#programmable resistors

[jstin2iells]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/passives--resistors--fixed-resistors/wsl25127l000fea18-vishay-5010564

What is a fixed resistor, programmable resistors, High power resistor

WSL Series 2512 1 W 0.007 Ohm ±1% ±75 ppm/°C SMT Power Metal Strip® Resistor

[cadd2liva]

https://www.futureelectronics.com/p/passives--resistors--fixed-resistors/wsl25127l000fea-vishay-9135757

Chip resistors, what is a resistor, trimmer resistors, high power resistor

WSL Series 2512 1 W 0.007 Ohm ±1% ±75 ppm/°C SMT Power Metal Strip® Resistor

[definitelynotplanetfall]

I understand why factorio does the cheap machine/expensive upgrade thing from a gameplay and performance standpoint, but am I the only one who thinks it feels really off that maybe 3% of lategame expansion costs is heavy machinery and 97% is little upgrade chips that you insert into the machines.

For those unfamiliar with the game when I say expensive I don't mean dollars I mean physical metal ingots. Your most advanced crafting machine takes about 300 ore to make and has 4 module slots. The most advanced modules are in the neighborhood of 3,500 ore each. This is the reason in The Bad Mod Of Bad the highest level of assemblers costed in the neighborhood of 12,000 ores.

You actually can't correct this discrepancy with mods though, because people are used to it and will complain if you make machines cost only 1/5 of a module. Even though it makes speed modules entirely useless before you get access to beacons, because it's cheaper in both power and materials to just add more machines than to speed up the ones you have!

With the vanilla selection of ingredients it's also very noticeable that all the crafting complexity comes from electronics whereas mechanical parts stay simple and generic for the most part, and this is quite strange to me: electronics are generic and programmable, and mechanisms are bespoke. And every mod that adds crafting complexity maintains this pattern.

Like the atom pack turns circuit production into this mess of resistors and capacitors and diodes and shit (which is fine to do, to be clear, just that it is adding more complexity to the only part of the vanilla crafting tree with more than nominal complexity), and when people complain about fiddly overspecific intermediates it's because planetfall had the temerity to notice that gears are not linkages are not valves.

[identifying-computers-in-posts]

Today in Computer History (02/14/2024):

Today is Valentine’s Day, which means we say a very special happy birthday to the ENIAC! Today, February 14th 2024, the first ever electric, programmable, general purpose digital computer turns 79 years old!

(Picture via University of Pennsylvania)

Completed in 1945, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first computer to integrate all its features into one unit. The ENIAC took up more than 1,800 square feet and weighed over 27 ton, and was made up of 40 panels, 17,000 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, and over 5,000,000 hand-soldered joints. These numbers have gotten bigger over time, of course. Today, a single stick of 4gb RAM has somewhere in the ballpark of 32 billion capacitors.

The ENIAC could perform up to 5,000 additions or 50 multiplications per second, with a clock speed of around 100 kilohertz. It calculated trajectories 40 times faster than humans could. For additional context by modeling calculators, the classic Ti-84 plus (2004), one of the most used calculators to this day, has a clock speed of 15 megahertz, 150 times faster than the ENIAC.

The ENIAC was the first dive into digital calculators in the modern age, retired in 1955 at ten years old. And nearly eight decades later, we now carry devices with calculators in our pockets. The ENIAC was thousands of times bigger than the largest smartphones on the modern market, and part of it is on display at the University of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Pennsylvania.

(Picture via Wikipedia)

[adafruit]

AVR HV UPDI FTW!

We have been working a lot with attiny816 and attiny1616 chips (https://www.adafruit.com/search?q=attiny) lately, as for our seesaw boards. We often must program them with a CP2102-based breakout (https://www.adafruit.com/product/5335) with a 4.7K resistor soldered between the RX and TX pins. But we are longing for a nicer programmer. Perhaps one that can select 3V or 5V power and logic? And activity LED? and 12V High Voltage programming support if we accidentally set the HV-Only fuse? We looked around and found this charming open-source hardware design (https://github.com/wagiminator/AVR-Programmer/tree/master/SerialUPDI_HV_Programmer), and it inspired us to make something similar.

