#qahveh-khaneh

[philoursmars]

Marseille. A la Vieille-Charité, une expo "Panoramas" faisant le tour de la variété des musées de la ville (d'où cet aspect disparate, mais très plaisant)

masque "cara grande" de danse guerrière, Tapirapé - Mato Grosso, fin XXe s.

"La Bataille de Kerbala", peut-être décor de "hosseynieh" (bâtiment commémorant l'imam Hussein) ou d'un "qahveh-khaneh", maison du café, où des conteurs officiaient) - Iran, 1880

Pierre Puget - "Neptune capturant un dauphin"

masque "ejumba" Diola, pour la cérémonie d'initiation bukut - Sénégal, fin XIXe s.

Francesco Salviati - "Figure de dos, portant une urne"

voir 2

voir 1

[fhjdbvhj]

The Brewing Culture: Exploring the World of Coffee

Introduction: Coffee, with its aromatic allure and rich flavors, has woven itself into the fabric of human culture for centuries. From its humble origins in the Ethiopian highlands to becoming a global commodity, coffee has evolved into much more than just a morning pick-me-up. It's a social lubricant, an art form, and a cultural touchstone that transcends geographical boundaries. In this article, we delve into the fascinating world of coffee exploring its history, cultural significance, brewing methods, and the modern coffee revolution.

A Brief History: Legend has it that coffee was discovered by an Ethiopian goat herder named Kaldi in the 9th century. Observing his goats frolicking with unusual energy after eating berries from a certain tree, Kaldi sampled the berries himself and experienced a similar invigorating effect. The news of this mystical fruit spread, and coffee cultivation began in the region.

Coffee soon made its way to the Arabian Peninsula, where it gained popularity for its stimulating properties. By the 15th century, coffee houses, known as qahveh khaneh, began to appear in the Middle East, becoming centers for social interaction, intellectual discourse, and even political debate. From there, coffee spread to Europe and beyond, catalyzing the rise of the coffeehouse culture that persists to this day.

Cultural Significance: Coffee holds a revered place in various cultures around the world. In Italy, espresso is a cherished tradition, enjoyed as a quick shot or savored slowly at a café. In Ethiopia, coffee ceremonies are an integral part of social gatherings, symbolizing hospitality and community. In Brazil, coffee cultivation is not just an industry but a way of life, shaping the country's economy and culture.

Furthermore, coffee has inspired art, literature, and music, becoming a muse for creativity. From Vincent van Gogh's "The Night Café" to Bach's "Coffee Cantata," its influence is undeniable, permeating every aspect of human expression.

Brewing Methods: The journey from bean to cup involves various brewing methods, each with its unique flavor profile and ritual. From the simplicity of pour-over and French press to the precision of espresso and AeroPress, coffee enthusiasts have a plethora of techniques to explore and master. The rise of specialty coffee has led to a renewed focus on quality, sustainability, and ethical sourcing, with roasters and baristas pushing the boundaries of taste and innovation.

The Modern Coffee Revolution: In recent years, the coffee industry has undergone a renaissance, fueled by a growing demand for specialty coffee and artisanal experiences. Third-wave coffee shops have emerged, prioritizing single-origin beans, direct trade relationships, and meticulous brewing methods. Consumers are increasingly discerning, seeking not just a caffeine fix but a sensory journey that engages all the senses.

Moreover, the rise of home brewing equipment, online coffee subscriptions, and coffee tourism has empowered enthusiasts to explore the world of coffee like never before. From Colombian microlots to Ethiopian naturals, the options are endless, inviting coffee lovers to embark on a global tasting adventure from the comfort of their homes.

Conclusion: Coffee is more than just a beverage; it's a cultural phenomenon that unites people across continents and generations. Its rich history, cultural significance, and diverse brewing methods make it a source of endless fascination and exploration. Whether enjoyed alone in quiet contemplation or shared among friends in lively conversation, coffee continues to enrich our lives in ways both profound and delightful. So, the next time you take a sip of your favorite brew, savor not just the flavor but the centuries of human ingenuity and camaraderie encapsulated in every cup.

[bakinochkame]

📍Немного интересного о кофе☕️:

1. Кофе – это ягода.

2. Кофемолку изобрел лондонский кузнец в 1665 году.

3. Бетховен, любитель кофе, был таким скурпулезным, что всегда пересчитывал все 60 зерен кофе в каждой чашке, когда готовил кофе. А Вольтер выпивал 50 чашек кофе в день.

4. В старину в Константинополе первые кофейни назывались “qahveh khaneh” (школа мудрост��”). Там собирались художники и литераторы.

5. В Греции и Турции по традиции кофе подают в первую очередь самому старшему.

6. Япония – третий по величине потребитель кофе. Там считается, что кофе делает кожу здоровее, снижает количество морщин, и там принимают ванны с кофейной гущей, настоенной с мякотью ананаса.

7. Когда вы покупаете духи, возьмите с собой немного кофейных зерен. Запах кофе освежит нос между разными духами.

8. В декабре 2001 года Бразилия выпустила почтовую марку с запахом бразильского кофе – запах должен длиться от 3 до 5 лет.

9. Кофейная гуща помогает в саду – если посыпать ею землю, слизняки и улитки не будут есть растения.

10. До 10-го века кофе считался едой, а не напитком. Эфиопские племена смешивали кофейные зерна с животным жиром, скатывали их в шарики и ели во время долгих путешествий.

☕☕☕

[morning-with-tiffani]

1. Кофе – это ягода.

2. Кофемолку изобрёл лондонский кузнец в 1665 году.

3. Бетховен, любитель кофе, был таким скрупулёзным, что всегда пересчитывал все 60 зёрен кофе в каждой чашке, когда готовил кофе. А Вольтер выпивал 50 чашек кофе в день.

4. В старину в Константинополе первые кофейни назывались “qahveh khaneh” (школа мудрости”). Там собирались художники и литераторы.

5. В Греции и Турции, по традиции, кофе подают в первую очередь самому старшему.

6. Япония – третий по величине потребитель кофе. Там считается, что кофе делает кожу здоровее, снижает количество морщин, и там принимают ванны с кофейной гущей, настоенной с мякотью ананаса.

7. Когда вы покупаете духи, возьмите с собой немного кофейных зерен. Запах кофе освежит нос между разными духами.

8. В декабре 2001 года Бразилия выпустила почтовую марку с запахом бразильского кофе – запах должен длиться от 3 до 5 лет.

9. Кофейная гуща помогает в саду – если посыпать ею землю, слизняки и улитки не будут есть растения.

10. До 10-го века кофе считался едой, а не напитком. Эфиопские племена смешивали кофейные зёрна с животным жиром, скатывали их в шарики и ели во время долгих путешествий.

Из сети

[milchgesicht]

A Fascinante História do Café: Da Planta à Xícara

O café é uma das bebidas mais consumidas no mundo, apreciada por milhões de pessoas diariamente. Sua história é rica e cheia de curiosidades, que vão desde suas origens até seu impacto cultural e econômico nos dias de hoje. Neste artigo, vamos explorar a fascinante trajetória do café, seus benefícios, métodos de preparo e a importância que ele tem em diversas culturas ao redor do globo.

A Origem do Café

Acredita-se que o café tenha se originado na Etiópia, onde a planta Coffea foi descoberta. Segundo a lenda, um pastor de cabras chamado Kaldi notou que suas cabras ficavam mais energéticas após comerem as frutas vermelhas de uma determinada planta. Curioso, Kaldi experimentou as frutas e logo sentiu um aumento de energia. Essa descoberta levou à popularização do café na região.

A Difusão pelo Mundo

A partir da Etiópia, o café se espalhou para o mundo árabe, onde se tornou uma bebida popular no século XV. As primeiras cafeterias, conhecidas como "qahveh khaneh", surgiram em cidades como Meca e Constantinopla, tornando-se centros de socialização e discussão política.

