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brookstonalmanac · 10 months ago

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Events 4.19 (after 1940)

1942 – World War II: In German-occupied Poland, the Majdan-Tatarski ghetto is established, situated between the Lublin Ghetto and a Majdanek subcamp. 1943 – World War II: In German-occupied Poland, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising begins, after German troops enter the Warsaw Ghetto to round up the remaining Jews. 1943 – Albert Hofmann deliberately doses himself with LSD for the first time, three days after having discovered its effects on April 16, an event commonly known and celebrated as Bicycle Day. 1956 – Actress Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier of Monaco. 1960 – Students in South Korea hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest against president Syngman Rhee, eventually forcing him to resign. 1971 – Sierra Leone becomes a republic, and Siaka Stevens the president. 1971 – Launch of Salyut 1, the first space station. 1971 – Charles Manson is sentenced to death (later commuted to life imprisonment) for conspiracy in the Tate–LaBianca murders. 1973 – The Portuguese Socialist Party is founded in the German town of Bad Münstereifel. 1975 – India's first satellite Aryabhata launched in orbit from Kapustin Yar, Russia. 1975 – South Vietnamese forces withdrew from the town of Xuan Loc in the last major battle of the Vietnam War. 1976 – A violent F5 tornado strikes around Brownwood, Texas, injuring 11 people. Two people were thrown at least 1,000 yards (910 m) by the tornado and survived uninjured. 1984 – Advance Australia Fair is proclaimed as Australia's national anthem, and green and gold as the national colours. 1985 – Two hundred ATF and FBI agents lay siege to the compound of the white supremacist survivalist group The Covenant, the Sword, and the Arm of the Lord in Arkansas; the CSA surrenders two days later. 1987 – The Simpsons first appear as a series of shorts on The Tracey Ullman Show, first starting with "Good Night". 1989 – A gun turret explodes on the USS Iowa, killing 47 sailors. 1993 – The 51-day FBI siege of the Branch Davidian building in Waco, Texas, USA, ends when a fire breaks out. Seventy-six Davidians, including 18 children under age 10, died in the fire. 1995 – Oklahoma City bombing: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, USA, is bombed, killing 168 people including 19 children under the age of six. 1999 – The German Bundestag returns to Berlin. 2000 – Air Philippines Flight 541 crashes in Samal, Davao del Norte, killing all 131 people on board. 2001 – Space Shuttle Endeavour is launched on STS-100 carrying the Canadarm2 to the International Space Station. 2005 – Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger is elected to the papacy and becomes Pope Benedict XVI. 2011 – Fidel Castro resigns as First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba after holding the title since July 1961. 2013 – Boston Marathon bombing suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev is killed in a shootout with police. His brother Dzhokhar is later captured hiding in a boat inside a backyard in the suburb of Watertown. 2020 – A killing spree in Nova Scotia, Canada, leaves 22 people and the perpetrator dead, making it the deadliest rampage in the country's history. 2021 – The Ingenuity helicopter becomes the first aircraft to achieve flight on another planet.

#Events

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mmoxie · 2 years ago

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Staring at the iceberg for too long, I'm starting to see a connection between Abrupt Coordinate Totality Event, Earth Was Moved, and The Easy Chair.

Good eye! So, all three of these represent a sort of dimensional issue, which is common in the space around Earth, and less common the further you move away from its gravitational field.

To start, an ACTE is an event that has a similar reputation to spontaneous human combustion- those that claim to have witnessed it typically only see the aftermath. During an ACTE, two objects with fixed coordinates on different dimensional planes will align on one or more planes- and both will attempt to occupy the space.

A good example of this would be a "demonic possession." A human being with predictable X, Y, and Z coordinates in three-dimensional space and a being with predictable W, X, and Y coordinates in four-dimensional space might undergo an ACTE when their X and Y coordinates align.

Because both entities have a unique, unaffected coordinate which roots them to their base dimension, they overlap, rather than destroying one another. This is bad for both of them, medically speaking, and the entanglement will last until a third party on either side can manually separate the affected entities.

Pivoting from this into the "Earth Was Moved" theory, some astronomers have reason to believe that ancient Earth cultures saw and recorded a different sky entirely. This intersects (lmao) with the ACTE phenomenon by way of another idea in these circles- that Earth was either moved to a more volatile place in space in order to provoke ACTE events, or that it was moved from an extremely volatile place in space, and the ACTE events we see now are the least we can manage.