Instead of a USB A plug, going with USB C. We've used the CH9102F (https://www.adafruit.com/product/5568) but never the CH340E, but it seems like it will do the job here. The classic 3.3V AP2112K LDO is kept for power, and the MT3806 booster looks neat, so that goes on too… plus the 3/5V selection switch! The most significant change is going with a COS4561 analog switch for the 12V/UART signal swapping and a JST SH 3-pin for connecting a quick wire harness (https://www.adafruit.com/product/5755). It fits nicely on a single-sided PCB; most of the space goes to the booster and analog switch, so we'll make a non-HV version.

[intercal]

for reference, this is what I'm working with. Lighter (for scale), LCD screen (that I haven't used yet), the STM8 board on the top side and flipped over, and the USB programmer/debugger.

I really like the simplicity of the STM8, it comes with 8kb program memory, 1kb RAM, and 640 bytes of EEPROM (writable storage that persists after power-off, like a hard drive). besides the status LEDs and reset button on top, the only other components on this board are a voltage regulator (for stepping 5v down to 3.3v I think?) and a handful of capacitors and resistors. a true system on a chip

[ainow]

Get Arduino Atmega 2560 R3 Board at Affordable Price in Ainow

With the MAX3421e IC, the Mega 2560 Atmega2560-16au compatible with Arduino is a microcontroller board based on the Arduino Atmega 2560 R3.

With a total of 54 digital input/output pins (including 15 PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, and 4 UARTs, the MEGA ADK is jam-packed with features. It also boasts a 16 MHz crystal oscillator and comes equipped with a USB connection, power jack, ICSP header, and reset button. Based on the Arduino Atmega 2560 r3, this board shares many similarities with its counterparts, including the ATmega8U2 program that serves as a USB-to-serial converter. In fact, the Mega ADK revision 3 even includes a resistor that conveniently pulls the 8U2 HWB line to ground for easier DFU(Device Firmware Upgrade) mode access.

New features on the board include:

As part of the 1.0 pin-out, the shields will be able to adjust to the voltage provided by the board by adding SDA and SCL pins near the AREF pin and two new pins near the RESET pin, the IOREF. Shields in the future will be compatible with boards that use AVR, which operate at 5V, and Arduino Due, which operates at 3.3V. The second pin, which is not connected, will be used for future purposes.

Circuit with a stronger RESET.

A USB connection or an external power supply can be used to power the Arduino Atmega 2560 R3 Android Accessory Development Kit (ADK). An AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery can be used to supply external (non-USB) power. An adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board’s power jack.

GND and Vin pin headers on the POWER connector can be inserted with battery leads. Since the Mega R3 Android Accessory Development Kit (ADK) is a USB Host, the phone will attempt to draw power from it when it needs to charge. When the ADK is powered over USB, 500mA is available for the phone and board.

Features and specifications:

Arduino Atmega 2560 r3 :

Atmel is the programmer

Microcontroller ATmega2560.

A total of 54 digital input/output terminals (14 of which have programmable PWM outputs) are available.

There are 16 analog inputs.

There are four UARTs (hardware serial ports).

A crystal clock with a frequency of -16 MHz.

A bootloader allows sketches to be downloaded via USB without having to go through an external writer.

-Powered by USB or external power supply (not supplied). The device will automatically switch between power sources.

A heavy gold plate construction is used.

The clock speed is 16 MHZ.

Bootloader uses 8 KB of the 256 KB flash memory.

The operating voltage is 6 x 12 volts.

Mega 2560 Arduino cable:

It is hot pluggable.

-Compatible with PCs.

Strain relief and PVC overmolding ensure error-free data transmissions for a lifetime.

-Aluminum under-mold shield helps meet FCC requirements for KMI/RFI interference.

-Filled and braided shield conforms to fully rated cable specifications and reduces EMI/FRI interference.

Error-free, high-performance transmission.

Case made of transparent acrylic:

MEGA2560 R3 (unassembled) compatible.

It is possible to adjust the cover.

Transparent color.

Acrylic is the material used.

The power of

The external power regulator has a maximum capacity of 1500mA. Of this, 750mA is reserved for the phone and MEGA ADK board, while the remaining 750mA is dedicated to any attached actuators and sensors. To use this amount of current, a power supply must be able to provide at least 1.5A. While the board can run on an external supply ranging from 5.5 to 16 volts, it is recommended to use between 7 and 12 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, there may be insufficient voltage output from the 5V pin, potentially causing instability in the board. On the other hand, using more than 12V may result in overheating of the voltage regulator and potential damage to the board components.