No século XVII, o café chegou à Europa, onde rapidamente ganhou popularidade. As cafeterias europeias se tornaram locais de encontro para intelectuais e artistas, sendo muitas vezes chamadas de "salas de aula da Revolução". O café também desempenhou um papel importante na Revolução Industrial, fornecendo energia para trabalhadores.

Benefícios do Café

Além de seu sabor e aroma inconfundíveis, o café oferece uma série de benefícios à saúde. Estudos mostram que o consumo moderado de café pode estar associado a:

Aumento da Energia: A cafeína, principal componente ativo do café, é um estimulante que pode aumentar os níveis de energia e melhorar o desempenho físico.

Melhora na Função Cognitiva: O café pode ajudar a melhorar a concentração, a memória e o tempo de reação.

Propriedades Antioxidantes: O café é rico em antioxidantes, que ajudam a combater os radicais livres no corpo, reduzindo o risco de doenças crônicas.

Redução do Risco de Doenças: Estudos sugerem que o consumo regular de café pode estar associado a um menor risco de doenças como Parkinson, Alzheimer e diabetes tipo 2.

Métodos de Preparo

Existem diversas maneiras de preparar o café, cada uma com suas características e sabores únicos. Aqui estão alguns dos métodos mais populares:

1. Café Filtrado

O café filtrado é um dos métodos mais comuns. A água quente passa pelo café moído, extraindo seu sabor e aroma. Esse método é conhecido por produzir um café suave e equilibrado.

2. Espresso

O espresso é um método italiano que utiliza alta pressão para extrair o café. O resultado é uma bebida concentrada e intensa, base para várias outras bebidas, como cappuccinos e lattes.

3. Prensa Francesa

A prensa francesa, ou cafeteira de êmbolo, é um método que permite uma extração mais completa dos óleos do café. O resultado é uma bebida encorpada e rica em sabor.

4. Café Turco

O café turco é preparado fervendo café moído finamente com água e açúcar em um recipiente chamado cezve. O resultado é uma bebida forte e espessa, frequentemente servida com a borra no fundo.

O Café na Cultura

O café não é apenas uma bebida; ele desempenha um papel importante em várias culturas ao redor do mundo. Em muitos países, o ato de tomar café é uma tradição social.

1. Café na Turquia

Na Turquia, o café é uma parte essencial da vida cotidiana. O café turco é frequentemente servido em pequenas xícaras e é acompanhado de doces. A cerimônia do café é um ritual que simboliza hospitalidade.

2. Café na Itália

Na Itália, o café é uma arte. Os italianos têm um profundo apreço pelo espresso, e as cafeterias são locais de encontro social. O "caffè" é frequentemente consumido em pé, rápido e sem cerimônias.

3. Café no Brasil

O Brasil é um dos maiores produtores de café do mundo. O café é uma parte importante da cultura brasileira, com diversas variedades e métodos de preparo. O "café com leite" é uma bebida popular, especialmente no café da manhã.

Conclusão

O café é muito mais do que uma simples bebida; é uma parte integral da cultura, história e economia de muitos países. Desde suas origens na Etiópia até sua popularidade global, o café continua a unir pessoas e a energizar suas vidas. Seja apreciado em uma cafeteria movimentada ou em casa, o café sempre terá um lugar especial no coração de muitos.

Compreender a história e os benefícios do café pode enriquecer ainda mais a experiência de saborear essa bebida tão amada. Portanto, da próxima vez que você tomar uma xícara de café, lembre-se de toda a rica história que está por trás dela.

[daniealnamd]

Coffee Tradition

Coffee, one of the world's most popular beverages, is not merely a drink but a tradition that has deeply influenced cultures across the globe. Its journey from ancient Ethiopian highlands to modern-day coffee shops is a fascinating tale of history, culture, and community. This article delves into the origins, cultural significance, and contemporary impact of coffee.

Historical Origins of Coffee

The Ethiopian Legend

The story of coffee begins in the Ethiopian region of Kaffa around the 9th century. According to legend, a goat herder named Kaldi discovered coffee when he noticed his goats became unusually energetic after eating red berries from a certain shrub. Curious, Kaldi tried the berries himself and felt a similar boost in energy. This discovery set the stage for coffee's global journey.

Spread to the Arab World

By the 15th century, Coffee Tradition had reached the Arabian Peninsula. Yemen was the first region to cultivate coffee, with Sufi monks using the beverage to stay awake during long religious rituals. Coffee houses, known as qahveh khaneh, began to appear in cities like Mecca and Cairo, becoming centers of social and intellectual life. These establishments played a crucial role in spreading coffee culture throughout the Arab world.

Coffee's Arrival in Europe

Introduction to European Society

Coffee made its way to Europe through Venetian traders in the early 17th century. Initially met with skepticism and even hostility, coffee soon gained popularity, especially after Pope Clement VIII allegedly approved its consumption. By the mid-1600s, coffee houses had become prominent fixtures in cities like Venice, London, Paris, and Vienna.

The Coffeehouse Culture

In England, coffee houses, often referred to as "penny universities," became hubs for political, commercial, and intellectual discussions. These establishments offered a space where people from different social strata could meet and exchange ideas for the price of a penny. The Café Procope in Paris, established in 1686, became a renowned meeting place for intellectuals like Voltaire and Rousseau.

The Global Spread of Coffee

Expansion to the Americas and Asia

The 18th century saw coffee plantations established in the Caribbean, South America, and Asia. European colonial powers played a significant role in spreading coffee cultivation to their colonies. Brazil emerged as a major coffee producer, a status it maintains today, supplying approximately one-third of the world's coffee.

Coffee and the Industrial Revolution

During the Industrial Revolution, coffee became a staple for the working class, providing a much-needed energy boost for long hours of labor. Coffee's popularity surged, leading to the establishment of numerous coffee shops and the development of commercial coffee roasting and grinding industries.

Modern Coffee Culture

The Rise of Specialty Coffee

The late 20th and early 21st centuries have seen the rise of specialty coffee, emphasizing quality, sustainability, and unique flavor profiles. Third-wave coffee culture prioritizes direct trade, single-origin beans, and artisanal brewing methods. This movement has elevated coffee appreciation to new heights, with consumers seeking out distinct and high-quality coffee experiences.

Coffeehouses as Community Hubs

Today, coffeehouses continue to serve as important social spaces. Modern coffee shops are often designed to be inviting environments where people can work, socialize, and relax. They host a variety of activities, from poetry readings to live music, and are integral to the social fabric of many communities.

Cultural Significance of Coffee

Coffee Ceremonies and Traditions

In many cultures, coffee is more than just a beverage; it is an integral part of social and cultural rituals. In Ethiopia, the traditional coffee ceremony is a revered practice that involves roasting, grinding, and brewing coffee in a highly symbolic manner. Similarly, in Turkey, coffee is deeply embedded in social customs and is often associated with hospitality and fortune-telling.

Coffee in Literature and Art

Coffee has also made its mark in literature and art, symbolizing various themes from social interaction to intellectual stimulation. Iconic works of literature and art have depicted coffeehouses as venues of inspiration and creativity, underscoring the beverage's cultural significance.

Conclusion

The tradition of coffee is a rich tapestry woven with threads of history, culture, and community. From its ancient origins in Ethiopia to its modern-day presence in coffee shops around the world, coffee has remained a beloved and influential beverage. As we enjoy our next cup, we can reflect on the journey it has taken and the diverse cultures it has touched. Coffee is not just a drink; it is a tradition that continues to shape our social and cultural landscapes.

[blindskeleton]

The Dawn of Commercial Coffee Cultivation: A Journey Back to 15th Century Arabia

Coffee, the elixir of modern life, has a rich and fascinating history that dates back centuries. While many of us can't imagine starting our day without a cup of this aromatic brew, few are aware of its ancient origins. The first known cultivation of coffee plants for commercial purposes began in the Arabian Peninsula in the 15th century. This article aims to take you on a historical journey, tracing the roots of commercial coffee cultivation to its birthplace in Arabia.