Evidence for the movement of the Earth is slim, but not completely immaterial- astronomers and geologists interested in proving this theory point to "out-of-place artifacts" such as spark plugs in the fossil record, the Antikythera mechanism, and the Lake Winnepesaukee mystery stone as indicators of uncertainty in time and place caused by the deliberate movement of the planet.

On the other end of this theory is The Easy Chair, an object that is certainly out of place, but unverifiable by modern human tools. Two groups- both active between 1959 and 1982- "The SLAPP" and the "Cocaine Engineers," claim to have witnessed The Easy Chair under entirely different circumstances.

An overstuffed brown corduroy chair is said to drift in the exogalactic void between the Milky Way and Andromeda, completely independent in every direction for numerous light years, unlit and undetectable. This account of the chair comes from two written records left by SLAPP members who claim to have visited and experienced a sudden, intense sense of dread and of being observed.

The Cocaine Engineers used data gathered by The SLAPP to create a device capable of bouncing a signal off of the slowly-growing population of objects surrounding Earth during the space race. In 1974, using the position of the Soviet space station Salyut 1, they deflected a condensed burst of "radio-gravitic" waves off of the station's hull and in the direction of the chair.

In 1981, this rad-grav packet- which constantly accelerated over its 7-year journey- allegedly reached its target, suddenly producing output on the Cocaine Engineers' Xerox Alto. Its word processor, Bravo, was left open, and began filling with hundreds of pages of nonsense text.

The Engineers recorded as much text as they could until the receiving aerial for the rad-grav signal began to glow white-hot and started a small fire in the back yard of their Columbus, Ohio research compound.

Over the next six months, they picked through the data burst and picked out four distinct lines of text. These were originally Akkadian phonemes, which were then translated into English:

[...worked hard for this...]

[no interest in this [untranslatable] noise]

[...your hands, and clap]

[find your own guzza*]

"Guzza" is a common Sumerian word for chair, which appears in the document intercepted by the Xerox Alto no less than 16,000 times.

These four lines repeated roughly every three pages, surrounded by unbroken lines of unreadable nonsense.

Despite the abrupt breakup of the Cocaine Engineers at the beginning of the Reagan administration, their data was handed off to remaining members of The SLAPP, who have done no additional research- but have kept the documents safe.

So! It's not exactly a clean linear path, but that's the connection you're finding between ACTE, the idea that Earth was moved, and the mythical Easy Chair. The first describes the mechanism evident in the other two!

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sovietcatgirlsoldierprogram · 2 years ago

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Several Salyut space stations, I think they are Salyut 1, Salyut 4 and Salyut 7, Salyut 4 is the one with two spacecraft at each end, Salyut 7 is the one with the large extra module at the end, that module being a test TKS spacecraft. And Salyut 1 being the grainy black and white one. The Salyut program created the first space stations in history, launching Salyut 1 in 1971, visited unsuccessfully by Soyuz 10, and visited by the ill fated Soyuz 11. The Salyut program was run by the Soviet Space Program, a mixture of military and more civilian space stations. It’s legacy lasts all the way to today. With the design of the Salyut stations being very similar to modern russian space station modules, including those on the future R.O.S.S station and Russian lunar station.

Some internal views of Salyut 4, being early stations, they could be rather cramped, with crew spending up to eight months on the later stations. They proved vital in proving technologies and that long term human living in space was possible. However it was not all rainbows and starlight. The Salyut stations had several tech issues and some stations failed to reach orbit. And most tragic, the first crew to man a space station, Soyuz 11, had their spacecraft depressurize above the karman line in space, resulting i the deaths of all three crew in seconds. All three posthumously received the title of Hero Of The Soviet Union. The then model of Soyuz was cramped in order to fit three crew, so cramped crew could not wear pressure suits, with fatal consequences. The Soyuz spacecraft was grounded for two years after the tragic incident. The craft would receive a major redesign, lowering crew capacity to 2, but allowing the use of pressure suits and over all more safety features. The Soyuz is still in use today, though more modern versions are what carry crew to the ISS today. The Soyuz is commonly regarded as the safest way to reach space, with around 150 successful flights.

Subject your Followers to your favorite Stupid Bullshit.

