#raw sugar export from India

[eximpedia1]

India’s Sugar Industry: Production, Export, and Market Insights

Sugar plays a vital role in the global food processing industry, particularly in baking and confectionery. Among the widely used types are granulated, caster, icing, and jam-setting sugar. With the rapid rise in sugar consumption worldwide, countries like India and Brazil have emerged as leading players in meeting global demand. India, in particular, is a key producer, consumer, and exporter of sugar. This article delves into India’s sugar production, export trends, top exporters, and much more.

India’s Sugar Production: A Key Global Contributor

India boasts the second-largest agro-based sugarcane and sugar industry globally, following cotton. With states like Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Karnataka leading production, India is a powerhouse in sugarcane farming and sugar manufacturing. Uttar Pradesh, in particular, consistently leads with significant contributions to national production.

In the 2023–2024 fiscal year, India produced approximately 34 million metric tonnes of sugar. This production involved over 1,084.57 lakh tonnes of sugarcane processed in 118 mills across Uttar Pradesh. Beyond its economic contributions, the industry supports the livelihoods of rural sugarcane farmers and employs nearly 500,000 workers in sugar mills, generating a gross value-added output of 806 billion INR.

The Economic Impact of India’s Sugar Industry

In 2023, the global industrial sugar market was valued at USD 46.4 billion and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.0%, reaching USD 59.1 billion by 2028. India is a significant contributor to this growth. Domestically, India’s sugar market is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6.87%, reaching USD 9.791 billion by 2028, with the branded sugar segment alone estimated to hit USD 1.47 billion by 2029.

The increasing demand for processed foods, beverages, and desserts drives the growth of India’s sugar industry. With sugar deeply integrated into Indian and global culinary habits, the demand trajectory appears robust.

India’s Role as a Leading Sugar Exporter

Sugar export from India have witnessed remarkable growth in recent years. In 2023, the country’s sugar export value reached USD 4.32 billion, a significant leap from USD 0.93 billion in 2018. India's share in the global sugar export market also increased from 4.17% in 2018 to 12.21% in 2023.

Favorable agricultural policies and robust production standards fuel India’s position as the second-largest sugar exporter globally. Southeast Asia and Africa are key regions driving demand for Indian sugar.

Sugar Export Trends and Data for 2023–24

Despite India’s success in the export market, the government restricted sugar exports for the 2023–24 marketing year (October–September) to stabilize domestic prices and ensure sufficient local supply. However, exports to the US and European Union under TRQ quotas were exempted from these restrictions.

In the fiscal year 2024, India managed to export 3 million metric tons of sugar, which includes a variety of products such as:

White Crystal Sugar

Brown Sugar

Icing/Fondant Sugar

Organic Sugar

Jaggery (Round and Powder)

Pharmaceutical Sugar

Export Prices of Indian Sugar (2023)

Export prices vary depending on the type of sugar. Below are a few examples:

Icumsa Sugar (Less Than 100): ₹36.50/kg

Palm Jaggery: ₹35/kg

Pure Sugarcane Jaggery: ₹55/kg

S-30 Grade Sugar: ₹32/kg

Major Export Destinations (2022–23)

Indonesia: ₹67.47 billion

Bangladesh: ₹42.68 billion

Sudan: ₹41.99 billion

United Arab Emirates: ₹22.38 billion

Somalia: ₹21.73 billion

Indonesia remains the largest importer of Indian sugar, reflecting the country’s strong trade ties and competitive pricing.

Top 10 Sugar Exporters in India

India’s sugar industry includes prominent players contributing to both domestic supply and export growth. Here’s a look at the major sugar exporters in India:

Balrampur Chini Mills Ltd. Produces 76,500 metric tonnes daily across multiple mills in Uttar Pradesh.

Triveni Engineering and Industries Operates seven advanced sugar plants certified for pharmaceutical-grade sugar production.

Bajaj Hindustan Ltd. Produces 135,000 metric tonnes of sugar daily and exports to Asia and Europe.

Shree Renuka Sugars Processes 1.38 million metric tonnes of raw sugar annually.

Dhampur Sugar Mills Ltd. Known for refined sulfurless sugar and biofertilizer production.

Dwarikesh Sugar Industries Ltd. Achieves 21,500 metric tonnes in annual sugar production.

EID Parry (India) Operates facilities with a daily crushing capacity of 40,300 metric tonnes.

Panacea Foods Specializes in brown sugar export using integrated production technologies.

Vitthalrao Shinde Sahakari Sakhar Karkhana Ltd. Engages in research and exports white crystal sugar globally.

Nizam Sugars Asia's largest sugar plant, is located in Telangana.

How to Access Comprehensive Sugar Export Data

For businesses seeking to enter or expand in the sugar export market, platforms like Eximpedia offer valuable insights. With sugar export data on top exporters, HS codes, and global trade trends, Eximpedia equips users to navigate market complexities effectively.

Final Thoughts

India’s sugar industry is a pillar of its agro-based economy and a global leader in production and export. Whether you’re a seasoned exporter or a newcomer, understanding market trends, maintaining quality standards, and leveraging export data are essential to success. Platforms like Eximpedia provide a gateway to detailed trade insights, ensuring businesses can thrive in the competitive global sugar market.

If you’re ready to elevate your sugar export business, schedule a free demo with Eximpedia.app and gain access to exclusive market data today!

[chemanalystdata]

Sorbitol Prices | Pricing | News | Database | Chart | Forecast

 Sorbitol is a versatile sugar alcohol commonly used in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, and its price trends are influenced by various economic and market factors. As a polyol, sorbitol is derived from glucose and serves as a low-calorie sweetener and humectant, offering moisture retention properties that enhance product stability. In recent years, fluctuations in the global sorbitol market have been shaped by changes in raw material costs, particularly corn and starch derivatives, as well as supply chain dynamics and demand patterns across its diverse application areas. The pricing of sorbitol is also impacted by shifts in agricultural production, regional demand, currency exchange rates, and global trade policies, all of which contribute to market volatility.

One significant driver of sorbitol prices is the cost of corn, which serves as a primary feedstock in its production. Sorbitol's close link to the agricultural sector means that any major disruptions in corn supply, such as crop failures, adverse weather conditions, or geopolitical issues, can directly influence its price. When corn prices experience an upswing due to these factors, the cost of producing sorbitol also rises, subsequently leading to an increase in market prices. Conversely, a stable or surplus corn supply can help stabilize sorbitol prices, making it more attractive to end-users across various industries.

