mengambil keputusan untuk membawa isteriku pulang, tapi risau juga kalau-kalau ada apa-apa terjadi, kerana rumah kami jauh di dalam pendalaman kampong. Lagi risau memikirkan jika Salleh pula datang membuat hal. Aku mencadangkan agar isteriku menginap di hotel, tapi ditolak oleh isteriku.

Rita (isteriku) berkata, biarlah dia pulang dan tinggal di rumah kakaknya. Katanya dia akan berkunci didalam bilik dan akan keluar bila kakaknya ada. Akhirnya setelah isteriku gagah bertegas, aku pun bersetuju, kerana melihat kepada keyakinan beliau yang telah hadir kembali. Bertuah aku mendapat isteri yang kuat lagi berani.

Setelah selesai makan dan beronda aku menghantar isteriku pulang ke rumah kakaknya. Aku terus balik ke markas dan bertemu dengan team aku. Mereka nampaknya mengesan kegusaran diwajah aku, lalu bertanya akan hal berita. Oleh kerana kami berkawan rapat, aku menceritakan hal kisah diriku kepada rakan team aku. Mereka turut bersimpati.

Raja berkata, “Mi, ini tak boleh jadi nih… hang mesti ajar depa ni cukup-cukup”.

Disokong oleh Chan dan Satem.

Satem pula berkata, “Meh… biar aku spy si Salleh nih… nanti A Chan boleh atur strategi…. Hang jangan susah hati…, serah saja Salleh pada aku”.

A Chan pun menyampuk, “Orang macam ni kita kena ajar dia balik… nantilah aku pasang pelacur HIV kat dia, baru dia tau langit tinggi rendah. Kak Ipar hang pun kita bagi dia rasa… tengok macam mana dia nak kata, bila dia tau perangai Salleh disebalik tabir”.

Aku membalas, “Hiihh… tak taulah aku, sekali fikir mau aku lanyak Salleh tu cukup-cukup, tapi apa akan terjadi pulak, jika dia tau siapa aku kelak nanti…”.

A Chan memberi cadangan, “Mi… apa kata kita mintak geng kita di Siam cekop dan pekena si Salleh tuh. Kita upah pelacur-pelacur yang ada HIV positif tuh… suruh depa goda dan buat sex dengan si Salleh. Dia mesti syok punya. Kita rakam movie dia dan kita bagi kat bini dia”.

Raja pula menyampok, “heh..heh… lepas tu, biar aku dan A Chan pergi jemput bini Salleh, kemudian kami bawak dia masuk Siam dan kita bagi kat budak-budak negro yang dok tunggu di border tu kerjakan Kakak Ipar hang…., biaq Salleh pulak rasa bagaimana kalau isteri dia pulak diraba dan dirogol”.

Satem pun tak mahu mengalah, “Sekurang-kurangnya boleh juga kita tau siapa rakan-rakan VIP Salleh nih.. Aku pun teringin nak tengok macam mana orang Malaysia buat seks…Tambah-tambah Kak Ipar hang…. Jangan mareh…ye…”

Aku pun menjawab…“Ish..ish…dasyat betul lah kepala otak kau orang nih. Sungguh ke depan…dan bijak sekali. Terima kasih kerana setia dan bersimpati dekat aku. Tapi…biaq pi lah hal tu dulu…Mai..kita concentrate hal kerja kita…Keh… “Okey?!!…” pinta kepastian dariku.

Team aku pun bersetuju untuk lupakan dahulu topik pekena tadi dan kami terus keluar membuat tugasan rondaan dan intipan.

Selepas aku menghantar isteriku pulang aku pun beredar. Isteriku terus masuk ke rumah sambil melintasi bilik kakaknya. Dia terdengar bunyi orang meraung dan merengek dari dalam bilik kakaknya. Isteriku berfikir, mesti kakak dan abang iparnya sedang berprojek. Tidak senonoh betul depa ni, buat projek tengah waktu magrib.

Dalam bilik isteriku sah terdengar dengan jelas, kakaknya sedang merengek tidak ketahuan hala, sambil bunyi berenyut dan berkerit bunyi gerakkan katil di sebelah biliknya. Setelah beberapa ketika barulah berhenti bunyian di bilik sebelah dan isteriku pun cuba melelapkan matanya sambil memasang pemain cakera dengan talian headphone dikepalanya.

Dekat jam sepuluh, isteriku terjaga dan hendak keluar ke bilik air. Dia cuba mendengar dan mengesan pergerakkan orang dalam rumah tersebut, kerana dia tidak mahu terjebak dengan Salleh.

Setelah dia pasti, tiada apa-apa pergerakkan, isteriku pun keluar sambil mengunci pintu biliknya untuk pergi mandi, dengan membawa tualanya. Pada sangkaan isteriku, mungkin pasangan tadi penat dan letih teramat lalu tertidur hingga tidak sedarkan diri. Tetapi, yang sebenarnya, Salleh sedang berada di dalam ruang tamu dan terselindung di suatu sudut yang gelap. Dia memerhatikan pergerakkan isteriku.