#soviet space program

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zack4x4 · 1 month ago

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Tragedia de la Soyuz 11

Di lo que sabes sobre el año en el que naciste. Tragedia de la Soyuz 11: Los cosmonautas Gueorgui Dobrovolski, Vladislav Vólkov y Viktor Patsayev, quienes habían sido los primeros en habitar la Salyut 1, murieron durante el regreso a la Tierra. La causa fue una despresurización de la cápsula Soyuz 11, lo que resultó en su asfixia. Una muy mala noticia Tragedia de la Soyuz 11 El Nacimiento de…

#dailyprompt #dailyprompt-2161

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joshuawister · 4 months ago

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Kalevite Kange Rahvas -IT Tales from Soviet Estonia- Chapter 1 "C language" (novel)

Kalevite Kange Rahvas -IT tales from Soviet Estonia-

Chapter 1 ”C Language”

Tallinn State Institute of Cybernetics, Estonia 1975

The computer room’s toasty and black displays of BESM supercomputers lit in orange. A lady with brown hair in white coat wrote on the black board: “printf("Hello, World!")”

The campus of State Institute of Cybernetics is located in front of Akadeemia Road in Tallinn, as a part of Tallinn State University. This laboratory prioritizes research in Information Technology for development of computer networks and Artificial Intelligence under the supervision of the state-level Academy of Sciences.

It is recognized, in Estonia, and in the whole Soviet territory of Occupier, as the center of Information Technology. This country Estonia, formally called “Eesti NSV” (Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic), is the IT hub of Eastern Bloc for heated technology competition during this Cold War with Western world… At least, the Central Government tells us in this way.

“Halloo, wonderful Krõõt! News for you.” The professor came. “Sorry, I’m busy coding…” I complained, then the professor sighed with a big gesture. “As you know, Our motherland is chosen to hold the next Olympiad. Isn’t it good news?” “Of course I understood. But it’s in Russia, not in my motherland though.” I’ve heard the 1980 Olympiad will be held in Moscow. Central TV was crazy to report this so many times as if I felt the special programs were aired every day last year. “Hey, hear me out. It’s to be held in YOUR city of Tallinn… it’s the victory of people!” I’m bored with such flattery. “Return 0;” I'm especially bored by those HIGH-LEVELs following the template of state propaganda.

“By the way, are you so free to write strange code on the board, comrade?” The boss dispatched from Leningrad asked me, it’s normal for such a guy working as a professor of Tallinn State University. I stopped “coding” then wrote and showed him the alphabet “C”… “Haha, you’re trying to joke with me about the Cyrillic alphabet Es? What does it stand for?” The guy is still laughing. “This C language is a new invention in Ameerika… I expected that our professor already knew it in depth.” “Why do we always NEED to know every Western invention? Pascal, ALGOL, BASIC, FORTLAN, PL/I and LISP… they already gave us too much!” He continued complaining: “Krõõt, we’re not students nor testers for Western technology… Do our business!” “Yeah, I remember whatta report to my boss. Will you come this way?”

Of course, the progress is needed in space projects. I left the black board and computers and accompanied by the professor, to the office room.

On the corridor to the office room, there are displays about technological events such as projects of space exploration and national-level networks.

“As you know, our project not only needs hardware seen here, but also software. The report I gathered will tell us obviously…” I pointed at a device, which is made in Estonia; The space station Salyut is equipped with a shining night clouds observer device called Mikron, so we see panels about space science placed here. “Krõõt, what do you mean by taking me to the office?” “I have documents to show you.”

As soon as we arrived at the office, I took documents clipped to one piece from a cabinet. “Time to do our business, just in a minute…” The code name Mars is written on the top. Literally it’s about the flight to Mars: no need to hide it because everyone knows we sent a dozen of spacecraft to the Red Planet. “Look at these new pages, professor.” I showed him a bundle of documents whose page color is different from the older one already changed to faded khaki. “K-G-B?” He scanned the details of new papers received. “Yes, my friend in KGB gave me this document. According to this, the American space agency is accelerating the programming in Space development by unification of codes…” I showed him a sample code written in C language. “This is the textbook used for their higher education. Already taught there.” After he read those tutorials said: “Well, so you study that strange code on black board?” He pointed at the outside of the office door, in the direction of the computer room. Looked like he’s guessing what I meant, so I nodded and replied. “Yes, it’s the key to State of the Art !”

“Sorry for bothering my comrade. Please go on to study C…” Finally, this professor nodded and walked to the office door. “Ask your friend to bring more codes here and you read, davai!”