The coffee plant, Coffea arabica, is believed to have been discovered in the region of Ethiopia. According to legend, a 9th-century Ethiopian goat herder named Kaldi noticed that his goats became unusually energetic after eating the berries from a particular tree. Curious, Kaldi tried the berries himself and experienced a similar burst of energy.

The coffee plant made its way from Ethiopia to the Arabian Peninsula, specifically to the region of Yemen, in the 15th century. Sufi monks initially used coffee to stay awake during their late-night prayers. The monks boiled the coffee cherries, creating a beverage that helped them maintain their nocturnal devotions.

As the monks traveled, they carried coffee seeds with them, planting them in various regions of the Arabian Peninsula. This led to the establishment of the first organized coffee plantations. The climate and soil conditions in Yemen proved to be ideal for coffee cultivation, and soon enough, the country became a significant producer of coffee beans.

The Yemeni authorities quickly recognized the economic potential of this new crop. They established stringent quality control measures to ensure that only the finest beans were produced. This focus on quality helped Yemeni coffee gain a reputation for excellence, attracting traders from far and wide. The coffee trade soon became a lucrative business, contributing significantly to the Yemeni economy.

With the expansion of coffee cultivation and its growing popularity, Yemen became the world's first coffee exporter. The port city of Mocha emerged as the primary trading hub, where merchants from India, Africa, and eventually Europe came to purchase this exotic "Arabian wine."

The popularity of coffee spread quickly within the religious communities in Yemen and soon reached the general populace. Recognizing the potential for trade, the Yemeni began cultivating coffee plants on a larger scale. The port city of Mocha became the epicenter of coffee trade, and the term "Mocha coffee" was coined, referring to the high-quality coffee exported from this port.

The 15th-century Arabian coffee trade was a closely guarded secret. The Yemeni went to great lengths to maintain their monopoly, even implementing laws that prevented the export of fertile coffee seeds. However, the allure of this "wine of Araby" was too strong to contain. By the 17th century, coffee had spread to Persia, Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire, eventually reaching Europe and the rest of the world.

Coffee was not just a commodity; it was a cultural phenomenon. The first coffeehouses, known as "qahveh khaneh," appeared in cities across the Near East. These establishments became social hubs where people gathered to discuss politics, philosophy, and the arts—echoing the communal and intellectual spaces that modern-day coffee shops strive to create.

In addition to serving as gathering places, these early coffeehouses also played a role in the dissemination of news and information. They became venues where musicians performed, poets recited their works, and scholars debated. The coffeehouse was, in many ways, the internet of its time—a place where ideas were exchanged, alliances were formed, and community was built.

The influence of these early coffeehouses can still be felt today, especially in artisanal coffee shops that aim to create a similar sense of community and intellectual engagement. Whether it's a poetry reading, an art exhibit, or a community event, the modern coffee shop continues to be a space that fosters creativity and discussion, much like its historical predecessors.

The 15th-century Arabian Peninsula laid the foundation for the commercial cultivation of coffee, setting the stage for the global coffee industry we know today. From its humble beginnings in the monasteries of Yemen to its status as a global commodity, coffee has traveled a long and fascinating journey. As we sip our artisanal brews, it's worth remembering the ancient roots that have shaped this beloved beverage.

If you enjoyed this historical journey and are a lover of exceptional coffee, consider trying a bag of Skeleton Brew's custom roast coffee. Our brand is committed to delivering coffee that not only tantalizes the palate but also nourishes the soul. With every purchase, we pledge to donate 10% of our sales to non-profit arts organizations. Experience the rich flavors of our coffee and be a part of a community that values arts and culture.

[coffeecur-blog]

Coffee Facts

In the sixteenth century, coffee was not only enjoyed in homes but also in qahveh khaneh (public coffee houses).  While coffee was central to their popularity, these public coffee houses accommodated conversation, news, chess, music and other live performances. The popularity of these coffee houses were unequaled and often referred to as the “Schools of the Wise”.

[malice--in-wonderland]

A Brief History Of American Coffee Culture

Espresso is as much a piece of American culture as are pants and shake n-roll. In spite of the fact that getting a poor start on the espresso wagon, the US has since upset the espresso scene, from the acquaintance of Starbucks with the advanced resurgence in espresso ceremonies and ability.

Espresso's beginning, as most nourishments, is a story tangled inside hundreds of years old stories. A mainstream legend recounts a goat herder named Kaldi who is said to have found espresso beans on the Ethiopian level several years prior. His goats, which nibbled on the old natural product bearing bushes, dashed around loaded up with vitality. Testing the natural product himself, Kaldi had a comparable response, revealing his revelation with a neighborhood religious community. The abbot – who made a refreshment from the red berry – imparted the beverage to different priests, and learning of the normal stimulant rapidly spread over the mainland.

Before a cutting edge form of espresso showed up, its cherry-like natural product was utilized in an assortment of arrangements, some of which included wine-like substances. By the fifteenth century, espresso was being developed and exchanged Arabia, and its beans – took from its mash outside – were broiled and blended. Open cafés, called qahveh khaneh, jumped up over the east as spots where individuals could trade data over a cup of the much-adored elixir. Making a trip to Europe, espresso rapidly turned into the morning drink of decision over brew and wine, and by the mid-1600s, there were more than 300 cafés in London – regularly frequented by acclaimed craftsmen, journalists, and minds.

Espresso was at last brought to the New World by the British in the mid-seventeenth century. Cafés were mainstream, yet it wasn't until the Boston Party in 1773 that America's espresso culture was changed always: the rebel against King George III created a mass change from tea to espresso among the pioneers. The interest for espresso thrived, and after the Dutch had verified espresso seedlings towards the finish of the 1600s, espresso development extended outside of Arabia just because. Explorers and brokers conveyed seeds to new terrains, and espresso trees were planted over the globe.

By the eighteenth century, espresso had turned out to be one of the world's most beneficial items. Utilization and ubiquity in the US expanded, particularly during the Civil War, and shrewd agents were searching for an approach to benefit from it. In 1864, Pittsburgh-conceived siblings John and Charles Arbuckle started selling pre-simmered espresso by the pound, getting rich by offering it to cattle rustlers in the West. James Folger, who offered espresso to gold excavators in California, likewise observed incredible achievement. A few other enormous name espresso brands, including Maxwell House and Hills Brothers, immediately stuck to this same pattern. Post-war, moment espresso was acquainted with the market and stayed prevalent until Starbucks opened in Seattle in 1971. Starbucks made espresso topographically accessible to individuals crosswise over America, fitting the refreshment to the exceptional sense of taste of each client.

Today, the espresso upset keeps on developing. A grass-establishes development that began in little, freely possessed cafés is refining what Starbucks gave us: it's presently a creative specialty – much like that of wine or lager – that utilizations economical, privately broiled, reasonable exchange beans. Where the beans are developed, how they are cooked, and the preparing procedure are altogether taken a gander at intently. This espresso skill is developing among youngsters, many utilizing it as preparing for the culinary world. As much as a string of new rosemary or a delicious, ready tomato bear a bunch of complex flavors, espresso does, as well.

https://thecoffeemachine.us/

[thatheartonmysleeve]

The History of Coffee

An Ethiopian Legend

Espresso become worldwide can follow its legacy back hundreds of years to the old espresso woods on the Ethiopian level. There, legend says the goat herder Kaldi first found the capability of these darling beans.

The story goes that that Kaldi found espresso after he saw that subsequent to eating the berries from a specific tree, his goats turned out to be vigorous to such an extent that they would not like to rest during the evening.