Selepas isteriku masuk ke bilik air, Salleh masuk kebiliknya dan mengambil kunci isterinya yang ada untuk semua bilik di rumah itu lalu menyelinap masuk ke dalam bilik isteriku. Dari cahaya lampu yang samar-samar terang, Salleh menggelidah almari pakaian dan mengambil coli hitam dan panties putih isteriku. Dia menghidu

bauan pada pakaian tersebut sambil sebelah tangannya mengusap batang koneknya. Sambil menghayati bauan pakaian tersebut, Salleh bergerak ke suatu sudut yang terlindung untuk bersembunyi sambil menanti kembalinya isteriku.

Seketika kemudian, isteriku pun kembali masuk ke bilik, tanpa menyedari kehadiran Salleh yang sedang bersembunyi. Isteriku yang tidak mengesyakki apa-apa, terus membuka tualanya lantas berbogel.

Sedang isteriku mengelap dengan rapi akan tubuhnya, keluarlah Salleh dari persembunyian lalu menerpa dan cuba memeluk isteriku dari belakang. Isteriku terjerit dan meronta untuk melepaskan dirinya. Salleh menekup mulut isteriku sambil memeluk erat tubuh isteriku yang sedang berbogel. Dia mengatakan ke telinga isteriku. “Hang toksah jeritlah….tarak sapa nak dengar”, lalu dilepaskan isteriku.

Isteriku berlari kesuatu sudut sambil menarik tuala yang jatuh, untuk menutup badannya.

“Bang Leh….apa nih… keluar…keluar…” bentak isteriku.

Tapi Salleh hanya tersenyum, sambil tangannya menjemput pakaian dalam isteriku yang tersangkut di belakang seluarnya ke batang hidungnya.

“Nanti Ita bagi tau Abang Mi dan Kakak… baru abang Salleh tau…” sergah isteriku lagi.

“Kakak hang dah tidoq tak sedaq kediri pasai letih, aku baru projek dengan dia. Mai la sayang, Abang boleh bagi hang seronok. Kita buat diam-diam, toksah bagi tau laki hang.. Nanti aku bagi duit kat hang..” jawab si Salleh.

“Abang Leh…Abang jangan buat lok lak kat adik..keluaq.. keluaq..la ni jugak, kalau tak, Ta jerit kuat-kuat biaq jiran dengaq..”.

“Okey..okeyylah…sayang…tapi kalau adik nak.. jangan malu bagi tau abang …kehh, pakaian dalam nih..abang ambik buat simpanan. Tapi ingat, satu hari nanti aku akan ajaq hang cukup-cukup. Hang belum kenai batang konek aku lagi…Satu lagi, hang kena ingat, kalau apa-apa terjadi kat laki hang tu, hang nak cari sapa tolong hang..nanti..” balas si Salleh sambil mengeluarkan handphonenya lalu merakam gambar isteriku.

Isteriku terdiam sambil menyembunyikan mukanya dari kamera handphone Salleh. Salleh meletakkan pakaian dalam isteriku di atas katil sambil merakam gambar dari handphonenya ke pakaian dalam tersebut dan kemudian ke muka isteriku semula, bagaikan menunjuk bahawa isteriku yang merelakan dia dibogelkan dan menanggalkan pakaiannya untuk dirinya.

“Sayanggg…., abang ambik bra dan seluaq dalam ni buat hadiah tanda kasih dari sayang…nah…..tq” kata Salleh.

Kemudian Salleh pun berlalu untuk keluar tapi isteriku cuba untuk merampas semula pakaian dan handphone dari Salleh, sambil sebelah tangannya menutup tubuhnya dengan tuala.

Salleh mengambil peluang tersebut untuk memeluk dan menggomol isteriku. Kemudian, ditolak dan direbahkan isteriku ke atas katil lalu mereka bergomol dan bergelut. Isteriku cuba menahan Salleh dari memeluk dan menciumnya, manakala, tangan Salleh pulak mencekup leher dan buah dada isteriku sambil mukanya dijunamkan ke leher isteriku. Isteriku cuba melawan sekuat mungkin tetapi, Salleh lebih gagah dan menindih isteriku.

Tangan Salleh mencekik leher isteriku, tangan yang satu lagi mengeluarkan batang koneknya yang telah tegang dari permukaan zip seluar yang telah sedia terbuka. Isteriku cuba menendang dan meronta, tapi tidak berdaya oleh kesesakan nafas dari cekikan Salleh.

Salleh cuba merodok batang koneknya ke bibir pantat isteriku tapi tidak berjaya dari tentangan tendangan kaki isteriku yang masih cuba melawan. Sekali tu, isteriku cuba menolak dan menumbuk muka Salleh, tapi ditangkap lalu dikilas tangan isteriku oleh Salleh. Isteriku mengerang kesakitan sambil mengikut arah kilasan tangannya.