#history #illustration #soviet #europe #ussr #coldwar #fiction #novel #spy #space #estonia #america #russia

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gonzalo-obes · 7 months ago

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IMAGENES Y DATOS INTERESANTES DEL DIA 30 DE JUNIO DE 2024

Día Internacional de los Asteroides, Día de las Redes Sociales, Día Internacional del Parlamentarismo, Día Mundial de la Artrogriposis Múltiple Congénita, Día Mundial de la Pipirrana, Año Internacional de los Camélidos.

San León, San Marcial, Santa Lucina, Santa Adalsinda y Santa Adilia.

Tal día como hoy en el año 2009

Aun avión Airbus de la compañía Air Yemenia que cubría el trayecto de Saná a Comoras cae en el océano Índico, de las 153 personas que iban a bordo sólo una niña es rescatada con vida.

2000

En el Festival de Roskilde (Dinamarca), durante la actuación del grupo Pearl Jam, mueren aplastadas nueve personas.

1971

Tras realizar un perfecto aterrizaje en Kazajstán (Unión Soviética), los tres cosmonautas rusos (Teniente Coronel Georgi Dobrovolsky, Vladislav Volkov y Viktor Patsayev) de la nave "Soyuz 11" son hallados muertos en el interior de la cápsula sin aparentes lesiones físicas. La investigación posterior llegará a la conclusión de que los tres cosmonautas murieron por un fatal aumento de su presión arterial, causada cuando la cabina se despresurizó rápidamente, debido a un escape de aire a través de un agujero creado en el momento que la cápsula se separó del módulo de servicio poco antes del aterrizaje. La tripulación había logrado un récord de permanencia en el espacio de 24 días, durante los que se acoplaron a la estación espacial "Salyut 1". Al principio se pensó que tan larga estancia podía estar vinculada con las causas de su muerte. (Hace 53 años)

1960

El Congo Belga alcanza la independencia de Bélgica bajo el nombre de República Democrática del Congo. Días después estallará una revuelta y Bélgica enviará tropas sin consentimiento del nuevo Gobierno con el objetivo de restaurar el orden público y proteger a los ciudadanos belgas que aún permanecen en el país. (Hace 64 años)

1934

En Alemania tiene lugar la "Noche de los Cuchillos Largos" en la que, por orden de Hitler, son asesinados o arrestados los principales dirigentes de las Sturmabteilung (SA). (Hace 90 años)

1908

Cerca del río Podkamennaya Tunguska, en Siberia central, tiene lugar una enorme explosión aérea, presumiblemente causada por un fragmento de cometa formado por hielo que, al estallar en la atmósfera terrestre, arrasa unos 2.000 km2 de bosques de pinos. (Hace 116 años)

1898

En Filipinas, una patrulla rutinaria mandada por Saturnino Martín Cerezo cae en una emboscada de los insurgentes filipinos, a cuyo frente va Teodorico Novicio Luna. Los españoles se refugian en la iglesia del pueblo de Baler, al ser el edificio más sólido y que mejor defensa puede tener en caso de prolongarse la situación. Acaba de comenzar el sitio de "los úlitmos de Filipinas" que se prolongará 337 días. Finalmente, el 2 de junio de 1899, el destacamento español se rendirá. Las autoridades filipinas aceptarán la capitulación y permitirán su repatriación a España. El presidente filipino Aguinaldo emitirá un decreto exaltando su valor. (Hace 126 años)

1889

En el bello auditorio del Hotel Continental de París (Francia), en una era en la que no existen medios establecidos para que gobiernos, parlamentos o parlamentarios trabajen juntos de manera internacional, el francés Frédéric Passy y el inglés William Randal Cremer, fundan la Unión Interparlamentaria (UIP) con el propósito fundamental de lograr la paz, la cooperación entre los pueblos y la consolidación de las instituciones representativas a través del diálogo político. (Hace 135 años)

1862

En Francia se publica el último capítulo de la novela más conocida de Víctor Hugo, "Los Miserables", un relato sobre la lucha contra las injusticias sociales que trascenderá su época y se convertirá en un referente mundial y un símbolo de la lucha de los oprimidos. El autor, por sus opiniones políticas, ya lleva una década en el exilio de Guernsey, una dependencia de la Corona británica ubicada en el canal de la Mancha. (Hace 162 años)