What follows is:

This pin is used to supply voltage to the Arduino board when it is powered by an external power source rather than 5 volts from the USB connection or another regulated source.

This pin generates a regulated 5V from the board’s regulator. The board can be powered via the DC power jack (7-12V), USB connector (5V), or VIN pin (7-12V). If you supply voltage via the 5V or 3.3V pins, you bypass the regulator and can damage your board. Please do not do so.

The onboard regulator generates 3.3 volts. Maximum current draw is 50 milliamps.

The ground pins are GND.

The Arduino board’s IOREF pin serves as a voltage reference for the microcontroller. In a properly configured shield, you can determine the voltage of the IOREF pin and select an appropriate power source or enable voltage translators to work with either 5V or 3.3V outputs.

The memory

It has 256 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 8 KB is used for the bootloader), 8 KB of SRAM, and 4 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written).

The inputs and outputs

By using pin Mode(), digital Write(), and digital Read() functions, each of the Arduino Atmega 2560 R3 Android Accessory Development Kit (ADK)’s 50 digital pins can be used as inputs or outputs. There is an internal pull-up resistor of 20-50 Ohm on each pin. They operate at 5 volts. They can provide or receive a maximum current of 40 mA. Some of the pins have specialized functions:

Serial 0: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX), Serial 1: 19 (RX) and 18 (TX), Serial 2: 17 (RX) and 16 (TX), Serial 3: 15 (RX) and 14 (TX). Connected to the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip on pins 0 and 1.

External Interrupts: 2 (interrupt 0), 3 (interrupt 1), 18 (interrupt 5), 19 (interrupt 4), 20 (interrupt 3), and 21 (interrupt 2). An interrupt can be triggered on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value using the attach Interrupt() function.

Providing 8-bit PWM output with the analog Write() function for PWM values 2 to 13 and 44 to 46.

SPI: 50 (MISO), 51 (MOSI), 52 (SCK), 53 (SS). These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library. They are also broken out on the ICSP header, which is physically compatible with Uno, Duemilanove, and Diecimila.

MAX3421E is the USB host.

The Max3421E

The following pins are used to communicate with Arduino via the SPI bus:

Seven (RST), fifty (MISO), fifty one (MOSI), and fifty two (SCK) are digital.

You should not use Digital pin 7 for inputs or outputs because it is used to communicate with MAX3421E

PJ3 (GP_MAX), PJ6 (INT_MAX), PH7 (SS) are not broken out on headers.

A built-in LED is connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH, the LED is on, when it is LOW, it is off.

Supports TWI communication using the Wire library. These pins are not in the same location as the Duemilanove or Diecimila TWI pins.

Android Accessory Development Kit (ADK) with Arduino Atmega 2560 R3 has 16 analog inputs, each with a resolution of 10 bits (i.e. 1024 different values). It is possible to change the upper end of the range of the pins by using the AREF pin and analog Reference() function. Other pins on the board include:

Reference voltage for analog inputs. Use with analog reference.

Reset. This line is typically used to add a reset button to shields which block the board’s reset button.

The communication process

The Arduino Atmega 2560 R3 Android Accessory Development Kit (ADK) offers various communication options, including connecting with a computer, another Arduino, or other micro-controllers. The ATmega2560 has four hardware UARTs for TTL (5V) serial communication. Additionally, the board has an ATmega8U2 that uses USB to provide a virtual com port for computer software. For Windows machines, a .inf file may be needed but OSX and Linux machines will automatically detect the board as a COM port. In the Arduino software, there is a serial monitor feature for sending and receiving simple textual data from the board.

When data is transmitted via the ATmega8U2/16U2 chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1), the board’s RX and TX LEDs flash. Any of the MEGA ADK’s digital pins can be serialized with a software-serial library. TWI and SPI communication are also supported by the ATmega2560. The Arduino software contains a Wire library to simplify TWI communication, see Wire library for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

The USB host interface given by MAX3421E IC allows Arduino MEGA ADK to connect and interact with any type of device with a USB port. It allows you to interact with many types of phones, control Canon cameras, and interface with keyboards, mice, and gaming controllers such as Wiimote and PlayStation 3.