Get Real Time Prices for Sorbitol : https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/sorbitol-1274

The demand for sorbitol in the food and beverage sector is substantial, driven by increasing consumer preference for sugar-free and low-calorie products. As health-conscious consumers seek alternatives to traditional sugar, sorbitol finds extensive use in sugar-free gums, candies, and beverages, which boosts demand and can put upward pressure on prices. Additionally, stringent regulations around sugar consumption in many countries have encouraged manufacturers to reformulate products using alternative sweeteners like sorbitol. This regulatory push has had a direct impact on demand, potentially driving prices higher as companies seek to secure a consistent supply of this ingredient.

In the pharmaceutical sector, sorbitol's use as a sweetener and stabilizing agent in syrups, tablets, and medicinal formulations is critical. The growing need for over-the-counter and prescription medicines has sustained demand for sorbitol, contributing to its price stability. Market dynamics in this sector can, therefore, influence pricing trends based on the level of activity within pharmaceutical production. Similarly, the personal care and cosmetics industry relies on sorbitol for its moisture-retaining properties in products like toothpaste, skin creams, and lotions. Rising consumer demand for personal care products, particularly in emerging markets, can support higher prices for sorbitol as manufacturers strive to meet market needs.

The competitive landscape of sorbitol production also plays a key role in determining prices. Key producing regions, including Asia-Pacific countries such as China and India, dominate global production due to the availability of raw materials and lower production costs. Any change in production capacity, government regulations, or export policies in these regions can have a ripple effect on sorbitol prices globally. For example, trade tariffs or export restrictions imposed by major producers can lead to supply shortages in other regions, driving up prices. Conversely, an increase in production capacity or efficiency improvements may lead to an oversupply, exerting downward pressure on market prices.

The impact of global trade tensions and supply chain disruptions has become increasingly relevant in recent years, affecting the sorbitol market along with other commodities. Disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent recovery have highlighted vulnerabilities within supply chains, influencing price trends and causing fluctuations. As economies reopen and manufacturing activities resume, the demand for sorbitol has rebounded, reflecting a more favorable outlook. However, challenges such as rising freight costs and supply chain delays continue to pose potential risks, contributing to pricing volatility in the market.

In addition, sustainability trends and consumer demand for environmentally friendly products have prompted manufacturers to adopt greener practices, which may influence production costs and ultimately affect sorbitol prices. Investments in sustainable sourcing and energy-efficient production methods can lead to higher initial costs, which may be reflected in market prices. However, over the long term, such initiatives could stabilize pricing by reducing reliance on non-renewable resources and mitigating the impact of environmental regulations.

The pricing of sorbitol also varies by form, with liquid and crystalline sorbitol serving different market needs. Liquid sorbitol is more commonly used in industrial applications due to its ease of handling and mixing, while crystalline sorbitol offers benefits in formulations requiring precise control over texture and sweetness. Price differences between these forms are typically influenced by production processes, demand levels, and the specific requirements of end-users.

In conclusion, sorbitol prices are influenced by a multitude of factors, including raw material costs, demand from key sectors such as food, pharmaceuticals, and personal care, as well as global trade dynamics and supply chain issues. As industries continue to evolve and consumer preferences shift toward healthier and more sustainable products, the demand for sorbitol is expected to grow, impacting its market value. Monitoring these market drivers and trends is essential for industry stakeholders to navigate pricing fluctuations and capitalize on emerging opportunities in the global sorbitol market.

Our Related News for Sorbitol : https://www.chemanalyst.com/NewsAndDeals/NewsDetails/global-sorbitol-prices-surge-amidst-falling-corn-costs-a-market-analysis-30551

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[palmoilnews]

TOP NEWS Agricultural Commodities > Argentina rains 'turn game around' for grains after drought, exchange says > EU wheat steadies after slide with Black Sea exports in focus > India removes floor price for non-basmati white rice exports > Brazil sugar stockpiles revised to record low, says trader Wilmar > POLL-US September cattle placements seen down 4% from last year > GRAINS-CBOT soybean futures jump as some polls show Harris with US election lead > SOFTS-Raw sugar surges amid weak Brazil production outlook, cocoa down > VEGOILS-Palm hits highest level in over two years due to weak output, policy moves > InVivo eyes Ukrainian wheat to counter Russian export expansion > World Bank says will double agricultural commitments to $9 bln a year by 2030 > ANALYSIS-Potash supply nears pre-war levels, pushing producers to cut output > Kazakhstan grain harvest almost complete; aims to export 12 mln T > Jordan makes no purchase in 120,000 T barley tender, traders say > South Korea to supply stocks of kimchi cabbage after hot weather damages crop > EXCLUSIVE-State and industry input led US farm agency to relax bird flu testing

[priytoshtradologie12]

Which Countries Are Best to Import Sugar?

Are you a sugar importer looking to import sugar in bulk? It can’t be denied that sugar is one commodity which is widely used globally both in households and B2B food industries. It finds applications in diverse industries such as food production, and even in the manufacturing of drugs. There is an increasing demand for sugar around the world, hence businesses are always searching for new suppliers. If you are into the food and beverages business, or any other associated with sugar, determining the right country for import is very important.

So, who are the top sugar exporters, and from where can you source the highest quality at the best price? Let’s look into the key countries leading the global sugar market and why they stand out.

1. Brazil: The Giant of Sugar ExportIt will not be an overstatement to say that Brazil is the number 1 country in terms of the production and export of sugar– about 40 to 50% of sugar exports belong to this centre of production. The country makes use of good weather conditions and a lot of acres of land which supports farming activities of sugarcane on a large scale. Another attractive feature is the new sugar cane mills located in Brazil, embracing modern technologies with efficient production and quality of sugar. The main advantage among those who buy sugar in Brazil is its cost-effective production which offers affordable rates to foreign buyers. 

2. Thailand: Quality and Consistency

Thailand is the country that stands second in the list of sugar exporters globally, and all sugar produced here is of high class with a stable export chain. Thai sugar is always in demand because of its premium quality and the country manufactures various types of sugar to fulfil the market's demands, such as raw, refined, and white sugar. The government also plays a great role in ensuring that the sugarcane farmers are well supported to maintain their well-being and competitiveness of the industry on the global market.