Kaldi detailed his discoveries to the abbot of the nearby cloister, who made a beverage with the berries and found that it kept him alert through the extended periods of time of night supplication. The abbot imparted his disclosure to different priests at the religious community, and learning of the stimulating berries started to spread.

As word moved east and espresso arrived at the Arabian landmass, it started a voyage which would bring these beans over the globe.

The Arabian Peninsula

Espresso development and exchange started on the Arabian Peninsula. By the fifteenth century, espresso was being developed in the Yemeni locale of Arabia and by the sixteenth century it was known in Persia, Egypt, Syria, and Turkey.

Espresso was delighted in homes, yet additionally in the numerous open cafés — called qahveh khaneh — which started to show up in urban communities over the Near East. The ubiquity of the cafés was unrivaled and individuals frequented them for a wide range of social movement here.

Not exclusively did the supporters drink espresso and participate in discussion, yet they likewise tuned in to music, watched entertainers, played chess and kept current on the news. Cafés rapidly turned out to be such a significant place for the trading of data that they were regularly alluded to as "Schools of the Wise."

With a great many travelers visiting the heavenly city of Mecca every year from everywhere throughout the world, learning of this "wine of Araby" started to spread.

Espresso Comes to Europe

European explorers to the Near East brought back accounts of an abnormal dull dark refreshment. By the seventeenth century, espresso had advanced toward Europe and was getting to be well known over the landmass.

A few people responded to this new refreshment with doubt or dread, considering it the "severe creation of Satan." The nearby pastorate sentenced espresso when it came to Venice in 1615. The contention was extraordinary to the point that Pope Clement VIII was approached to mediate. He chose to taste the refreshment for himself before settling on a choice, and found the beverage so fulfilling that he gave it ecclesiastical endorsement.

Regardless of such contention, cafés were rapidly getting to be focuses of social action and correspondence in the significant urban communities of England, Austria, France, Germany and Holland. In England "penny colleges" jumped up, purported in light of the fact that at the cost of a penny one could buy some espresso and take part in animating discussion.

Espresso started to supplant the normal breakfast drink refreshments of the time — lager and wine. The individuals who drank espresso rather than liquor started the day alert and empowered, and as anyone might expect, the nature of their work was significantly improved. (We like to think about this a forerunner to the cutting edge office espresso administration.)

By the mid-seventeenth century, there were more than 300 cafés in London, a significant number of which pulled in similarly invested supporters, including dealers, shippers, intermediaries and specialists.

Numerous organizations became out of these particular cafés. Lloyd's of London, for instance, appeared at the Edward Lloyd's Coffee House.

The New World

In the mid-1600's, espresso was brought to New Amsterdam, later called New York by the British.

In spite of the fact that cafés quickly started to show up, tea kept on being the favored beverage in the New World until 1773, when the pioneers rebelled against a substantial expense on tea forced by King George III. The revolt, known as the Boston Tea Party, would everlastingly change the American drinking inclination to espresso.

Estates Around the World

As interest for the drink kept on spreading, there was wild challenge to develop espresso outside of Arabia.

The Dutch at last got seedlings in the last 50% of the seventeenth century. Their first endeavors to plant them in Quite a while fizzled, however they were effective with their endeavors in Batavia, on the island of Java in what is presently Indonesia.

The plants flourished and soon the Dutch had a profitable and developing exchange espresso. They at that point extended the development of espresso trees to the islands of Sumatra and Celebes.

Going to the Americas

In 1714, the Mayor of Amsterdam introduced an endowment of a youthful espresso plant to King Louis XIV of France. The King requested it to be planted in the Royal Botanical Garden in Paris. In 1723, a youthful maritime official, Gabriel de Clieu got a seedling from the King's plant. In spite of a difficult voyage — complete with ghastly climate, a saboteur who attempted to pulverize the seedling, and a privateer assault — he figured out how to ship it securely to Martinique.

When planted, the seedling flourished, yet it's credited with the spread of more than 18 million espresso trees on the island of Martinique in the following 50 years. Significantly increasingly extraordinary is that this seedling was the parent of all espresso trees all through the Caribbean, South and Central America.

The renowned Brazilian espresso owes its reality to Francisco de Mello Palheta, who was sent by the head to French Guiana to get espresso seedlings. The French were not willing to share, however the French Governor's better half, enthralled by his great looks, gave him a huge bunch of roses before he left—covered inside were sufficient espresso seeds to start what is today a billion-dollar industry.

Evangelists and voyagers, dealers and homesteaders kept on conveying espresso seeds to new grounds, and espresso trees were planted around the world. Manors were set up in radiant tropical backwoods and on rough mountain good countries. A few yields prospered, while others were brief. New countries were set up on espresso economies. Fortunes were made and lost. Before the finish of the eighteenth century, espresso had turned out to be one of the world's most productive fare crops. After raw petroleum, espresso is the most looked for ware on the planet.

https://thecoffeemachine.us/

[perfection-in-females]

The History of Coffee

An Ethiopian Legend

Espresso become worldwide can follow its legacy back hundreds of years to the old espresso woods on the Ethiopian level. There, legend says the goat herder Kaldi first found the capability of these darling beans.

The story goes that that Kaldi found espresso after he saw that subsequent to eating the berries from a specific tree, his goats turned out to be vigorous to such an extent that they would not like to rest during the evening.

Kaldi detailed his discoveries to the abbot of the nearby cloister, who made a beverage with the berries and found that it kept him alert through the extended periods of time of night supplication. The abbot imparted his disclosure to different priests at the religious community, and learning of the stimulating berries started to spread.

As word moved east and espresso arrived at the Arabian landmass, it started a voyage which would bring these beans over the globe.

The Arabian Peninsula

Espresso development and exchange started on the Arabian Peninsula. By the fifteenth century, espresso was being developed in the Yemeni locale of Arabia and by the sixteenth century it was known in Persia, Egypt, Syria, and Turkey.

Espresso was delighted in homes, yet additionally in the numerous open cafés — called qahveh khaneh — which started to show up in urban communities over the Near East. The ubiquity of the cafés was unrivaled and individuals frequented them for a wide range of social movement.

Not exclusively did the supporters drink espresso and participate in discussion, yet they likewise tuned in to music, watched entertainers, played chess and kept current on the news. Cafés rapidly turned out to be such a significant place for the trading of data that they were regularly alluded to as "Schools of the Wise."

With a great many travelers visiting the heavenly city of Mecca every year from everywhere throughout the world, learning of this "wine of Araby" started to spread.

Espresso Comes to Europe

European explorers to the Near East brought back accounts of an abnormal dull dark refreshment. By the seventeenth century, espresso had advanced toward Europe and was getting to be well known over the landmass.

A few people responded to this new refreshment with doubt or dread, considering it the "severe creation of Satan." The nearby pastorate sentenced espresso when it came to Venice in 1615. The contention was extraordinary to the point that Pope Clement VIII was approached to mediate. He chose to taste the refreshment for himself before settling on a choice, and found the beverage so fulfilling that he gave it ecclesiastical endorsement.

Regardless of such contention, cafés were rapidly getting to be focuses of social action and correspondence in the significant urban communities of England, Austria, France, Germany and Holland. In England "penny colleges" jumped up, purported in light of the fact that at the cost of a penny one could buy some espresso and take part in animating discussion.

Espresso started to supplant the normal breakfast drink refreshments of the time — lager and wine. The individuals who drank espresso rather than liquor started the day alert and empowered, and as anyone might expect, the nature of their work was significantly improved. (We like to think about this a forerunner to the cutting edge office espresso administration.)

By the mid-seventeenth century, there were more than 300 cafés in London, a significant number of which pulled in similarly invested supporters, including dealers, shippers, intermediaries and specialists.

Numerous organizations became out of these particular cafés. Lloyd's of London, for instance, appeared at the Edward Lloyd's Coffee House

The New World

In the mid-1600's, espresso was brought to New Amsterdam, later called New York by the British.