1688

Para conjurar el peligro que supondría una dinastía de reyes católicos en la Inglaterra anglicana, los dos partidos mayoritarios del Parlamento, whigs y tories, se ponen de acuerdo para que el príncipe protestante Guillermo III asuma el poder. Es la Revolución Gloriosa en la que, sin derramamiento de sangre, Guillermo III se hace con el poder y firma el "Bill of Rights" uno de los documentos más trascendentales de la historia constitucional inglesa. (Hace 336 años)

1520

Ante los rumores de que los aztecas están preparando un ataque a los españoles, los conquistadores deciden huir de Tenochtitlán, capital del imperio azteca para tratar de llegar al territorio aliado de Tlaxcala. Mil trescientos españoles afrontan la "Noche Triste" en la que mueren seiscientos de ellos y cerca de novecientos nativos aliados, además de cuarenta y cinco caballos. En un árbol de las inmediaciones, Hernán Cortés llorará la amarga derrota. (Hace 504 años)

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piratesexmachine420 · 1 year ago

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Ok, I appreciate the sentiment (and tolerate the snowcloning), but this is bordering on misinfo -- I hope you'll indulge me in a little neuro-atypical pedantry rant/infodump.

First, some minor corrections: "Apollo" and "Sputnik" were never names for rockets. The Apollo program used (primarily) Saturn-family rockets, and "Sputnik" was a name used for a variety of spacecraft. (The first and most famous of which, Sputnik 1, launched on an R-7 derived vehicle.)

Furthermore, it's silly to compare Sputnik, a 1950s series of unmanned technology demonstrators and scientific satellites, with Apollo, a 1960s-70s manned deep space lunar exploration program. The real American analog to Sputnik would be either Explorer, a long-running series of earth-orbit scientific satellites starting with 1958's Explorer 1 (first US satellite, third overall); or Vanguard, a similar (but more civilian) program mostly known for their first launch attempt exploding on the pad.

Vanguard is absolutely haughty AF, but I think Explorer isn't too tonally far from "fellow traveller" -- just a little guy up there all alone and learning as much as he can! And, if we wanna pull from later NASA history there's the mars rover Sojourner, which is basically a 1:1 match for Sputnik. (And, if it helps, Sojourner is probably one of the cutest robotic spacecraft ever built.)

Now, as for Apollo, the Soviet lunar spacecraft was derived from the Soyuz, or "Union". This would be like NASA flying an Apollo CSM named "America" ...which they did. (On Apollo 17, to be exact) There's a proud history of both nations giving Good Patriotic Names to their spaceships: the Us also had Liberty Bell 7, Freedom 7, Space Shuttle Columbia, the Apollo 11 CSM also named Columbia, the Apollo 11 LM Eagle, etc. and the USSR had the Salyut space stations ("Salute"), Progress unmanned supply ships, the Vostok program ("East"), etc.

In the end, both countries had pretty similar naming rationales. People are people are people -- we give important things important names, we give friendly things friendly names, and we all look up at night to see the stars.

And yeah, sure, that too is yuri

Love the contrast between the Americans’ “Apollo” and the Soviets’ “Sputnik.” You got the Americans naming their rocket after a Greek god trying to communicate the grandness and importance of this rocket. And you got the Soviets naming their rocket “fellow traveler.” Like a friend you go on an adventure with together. This rocket is our little friend lol

#berolg #my thoughts #spaceflight #frog blast the vent post core

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ikno-io · 7 months ago

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Discover the name and historical significance of the first orbital space station, Salyut 1. Learn about its technological innovations, challenges, and long-term impact on space exploration. read the full article: https://bit.ly/4cbed61 #Salyut1 #SpaceStation #SpaceExploration #HumanSpaceflight #SovietUnion read more: what was the name of the first orbital space station

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redorangman · 10 months ago

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50 Years Ago The First Space Station Launched - Salyut 1

#youtube

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sanjaylodh · 1 year ago

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Stone Age, Copper Age, Iron Age

Stone Age, Copper Age, Iron Age, whatever the civilization may be

But the most famous is today's space search era.

maybe you don't understand friends

I am describing the story of human misdeeds in the present world

This new human world of ours has entered a new era.

In today's great civilization, which countries have played a role in the path of space travel?

Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space.[1] While the exploration of space is currently carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes, its physical exploration is conducted both by uncrewed robotic space probes and human spaceflight. Space exploration, like its classical form astronomy, is one of the main sources for space science.