Salleh mengambil peluang untuk mengilas dan mengalih badan isteriku agar meniarap. Isteriku terpaksa ikut dan mula meniarap. Lantas itu Salleh naik duduk di atas belakang pinggang dan tangannya menekan muka isteriku kepermukaan tilam. Tangan isteriku yang terkilas dilipat kebelakang tubuh isteriku. Isteriku mengerang kesakitan dan berhenti melawan.

Salleh mengambil peluang tersebut untuk bongkok ketelinga isteriku dan berkata, “Jangan melawan, nanti aku kilaih lagi tangan hang…”

Isteriku mengaduh dan cuba mengimbangi badannya yang dalam kesakitan, manakala Salleh pula cuba memperbetulkan badannya supaya batang koneknya berada diatas ponggong isteriku.

“Ta, hang jangan melawan, kalau kita bersatu pun, Suhaimi bukannya tau, dia tak tau punya, pasai hang bukannya dara lagi…alah…mai la kita sama-sama enjoy…aku dah lama geram kat puki hang nih..Aku akan buat pelan-pelan.. biaq kita sama-sama syok…okey?” kata Salleh sambil cuba memperbetul dan mengacukan pelirnya yang menjuih dari seluarnya, lalu mencari sasaran di celah ponggong isteriku.

“Arrr..rggghhhh…tak mau, tak mau…lepaihkan aku….”

”Huh..kalau hang tak mau, aku kilaih tangan hang nih..” tegas Salleh sambil menguatkan pulasan kilasan tangan isteriku.

“Arrgghhh…adoiii…sakit bang..nantih..nantihh….”

Salleh pun mereda kilasannya sambil mengambil nafas. Tiba-tiba terdengar bunyi handphone berdering. Salleh cuba mencari arah bunyi talipon.

“Abang, tu bunyi handpone saya…mesti abang Mi call tuh…” kata isteriku.

“Hah…mana handphone hang…”

“Bawah bantal tidor tuh..bagi saya jawab bang, nanti abang Mi syak sesuatu…” kata isteriku sambil memberi alasan.

“Nanti-nantih..biaq dia bunyi dulu…” balas Salleh sambil cuba memikir sesuatu.

Tiba-tiba Salleh menarik tangan dan rambut isteriku agar bergerak bangun dari katil dan menuju ke ampaian kain tudung. Isteriku menurut dalam kesakitan. Salleh mencapai beberapa helai kain skaf yang tersidai. Direbahkan isteriku ke katil lalu ditiarapkan. Tangan dan kaki isteriku diikat ke belakang. Sambil tu, handphone masih berdering. Mulut isteriku pun dipekup juga.

Salleh bangun semula dan pergi ke meja solek sambil mencari sesuatu yang tajam. Dicapainya gunting yang terdapat di situ kemudian dia mendapatkan semula isteriku. Handphone masih lagi berdering.

“Ta..sat lagi hang jawab handphone hang..Hang habaq kat laki hang yang hang nak pi buang ayaq sangat-sangat dah.. Ingat nih.. Kalau hang cakap lain dari tu, aku rodok gunting ni dalam burit hang. Kak hang pun aku akan cederakan nantih..ingat tuh..” tegas si Salleh.

Isteriku diam saja sambil memikirkan sesuatu. Deringan talipon berhenti bunyi. Salleh melentang tubuh isteriku, lalu menarik kedua kaki isteriku seterusnya diikat ke penjuru katil.

Setelah kaki isteriku diikat kejap, Salleh duduk di atas dada isteriku yang terlentang bogel lalu diikat kedua belah tangan isteriku ke hujung kepala katil pula. Isteriku kini terikat secara mendepa kaki dan tangannya sambil mulutnya masih dipekup oleh satu lagi kain selindang.

Salleh mencari handphone isteriku yang berada dibawah bantal. Bantal tersebut juga diambil lalu dialas ke bawah ponggong isteriku. Kini kedudukan kemaluan isteriku lebih tinggi dari baringannya.

Salleh bingkas bangun sambil memerhatikan isteriku yang berbogel dan terikat. Dia membuka dan melondehkan seluarnya. Direnungnya kemaluan dan dada isteriku dengan lahap sambil mengusap batang pelirnya. Isteriku mengalihkan pandangannya dari pandangan si Salleh.

Salleh kemudian meniarap diatas tubuh isteriku. Dia mencium pipi, leher dan menjilat ketiak isteriku. Isteriku pula cuba meronta.

“Ta, sat lagi bila laki hang call, hang habaq kat dia, kata hang nak pi toilet balik. Suruh dia call 10 minit kemudian…Aku janji, aku nak rasa puki hang sekali ni saja. Okey!.. sekali saja..Aku akan buat pelan-pelan supaya hang tak sakit, laki hang mesti tak perasan punya. …dan aku tak akan ganggu hang lagi”

Habis saja kata-kata Salleh tuh..handphone pun berbunyi. Salleh melihat no. panggilan ditalipon, lalu berkata “Ingat..kali ni saja, cakap tuh jangan macam orang takut…” rayu Salleh lalu ditarik kain pemekop mulut isteriku sambil meletakkan handphone kepipi isteriku. Salleh merenung tajam kemata isteriku. Isteriku bagaikan mengalah.