In spite of the fact that cafés quickly started to show up, tea kept on being the favored beverage in the New World until 1773, when the pioneers rebelled against a substantial expense on tea forced by King George III. The revolt, known as the Boston Tea Party, would everlastingly change the American drinking inclination to espresso.

Estates Around the World

As interest for the drink kept on spreading, there was wild challenge to develop espresso outside of Arabia.

The Dutch at last got seedlings in the last 50% of the seventeenth century. Their first endeavors to plant them in Quite a while fizzled, however they were effective with their endeavors in Batavia, on the island of Java in what is presently Indonesia.

The plants flourished and soon the Dutch had a profitable and developing exchange espresso. They at that point extended the development of espresso trees to the islands of Sumatra and Celebes.

Going to the Americas

In 1714, the Mayor of Amsterdam introduced an endowment of a youthful espresso plant to King Louis XIV of France. The King requested it to be planted in the Royal Botanical Garden in Paris. In 1723, a youthful maritime official, Gabriel de Clieu got a seedling from the King's plant. In spite of a difficult voyage — complete with ghastly climate, a saboteur who attempted to pulverize the seedling, and a privateer assault — he figured out how to ship it securely to Martinique.

When planted, the seedling flourished, yet it's credited with the spread of more than 18 million espresso trees on the island of Martinique in the following 50 years. Significantly increasingly extraordinary is that this seedling was the parent of all espresso trees all through the Caribbean, South and Central America.

The renowned Brazilian espresso owes its reality to Francisco de Mello Palheta, who was sent by the head to French Guiana to get espresso seedlings. The French were not willing to share, however the French Governor's better half, enthralled by his great looks, gave him a huge bunch of roses before he left—covered inside were sufficient espresso seeds to start what is today a billion-dollar industry.

Evangelists and voyagers, dealers and homesteaders kept on conveying espresso seeds to new grounds, and espresso trees were planted around the world. Manors were set up in radiant tropical backwoods and on rough mountain good countries. A few yields prospered, while others were brief. New countries were set up on espresso economies. Fortunes were made and lost. Before the finish of the eighteenth century, espresso had turned out to be one of the world's most productive fare crops. After raw petroleum, espresso is the most looked for ware on the planet.

https://thecoffeemachine.us/

[saimabaig360]

The Story of Coffee

“Coffee, because adulting is hard”

There was once a goat-herder called Kaldi, who lived in the Ethiopian plateau in the ninth century. Kaldi started noticing the high energy of his goats after they had eaten some berries. They got so invigorated that they would not sleep at night. Kaldi related this to the abbot of his local monastery. That gentleman had the fantastic idea of boiling the berries and making a drink, imbibing which kept him alert throughout the long hours of evening prayer. The benefits of these amazing berries spread to other monasteries and from there to Arabia. So the legend goes.

In another story, a Moroccan Sufi mystic observed birds eating berries from a tree and noticed their unusual vitality. He tried them and found that they made him equally alert.

Or perhaps it was the above-mentioned mystic’s disciple Omar, whose home was in Mocha (modern day Yemen) from where he was in exile, living in the desert. Mocha is also where we get the name for the drink! He tried some berries to alleviate his hunger and found them bitter, so he boiled them and drank the beverage, which invigorated him and allowed him to stay awake through the night. When new spread of this miracle drink Omar was allowed to return to Mocha and was thenceforth considered a saint.

Whichever of these stories are true, what is beyond a doubt is that from Ethiopia and then Yemen the miracle drink – coffee – spread first throughout Arabia and then the globe. Perhaps more than any other beverage, coffee has been right at the centre of world history ever since the consumption of that first cup.

Muslim pilgrims from across the globe on their way to Mecca boosted its reputation and it became known as the ��wine of Araby’. Yemeni merchants brought home the coffee plants from Ethiopia and coffee cultivation properly began on the Arabian Peninsula with the early plantations in Yemen by the 15th century. Yemeni Sufis used it to sharpen their concentration for their night-time devotions. Muslims consumed it during Ramadan to stay awake and pray during the night. By the 16th century, it had found aficionados in Persia, Egypt, Syria and Turkey, not only consumed in homes but also in public coffee houses known as qahveh khaneh.

The story continues with Baba Budan. Before him, countries purchased coffee from Yemen, which guarded the beans and seedlings. Baba Budan was a Sufi saint from India, travelling to Mecca in 1670. He smuggled some beans into India on his way back and thus began South Indian coffee cultivation, which continues to this day.

Side note: Qahvah was the original term for wine in Yemen and coffee also began to be called that. It later became kahveh in Turkish, Koffie in Dutch and finally coffee in English. Initially, the berry was boiled or fermented to make the drink. It was not until the 13th century that beans started to be roasted

Its popularity was unequal to any other drink and coffee houses frequented by everyone of note become bustling social and intellectual hubs. The Muslim world did not always accept the beverage however. It was banned (considered haram or sinful) in Mecca in the early 16th century because the Governor associated it with revolution and sedition. The Ottoman Sultan finally lifted the ban 13 years later. In 1532, there was a similar ban in Egypt.

The stories of the dark bean travelled to Europe. After the Siege of Malta in 1565, captured Turkish slaves presumably used to make coffee as their traditional beverage, popularising it in Malta. Coffee houses started to open in the country.

In 1570, coffee arrived in Venice due to trade with North Africa, initially regarded with suspicion and fear, some calling it the “bitter invention of Satan”.  Even the clergy condemned its use, until Pope Clement VIII tasted it in 1615 and gave his approval because he found it so satisfying. Despite the mistrust, coffee houses started popping up not only as places to find the beverage but also as social and communication centres, just as they had been in the Muslim world.

Another legend relates how coffee was introduced into Vienna, Austria, as spoils of war after the defeat of the Ottoman Turks at the Battle of Vienna in 1683. A Polish officer received coffee beans left behind by the Turks, opened a coffee house and popularized the drink – as well as the custom of adding milk and sugar.

From here, coffee found its way into England, France, Germany and Holland. And the social revolution followed it. In England, coffee houses came to be known as ‘penny universities’ because for a penny you could get a refreshing beverage and engage in intellectual conversation. Up to this time, the popular breakfast beverages were beer and wine. Coffee soon replaced them because the consumers found themselves alert and energized in the morning. The intellectuals, artists and academics of the time found coffee houses a source of current thinking and news and by 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffee houses throughout the country.

But women were excluded and in 1674 there was a Women’s Petition Against Coffee.

The Dutch obtained live coffee trees in 1616 from Mocha, Yemen and planted them in the Botanical gardens, where they thrived. These bushes produced what came to be known as Coffea Arabica. Coffea Robusta is from central and western sub-Saharan Africa. The Dutch started cultivating coffee in Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in 1658 and then moved the plantations to Java, Indonesia, monopolising the productive and growing global trade of coffee.

They brought the drink to New Amsterdam (later New York) but tea remained the drink of choice in the New World until the Boston Tea Party in 1773.

A young naval officer took a seedling from King Louis XIV’s plant in the Paris Botanical gardens (given to the King by the Mayor of Amsterdam) and brought it to Martinique in 1723, where he planted them and they thrived. That seedling is credited with the spread of over 18 million coffee trees on the island of Martinique in the next 50 years. That’s not it. That same seedling was the parent of all coffee trees in the Caribbean, Central and South America. Brazilian coffee started growing in 1727 and took off after its independence in 1825.

Humans are mobile and as they travelled, whether as tourists, conquerors or colonists, they carried coffee seeds all over the world. Coffee was planted all over the world and economies were established on coffees trade. By the 18th century, it became the most profitable export crop.