While the observation of objects in space, known as astronomy, predates reliable recorded history, it was the development of large and relatively efficient rockets during the mid-twentieth century that allowed physical space exploration to become a reality. Common rationales for exploring space include advancing scientific research, national prestige, uniting different nations, ensuring the future survival of humanity, and developing military and strategic advantages against other countries.[2]

The early era of space exploration was driven by a "Space Race" between the Soviet Union and the United States. A driving force of the start of space exploration was during the Cold War. After the ability to create nuclear weapons, the narrative of defense/offense left land and the power to control the air became the focus. Both the Soviet and the U.S. were fighting to prove their superiority in technology through exploring the unknown: space. In fact, the reason NASA was made was due to the response of Sputnik I.[3] The launch of the first human-made object to orbit Earth, the Soviet Union's Sputnik 1, on 4 October 1957, and the first Moon landing by the American Apollo 11 mission on 20 July 1969 are often taken as landmarks for this initial period. The Soviet space program achieved many of the first milestones, including the first living being in orbit in 1957, the first human spaceflight (Yuri Gagarin aboard Vostok 1) in 1961, the first spacewalk (by Alexei Leonov) on 18 March 1965, the first automatic landing on another celestial body in 1966, and the launch of the first space station (Salyut 1) in 1971. After the first 20 years of exploration, focus shifted from one-off flights to renewable hardware, such as the Space Shuttle program, and from competition to cooperation as with the International Space Station (ISS).

With the substantial completion of the ISS[4] following STS-133 in March 2011, plans for space exploration by the U.S. remain in flux. Constellation, a Bush administration program for a return to the Moon by 2020[5] was judged inadequately funded and unrealistic by an expert review panel reporting in 2009.[6] The Obama administration proposed a revision of Constellation in 2010 to focus on the development of the capability for crewed missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO), envisioning extending the operation of the ISS beyond 2020, transferring the development of launch vehicles for human crews from NASA to the private sector, and developing technology to enable missions to beyond LEO, such as Earth–Moon L1, the Moon, Earth–Sun L2, near-Earth asteroids, and Phobos or Mars orbit.[7]

In the 2000s, China initiated a successful crewed spaceflight program while India launched Chandraayan 1, while the European Union and Japan have also planned future crewed space missions. China, Russia, and Japan have advocated crewed missions to the Moon during the 21st century, while the European Union has advocated crewed missions to both the Moon and Mars during the 20th and 21st century.

Well our country India is not behind

But one thing is there

We are traveling through planets and satellites so that we can see water there.

So that someday we can settle humans there

That's why water is so important

Translate Hindi

प्रस्तर युग ताम्र युग लौह युग चाहे कोई भी सभ्यता हो

मगर सबसे मशहूर है आज की स्पेस सार्च युग

शायद आप समझे नहीं दोस्तों

मैं वर्तमान दुनिया में इंसानी कर्तूत कहानी का विवरण दे रहा हूँ

हमारी यह नया इंसानी दुनिया नए युग ��ें पधार चुके है

आज की महत सभ्यता में किन किन देश स्पेस भ्रम�� की ऱास्ता में भूमिका निभाएं है

अंतरिक्ष अन्वेषण बाहरी अंतरिक्ष का पता लगाने के लिए खगोल विज्ञान और अंतरिक्ष प्रौद्योगिकी का उपयोग है।[1] जबकि अंतरिक्ष की खोज वर्तमान में मुख्य रूप से खगोलविदों द्वारा दूरबीनों के साथ की जाती है, इसका भौतिक अन्वेषण मानव रहित रोबोटिक अंतरिक्ष जांच और मानव अंतरिक्ष उड़ान दोनों द्वारा किया जाता है। अंतरिक्ष अन्वेषण, अपने शास्त्रीय रूप खगोल विज्ञान की तरह, अंतरिक्ष विज्ञान के मुख्य स्रोतों में से एक है।

जबकि अंतरिक्ष में वस्तुओं का अवलोकन, जिसे खगोल विज्ञान के रूप में जाना जाता है, विश्वसनीय दर्ज इतिहास से पहले का है, यह बीसवीं शताब्दी के मध्य के दौरान बड़े और अपेक्षाकृत कुशल रॉकेटों का विकास था जिसने भौतिक अंतरिक्ष अन्वेषण को वास्तविकता बनने की अनुमति दी थी। अंतरिक्ष की खोज के सामान्य तर्कों में वैज्ञानिक अनुसंधान को आगे बढ़ाना, राष्ट्रीय प्रतिष्ठा, विभिन्न देशों को एकजुट करना, मानवता के भविष्य के अस्तित्व को सुनिश्चित करना और अन्य देशों के खिलाफ सैन्य और रणनीतिक लाभ विकसित करना शामिल है।[2]