“Helo..haa..ahh…abang…, tak Ta ada kat toilet tadi..”

Salleh mengacu mata gunting keatas permukaan pantat isteriku tanda mengingatkannya. Ditenyeh sambil diulit-ulit besi yang tajam bersilau itu ke atas isi kemaluan isteriku yang sedikit tembam itu.

“Tak tak..okey..Ta sakit perut nih..sat lagi abang call balik yah…hah..hah..okeh… Abang I love you”

Salleh melihat status talian di handphone dan kemudian meletakkan handphone tersebut ditepi katil. Isteriku hairan kenapa Sa

[imuybemovoko]

so I made a language by putting proto-indo-european in a blender and leaving it on the liquefy setting for an afternoon

Yeah.

Today I'll be describing my hypothetical Indo-European conlang Bèhsráto. It's an isolate within the family, but there's considerable influence from Slavic languages, Latin, Greek, and a bit from Albanian and Hungarian, mostly in the form of loaned vocabulary.

PHONOLOGY

I made a lot of interesting decisions here.

Breathiness in vowels spreads forward in a word except when there's a consonant cluster, then it's blocked. ɴ arose from breathy vowels via rhinoglottophilia, i.e. V̤ > Ṽ > ɴ, in stressed syllables and at the end of words.

Consonant clusters can get a little crunchy, though at the beginning of words they're fairly limited to s or ʃ followed by a voiceless stop, z followed by a voiced stop, an obstruent and then a sonorant, a cluster of a stop and then a fricative of the same voicing, or just about any sequence of /x/ and then another consonant. For one example of a crunchier consonant cluster, the name of the language is pronounced [bɛ̤xsrɐtɔ]. Stress is ...weird, but typically on the penult (as here) or the antepenult.

Bèhsráto is a satem language, meaning the Proto-Indo-European palatal stops shifted to fricatives and affricates and the labiovelar *kʷ *gʷ *gʷʰ merged with k g gʰ. The word for hundred is státo [stɐto]. (For a while, the postalveolar affricates the palatal stop series yielded surfaced as retroflex sounds, and some very strange things happened to some of them, yielding these st- or zd- clusters.)

Another fun note: Bèhsráto retains the laryngeals from Proto-Indo-European as /x/ in some environments. This is where a lot of those weird initial clusters involving /x/ come from. *h₃mígʰleh₂ surfaces as hmáglej [xmɐglɛj] "fog", *h₃rḗǵs as hris [xris] "king", *h₂ékʷeh₂ as hakoj [xakɔj] "drinking water", and so on.

ORTHOGRAPHY

I decided to write this language with the latin script like a basic bitch. I'm kind of assuming it's spoken on the coast of the Black Sea, but I didn't put a ton of effort into the history, I was more interested in bullying the phonology and grammar until they took a new, strange form. I could justify using Cyrillic or Greek alphabet for this but I didn't want to think about it, so I simply didn't.

GRAMMAR

This is where I did some of my weirder things.

Bèhsráto is a topic-prominent language. It retains a nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative case in pronouns, but in most nouns there is only the direct (serving the roles of both nominative and accusative) and the indirect (a catch-all for all others, most often clarified via prepositions). Word order is topic-initial.

Here's the personal pronouns:

In ...most... of these, four cases remain distinct. The genitive serves double purpose as an ablative, and the dative is also a locative and instrumental.

The topic marker agrees in animacy, number, and case with the marked noun:

The topic marker developed from a historical definite article. The historical indefinite article developed into a sort of indirect particle that can apply to the indirect object for emphasis when it isn't the topic, singular form ojno, plural ojna.

Also here's the case endings:

Direct case means it's either the subject or the object; indirect case means it's anything else. The direct case is a -j suffix when the noun ends in o, else it shifts any final vowel to o or is a suffix. Adjectives agree to the noun in case and number, i.e. șrego "darkness" en șregoj in darkness-IND "in darkness" en țonákoj șregoj in hellish-IND darkness-IND "in hellish darkness" (these examples are very My Immortal, I know, don't @ me)

The verb agrees to the topic of the sentence and so has direct and inverse endings to mark which is the agent and which is the patient. More on that later. For now let me crack out a few example sentences to explain just what is going on here:

Sa testu teset legâsna TOP.DIR carpenter make-PST.3S.DIR bed "The carpenter made a bed"

Tod legâsna testor testu TOP.DIR bed make-PST.3S.INV carpenter "It was a bed that the carpenter made"

Basically, since word order is determined by the topic and not by who's doing what, the verb has different endings to determine which noun serves which role.

Now let's do something with an indirect object:

Sa hmoj dâgantèr zgome esto per ojno dzero TOP.DIR 1S.GEN daughter ride-3S.IPFV.DIR horse through IND gate-IND "My daughter is riding a horse through the gate"

The particle "ojno" here adds a degree of specificity and secondary emphasis to the noun it's marking; this is an example of the way the indirect case operates, where it's part of the constructions that use prepositions.