Today, coffee is the most traded good after oil. Brazil is the greatest producer of coffee in the world, producing almost one-third of global coffee. Many coffee-making apparatuses were invented along the way. Mass production and sale of coffee began in 1871, started by John Arbukle and Maxwell house popularised instant coffee in 1886. In the 1900’s the Brazilian government asked Nestle to figure out how to utilize the country’s coffee waste. And presto! We got freeze-dried coffee called Nescafe, the world’s leading brand today.

The 1960s saw another coffee revolution and in the 1970s Starbucks opened, initially only selling coffee beans. Coffee plantations have an impact on the environment because it requires the clearing of large swathes of land and extensive water use. Now, fair-trade and organic coffee are becoming popular as a result.

Being a part of social, cultural and intellectual change, there is no doubt coffee took over the world. There is nothing quite like it and that’s one addiction worth the trouble.

My name is Saima Baig and I am the owner and content creator for 360 on History. Welcome to my knowledge portal, https://www.360onhistory.com/, providing FREE content on science, nature, history, and climate. From the Big Bang to today, I take a 360 degree look at life, the universe and the history of everything. Visit www.360onhistory.com for blogs, podcast and videos on science, history and nature.

Source: https://www.360onhistory.com/history/the-story-of-coffee

[maxmaggreece]

Καφενεία: Τα στέκια όπου η καθημερινότητα μετουσιώνεται σε ιστορία και τέχνη

Πηγή εικόνας: www.tripadvisor.ie Καφενεία, χώροι ιστορικοί, γιατί πως αλλιώς θα μπορούσε κανείς να τους πει με τόσες ιστορίες που φιλοξένησαν μέσα τους, και εξακολουθούν, αντέχοντας στην φθορά και στον χρόνο, σε καιρούς πολέμου και ειρήνης. Τα καφενεία είναι οι πιο ευχάριστοι και ιδιαίτεροι τόποι συνάντησης και στην καθημερινότητα, είναι συνήθεια και απόδραση μαζί. Χώροι που όλα τα χωρούν Στην Ελλάδα τα καφενεία είναι σημαντικό κομμάτι της καθημερινής ζωής, κατά κάποιο τρόπο ιερό. Από την επαρχία ως την πρωτεύουσα έχουν την ίδια εξέχουσα σημασία. Ακόμα και στα πιο απομακρυσμένα χωριά, σε τόπους ακριτικούς, όπου οι κάτοικοι είναι ελάχιστοι, υπάρχει καφενείο, ενώ μπορεί να μην υπάρχει ιατρείο, ή φούρνος για παράδειγμα. Σε αυτούς τους μικρούς ή μεγάλους χώρους, οι οποίοι μπορεί να είναι παράγκες ή αρχιτεκτονικά στολίδια, χωράει όλη η ζωή με τις προεκτάσεις της και μάλιστα μέσα από το βίωμα και την φαντασία του κάθε θαμώνα κι επισκέπτη ξεχωριστά. Στα χωριά και στις συνοικίες των πόλεων, στις μικρές κοινωνίες όπου οι άνθρωποι γνωρίζονται μεταξύ τους, το καφενείο είναι ο πυρήνας της καθημερινότητας κι ο χώρος όπου θα ανακοινωθεί και θα συζητηθεί η γέννηση κι ο θάνατος κι ότι συμβαίνει στο ενδιάμεσό τους. Η ζωή περνάει κυριολεκτικά μέσα από τα καφενεία, μπλέκεται με το χαρμάνι του καφέ και τα χνώτα των θαμώνων, χρωματίζεται με το συναίσθημά τους, παίρνει την ένταση της φωνής τους, κοιτάζει προσεκτικά τα βλέμματα και στροβιλίζεται ανάμεσα σε σώματα και χειρονομίες. Σε αυτούς του χώρους χωράνε όλα. Κάθε είδους συνάντηση και κάθε λόγος, η σιωπή, η παρατήρηση, οι αναμνήσεις και τα οράματα για το μέλλον, η στιγμή στο παρόν, η παρέα και η μοναξιά.

Πηγή εικόνας: www.travelstyle.gr Τα πρώτα καφενεία Η λέξη καφενείο είναι η εξέλιξη της λέξης καφενές, η οποία προέρχεται από την τουρκική λέξη kahvehane και είναι δανειζόμενη από την περσική σύνθετη λέξη qahveh-khaneh {στα αραβικά qahve = καφές (προέρχεται από την Kaffa, περιοχή της Αιθιοπίας, όπου θεωρείται ότι παράγεται ο καφές) και στα Περσικά khane = σπίτι}. Άρα, σαφώς, τα καφενεία είναι απόρροια της ύπαρξης και της ιστορίας του καφέ. Ο καφές εισήλθε στην Μέση Ανατολή και στην περιοχή της Μεσογείου από την Αφρική, από τον 12ο ως τον 14ο αιώνα, και αρχικά καταναλωνόταν ωμός με ψωμί. Μετά το 1540 γίνεται γνωστός και καταναλώνεται ευρέως ως ρόφημα. Το 15ο αιώνα, κατ’ άλλες πηγές αρκετά νωρίτερα, πρωτοεμφανίζονται στη Μέκκα (τόπος προσκυνήματος των Μουσουλμάνων) τα πρώτα καφενεία, τα οποία είναι κυρίως θρησκευτικού χαρακτήρα. Λίγα χρόνια αργότερα (το 1551 ή 1554) αρχίζουν να ανοίγουν καφενεία στην Κωνσταντινούπολη και σταδιακά αποκτούν την σημερινή μορφή. Ο Καφές πια συγκαταλέγεται στα είδη πρώτης ανάγκης και το εμπόριο του είδους είναι εξαιρετικά κερδοφόρο εκείνη την εποχή. Ωστόσο, η νοθεία του καφέ με καβουρδισμένο ρεβίθι η φουντούκι υπήρξε για χρόνια μεγάλο ζήτημα στην αγορά της πόλης και ο ανόθευτος καφές ήταν τότε είδος πολυτελείας, περιζήτητος και πανάκριβος. Από τον 16ο με 17ο αιώνα ευρωπαίοι έμποροι είχαν αρχίσει να δείχνουν το ενδιαφέρον τους γι’ αυτό το νέο εξωτικό είδος και αυτό εκτίνασσε την τιμή ακόμη περισσότερο.