अंतरिक्ष अन्वेषण का प्रारंभिक युग सोवियत संघ और संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के बीच "अंतरिक्ष दौड़" से प्रेरित था। अंतरिक्ष अन्वेषण की शुरुआत की प्रेरक शक्ति शीत युद्ध के दौरान थी। परमाणु हथियार बनाने की क्षमता के बाद, रक्षा/अपराध की कथा ने ज़मीन छोड़ दी और हवा को नियंत्रित करने की शक्ति पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया गया। सोवियत और अमेरिका दोनों अज्ञात अंतरिक्ष की खोज के माध्यम से प्रौद्योगिकी में अपनी श्रेष्ठता साबित करने के लिए लड़ रहे थे। वास्तव में, नासा के निर्माण का कारण स्पुतनिक I की प्रतिक्रिया थी।[3] 4 अक्टूबर 1957 को पृथ्वी की कक्षा में जाने वाली पहली मानव निर्मित वस्तु, सोवियत संघ के स्पुतनिक 1 का प्रक्षेपण, और 20 जुलाई 1969 को अमेरिकी अपोलो 11 मिशन द्वारा चंद्रमा पर पहली लैंडिंग को अक्सर इस प्रारंभिक अवधि के लिए मील के पत्थर के रूप में लिया जाता है। सोवियत अंतरिक्ष कार्यक्रम ने कई पहले मील के पत्थर हासिल किए, जिनमें 1957 में कक्षा में पहला जीवित प्राणी, 1961 में पहली मानव अंतरिक्ष उड़ान (वोस्तोक 1 पर यूरी गगारिन), 18 मार्च 1965 को पहला स्पेसवॉक (एलेक्सी लियोनोव द्वारा), पहला शामिल है। 1966 में एक अन्य खगोलीय पिंड पर स्वचालित लैंडिंग, और 1971 में पहले अंतरिक्ष स्टेशन (सैल्युट 1) का प्रक्षेपण। अन्वेषण के पहले 20 वर्षों के बाद, ध्यान एकबारगी उड़ानों से हटकर नवीकरणीय हार्डवेयर पर स्थानांतरित हो गया, जैसे कि स्पेस शटल कार्यक्रम, और अंतर्राष्ट्रीय अंतरिक्ष स्टेशन (आईएसएस) के साथ प्रतिस्पर्धा से लेकर सहयोग तक।

मार्च 2011 में एसटीएस-133 के बाद आईएसएस[4] के पर्याप्त समापन के साथ, अमेरिका द्वारा अंतरिक्ष अन्वेषण की योजनाएं निरंतर बनी हुई हैं। 2020 तक चंद्रमा पर वापसी के लिए बुश प्रशासन के कार्यक्रम कॉन्स्टेलेशन को 2009 में एक विशेषज्ञ समीक्षा पैनल की रिपोर्ट में अपर्याप्त रूप से वित्त पोषित और अवास्तविक माना गया था। [6] ओबामा प्रशासन ने 2010 में कम पृथ्वी की कक्षा (एलईओ) से परे चालक दल के मिशनों की क्षमता के विकास पर ध्यान केंद्रित करने के लिए तारामंडल में संशोधन का प्रस्ताव रखा, जिसमें आईएसएस के संचालन को 2020 से आगे बढ़ाने की कल्पना की गई, मानव चालक दल के लिए लॉन्च वाहनों के विकास को नासा से स्थानांतरित किया गया। निजी क्षेत्र के लिए, और LEO से परे मिशनों को सक्षम करने के लिए प्रौद्योगिकी विकसित करना, जैसे कि पृथ्वी-चंद्रमा L1, चंद्रमा, पृथ्वी-सूर्य L2, निकट-पृथ्वी क्षुद्रग्रह, और फोबोस या मंगल ग्रह की कक्षा।[7]