The programming language

For details, see the reference and tutorials. You can program the Mega R3 Android Accessory Development Kit (ADK) with Arduino software (download). You don’t need an external hardware programmer to upload new code to the ATmega2560 on the MEGA ADK since it comes preburned with a boot-loader (just like the Arduino Atmega 2560 r3). The STK500v2 protocol (references and C header files) is used for communication.

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header using Arduino ISP or similar; see these instructions for details. Atmega8U2 firmware source code is available in the Arduino repository. An ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:

The Rev1 boards have the following features:

Resetting the 8U2 requires connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy).

Rev2 and later boards have a resistor pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. To load a new firmware, you can use the FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux). If you prefer, you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

Reset (automatic) software

The Arduino Atmega 2560 r3 ADK has been designed to reset by software from a connected computer instead of requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload. This is achieved by connecting one of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 to the reset line of the ATmega2560 through a 100 nano-farad capacitor. Whenever this line is asserted, causing it to drop low, the chip will be reset momentarily. The upload button in the Arduino environment makes use of this feature, enabling you to easily upload code without needing to manually press the reset button.

As a result, the boot-loader’s timeout can be reduced since DTR can be synchronized with the upload initiation. This arrangement also has additional effects when the MEGA ADK is linked to a computer running Mac OS X or Linux. Upon being connected to software via USB, the board resets and enters bootloader mode for about half a second. During this time, any non-code data will be disregarded by the programmed bootloader, but it will capture the first few bytes of data transmitted after the connection is established.

Ensure that the software your sketch is communicating with allows for a brief pause after establishing the connection before sending any initial data. The MEGA ADK has a trace that can be removed to disable the auto-reset function. Connect the pads on either side of the trace to re-enable it, labeled as RESET-EN. Alternatively, you can disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110-ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; additional information can be found in this forum thread.

Over-current protection for USB devices

A resettable polyfuse protects your computer’s USB ports from shorts and overcurrents with the Arduino Atmega 2560 R3 Android Accessory Development Kit (ADK). In spite of the fact that most computers have their own internal protection, a fuse provides an additional layer of protection. When more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse automatically stops the connection.

Shield compatibility and physical characteristics

The Mega R3 Android Accessory Development Kit (ADK) PCB has a maximum length and width of 4 inches and 2.1 inches respectively. The USB connector and power jack extend beyond the length, while three screw holes are available for surface or case attachment. It is important to note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil, which is not an even multiple of the standard 100 mil spacing for the other pins. Additionally, the MEGA ADK can be used with most shields designed for the Uno, Diecimila or Duemilanove boards.

The digital pins 0 to 13 (as well as the adjacent AREF and GND pins), analog inputs 0 to 5, the power header, and the ICSP header are all positioned in the same spot. In addition, the main UART (serial port) is located on the same pins (0 and 1); as are external interrupts 0 and 1 (pins 2 and 3). SPI is also available through the ICSP header on the MEGA ADK and Duemilanove / Diecimila.

On the MEGA ADK (20 and 21), I2C and D are not located on the same pins.

[loadbank-emax]

EMAX Load Bank：What is an RLC Load Bank?

Unlike traditional load banks that primarily offer resistive loads, an RLC load bank provides a combination of resistive (R), inductive (L), and capacitive (C) loads. This versatility allows for comprehensive testing of electrical systems under various power factor conditions.

Components of an RLC Load Bank

Resistive Elements: Typically, high-wattage resistors capable of handling significant heat dissipation.

Inductive Elements: Inductors or reactors designed to create a lagging power factor.

Capacitive Elements: Capacitors to simulate leading power factor conditions.

Applications of RLC Load Banks

RLC load banks are essential tools for:

Generator Testing: Simulating different load conditions to assess generator performance under varying power factors.

Inverter Testing: Evaluating inverter behavior under diverse load scenarios, including islanding prevention tests.

Power Factor Correction Equipment Testing: Verifying the performance of power factor correction devices.

Motor Starting Tests: Analyzing motor starting characteristics and voltage drops.

Benefits of RLC Load Banks

Comprehensive Testing: Ability to simulate a wide range of load conditions.