Thailand’s location in Southeast Asia gives it a logistical advantage, particularly for sugar importers from nearby countries like China, Japan, and India. Importing sugar from Thailand is ideal if you're seeking consistent quality and a well-regulated supply chain.

3. India: A Growing Export Power

While India is the largest consumer of sugar, it is also a significant global exporter. This is because of government support and the strong agriculture sector. Indian sugar is known for its cost-effectiveness and is famous among countries that are looking forward to a budget-friendly option. However, the Indian government has recently put a ban on its exports to ensure sufficient local supplies and support ethanol production. However, it is expected that the export ban might be lifted soon given India is such a big player in the market. 

One of the significant advantages of importing sugar from India is its wide variety. This agriculturally rich country produces a wide variety of sugar such as jaggery, brown sugar, refined sugar, and many more. It is also worth noting that India has a strong trade relationship with countries like Africa, the Middle East, and Asia that ensures a reliable and steady supply chain.

4. Mexico: Proximity for North American Importers

For businesses in North America, particularly the United States and Canada, Mexico is an immediate choice for sugar imports. As among the top sugar producers in the world, Mexico has capitalised on its geographic proximity to North America, significantly reducing transportation costs for importers. 

Mexico produces both cane and beet sugar, and the quality is well-regarded in the international market. The country benefits from the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), now known as the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), making cross-border trade easier and less expensive. This is a prime location for companies that prioritise quick deliveries and lower shipping costs.

5. Australia: Reliability and Sustainability

Australia is not one of the largest producers of sugar, but is rather a significant one: it exports most of what it produces to the rest of Asia-Pacific. Australian sugar producers are particularly known for good environmental and labour practices, and importers often look for other ethical sources. Environmental standards and labour law violations have shut businesses in Australia's sugarcane industry.

The country is highly convenient for importers in Asian countries like Japan and South Korea, mainly due to physical closeness and reliability. The Australian sugar industry is known for the quality of the sugar it produces with sustainable standards as its first choice in concentrating on environmental production standards.

6. Guatemala: Small but Mighty

Guatemala is a relatively small player compared to giants like Brazil or Thailand, but its sugar industry has been gaining prominence in recent years. The country produces high-quality sugar and has established itself as a trusted supplier to markets in the United States, Europe, and other Latin American nations. One of the key advantages of importing sugar from Guatemala is the competitive pricing, coupled with good quality.

Guatemala’s sugar producers focus on innovation and sustainability, using advanced technology in cultivation and production. This focus makes Guatemalan sugar an attractive option for importers looking for affordable yet premium-quality sugar.

Conclusion

The country to import sugar from involves so many factors: quality, price, and physical distribution aspects. Brazil is the world leader: good sugar with competitive prices have a well-established export network. Thailand and India both offer kinds of sugar and maintain a strong supply line around the world. Mexico benefits from proximity advantages in North America. Australia is a very 'green' country, so for the country-conscious importer, Australia is an excellent choice, while Guatemala offers great value-for-money with good quality sugar.

For sugar importers looking to secure a reliable and cost-effective supply, these countries offer the best options depending on your specific needs. Careful consideration of factors such as shipping logistics, quality standards, and sustainability practices can help you make the most informed decision, ensuring a steady flow of sugar to meet your business requirements.

By evaluating these top sugar-exporting nations, businesses can strategically position themselves in the global market, ensuring a continuous and high-quality sugar supply for their operations.

[kavyatraveler]

Savoring Coorg: Being one of the world’s mecca for street food lovers, here are the four places that you should definitely not miss.

Introduction Coorg, in simple terms, or Kodagu officially, is a pretty hill station located in Karnataka in the Western Ghats. The land famous for coffee plantation, clouds and tranquility is Coorg which the travelers can enjoy as they have abundance of both natural beauty and adventurous activities. The people of this region are famed for their rich culture and warm reception, all people finding their way to this region would agree that it’s one of the best places to visit due to the welcoming nature of the people. Coorg is dotted with many home stays that are perhaps one of the most appropriate ways to feel the real pulse of the place. These homestays in Coorg offer actualised exposure to native customs and food, which gives the guests a homely feel with all the amenities. As you wander through the forests, or take in the remarkable water falls, a home stay in Coorg is one which you will not forget quickly.

Kushalnagar Market

Kushalnagar is a busy town in Coorg famous for its markets. Here in Coorg the roadsides are occupied by sellers of vegetables, spices and other native eating options that depict the region.

Must-Try Delights: Akki Roti: Prepared in a similar way to rotis, rice flour rotis are especially a Coorgi specialty; flavored with onions, chilies and coriander; accompanied with chutney or curry. Pandi Curry: Even though this is not strictly speaking street food in the case of the market, there are a lot of small restaurants where you can taste this scrumptious and piquant pork curry which is characteristic of Coorg recipes. Banana Fritters: Coins of banana, coated in slivers thin with a sweet dough and fried; something to nibble on.

Madikeri Fort Road Different street foods can be found located around the township of Madikeri which is the hub of Coorg, and more particularly, along Fort Road. This area is particularly great for food trip because there are countless stalls that sell native’s dishes.

Must-Try Delights: Kadle Kaalu: A type of boiled and spiced chickpeas that are common snack foods, which are baked or roasted and rolled in spices that are locally produced. Neer Dosa: Thin delicate pancakes made from rice flour, best eaten for breakfast which can be accompanied by coconut-based condiment and a mean curry dish. Filter Coffee: Coffee is probably Coorg’s most famous export and the vendors selling roasted and ground coffee filter are probably as good as they get, sourced from Coorg estates.

Virajpet Market Other strategic towns of Coorg include virajpet, famous for its busy market along with the traditional restaurants. Cuisine in this particular region still comprises street food sale which is in harmony with the region’s agriculture foundation and delicious food culture.

Must-Try Delights: Paputtu: broken rice, coconut and cardamom used in preparation of this rice that is usually accompanied by ghee and curry to give a special sweetness. Mushroom Curry: Coorg especially is famous for its wild mushrooms and every other vendor you see in Virajpet should be tried as they have mouth watering mushroom curries. Jackfruit Chips: Raw jackfruits cut to a very thin slice and then fried to form temporary chips form a clear example of Coorg’s utilisation of local foods and snacks.

Gonikoppal Bazaar Gonikoppal which is a main business city in Coorg is filled with a busy market and if you are lucky you get to sample delicious street foods. The food served charges some influence from the Coorgi cuisine as well as flavors from other states of South India.