Πηγή εικόνας: kaffeeseite.com Ο καφές εισέρχεται στην Ευρώπη μετά το 1600 και τα πρώτα καφενεία κάνουν την εμφάνισή τους στα σύνορα με την Οθωμανική αυτοκρατορία με το πρώτο καφενείο να καταγράφεται το 1645 στη Βιέννη, αν και λειτουργούσαν κάποια και νωρίτερα. Μέχρι το 1700 τα καφενεία ή cafes και cafeterias πια είχαν διαδοθεί σχεδόν σε κάθε μεγαλούπολη της Ευρώπης. Οι ημερομηνίες για το πότε έφτασαν τα καφενεία στο Λονδίνο ή στο Παρίσι και αλλού είναι συγκεχυμένες και οι μύθοι που συνοδεύουν αυτή την εξέλιξη πολλοί. Αργότερα, σχεδόν το 19ο αιώνα, Ιταλοί μετανάστες μετέφεραν τον θεσμό των cafes και στην Αμερική, μέχρι που εξαπλώθηκαν σε όλο τον κόσμο. Στην Ελλάδα πιθανόν το πρώτο καφενείο, έτσι όπως το ξέρουμε σήμερα, λειτούργησε στο Ναύπλιο μετά το 1822, όταν η πόλη ορίστηκε έδρα της κυβέρνησης και στην Αθήνα, λίγο μετά το 1830, ένας Βαυαρός ίδρυσε το πρώτο καφενείο στην Ιερά Οδό με το όνομα «Πράσινο Δεντρί». Ωστόσο, αρκετά πριν από αυτά τα χρόνια στην Αθήνα, αλλά και σε άλλες περιοχές της Ελλάδας, υπάρχουν αναφορές για χώρους με την έννοια του καφενείου (χάνια, ταβερνεία, εργαστήρια) χωρίς, όμως, να υπάρχουν ξεκάθαρα στοιχεία και επίσημες καταγραφές, ή υπάρχουν συγκεχυμένα. Υπάρχουν, ωστόσο μαρτυρίες, που μεταφέρθηκαν ως τις μέρες μας, οι οποίες αναφέρονται σε αξιόλογα βιβλία σχετικά με τα καφενεία που μπορεί κανείς εύκολα να βρει. Ταξίδι στα ιστορικά καφενεία Σήμερα σε όλο τον κόσμο και στην Ευρώπη ειδικότερα, έχουμε την τύχη να έχουν διασωθεί πολλά από τα καφενεία ή cafes - cafeterias. Υπέροχοι χώροι που μας ταξιδεύουν στο χρόνο και κλείνουν μέσα τους την αίγλη και την γοητεία του παρελθόντος μαζί με τις αμέτρητες ιστορίες τους. Πολλοί, μάλιστα, από αυτούς τους χώρους, δεν διασώθηκαν μόνο ως κατασκευές ή όνομα, αλλά και ως μνήμη και ιδέα, μέσα από τα εξαιρετικά έργα των καλλιτεχνών που σύχναζαν ή πέρασαν από αυτά (μεγάλοι λογοτέχνες και ζωγράφοι, γλύπτες και άλλες μεγάλες προσωπικότητες) και πλέον είναι κομμάτι της ιστορίας. Ακολουθεί μια λίστα με κάποια, ελάχιστα, από τα πιο γνωστά ιστορικά καφενεία, μιας και ευτυχώς είναι αρκετά και είναι αδύνατον να αναφερθούν όλα στην έκταση ενός άρθρου: Zonar’s, Αθήνα (Σημερινό Athenee) Λειτουργεί από το 1939 και ιδρύθηκε από τον Κάρολο Ζωναρά επιχειρηματία που είχε δραστηριοποιηθεί προηγουμένως στης Η.Π.Α. Τα εγκαίνια του Zonar’s έγινα την ημέρα που τορπιλίστηκε το «ΕΛΛΗ». Ο Δημήτρης Ψαθάς έγραψε για τον συγκεκριμένο χώρο: «Το πιο πολυτελές ζαχαροπλαστείο της Αθήνας, τύπου ομοίου προς τα μεγαλύτερα και ωραιότερα της Βιέννης». Στο Zonar’s σύχναζαν προσωπικότητες του πολιτικού κόσμου, όπως ο Σοφοκλής Βενιζέλος και ο Ευάγγελος Αβέρωφ, καθώς και σπουδαίοι καλλιτέχνες όπως η Μελίνα Μερκούρη, ο Μάνος Χατζιδάκις και άλλοι.

Πηγή εικόνας: www.musicpaper.gr Πατάρι του Λουμίδη, Αθήνα Άνοιξε το 1938 από του αδερφούς Λουμίδη που διατηρούσαν ήδη καφεκοπτείο, δίπλα από το «βιβλιοπωλείο της Εστίας» και έγινε ίσως το γνωστότερο λογοτεχνικό καφενείο της Αθήνας. Σε αυτό το πατάρι συναντιόνταν οι σημαντικότεροι δημιουργοί της εποχής όπως οι Ελύτης, Χατζιδάκις, Τσαρούχης, Γκάτσος, Μόραλης, Εμπειρίκος και άλλοι. Δυστυχώς, το συγκεκριμένο κτίριο κατεδαφίστηκε. Les Deux Magots, Παρίσι Βρίσκεται στην πλατεία Σεν-Ζερμέν-ντε-Πρε κι άνοιξε το 1875. Οι Πάμπλο Πικάσο, Σιμόν Ντε Μποβουάρ, Έρνεστ Χέμινγουεϊ , Αλμπέρ Καμί, Όσκαρ Ουάιλντ, υπήρξαν κάποιοι από τους διάσημους θαμώνες του. Το Les Deux Magots πήρε το όνομά του από τα δύο ξύλινα αγάλματα (magots), τα οποία διακοσμούν τον εσωτερικό του χώρο. Antico Caffe Greco, Ρώμη Είναι ένα από τα παλαιότερα cafes. Ιδρύθηκε το 1760 από τον ��λληνα Νικόλα Ντέλλα Μανταλένα. Ο βασιλιάς Λουδοβίκος Α' της Βαυαρίας και ο Πάπας Λέων ΙΓ' υπήρξαν οι πιο διάσημοι επισκέπτες του, καθώς και πλήθος φημισμένων καλλιτεχνών απ’ όλο τον κόσμο. Το café το 1953 κηρύχθηκε ως τόπος ιστορικού και εθνικού ενδιαφέροντος από το Υπουργείο Δημόσιας Εκπαίδευσης της Ιταλίας. Caffe Florian, Βενετία Η ιστορία του μετρά πάνω από τρεις αιώνες και παραμένει ως σήμερα ένα από τα πιο αγαπημένα καφέ των διανοούμενων στον κόσμο. Ο Θρυλικός Καζανόβας, ο Γκαίτε και ο Λόρδος Βύρωνας, καθώς και οι Μαρσέλ Προυστ και Τζέιμς Τζόις, όχι μόνο επισκέφθηκαν τον συγκεκριμένο καφέ, αλλά το αναφέρουν και κάποιοι στα έργα τους.

Πηγή εικόνας: www.in-venice.com Cafè Odeon, Ζυρίχη Άνοιξε το 1910 και εξακολουθεί να είναι αγαπημένο στέκι των καλλιτεχνών ως τις μέρες μας. Οι Άλμπερτ Άϊνστάιν και ο Λένιν είναι ανάμεσα στους διάσημους που το επισκέφθηκαν. Α Brasileira, Λισαβόνα Το αγαπημένο στέκι του Φερνάντο Πεσσόα, του οποίου το χάλκινο άγαλμα κοσμεί τον εξωτερικό χώρο, λειτουργεί από το 1905 και σήμερα είναι αγαπημένο στέκι πλανόδιων μουσικών. The George Inn, Λονδίνο Θεωρείται το παλιότερο café στο Λονδίνο και λέγεται ότι ο Τσαρλς Ντίκενς ήταν πιστός θαμώνας. Δεν είναι γνωστό πότε άνοιξε ακριβώς, ωστόσο αναφέρεται σε χάρτη του 1543. Καφέ κήπος, Χανιά Ένας θαυμάσιος χώρος που λειτουργεί ως καφενείο μέσα στον δημοτικό κήπο Χανίων, στο κέντρο της πόλης. Ο Κήπος δημιουργήθηκε το 1870 από τον Ρεούφ Πασά, θέλοντας ένα χώρο για τους καθημερινούς του περιπάτους. Η ιστορία της πόλης συνδέθηκε στενά με τον κήπο. Μέσα σε αυτόν το χώρο, με τα υπέροχα δέντρα, που επισκέπτεται ως τις μέρες μας, όλο το χρόνο, πλήθος κόσμου διάσημοι και μη, το 1900 έλαβε χώρα διεθνής εμπορική έκθεση με 701 εκθέτες, ένα γεγονός αξιοσημείωτο και εντυπωσιακό για την εποχή.