Accurate Results: Precise control over resistive, inductive, and capacitive components.

Improved Efficiency: Optimized system performance through accurate load testing.

Cost-Effective: Identifies potential issues early, preventing costly breakdowns.

Key Considerations When Choosing an RLC Load Bank

Load Capacity: Ensure the load bank can handle the required power rating.

Power Factor Range: Verify the desired power factor range is covered.

Load Control: Consider the level of control needed (manual, automatic, or programmable).

Safety Features: Look for overcurrent, overtemperature, and other safety protections.

Environmental Considerations: Evaluate the load bank's cooling system and noise levels.

[eobdtooluk-blog]

VW MQB RH850 Read IMMO Data and Add Key: Autel or Launch?

Question:

I need a tool to read IMMO data and add key to my VW MQB RH850 cluster, does Autel and Launch support? Which tool is recommended?

Here is the suggestion of EOBDTOOL.co.uk engineer:

Autel IM608 Pro/ IM608 PRO II (IM608 II) and IM508/ IM508S with Autel XP400 PRO and Launch X431 tablet with X-Prog3 support RH850. But Launch tool only can read and write Renesas encrypted RH850 MCUs for Renault, Ford, Nissan, etc, MQB RH850 is not supported currently.

Autel APB131 Adapter is required for Autel MaxiIM key programmer.

Launch RH850 Adapter is required for X431 X-Prog3 key programmer.

Feature:

Both don’t need to cut wire or lift pin.

But Autel needs soldering. Some clusters need to remove resistors.

Autel IM508IM608+ XP400 Pro+ APB131 Adapter:

Function:

Add Key for VW MQB NEC35XX

Add Key for MQB-V850/RH850 Series

Read IMMO data FROM MQB-V850/RH850 dashboard

APB131 replaces the APB130 adapter

Supported vehicles:

VW (Add Keys):

Arteon 2017-2021, Golf  2013-2021, Passat 2015-2021, Polo 2015-2021, Tiguan 2018-2021, Touran 2016-2022, Jetta 2018-2021, T-Roc 2018-2021, Touareg 2010-2018

Audi (Add Keys):

A1 2019-2021, A3 2021-2021, A4 2008-2016, A5 2008-2016, A6 2011-2019, A7 2011-2019, A8 2010-2017, Q2 2017-2021, Q3 2019-2021, Q5 2009-2017

Skoda (Add Keys):

Octavia 2013-2021, Fabia 2015-2021, Superb 2015-2021, Kodiaq 2017-2021, Kamiq 2020-2021 , Rapid 2013-2021

Seat (Add Keys):

Arona 2018-2021, Ateca 2017-2021, Ibiza 2018-2021, Leon 2013-2021, Tarraco 2019-2021, Toledo 2013-2019

Nissan (Add Keys & All Keys Lost):

Sylphy/Sentra (B18) 2022-, X-TRAIL/Rogue (T33) 2021-, QASHQAI (J12) 2024- , Juke (F16) 2012-, Note e-POWER (HE13) 2020-, Sylphy (B18) 2019-2021, Juke (F16) 2019-2021, Pathfinder (R53) 2022-2023

Renault/Dacia (Add Keys & All Keys Lost):

2019- Clio V/Captur II, 2020- Megane IV PH2/Arkana/Trafic III/New Zoe, 2023- Austral

Ford (Add Keys & All Keys Lost):

Ford: 2021- F-150, Bronco, Mustang Mach-E, Focus, Mondeo

Linclon: 2021- Nautilus 2022- Navigator, 2023- Corsair

Supported chip type list:

D70F3524, D70F3525, D70F3526, D70F3529, D70F3532, D70F3535, D70F3537, D70F3426, D70F3381, D70F3382, D70F3634, D70F3635

R7F701401, R7F701402, R7F701407, R7F701025, R7F701019, R7F701025, R7F701019, R7F701056

Supported Chip Models for VW and Audi:

D70F3524, D70F3525, D70F3526, D70F3529, D70F3532, D70F3535, D70F3537, D70F3426, D70F3381, D70F3382, D70F3634, D70F3635, R7F701401, R7F701402

Supported Chip Models for Nissan:

R7F701025, R7F701019

Launch X431 Tool+X-Prog3 key programmer+ RH850 Adapter:

Function:

Read and write Renesas encrypted RH850 MCUs

Make sure the Launch IMMO software updates to V10.95

Supported Chip List:

Supports 48-PIN, 80-PIN, 100-PIN, 144-PIN, 176-PIN MCUs

R7F701002  R7F701003  R7F701006  R7F701007

R7F701008  R7F701009  R7F701010  R7F701011

R7F701012  R7F701013  R7F701014  R7F701015

R7F701016  R7F701017  R7F701018  R7F701019

R7F701020  R7F701021  R7F701022  R7F701023

R7F701024  R7F701025  R7F701026  R7F701027

R7F701028  R7F70I029  R7F701030  R7F70I032

R7F701033  R7F701034  R7F701040  R7F701041

R7F701042  R7F701043  R7F701044  R7F701045

R7F701046  R7F701047  R7F701048  R7F701049

R7F701050  R7F701051  R7F701052  R7F701053

R7F701054  R7F701055  R7F701056  R7F701057

Connection method:

Connect Launch X431 RH850 Adapter to MCU and MCU harness according to the Pinout below.RH850 AdapterMCUMCU harnessVOUTISOVCL×GNDISOVSS×VCC×3IN×5

Connection diagram:

Besides, YanhuaACDP with Module 34 supports VW MQB RH850 5A (IMMO & mileage) and 5C (mileage), Xhorse Multi Prog+ VVDI2+ Xhorse XDMPR8G MQB-RH850/V850 Adapter, VVDI Key Tool Plus+ XHORSE XDNPR8GL MQB-RH850/V850 Adapter support RH850/V850 5A cluster IMMO, and CG100X with D1 Adapter supports MQB RH850/V850 5A cluster mileage repair.

[nandinisthings]

PCB Design Software Market 2023-2029: Growth Trends and Future Outlook

A programme that allows user to build a circuit layout for an electronic device is known as printed circuit board design software. Other elements include resistors, diodes, integrated circuits (ICs), and capacitors. PCB devices are used when small antenna elements cannot be attached to a breadboard. Businesses can utilise the technology to evaluate and examine the circuit's operations.

[vivekpandeyy1]

Arduino Programming for Beginners: A Step-by-Step Guide

In the world of electronics and robotics, Arduino programming for beginners serves as an essential starting point for those eager to dive into the realm of microcontrollers and embedded systems. Arduino is an open-source platform that combines hardware and software, making it an ideal choice for newcomers. At Technobotics, we understand the importance of accessible and comprehensive learning resources for budding tech enthusiasts. This guide aims to provide a clear and straightforward introduction to Arduino programming for beginners.

What is Arduino?

Arduino is a microcontroller-based platform that allows users to create interactive electronic projects. The platform includes a programmable circuit board (microcontroller) and a software IDE (Integrated Development Environment) for writing and uploading code to the hardware. Arduino boards come in various models, such as the Arduino Uno, Arduino Mega, and Arduino Nano, each catering to different project requirements.

Getting Started with Arduino

1. Gather Your Components

To begin Arduino programming for beginners, you will need the following components:

An Arduino board (Arduino Uno is recommended for beginners)

USB cable to connect the Arduino to your computer

A computer with the Arduino IDE installed

Basic electronic components like LEDs, resistors, and breadboards

2. Install the Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE is the software used to write and upload code to the Arduino board. It is available for Windows, macOS, and Linux. You can download it from the official Arduino website. Once downloaded, follow the installation instructions specific to your operating system.

3. Connect Your Arduino

Use the USB cable to connect your Arduino board to your computer. The power LED on the board should light up, indicating that the board is receiving power. Open the Arduino IDE and select the correct board and port from the 'Tools' menu.

4. Write Your First Program

In Arduino programming for beginners, the first program you usually write is the "Blink" program, which makes an LED blink on and off. Open the Arduino IDE, and you will see a blank sketch (a program written in the Arduino language).

Here is the "Blink" code:// the setup function runs once when you press reset or power the board void setup() { // initialize digital pin LED_BUILTIN as an output. pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT); }

// the loop function runs over and over again forever void loop() { digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level) delay(1000); // wait for a second digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW delay(1000); // wait for a second }

5. Upload the Code

Click the 'Upload' button in the Arduino IDE to upload the code to your Arduino board. The onboard LED should start blinking, indicating that the code has been successfully uploaded and is running on the board.