Must-Try Delights:

Thambuttu: A sweet preparation indeed where ripe banana is mashed, rice flour roasted and milled, and sugar or jaggery is added; toss in some cardamom powder and ghee and you are good to go. Kumbala Curry: Coorg style pumpkin curry that is tasty, spicy and has the authentic flavour of the fresh produce in Coorg. Bamboo Shoot Fry: Bamboo shoots are seasonal food that are fried with spices so as to produce stiff crunchy food that is roasted and friendly for consumption in Eastern region.

Conclusion Coorg is very rich in street foods giving you rich flavour of the region and its delicacies. Although the main outlets are open markets of Kushalnagar and Madikeri each of the street food outlets depict the essence of Coorg. The street food in Coorg whether you eat a spicy snack or a sweet dessert is something that will be help in your memory. Therefore, it is essential to try out their street foods when next you are at this beautiful hilly station, for you get to taste the actual Coorg.

[exportersworlds46]

Unveiling the Sweet Success: India's Top Jaggery Exporter

Introduction:

Jaggery in India:

Jaggery, also known as “gur” in Hindi, is an unrefined sugar product widely used in Indian cuisine. It is made by extracting the juice from sugar cane and then boiling it to produce a thick, concentrated product. This natural sweetener has become a popular alternative to refined sugar due to its numerous health benefits, including high mineral content and low glycemic index.

Top Jaggery Exporters in India:

India has emerged as a major exporter of jaggery, catering to the increasing global demand for natural and organic sweeteners. Among the top players in this industry, Subbamart Export has carved a niche for itself with its commitment to quality, sustainability, and customer satisfaction.

Subbamart Export: A Sweet Success Story!

1. Quality Assurance: Subbamart Export has set itself apart by adhering to stringent quality standards. The company ensures that its jaggery products are free from additives, chemicals, and preservatives, offering customers a pure and natural sweetening experience.

2. Diverse Product Range: What makes Subbamart Export a standout player is its diverse product range. From traditional solid jaggery to powdered and granulated forms, the company caters to the varied preferences of consumers worldwide. Additionally, Subbamart’s jaggery comes in different grades, ensuring that customers can choose the intensity of sweetness they desire.

3. Sustainable Practices: Sustainability is at the core of Subbamart Export’s operations. The company is committed to eco-friendly and ethical practices, from sourcing raw materials to the manufacturing process. This dedication not only benefits the environment but also resonates with the growing global demand for responsibly sourced products.

4. Global Reach: Subbamart Export has successfully expanded its footprint in the international market. With a well-established distribution network, the company exports its high-quality jaggery products to various countries, contributing to the promotion of Indian agro-based commodities on a global scale.

Conclusion:

As India continues to shine as a major player in the global agro-export industry, Subbamart Export stands out as a beacon of excellence in the jaggery sector. With a commitment to quality, sustainability, and innovation, this company has not only secured its position among the top jaggery exporters in India but has also contributed to the nation’s reputation for providing premium agro-based products to the world. As consumers around the globe increasingly seek natural and wholesome alternatives, the sweet success of Subbamart Export is likely to continue its upward trajectory.

[singhalindustriespvtltd]

Top PP Woven Bags Manufacturers in India: Providing Quality Packaging Solutions

At Singhal Industries, a leading manufacturer of flexible packaging solutions, we recognize the vital role PP woven bags play in diverse industries. While we don't directly manufacture these bags, we leverage our network within the Indian packaging sector to connect you with reliable suppliers. This guide empowers businesses to explore the top PP woven bags manufacturers in India, renowned for providing high-quality and cost-effective packaging solutions.

The Rise of PP Woven Bags and India's Prominence:

PP woven bags, constructed from polypropylene plastic, have become a ubiquitous packaging option across various sectors due to their numerous advantages:

Durability and Strength: PP woven bags are known for their ability to withstand significant weight loads, making them suitable for packaging heavy materials like grains, fertilizers, and chemicals.

Cost-Effectiveness: Compared to traditional packaging materials like jute or hessian sacks, PP woven bags offer a more economical solution.

Versatility: They come in a wide range of sizes, capacities, and configurations to accommodate diverse packaging needs.

Lightweight: PP woven bags are lightweight, reducing transportation costs and overall packaging weight.

Moisture Resistance: They offer a good degree of moisture resistance, protecting packaged goods from moisture damage.

Reusable: PP woven bags can be reused multiple times if handled properly, promoting sustainability and reducing waste.

Printability: They can be printed with logos, branding information, or handling instructions, enhancing brand identity and communication.

India has emerged as a leading manufacturer and exporter of PP woven bags, driven by several factors:

Thriving Manufacturing Base: India boasts a well-established plastics industry with expertise in polypropylene production and advanced weaving technologies.

Competitive Production Costs: The availability of raw materials and skilled labor contributes to India's competitive production costs for PP woven bags.

Stringent Quality Standards: Reputable Indian manufacturers adhere to strict quality control measures, ensuring consistent product quality and performance.

Innovation Focus: Indian manufacturers are continuously innovating, developing features like laminated PP woven bags for enhanced moisture resistance or UV-protected bags for superior durability under sunlight.

Applications of PP Woven Bags:

The versatility of PP woven bags makes them suitable for a wide range of applications across industries:

Agriculture: Packaging grains, seeds, fertilizers, and other agricultural products.

Chemicals: Storing and transporting chemicals, powders, and resins.

Construction: Packaging and transporting sand, cement, and other construction materials.

Food and Beverages: Packaging rice, flour, sugar, and other dry food items.

Pharmaceuticals: Transporting and storing pharmaceutical ingredients and bulk powders.

Retail: Packaging and transporting a variety of retail products.

Finding the Right PP Woven Bags Manufacturer:

Selecting the ideal PP Woven Bags suppliers in India is crucial for your business needs. Here are some key factors to consider:

Product Range: Ensure the manufacturer offers PP woven bags in the sizes, capacities, and configurations you require. This may include options with specific features like laminated lining, gussets for increased capacity, or drawstring closures for easy sealing.

Material Quality: Look for manufacturers using high-quality polypropylene resins for optimal strength and durability.

Printing Capabilities: If branding or informative printing is needed, choose a manufacturer with high-quality printing capabilities.

Certifications: Consider manufacturers with certifications like ISO 9001, signifying a commitment to quality management systems. Additionally, for specific applications, certifications like food-grade compliance might be necessary.