Now let's mark this gate as the topic:

Per tod dzero hmoj dâgantèr zgome esto. through TOP.DIR gate-IND 1S.GEN daughter ride-3S.IPFV.DIR horse "Through the gate is where my daughter is riding a horse"

In this case, the indirect object is fronted and the old SVO default word order is returned.

Now let's get into some of the uses of the indirect case.

The possessive construction uses the preposition hapo "off, away" and places the possessor noun in the indirect case, i.e. hneumo hapo táranoj "the name of the tyrant".

Other constructions that deal in origin use the preposition haz "from", i.e. záuro haz poloj "the man from the city"

There's a benefactive-type construction using the preposition pro "leading to", i.e. dèștâ pro Aținoj "altar for Athena"

There's a locative construction using en "in", i.e. en Ațínoj "in Athens" (btw that's not a typo, the name of the city and the name of the goddess are a minimal pair of /ɨ/ and /i/)

There are two instrumental-type constructions, one for a living thing and one for a tool: jágo estoj "with a horse"; zájzdo nehábâ "with boats". (It took me this long to use literally any plural? shame.)

So that's basically nouns.

VERBS

I'm going to drop tables for the direct endings and the inverse endings, and then things get weird. Basically these are suffixes, but they'll tend to replace the last vowel of the root. Not always, but often.

Direct endings:

"Subjunctive 1" refers to the fact that I have two things I couldn't come up with a better label for than "Subjunctive" and the number just differentiates between them. Subjunctive 1 is a bit softer, deals in hopes, preferences, etc, in a way that's adjacent but distinct from the optative, and subjunctive 2 is needs, ought statements, etc.

"Direct" here means that the topic is also the subject, or that the topic is the indirect object and the order of subject, object, and verb is the default SVO.

Inverse endings:

"Inverse" here means the topic is the object. The personal agreement is still based on the subject of the sentence, but this means it's not the topic.

Now, there are several tenses that affix after these endings:

Example: Ṣediștâ eat-3S.DIR-SUBJ2 "He needs to eat" (Note here that the t in the 3S.DIR ending, normally -ti-, is lost here because of the voiced stop.)

These five suffixes are actually derived from converbs, which function in a rather similar way.

CONVERBS

Here's each converb suffix and its main meaning:

These can have broader meanings than the above; I just listed the basic ones to save a bit of space here. Going into what each of these does would be annoying as hell for the purposes of a post like this. Anyway, let's crack out an example sentence or two:

Ṣedáneutá hmá, taj haște ze stejgìr ha ojno bèjzdo. eat-3P.DIR-CONV.instead 1S.ACC TOP.P bear-P REFL.IND climb-3P.IPFV.DIR on IND.S hill-IND "Instead of eating me, the bears are climbing on a hill."

(I use the reflexive and a locative construction here because the verb stejgè "climb, march" doesn't take an object, and specifically the indirect reflexive because they're using their body to do an action and not really doing it to themselves.)

Zorozmautá, zdo tetol hmoj zdensèrè ne henáko. stir-1S-CONV.NEG.SUBJ 1S.NOM hold.up-1S.DIR.PST 1S.GEN hand-P NEG breathe-1S.DIR-and "Needing not to move, I held up my hands and didn't breathe"

(When they are subject, pronouns are by default the topic and need not be marked if in topic position. Also, the suffix -ko is "and" or "any", and the suffix -zi means "or", and these can apply to nouns, verbs, and adjectives. Also, particle ne is one of the negation pathways. There are three, more on that later.)

AUXILIARY VERBS

There are two auxiliary verbs, bỳh "to become" for the future tense and hajs "to have, to obtain" for the past perfect tense. The auxiliary verbs take the endings and the main verb is in participle form. An example of each:

Zdo bỳhoz hládòt h'Afroditeu en Sofijo 1S FUT.1S.DIR.PERF arrive-PTCP.DIR on Friday in Sofia-INDIR "I will arrive in Sofia on Friday"

(Here the preposition ha "on" is cliticized. That happens with initial vowels. Also, weekdays are derived from the names of Greek gods. Aphrodite gets Friday. A note that's not super relevant to this example but seems useful to include: Saturday, Kroníu, can also be Síbota, or "sabbath", and which is used varies some by region but Síbota is universally far more popular among devout followers of Abrahamic religions.)

Sa Aleksada hajsti zejdot sjo zásto. TOP.DIR Alexander have-3S.DIR find-PTCP 3S.GEN dog "Alexander has found his dog."

NEGATION

There are three forms of negation. The general one is the particle ne. It negates verbs, serves as an answer, etc.