Πηγή εικονας: www.tripadvisor.com Τα ιστορικά καφενεία της Ευρώπης συνδέονται μ' έναν δρόμο μοναδικό Από το καφέ Κήπος ήρθε η έμπνευση και ο Σύνδεσμος Ιστορικών Καφέ Ευρώπης έγινε πραγματικότητα με τη νομική μορφή μη κερδοσκοπικού σωματείου τον Απρίλιο του 2014, κι έτσι από τα Χανιά ως την Κοπεγχάγη και από τη Λισαβόνα ως την Βουδαπέστη, ο δρόμος των ιστορικών καφέ άνοιξε το 2017 μετά από πρωτοβουλία του ιδρυτή και προέδρου του συνδέσμου Ιστορικών Καφέ Ευρώπης Βασίλη Σταθάκη, ο οποίος παρουσίασε την ιδέα του στο forum των «Πολιτιστικών Διαδρομών» του Συμβουλίου της Ευρώπης, που πραγματοποιήθηκε το ίδιο έτος, στην Λούκα της Ιταλίας. Στην σελίδα του συνδέσμου που μπορείτε να δείτε εδώ, αναφέρεται και η ουσία όλης αυτής της πρωτοβουλίας: «Ο Σύνδεσμος Ιστορικών Καφέ Ευρώπης αποτελεί «γέφυρα» πολιτιστικής διασύνδεσης και επικοινωνίας που ενώνει τα Ιστορικά Καφέ, διασφαλίζει την προστασία και διατήρηση της άϋλης και υλικής πολιτιστικής κληρονομιάς τους σε εθνικό και διεθνές επίπεδο». Στο παρακάτω βίντεο ο Μάνος Χατζιδάκις μιλάει για τα καφενεία, όπου υπήρξε θαμώνας ο ίδιος, μαζί με άλλους μεγάλους δημιουργούς της εποχής του και την σπουδαιότητα αυτών των χώρων. https://youtu.be/PSbpdmxib1Y Πηγές Η ιστορία του καφέ – Ανακτήθηκε από την ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: https://www.sansimera.gr/articles/1162 - (Τελευταία πρόσβαση: 20-11-2019) Ιστορία και κοινωνιολογία του καφέ και των καφενείων της Κωνσταντινούπολης - Δημ. Σταθακόπουλος - Σεπτεμβρίου 24, 2012 - Ανακτήθηκε από την ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: https://www.kalavrytanews.com/2012/09/blog-post_9705.html - (Τελευταία πρόσβαση: 20-11-2019) Καφενείο - Ανακτήθηκε από την ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Καφενείο - (Τελευταία πρόσβαση: 20-11-2019) Καφές - Ανακτήθηκε από την ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: https://el.wiktionary.org/wiki/καφές (Τελευταία πρόσβαση: 20-11-2019) Coffeehouse - Ανακτήθηκε από την ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffeehouse - (Τελευταία πρόσβαση: 20-11-2019) Ιστορία του καφέ στην Ελλάδα - Σάση Δημοπούλου - Ανακτήθηκε από την ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: www.cellocafe.gr/2010-11-08-08-48-38 - (Τελευταία πρόσβαση: 20-11-2019) Τα ιστορικά café της Ευρώπης… σε πρώτο πλάνο! Η ένδοξη ιστορία τους και οι επώνυμοι θαμώνες τους - Κατερίνα Θεοδωροπούλου - Ανακτήθηκε από την ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: https://www.reader.gr/travel/ta-istorika-cafe-tis-eyropis-se-proto-plano-i-endoxi-istoria-toys-kai-oi-eponymoi-thamones - (Τελευταία πρόσβαση: 20-11-2019) Πως ένα πατάρι έγινε το πιο διάσημο καφενείο – στέκι των διανοούμενων της Αθήνας - Ανακτήθηκε από την ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: https://www.mixanitouxronou.gr/pos-ena-patari-egine-to-pio-diasimo-kafeneio-steki-ton-dianooymenon-tis-athinas-ekei-sychnazan-moralis-tsaroychis-elytis-chatzidakis-kai-gkatsos-ekleise-logo-katedafiseos/ - (Τελευταία πρόσβαση: 20-11-2019) A Visual Tour of 35 Literary Bars and Cafés from Around the World - Emily Temple - February 9, 2018 - Ανακτήθηκε από την ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: https://lithub.com/a-visual-tour-of-35-literary-bars-and-cafes-from-around-the-world/ - (Τελευταία πρόσβαση: 20-11-2019) Ανακτήθηκε από την ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: www.kiposcafe.gr/history.html - (Τελευταία πρόσβαση: 20-11-2019) Ανακτήθηκε από την ηλεκτρονική διεύθυνση: https://www.ehica.eu/ - (Τελευταία πρόσβαση: 20-11-2019) Read the full article

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Smooth Operation: The Harmonies Between Jazz & Coffee

We explore how jazz and coffee eventually influenced each other.

BY PEACE BETHECREATIVE SPECIAL TO BARISTA MAGAZINE ONLINE

Cover photo by Sean Benesh

When I think of coffee and jazz, I think ’90s bass guitar, and Love Jones and Kangol wool beret hats with the groovy cats of the 1980s. I’m a little on the nostalgic side, as most of these references are over 20 years old, and it’s clear that we won’t be seeing Kangols with coffee anytime soon. I was quite surprised when I started researching and found that jazz and coffee aren’t as inextricably linked as I would like to believe they are. However, they are heavily influenced by one another.

Although jazz and coffee are not intertwined, they definitely influence one another. Photo by Joshua Naidoo.

Coffee shops, then known as coffeehouses (qahveh khaneh in Persian), became essential places not only to enjoy English Breakfast tea, but also for intellectuals to engage in stimulating conversation. What were these intellectuals listening to? In the 20th century, coffeehouse genres shifted as jazz came onto the scene, along with its components—swing, blues, and bebop, which would become its gateway. 

As the culture progressed and ideas became more radicalized, there needed to be a space to discuss those ideas. Coffee shops have always been the epicenter of collaboration, along with new forms of music, thoughts, and action. By bridging the gap between thinkers and artists across several facets, coffee shops served as a neutral location to converse and create new music. Bands from all backgrounds would cram in tour buses and pack out coffee shops to allow the people to hear something they might not have heard in their own homes. 

Jazz was initially for dancing, but as bebop, a jazz swing style of music known for its improvisation, became widespread, jazz transitioned into a genre best experienced through simply sitting and listening. Thus, jazz moved to spaces better for its culture—coffeehouses with couches and plenty of caffeine to help visitors stay up through a long night of great music. 

Bebop is a subgenre of jazz that moved it from the dance floor to the coffeehouse. Photo by Konstantin All.

This transition can be credited to bebop pioneers Benny Carter, Charlie Parker, Dizzy Gillespie, and Thelonious Monk, who allowed people to appreciate the musicality and not just the music through the art of improvisation. You can’t dance to a rhythm you don’t know is coming, so you have no choice but to listen. 

In the current age of hustle where people are always on the go, coffee shops are still home to some of the best talent, both local and visiting. In some cases, many are now frequented by people wanting to regain some control of their time, entrepreneurs holding business meetings, writers, and conversationalists, while jazz or similar styles can still serve as the undertone. Kamasi Washington, Terrace Martin, and Masego are a few of the jazz-influenced artists that can be heard through the speakers of your favorite coffee shop. 

Jazz has been shown to increase levels of productivity. Photo by Andrei Bocan.

Jazz may not have gotten its start and notoriety in coffeehouses. However, it has been widely influenced by its presence in such spaces. It gives people who normally wouldn’t listen to wordless music access to its beauty. Scientific studies have also linked jazz and other classical styles of music to productivity. For example, the one done at the University of Windsor in Canada featured Dr. Teresa Lesiuk’s study on mood enhancement and perception. Next time you wonder how you were able to sit in a coffeehouse, talking, working, or creating for hours, turn your attention to the coffeehouse speakers. It could help a coffee shop to add some of these melodies to their musical selections. It may not be a band playing live for you, but the musical impact could be just the same.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR Peace is an artist, writer, and coffee connoisseur who spends most of her time in coffee shops and activism work. She is passionate about learning all that she can in order to regurgitate all that she knows. She plans to make the world a more progressive place, one word and “peace” of art at a time.

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