Understanding the Code

In Arduino programming for beginners, understanding the basic structure of an Arduino sketch is crucial.

setup() function: This function runs once when the board is powered on or reset. It is used to initialize variables, pin modes, start using libraries, etc.

loop() function: This function runs continuously after the setup() function has completed. It is where the main logic of the program resides.

In the "Blink" example:

pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT); sets the LED pin as an output.

digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); turns the LED on.

delay(1000); pauses the program for one second.

digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); turns the LED off.

delay(1000); pauses the program for another second.

Exploring More Projects

Once you are comfortable with the basics of Arduino advanced programming, you can explore more complex projects. Here are a few ideas to get you started:

1. Temperature and Humidity Monitor

Use a DHT11 sensor to measure temperature and humidity. Display the readings on an LCD screen. This project introduces you to using sensors and displaying data.

2. Motion Detector

Create a motion detector using a PIR sensor and an LED. When motion is detected, the LED will light up. This project helps you understand how to use sensors to trigger actions.

3. Servo Motor Control

Learn to control a servo motor using a potentiometer. This project is excellent for understanding how to read analog input and control output devices.

Troubleshooting Tips

As you delve into Arduino programming courses for beginners, you might encounter some common issues. Here are a few troubleshooting tips:

Board Not Recognized: Ensure the correct board and port are selected in the Arduino IDE.

Code Not Uploading: Check your USB connection and ensure no other program is using the same COM port.

LED Not Blinking: Double-check your code for errors and ensure the correct pin is being used.

Conclusion

Arduino programming for beginners is a rewarding journey that opens up endless possibilities for creating interactive electronic projects. At Technobotics, we are committed to providing you with the resources and support you need to succeed. Start small, experiment, and gradually take on more complex projects. Happy tinkering!

By following this guide, you will be well on your way to mastering the basics of Arduino programming and ready to explore the exciting world of electronics and robotics. For more tutorials and resources, visit our website and join our community of tech enthusiasts.

[cardiagnostics]

GM 6L80 TCM Possible PINOUTs

Question:

Why is the OBDSTAR DC706 6l80 pinout different than the diagram on websites including Alldata? Is this a misprint?

There are new types of ECU with different diagram.

Check out possible pinouts and reviews.

Customecm PINOUT:

Review:

1)just follow the pinout at customecm. I did and works correctly. I have OBD plug at the end, works with all the programmers and scan tools. Dont forget 120ohm resistor, and power switch on ignition power helps too

2) I made a quick one based off the customecm website and it worked fine. Cloned with DC706. Followed up with SPS just to clean up.

OBDSTAR PINOUT:

Review:

1)PIN1 and PIN2 works fine, same pinout from IO terminal

2) I’ve used the dc706 Pinout on the tool works great.

I/O Terminal PINOUT:

Review:

Before I made that adapter, I was using IO adapter, and IO has same pinout with 1 and 2 pin as OBDSTAR.

Done!

[martech360]

Semiconductor Chips Explained: Different Types and Their Uses

In today’s fast-paced technological landscape, there is a growing demand for faster and more efficient devices. This need, however, brings a significant challenge: balancing cost and energy consumption while enhancing the performance and functionality of electronic gadgets.

Introduction to Semiconductor Chips

Semiconductor chips are crucial in this regard. The global semiconductor market is projected to reach $687 billion by 2025, showcasing the transformative impact of these chips across various sectors, from computers and smartphones to advanced AI systems and IoT devices. Let's delve deeper into this billion-dollar industry.

What Is A Semiconductor Chip?

A semiconductor chip, also known as an integrated circuit or computer chip, is a small electronic device made from semiconductor materials like silicon. It contains millions or even billions of transistors, which are tiny electronic components capable of processing and storing data.

These chips are the backbone of modern technology, found in a vast array of electronic devices including computers, smartphones, cars, and medical equipment. Manufacturing semiconductor chips involves a complex, multi-step process that includes slicing silicon wafers, printing intricate circuit designs, and adding multiple layers of components and interconnects. Leading companies in the semiconductor industry include Samsung, TSMC, Qualcomm, Marvell, and Intel.