Minimum Order Quantities (MOQs): Understand the manufacturer's minimum order quantities to ensure they align with your production needs.

Competitive Pricing and Lead Times: Compare quotes and lead times from different manufacturers to find a solution that fits your budget and project timeline.

Singhal Industries: Your Partner in Finding Reliable PP Woven Bag Suppliers

While Singhal Industries doesn't manufacture PP woven bags directly, we can be your gateway to finding the perfect supplier in India. Here's how we can assist you:

Extensive Network: We leverage our network within the Indian packaging industry to connect you with top-tier PP Woven Bas Suppliers in Ahmedabad.

Understanding Your Needs: Our team can assist you in identifying the most suitable bag specifications based on your product type, weight requirements, and application.

Competitive Quotes: We can help you obtain competitive quotes from reliable manufacturers, ensuring you get the best value for your investment.

FAQS

What are PP woven bags, and what are their primary uses? PP woven bags are durable and versatile packaging solutions made from polypropylene (PP) woven fabric. They are commonly used for packaging a wide range of products such as grains, seeds, fertilizers, animal feed, chemicals, and construction materials.

What types of PP woven bags are available from manufacturers in India? Manufacturers in India offer various types of PP woven bags, including standard woven bags, laminated woven bags for moisture resistance, BOPP (Biaxially Oriented Polypropylene) laminated bags for enhanced printing, and block bottom bags for improved stability.

What are the key features of PP woven bags offered by manufacturers in India? PP woven bags manufactured in India typically feature attributes such as high tensile strength, tear resistance, UV stability, breathable construction, and customizable printing options. They are designed to withstand rough handling and adverse storage conditions.

How do manufacturers in India ensure the quality of their PP woven bags? Top manufacturers in India adhere to stringent quality control measures and utilize advanced manufacturing techniques to produce PP woven bags of consistent quality. They conduct rigorous testing for factors such as tensile strength, elongation, burst resistance, and dimensional stability.

What customization options are available when ordering PP woven bags from manufacturers in India? Customers can customize PP woven bags according to their specific requirements, including size, capacity, color, printing design, handle type, and closure mechanism. Manufacturers offer flexibility in meeting diverse packaging needs across industries.

How can customers procure PP woven bags from manufacturers in India? Customers can procure PP woven bags directly from manufacturers in India through various channels, including direct contact, online platforms, trade exhibitions, and authorized distributors. Manufacturers typically offer competitive pricing, timely delivery, and excellent customer service to meet client demands.

[invoitplast]

Supplier of SS Storage Silo in Pune

Supplier of SS Storage Silo in Pune: About Invoit Plast Machinery Pvt. Ltd.: A prominent manufacturer, supplier, and exporter of plastic processing machines, providing reliable solutions in India. Specializes in manufacturing and supplying high-quality SS Storage Silo in Pune, Maharashtra, India. SS Storage Silo Overview: A structure used for storing bulk materials such as grains, cement, chemicals, and food products. Constructed from stainless steel for corrosion resistance, durability, and hygienic properties. Construction: Stainless Steel Construction: Built using stainless steel for superior corrosion resistance, strength, and longevity. Welded Construction: Fabricated using welded techniques to ensure structural integrity and prevent leaks. Various Sizes and Capacities: Available in different sizes and capacities to meet diverse storage requirements. Features: Corrosion Resistance: Stainless steel construction ensures corrosion resistance, making silos suitable for storing corrosive materials. Hygienic Properties: Smooth surfaces allow easy cleaning, maintaining hygienic storage conditions for food products and pharmaceuticals. Durability: Withstands harsh environmental conditions, ensuring long-term reliability and minimal maintenance. Customization Options: These can be customized with features like access doors, vents, level indicators, and discharge mechanisms. Safety Features: Equipped with safety features such as pressure relief valves, temperature sensors, and alarm systems to prevent accidents. Applications: Agriculture: Storing grains, seeds, and animal feed on farms and agricultural facilities. Food Industry: Storing food ingredients, flour, sugar, spices, etc., in food processing plants and warehouses. Chemical Industry: Storing chemicals, fertilizers, and industrial raw materials in manufacturing plants. Pharmaceutical Industry: Storing pharmaceutical ingredients and finished products in manufacturing facilities. Construction Industry: Storing cement, aggregates, and construction materials on construction sites and batching plants. Supply Locations in Pune: Supplier of SS Storage Silo in Pune, Maharashtra, India including Pimpri, Vadgaon Budruk, Sitaee Nagar, Dalve wadi, Nanded Phata, Abasaheb Raikar Nagar, Garmal, and Dhayari. For inquiries and quality products, please contact us. Read the full article

[pannaginip]

Sugar refiner Central Azucarera Don Pedro in Nasugbu, Batangas, terminates all its employees, saying 'increased sugar importation' by the government in the past years hurt its operations. Thousands of sugarcane planters and field workers are affected.

RHI [Roxas Holdings Incorporated] did not say how many CADPI [Central Azucarera Don Pedro Incorporated] workers would lose their jobs, but as of end of 2022, CADPI had 445 employees. CADPI workers were sent notices of separation on February 28.

The Philippines used to be one of the world’s major exporters of sugar, and sugar was among the country’s leading export products. When the Philippines was still an American colony, US companies put up sugar mills that produced sugar for export. The US and the Philippines had free trade relations, and the latter supplied a large part of America’s sugar requirements, but this special relations ended in 1974.

In 1960, the Philippines’ sugar exports still accounted for 11% of world trade, but this fell to 1% in 1990, according to a study by the government think tank Philippine Institute for Development Studies.

According to former economic planning secretary Cielito Habito, Philippine raw sugar prices were 1.3 to 2.4 times higher than both world prices and Thailand’s price from 2011 to 2019. Yields of Philippine sugar farms were 60 to 65 tons per hectare compared to an average of 70 to 75 tons for Thailand, India, and Brazil, he said.

In a statement in February 2023, the farmers group Sugarfolks’ Unity for Genuine Agriculture Reform-Batangas warned that the closure of CADPI’s milling operations would hurt 4,584 sugarcane planters in Batangas and mean less work for more than 10,000 sugarcane field workers. It urged the government to take over CADPI, provide subsidies for sugarcane planters, stop sugar importation, and extend aid to sugarcane farmers affected by CADPI’s closure.