Another, now primarily a derivational form, is the prefix o(n)-, meaning "without", "not", etc. Example: zásteto "holy", ozásteto "unholy"

The third is the command form, the particle ma. Example:

Ma se zejdâ! NEG.IMP REFL tremble-2S.IMP.DIR lit. "Do not tremble", basically "B̴̻̐͑̚Ȇ̵̱͔͘͜ ̵̳͂Ṉ̷̙͑͘O̶͎̫̮̾T̴̪̺̉̈́ ̷̬͕̬̔Ã̷̛̜͒Ḟ̸̳̺̯R̶̝̒̈Ȃ̵͉͓̎̒I̷̠͚͊̓D̴̡͛̇͘͜" as a biblical angel might say. bèjà is a general term for "to fear, to be afraid"; se zejb- is a way of saying the same thing that is intense and often has religious connotations.

INTERROGATIVES

it question tiemn binch

That's right, we have quite a stack of question words. Several that take more than one word in English, and singular and plural forms. The question word is generally going to be the first thing in the sentence.

kí/ko here is a term that shows up in questions that aren't covered by these others or can function as "What?" as in asking for clarification, repetition, etc.

A couple of examples:

Kosmud gomosi? where.from come-2S.DIR "From where have you come?"

Ska sa proruka șesti? who TOP.DIR prophet be-3S.DIR

RELATIVE CLAUSES

Relative clauses use the relative pronoun, singular jo plural je, and sometimes an appropriate interrogative. I'll give just one example because anything is able to be relativized.

Example:

Taj goneje je zejd hmoj hagno hajsir zesezo halbè zeste TOP.DIR woman-P.DIR REL.P find-PST.3P.DIR have-IPFV.DIR.3P wear-PTCP.IPFV white-P clothes-P "The women who found my lamb were wearing white clothes"

It's technically also correct to render this as Taj goneje je kítaj zejd hmoj hagno but it's not mandatory.

REFLEXIVES

There are two reflexive, a direct and an indirect one, se and ze respectively.

Let's bring back the times I used these and talk about the reflexives specifically a little bit more.

Ma se zejdâ! NEG.IMP REFL tremble-2S.IMP.DIR "Be not afraid!"

Se is used for an action done directly and consciously to oneself; in this case, since when angels issue this as a command it implies agency over one's own fear, it qualifies.

Ṣedáneutá hmá, taj haște ze stejgìr ha ojno bèjzdo. eat-3P.DIR-CONV.instead 1S.ACC TOP.P bear-P REFL.IND climb-3P.IPFV.DIR on IND.S hill-IND "Instead of eating me, the bears are climbing on a hill."

Ze carries less intentionality in contexts like the above, but is also an indirect form. The action is, in this case, technically without object, so you use the indirect reflexive.

And that basically sums this thing up. Here's a translation I had a lot of fun with.

Cave Johnson's announcement about mantis men

Ysmá je benhpreste pro taj DNAje hapo bugolmoka inikermedà zej, zdo taj zese zerde trejsteko dàr. DAT.2P REL.P volunteer-2P.PST.DIR towards TOP.P DNA.P off mantis inject-1P.SUBJ.INV 1P | 1S TOP.P excellent.P word-P sad.P-and give-1S.INV To you who volunteered so that we would inject you with the DNA from a praying mantis, I give happy words and sad ones.

Trejstá, taj teste prolatomosdàștâ hed telo hapo tímpo. sad TOP.DIR.P test-P delay-1P.INV-SUBJ2 until end off time.IND Sadly, we must delay those tests until the end of time.

Zesá, sa nezo test hajsmosdà ysmá: Jy bỳhțe keutásnezo serkáty zdánáto bugolmoke-záure. excellent TOP.DIR new test have-1P.INV 2P.DAT | 2P become-2P.DIR.IPFV fight-DIR.IPFV.PTCP army made.of mantis-P man-P Happily, we have a new test for you: You will be fighting an army made of mantis men.

Gàbàdâ pușka; sa zdèlò șejter seksadâ. take-2S.IMP rifle | TOP.DIR yellow path follow-IMP.INV.2S Take a rifle; follow the yellow line.

Ty bỳhsi zojdot jo kídeh sa test kene. 2S become-2S.DIR know-PTCP.DIR REL when TOP.DIR test begin-3S.IPFV.DIR You will know when the test is starting.

[tiny-pteranodon]

Sanskrit shares many Proto-Indo-European phonological features, although it features a larger inventory of distinct phonemes. The consonantal system is the same, though it systematically enlarged the inventory of distinct sounds. For example, Sanskrit added a voiceless aspirated "tʰ", to the voiceless "t", voiced "d" and voiced aspirated "dʰ" found in PIE languages.[213] The most significant and distinctive phonological development in Sanskrit is vowel merger.[213] The short *e, *o and *a, all merge as a (अ) in Sanskrit, while long *ē, *ō and *ā, all merge as long ā (आ). Compare Sanskrit nāman to Latin nōmen. These mergers occurred very early and significantly impacted Sanskrit's morphological system.[213] Some phonological developments in it mirror those in other PIE languages. For example, the labiovelars merged with the plain velars as in other satem languages. The secondary palatalization of the resulting segments is more thorough and systematic within Sanskrit.[213] A series of retroflex dental stops were innovated in Sanskrit to more thoroughly articulate sounds for clarity. For example, unlike the loss of the morphological clarity from vowel contraction that is found in early Greek and related southeast European languages, Sanskrit deployed *y, *w, and *s intervocalically to provide morphological clarity.