2000 के दशक में, चीन ने एक सफल चालक दल अंतरिक्ष उड़ान कार्यक्रम शुरू किया, जबकि भारत ने चंद्रयान 1 लॉन्च किया, जबकि यूरोपीय संघ और जापान ने भी भविष्य के चालक दल अंतरिक्ष मिशन की योजना बनाई है। चीन, रूस और जापान ने 21वीं सदी के दौरान चंद्रमा पर चालक दल मिशन की वकालत की है, जबकि यूरोपीय संघ ने 20वीं और 21वीं सदी के दौरान चंद्रमा और मंगल ग्रह दोनों पर चालक दल मिशन की वकालत की है।

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brookstonalmanac · 4 months ago

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Events 9.18 (after 1920)

1922 – The Kingdom of Hungary is admitted to the League of Nations. 1927 – The Columbia Broadcasting System goes on the air. 1928 – Juan de la Cierva makes the first Autogyro crossing of the English Channel. 1931 – Imperial Japan instigates the Mukden Incident as a pretext to invade and occupy Manchuria. 1934 – The Soviet Union is admitted to the League of Nations. 1939 – World War II: The Polish government of Ignacy Mościcki flees to Romania. 1939 – World War II: The radio show Germany Calling begins transmitting Nazi propaganda. 1943 – World War II: Adolf Hitler orders the deportation of Danish Jews. 1944 – World War II: The British submarine HMS Tradewind torpedoes Jun'yō Maru, killing 5,600, mostly slave labourers and POWs. 1944 – World War II: Operation Market Garden results in the liberation of Eindhoven. 1944 – World War II: The Battle of Arracourt begins. 1945 – General Douglas MacArthur moves his general headquarters from Manila to Tokyo. 1947 – The National Security Act reorganizes the United States government's military and intelligence services. 1948 – Operation Polo is terminated after the Indian Army accepts the surrender of the army of Hyderabad. 1948 – Margaret Chase Smith of Maine becomes the first woman elected to the United States Senate without completing another senator's term. 1954 – Finnish president J. K. Paasikivi becomes the first Western head of state to be awarded the highest honor of the Soviet Union, the Order of Lenin. 1960 – Fidel Castro arrives in New York City as the head of the Cuban delegation to the United Nations. 1961 – U.N. Secretary-General Dag Hammarskjöld dies in an air crash while attempting to negotiate peace in the Katanga region of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. 1962 – Burundi, Jamaica, Rwanda and Trinidad and Tobago are admitted to the United Nations. 1962 – Aeroflot Flight 213 crashes into a mountain near Chersky Airport, killing 32 people. 1964 – The wedding of Constantine II of Greece and Princess Anne-Marie of Denmark takes place in Athens. 1973 – The Bahamas, East Germany and West Germany are admitted to the United Nations. 1974 – Hurricane Fifi strikes Honduras with 110 mph winds, killing 5,000 people. 1977 – Voyager I takes the first distant photograph of the Earth and the Moon together. 1980 – Soyuz 38 carries two cosmonauts (including one Cuban) to the Salyut 6 space station. 1981 – The Assemblée Nationale votes to abolish capital punishment in France. 1982 – The Sabra and Shatila massacre in Lebanon comes to an end. 1984 – Joe Kittinger completes the first solo balloon crossing of the Atlantic. 1988 – The 8888 Uprising in Myanmar comes to an end. 1988 – General Henri Namphy, president of Haiti, is ousted from power in a coup d'état led by General Prosper Avril. 1990 – Liechtenstein becomes a member of the United Nations. 1992 – An explosion rocks Giant Mine at the height of a labor dispute, killing nine replacement workers in Yellowknife, Canada. 1997 – United States media magnate Ted Turner donates US$1 billion to the United Nations. 1997 – The Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention is adopted. 2001 – First mailing of anthrax letters from Trenton, New Jersey in the 2001 anthrax attacks. 2007 – Buddhist monks join anti-government protesters in Myanmar, starting what some call the Saffron Revolution. 2011 – The 2011 Sikkim earthquake is felt across northeastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and southern Tibet. 2012 – Greater Manchester Police officers PC Nicola Hughes and PC Fiona Bone are murdered in a gun and grenade ambush attack in Greater Manchester, England. 2014 – Scotland votes against independence from the United Kingdom, by 55% to 45%. 2015 – Two security personnel, 17 worshippers in a mosque, and 13 militants are killed during a Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan attack on a Pakistan Air Force base on the outskirts of Peshawar. 2016 – The 2016 Uri attack in Jammu and Kashmir, India by terrorist group Jaish-e-Mohammed results in the deaths of nineteen Indian Army soldiers and all four attackers.

#Events

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