“It has been difficult for local sugar refineries to compete given the high prices of raw sugar feedstock and of outside fuel costs, which have increased significantly in recent years,” RHI said in 2023. “These costs eroded the white premium margin to entice local refineries to process and refine raw sugar.”

2024 Mar. 1

[scarletunit6]

Yes, we do have a wide and varied cuisine in Britain today, no more do we suffer under the image of grey boiled meat! After years of disparagement by various countries (especially the French) Britain now has an enviable culinary reputation. In fact some of the great chefs now come from Britain, I kid you not!

However Britain's culinary expertise is not new! In the past British cooking was amongst the best in the world. Mrs Beeton is still one of the renowned writers of cookery books, her creations have now gained international popularity, years after her death.

Traditional British cuisine is substantial, yet simple and wholesome. We have long believed in four meals a day. Our fare has been influenced by the traditions and tastes from different parts of the British empire: teas from Ceylon and chutney, kedgeree, and mulligatawny soup from India.

A BRIEF HISTORY

British cuisine has always been multicultural, a pot pourri of eclectic styles. In ancient times influenced by the Romans and in medieval times the French. When the Frankish Normans invaded, they brought with them the spices of the east: cinnamon, saffron, mace, nutmeg, pepper, ginger. Sugar came to England at that time, and was considered a spice -- rare and expensive. Before the arrival of cane sugars, honey and fruit juices were the only sweeteners. The few Medieval cookery books that remain record dishes that use every spice in the larder, and chefs across Europe saw their task to be the almost alchemical transformation of raw ingredients into something entirely new (for centuries the English aristocracy ate French food) which they felt distinguished them from the peasants.

During Victorian times good old British stodge mixed with exotic spices from all over the Empire. And today despite being part of Europe we've kept up our links with the countries of the former British Empire, now united under the Commonwealth.

One of the benefits of having an empire is that we did learn quite a bit from the colonies. From East Asia (China) we adopted tea (and exported the habit to India), and from India we adopted curry-style spicing, we even developed a line of spicy sauces including ketchup, mint sauce, Worcestershire sauce and deviled sauce to indulge these tastes. Today it would be fair to say that curry has become a national dish.

Among English cakes and pastries, many are tied to the various religious holidays of the year. Hot Cross Buns are eaten on Good Friday, Simnel Cake is for Mothering Sunday, Plum Pudding for Christmas, and Twelfth Night Cake for Epiphany.

Unfortunately a great deal of damage was done to British cuisine during the two world wars. Britain is an island and supplies of many goods became short. The war effort used up goods and services and so less were left over for private people to consume. Ships importing food stuffs had to travel in convoys and so they could make fewer journeys. During the second world war food rationing began in January 1940 and was lifted only gradually after the war.

The British tradition of stews, pies and breads, according to the taste buds of the rest of the world, went into terminal decline. What was best in England was only that which showed the influence of France, and so English food let itself become a gastronomic joke and the French art of Nouvell Cuisine was adopted.

Hand, L.R. (2019). British Food - British culture, customs and traditions. [online] Learnenglish.de. Available at: https://www.learnenglish.de/culture/foodculture.html. ‌

[eximpedia1]

Sugar Export from India: What You Need to Know

Analyze the insight on sugar exports from India. Explore sugar exporters, export destinations, and HS codes. Get actual sugar export data.

[chemanalystdata]

Sugar Prices | Prices | Pricing | News | Database | Chart | ChemAnalyst

Sugar prices are a focal point of global economic discussion, given their significant impact on food production, international trade, and economic stability in many regions. The fluctuations in sugar prices are influenced by a diverse array of factors, including climatic changes, government policies, demand-supply imbalances, and international trade agreements. As one of the world's most widely traded commodities, the sugar market is closely monitored by both producers and consumers, with prices affecting the economies of several countries, especially those heavily reliant on sugar exports.

The price of sugar is highly dependent on weather conditions in the major producing regions, such as Brazil, India, and Thailand. These regions experience seasonal variations that can lead to either bumper crops or production deficits. For instance, droughts, excessive rainfall, or severe storms can have a devastating impact on sugarcane yields, leading to price hikes in the international markets. On the other hand, favorable weather conditions and abundant harvests can create a supply glut, resulting in lower prices. As such, any changes in meteorological conditions are closely monitored by market participants, who respond quickly to the shifting supply outlook.

Get Real Time Prices for Sugar: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/sugar-1607Global demand for sugar also plays a pivotal role in determining its price. Sugar is a staple in numerous food and beverage products, and consumption trends vary based on economic conditions, health awareness, and evolving consumer preferences. For instance, health-conscious consumers in some parts of the world are reducing their sugar intake due to concerns about obesity, diabetes, and other health issues, which can put downward pressure on demand. Conversely, developing countries with rising incomes and expanding populations may experience increased sugar consumption, supporting higher prices. Furthermore, the growing popularity of processed and convenience foods in emerging markets is another factor contributing to sustained sugar demand, which in turn influences market prices.

Another major determinant of sugar prices is the interplay between sugar and alternative sweeteners. As health-conscious consumers seek lower-calorie or non-sugar alternatives, there is growing competition from products such as high fructose corn syrup (HFCS), stevia, and artificial sweeteners. The demand for these alternatives can impact sugar consumption levels, potentially leading to fluctuations in market prices. However, regulatory policies, production costs, and consumer acceptance play critical roles in shaping the market dynamics between sugar and its alternatives.

The sugar market is also closely tied to government interventions, including subsidies, tariffs, and import/export restrictions. Policies designed to protect domestic producers often lead to price distortions in the global market. For example, countries like India have historically provided subsidies to their sugarcane farmers, boosting domestic production and exports. Such actions can lead to an oversupply of sugar in the global market, exerting downward pressure on prices. Similarly, export restrictions or high tariffs imposed by some countries to safeguard their local industries may reduce global supply, potentially pushing prices higher. Thus, government policies continue to play a pivotal role in shaping the sugar market landscape.

Another influential factor affecting sugar prices is the energy market, particularly the relationship between sugarcane and ethanol production. In countries like Brazil, sugarcane is a key raw material for both sugar and ethanol. When oil prices rise, there is often an increased demand for ethanol as an alternative fuel, which can lead to higher sugarcane allocation toward ethanol production. This shift can reduce sugar output, creating supply shortages and driving prices up. Conversely, when oil prices fall, the demand for ethanol declines, leading to a higher production of sugar and, in turn, potentially lower prices. As such, fluctuations in global energy prices and shifts in biofuel policies have a considerable impact on the sugar market.