omg love this

its so cool, to see how things happened,

finally got an explanation for why all others have o (foot, pod, etc) while sanskrit has pad

[merripestin]

So, in another 500 years everybody's favorite Pop Linguistics Fact is going to be that the reason the Western Lakota Dialect pronounces their verbs Like That is that Chris Evans' best try at nasalized vowels were a bit dodgy, and a certain population learned their Lakota off watching dubbed english movies, or something.

Am I saying that the centum/satem split could, equally, be because of some local Indo-European storyteller's fat tits and speech impediment? I'm not not saying that.

This is super neat! The Lakota nation and Marvel have released a version of The Avengers dubbed in Lakota, but with the original Avenger actors involved to record their own lines in Lakota. This seems like a cool way to build awareness of an endangered language and give speakers and learners something fun to watch. Plenty of actual Lakota speakers were involved for other roles as well as coaching.

Here's a behind the scenes video from the article:

[linguisticdiscovery]

Hittite

In the 1800s archaeologists discovered cuneiform tablets written in an unknown language which they named Hittite.

In the language, Hittite is called 𒌷𒉌𒅆𒇷 nišili ��the language of the city of Neša’.

In 1902 and 1915, Hittite was shown to be a previously-unknown member of the Indo-European language family, which was remarkable for several reasons:

The Hittite tablets remain to this day the oldest written records of any Indo-European language.

Hittite lacks masculine and feminine grammatical gender like most other Indo-European languages. Instead it contrasted animate vs. inanimate nouns, providing an important piece of evidence that Proto-Indo-European too only distinguished animate vs. inanimate nouns but not masculine vs. feminine.

In 1879, linguist Ferdinand de Saussure suggested that Proto-Indo-European (the first Indo-European language) had a type of sound called a laryngeal consonant, but that this sound had disappeared from all the surviving descendant languages, leaving only subtle traces on the sounds around them. This hypothesis went unproven until the discovery of the Hittite tablets, which contained exactly the laryngeal sounds that Saussure had predicted—a remarkable confirmation of his hypothesis.

Indo-European was traditionally divided between east and west into centum and satem languages (the words for ‘hundred’ in Latin and Avestan respectively), based on whether they retained the initial /k/ sound (centum languages) or had changed to an /s/ sound (satem languages). Hittite, however, is a centum language with /k/s even though it is located to the east in the satem area. This fact (and the discovery of Tocharian, another exception) forced linguists to rethink the east-west division and instead posit that the change from /k/ > /s/ started in the center of the family and spread outward like a wave.

If you’re interested in learning more about the history of the Indo-European language family, my book recommendation is The horse, the wheel, and language:

[senzacaponecoda]

I was reading Olander's 2022 book on IE phylogentics and my glottalic theory partial mind started wandering

I'm wondering to myself how much the stops might have been varying as groups broke off. Like

Original PIA was like

T D DH

th t d

Anatolian broke off, merging t, d, spelling th tt and t t

Core IE stuff happens

Tocharian breaks off, gets Uralic'd, ends up with just one series

Germanic breaks off, and Grimm's Law is actually a much simpler th -> [theta] shift

Then some VOT shenanigans happen, moving forward for each series. Ultimately wants th > t > d > ~d where ~ is some anticipatory feature

Balkan and Italo-Celtic break off during this.

Italo-Celtic sees t d ð.

Armenian actually before, so CArm retains the conservative th t d system. Albanian sees the full shift. Graeco-Phrygian is the hard part for me, but it seems like Phrygian merged the [th t], d into t, d, so maybe Greek got to t d ~d.

Balto-Slavic sees that complete, ~ being the basis of Winter's law

Then what remains is basically Indo-Nuristani-Iranian. Scythian trade and just heavy contact spread satemization back west and north. Maybe under early influence of IIr Greek turns ~d into dh and then turns it into th in the historical period, while IIr builds th from different sources

[444names]