International trade agreements and market speculation are additional factors that influence sugar prices. Trade deals between major producing and consuming countries can open new markets or restrict access, leading to price volatility. Similarly, market speculation, driven by hedge funds and other financial institutions, can amplify price movements. Speculators may buy and sell sugar futures contracts based on perceived market conditions, geopolitical developments, or changes in government policy, leading to rapid price swings. While speculation can enhance liquidity in the market, it can also lead to periods of heightened volatility, causing challenges for producers and consumers alike.

Currency fluctuations are yet another important consideration for sugar prices, given that the commodity is typically traded in U.S. dollars. Changes in exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and the currencies of major producing nations can have a profound impact on international trade dynamics. For example, a strong U.S. dollar makes sugar more expensive for buyers using other currencies, potentially reducing global demand. Conversely, a weak dollar can lead to higher demand from foreign buyers, as sugar becomes relatively more affordable.

Lastly, environmental concerns and sustainability initiatives are shaping the long-term trends in sugar production and prices. The environmental impact of sugarcane cultivation, including deforestation, water usage, and soil degradation, has come under increasing scrutiny. As consumers and governments prioritize sustainability, producers may face stricter regulations, which can increase production costs and influence market prices. Additionally, initiatives to promote sustainable and fair-trade sugar can attract a premium price, reflecting the growing demand for environmentally friendly and ethically produced commodities.

In conclusion, the factors influencing sugar prices are complex and interrelated. From climatic conditions and global demand to government policies and currency fluctuations, a multitude of elements impact the supply and demand dynamics that determine the market price of sugar. Understanding these factors is crucial for stakeholders across the sugar value chain, as they seek to manage risk, capitalize on market opportunities, and ensure the long-term sustainability of the industry. As the world continues to grapple with economic, environmental, and health-related challenges, sugar prices will remain a subject of keen interest and critical importance.

Get Real Time Prices for Sugar: https://www.chemanalyst.com/Pricing-data/sugar-1607

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[palmoilnews]

TOP NEWS Agricultural Commodities > Argentina grains exports could hit four-year high in 2024/25 season, exchange says > POLL-Trade estimates for USDA US quarterly grain stocks > Fonterra's annual profit falls 25%; shares rise on dividend declaration > White House monitoring US port talks, considering supply chain impacts > Colombia to produce 15% more coffee in 2024, growers' federation head says > GRAINS-Soybeans ease on forecast of improved South American weather > COLUMN-Promising rebound in US wheat exports could be spoiled by Russia -Braun > SOFTS-Arabica coffee hits 13-year high, raw sugar at 7-month peak > China to buy up to 37 mln tons of wheat/year at minimum price in 2025, 2026 > Rail tariff hikes will lead to new losses for Ukrainian farmers, says association > EU 2024/25 soft wheat exports down 24% by Sept 22, data still lacking > India's basmati rice exports seen surging after floor price removed > Colombia ends ban on beef from US states with bird flu in dairy cows > VEGOILS-Palm extends winning run on output concerns; firm ringgit weighs > Belgian climate scientists grow the pears of the future

[sayani78544544]

India tells US about sending 8,606 tons of raw cane sugar. This is under the TRQ rules.

On Wednesday, the government said they are sending 8,606 tons of raw sugar to the US as part of the TRQ (tariff-rate quota) plan for the money year 2024. Shipments under the TRQ pay less customs fees. When the limit is hit, more costly tax is used on extra imports.

The DGFT announced that 8,606 MTRV of raw cane sugar will be sent to the USA under the TRQ plan from October 1, 2023 to September 30, 2024.

Kisan App

India, the world's second-biggest maker and biggest user of sugar, also has a special agreement for sugar export with the European Union. The DGFT said that the quota will be handled by the Agriculture and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA).

Krishi App

In July 2023, the United States Trade Representative (USTR) declared how much sugar can be imported from India and other countries. This was first come, first served for the fiscal year 2024 (October 1, 2023 to September 30, 2024). This covered raw cane sugar, refined sugar TRQs let countries send a certain amount of a product to US with a lower tax rate. But, if they send more than a fixed limit, they have to pay a higher tax rate for all imports of that product

[dhimanfoods]

Candy Production at Factories | Top Candy Manufacturers in India

India's confectionery industry has undergone a sweet revolution over the years, with top candy manufacturers in India at the forefront of this transformation. These factories combine innovation, traditional recipes, and cutting-edge technology to produce an array of delectable candies that delight consumers both at home and abroad. Let Dhiman Foods take you on a fascinating journey behind the scenes, revealing the intricate process of candy production at India's leading confectionery factories.

I. Raw Materials and Ingredients

The journey of candy production begins with sourcing the finest raw materials and ingredients. Candy factories like Dhiman Foods prioritize quality, using premium sugar, natural flavors, and food-grade colorants. These ingredients are carefully selected to meet stringent quality standards and to ensure the creation of candies that are not only delicious but also safe for consumption.

II. Recipe Formulation and Flavor Development

One of the secrets to the success of candy factories lies in their unique recipes and flavor development. Top candy manufacturers in India employ skilled food technologists and flavor experts who work tirelessly to create a wide range of flavors, from traditional favorites to innovative, palate-pleasing combinations. The process involves meticulous testing and tweaking to achieve the perfect taste and texture.

III. Cooking and Confectionery Artistry

Candy production is, at its core, a blend of science and artistry. In the cooking phase, the candy mixture is heated to precise temperatures, often reaching the "hard-crack" stage. This is where the candy transforms from a liquid to a solid form. Expert candy makers skillfully handle this critical phase to create the desired candy consistency and texture.

IV. Shaping and Cutting

Once the candy mixture has reached the desired consistency, it is carefully poured into molds or onto cooling tables. These molds come in various shapes and sizes, allowing for the creation of an assortment of candies, from traditional hard candies to more intricate designs. Skilled artisans ensure that each candy takes on its own unique form.

V. Cooling and Setting

The cooling process is vital to achieving the right texture and hardness in candies. The candies are left to cool and set, a crucial step in the candy-making process. Controlled cooling ensures that the candies maintain their shape and consistency, ready for the next phase of production.