Names generated from backwards Roman deities, emperor forenames, and locations

Aasiv Abatur Abluj Aborp Acaasid Acaihccoh Acatorutrav Adnainoliv Adrahcirac Aedif Aednotces Aenairap Aennaidra Aercalucaoj Aercam Aeriuqa Aertep Aervireirt Aiamop Aibla Aicilois Aicilov Aicrev Aicsi Aiculop Aidrotareh Aidubag Aihccalev Aihparbus Ailihp Ailisoiv Ailitnepmet Ailop Ailubob Ailucreg Aimetidivon Ainaol Aingacre Ainil Ainoc Ainom Ainomorp Ainop Ainov Ainudieves Aipac Aipekip Airac Airag Airasuid Airborof Airbyc Airbylg Airdnev Airev Airfa Airivane Airroc Airtsuirts Aisaticsnav Aitaciloip Aitadrof Aitalor Aitnaih Aitnaimalu Aitneop Aitnitiluv Aitsa Aitselag Aitsune Aivoj Alebaf Allop Alopa Alurodnota Anaclab Anaipuj Anatodnam Anevaitiri Angam Angav Anicsatol Anillo Animehta Animel Animitneal Animrecev Aninircalop Aninoto Anirbobef Aniriv Anirolleop Anitaealcs Anitinom Anitnac Anitnatret Anitneriuq Anitnev Anits Anmac Anmacab Anmorpeh Anmuisab Annab Annairb Annairoc Annam Annav Annemaf Annes Anocoh Anoel Anolf Anolurorda Anonutlop Anorp Anreh Anrolleop Anrudoelav Anruf Anulos Anuniruf Anunorp Anutibil Anututreal Arefnolf Arefsup Arehtnuj Areluv Aromixan Aronrop Arrep Arucirtelac Asatsep Ataeop Ataer Atarecullep Atealc Atelaf Atimets Atitsuc Ativonmut Ativonutuj Atnullab Atriv Atsara Atsnes Atsurom Atumaluge Atures Autirt Avrnes Azneareht Aznev...

Divonoc Eacnircab Eainol Eairolitnev Ealatseip Ealeda Eanem Eanolkarev Earaca Earen Earud Easeg Easelavreh Eausnolf Ecoivoisoh Ecorua Elacalus Enaxelaveb Enolf Enrua Enrud Enrudoeh Etaram Etemremreb Etnora Etotra Etpeah Iibil Iiblaf Iledivoniv Illop Ineirc Irudoeht Itnemam Itnev Izzip Mucrea Mucsi Mucsitcanaj Mudirt Mudivoj Muidep Muidor Muileul Muimreh Muimremac Muinocsnoc Muirot Muirotcail Muirp Muita Muitel Muitner Muitnev Muits Mulac Mulleop Mullert Mulocal Mulop Munam Munem Mungav Munilc Munirc Munitna Munul Murbylop Murfanome Murotim Murtsnaid Mutnadup Mutnamos Mutnez Mutroc Mutrop Mutuj Mutumirop Muvonomi Muvoreh Nabober Nacav Nainimrem Nainol Nainom Naipacal Nairborua Naireg Nairet Nairev Nairotatreh Nairt Naits Naixniro Nallos Naonilo Napmetpeh Nicipup Nidnolodoel Nirof Noehtop Norac Nrocnotros Oglub Oglubagna Oidnainad Oieve Oipac Oisatiuq Oivaira Oivanoc Oived Oiviriv Olladep Olletiv Onelc Onmora Onrotnev Onrucnotnac Otadep Rebilihc Relebag Renid Rodoed Rorehtanep Rotart Rotop Sablac Sablub Sabrol Sabrop Sacsnap Sanasua Sanegnommop Sanirrac Sanolkareip Sarem Sarutnajam Satalop Satamiles Satem Satibag Satic Satid Satidnom Satif Satoraca Satsneg Seacirucreh Sealevnor Secailacaer Seeauqa Sehtallop Seihpo Selcsidauq Semamac Semed Senrud Senucilev Serud Servid Setnemra Sevugibag Sevuj Sideanualc Sidnairotim Sidomixel Siluseipup Simafemram Simorebilev Sinotarac Sirahccoh Sisop Sitas Sitned Sitnevebaf Sitnir Sivirda Sivodom Snaihpo Snait Snednul Snobud Snonoc Sodid Sodsatac Soirasodrop Soisategac Soitis Soivob Soixelc Soixniras Sokinom Solleoz Sonorp Sonucrac Sonuled Sroatenrua Srogera Srossertsea Srotaduatic Srotarodoel Srotcaoj Sucaac Sucallop Sucen Sucidnoh Sucirotara Sucret Sugal Sugamiref Sugibbo Suicsat Suidneda Suilefnoc Suiliuqeah Suillem Suillov Suillovana Suilpil Suinednolc Suinitiro Suiniv Suira Suirbubag Suireh Suirello Suiroc Suirp Suirucrohp Suisolleoc Suitnainof Suitnilg Suitnuj Sulav Sulleul Sullev Sullitna Sulorp Suluc Sulumorda Sunad Sunainol Sunaittum Suneiparac Suneoc Sunez Sungave Sunicevuj Sunics Sunid Sunilor Suninos Suniraireh Suniram Sunirolf Sunirts Sunitnobub Sunitym Sunmam Sunmoc Sunmunmuez Sunoc Sunud Sunudoeht Sunutimaf Supaisatsa Suraborp Suras Surfa Sutanrehtop Sutaracaira Sutiram Sutirt Sutiruc Sutloixam Sutnomera Sutrob Sutrova Sutugavojam Sutur Suudoelap Xamorev Xaniral Xannatirem Xonedid Xonor Xonrutidup Yrucilleb Ùlavebilap