VI. Flavor Coating and Filling

Many candies receive an extra layer of flavor through coatings or fillings. This phase involves adding flavor-enhancing ingredients like chocolate, fruit syrups, or creamy centers to create diverse taste experiences. Precision and consistency are paramount to ensuring each candy meets quality standards.

VII. Quality Control

Quality control is an integral part of candy production in factories. Stringent checks are performed at every stage to ensure that each candy meets the highest standards of taste, appearance, and safety. Candy factories often have in-house labs equipped with advanced testing equipment to verify the quality of ingredients and finished products.

VIII. Packaging and Branding

The visual appeal of candies is as crucial as their taste. Top candy manufacturers in India invest in modern packaging technology to create attractive and eye-catching wrappers that enhance the product's appeal. Moreover, companies like Dhiman Foods often provide private labeling services, allowing brands to customize packaging to their specifications.

IX. Distribution and Export

India's candy factories have a global footprint, and their products are exported to markets worldwide. Robust distribution networks and adherence to international quality standards enable them to reach consumers in diverse regions. Exported candies often carry the essence of India's rich confectionery heritage, introducing international audiences to unique flavors.

X. Sustainability Initiatives

In recent years, sustainability has become a priority for candy manufacturers. Many factories are adopting eco-friendly practices, such as reducing plastic packaging, conserving energy, and exploring eco-conscious ingredient sourcing. These initiatives align with global trends towards more sustainable and responsible candy production.

XI. Innovation and Future Trends

As consumer preferences evolve, India's candy factories continue to innovate. They invest in research and development to create candies that cater to changing tastes, including sugar-free and healthier options. The future of candy production in India is expected to feature even more exciting flavors, sustainable practices, and technological advancements.

Conclusion Candy production is a fascinating blend of tradition, innovation, and quality control. From selecting the finest ingredients to crafting exquisite flavors, shaping candies with precision, and ensuring global distribution, these factories stand as paragons of excellence in the confectionery industry. As they adapt to changing consumer demands and embrace sustainability, the future of candy manufacturing in India promises to be as sweet as ever.

Source: Medium.com

[travelingue]

North Sea Scotland (3): Dundee

Warning: This post contains odes to a city's industrial heritage, which some readers may find inappropriate, or just boring.

Our trip so far: we crossed into Scotland, headed straight north to Fife, giving Edinburgh a miss, followed the tourist route along the Firth of Forth and ended up in St Andrews.

The next city up the coast was Dundee.

It has been called the "drug-death capital of Europe" and the "suicide capital of Scotland".  We figured Dundee couldn't be that bad and made it our base for a few days. 

Our first impressions, however, did little to set the record straight. Below is the view from the place where we stayed.

The next morning, as we set out to explore the city, it began to rain.  The museum was the best option. 

We found it in this area - the actual building is on the right:

A refurbished 19th-century factory, the museum calls itself "Verdant Works".

The original inhabitants, it must be noted, didn't go in for bucolic appellations.  This part of Dundee is named "Blackness" and the brook that runs through it is the "Scouring Burn".

Despite its curious designation, Verdant Works turned out to be a top-notch industrial museum.

Dundee, I learned, grew rich from textiles. In the 16th and 17th centuries local operators began to produce coarse linen from flax – stuff for sacks rather than clothing.

The cottage industry grew in the 18th century, thanks to flax imported from Russia.  The government stepped in, on the mercantilist assumption of the time: a key function of the state was to nurture domestic trade and industry.

Thus in Scotland a "Board of Trustees of Fisheries and Manufactures" was created in 1727 to spur  flax cultivation.  Its "stampmasters" carried out systematic inspections to guarantee quality.

"Dundee's stampmaster David Blair," one panel says, "was known to be particularly vigilant, refusing to pass any adulterated or inadequate cloth."

Another mercantilist measure was the "bounty", an export subsidy that led to soaring linen exports to American in the second half of the 18th century.

But everything is a matter of trade-offs.  The downside of government intervention was that manufacturers were stuck with approved fibres.  The board "discouraged the use of substitutes for flax in canvas weaving," the museum explains.

From the late 18th century, the idea markets could do fine without bureaucratic encouragement began to take hold (it was a Scot, incidentally, who popularised it in a 1776 best-seller.)

Stamping was abolished in 1823.  Mercantilism truly ended when Britain lifted trade restrictions in the 1830s.

Free to experiment and choose suppliers, Dundee's manufacturers found a cheap, excellent raw material for canvas in India.  Jute is a taller and easier to harvest than flax. The humid climate where jute grows means the bark rots quickly, making it straightforward to extract the fibre.

By the 1850s, jute overtook flax as Dundee's money spinner. Geopolitics helped.  As the museum notes, the Crimean war and the American Civil War created "great demand for tenting, horse blankets, wagon and gun covers, sandbags and for carrying supplies".

But the city’s boom was mostly the result of globalisation.

Strong and porous, jute sacks were ideal for transport and allowed commodities – whether grain, coffee flour, sugar, seeds, coal – to breathe.  

Dundee products also moved people: "The emigrants went on to travel across the continents to find land to settle, whilst sheltering beneath jute and linen wagon covers and tents."

Machinery displayed at Verdant Works provides a chance to explore the stages of jute production in fascinating detail.

The processes involved have magical names, such as carding or roving.

Above is a beaming machine.  The explanation provided can be arranged as poetry:

"The ends from the swift are taken Through the top reed And a tensioning roller And then tied into the beam."

The emergence of synthetic canvases has not made jute redundant.  These days the stuff is used as backing for carpet, lining for shoes, component for roofing, protection for cables. 

Jute also makes aprons, mattresses, tarpaulins, conveyor belts, lampshades - and of course sacks and ropes.

Although Dundee developed this most versatile of fabrics and spread it around the world, the city no longer benefits from its enduring appeal.

Today's industry, sensibly, is based where as the plant grows: on the Indian subcontinent.  There, the curators say, "the livelihood of millions of people depends on jute production".

So the Industrial Revolution and globalisation may not be a rich-world conspiracy against the wretched of the Earth after all!  (Verdant Works is refreshingly free of the guilt-inducing lectures that are rife in modern museums.)

India's jute industry grew over the past 100 years.  Many factories were set up by Dundee manufacturers with machines from their redundant works.

After such a wonderfully informative visit, we were curious to get a sense of what the city lives on nowadays. But it was still raining as we walked out.  We were faced with this sight:

A short road trip seemed more appealing than a city walk.