Types of Semiconductor Chips

Memory Chips

Function: Store data and programs in computers and other devices.

Types:

RAM (Random-Access Memory): Provides temporary workspaces.

Flash Memory: Stores information permanently.

ROM (Read-Only Memory) and PROM (Programmable Read-Only Memory): Non-volatile memory.

EPROM (Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory) and EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory): Can be reprogrammed.

Microprocessors

Function: Contain CPUs that power servers, PCs, tablets, and smartphones.

Architectures:

32-bit and 64-bit: Used in PCs and servers.

ARM: Common in mobile devices.

Microcontrollers (8-bit, 16-bit, and 24-bit): Found in toys and vehicles.

Graphics Processing Units (GPUs)

Function: Render graphics for electronic displays, enhancing computer performance by offloading graphics tasks from the CPU.

Applications: Modern video games, cryptocurrency mining.

Commodity Integrated Circuits (CICs)

Function: Perform repetitive tasks in devices like barcode scanners.

Types:

ASICs (Application-Specific Integrated Circuits): Custom-designed for specific tasks.

FPGAs (Field-Programmable Gate Arrays): Customizable after manufacturing.

SoCs (Systems on a Chip): Integrate all components into a single chip, used in smartphones.

Analog Chips

Function: Handle continuously varying signals, used in power supplies and sensors.

Components: Include transistors, inductors, capacitors, and resistors.

Mixed-Circuit Semiconductors

Function: Combine digital and analog technologies, used in devices requiring both types of signals.

Examples: Microcontrollers with ADCs (Analog-to-Digital Converters) and DACs (Digital-to-Analog Converters).

Manufacturing Process of Semiconductor Chips

Semiconductor device fabrication involves several steps to create electronic circuits on a silicon wafer. Here’s an overview:

Wafer Preparation: Silicon ingots are shaped and sliced into thin wafers.

Cleaning and Oxidation: Wafers are cleaned and oxidized to form a silicon dioxide layer.

Photolithography: Circuit patterns are transferred onto wafers using UV light and photoresist.

Etching: Unwanted material is removed based on the photoresist pattern.

Doping: Ions are implanted to alter electrical properties.

Deposition: Thin films of materials are deposited using CVD or PVD techniques.

Annealing: Wafers are heated to activate dopants and repair damage.

Testing and Packaging: Finished wafers are tested, diced into individual chips, and packaged for protection.

Conclusion

Semiconductor chips are fundamental to the functionality of nearly every electronic device we use today. They have revolutionized technology by enabling faster, smaller, and more powerful devices. While the semiconductor industry has fueled job creation and economic growth, it also faces challenges related to sustainability and environmental impact. As we continue to push the boundaries of innovation, ethical practices are essential to ensure semiconductors remain vital to our modern world and shape our future.

[industryarcreport]

Printed Circuit Board Market ,Size, Market Statistics and Future Forecasts to 2030

Printed Circuit Board Market Overview

The Printed Circuit Board Market forecast to reach $72.3 billion by 2026, growing at a CAGR of 5.3% from 2021 to 2026. Printed Circuit Board (PCBs) are the foundational building block of most modern electronic devices. PCBs consist of printed pathways which connect different components on the PCB such as transistors, resistors, Programmable Logic Controller (PLCs), Electrolytic capacitors and integrated circuits. The PCB is used in several automotive applications such as power relays, antilock brake systems, digital displays, audio systems, engine timing systems, battery control systems and many more functions. Printed circuit boards are used in many ways in the automotive industry and have changed the way that people drive. The need for PCBs is increasing as vehicle owners and drivers demand more accessories in vehicles. A printed circuit board used in car or truck must be highly reliable and long-lasting.

For More Report Info Click Here : https://www.industryarc.com/Report/110/Printed-Circuit-Board-Market-Analysis-andForecast.html?utm_source=SBM&utm_medium=Social&utm_campaign=NehaM

Report Coverage

The report: “Printed Circuit Board Market– Forecast (2021-2026)”, by IndustryARC covers an in-depth analysis of the following segments of the Printed Circuit Board Market.

By Type – Double-Sided PCB, Multi-Layer PCB, Single-Sided PCB.

By Board Type – Rigid 1-2 Sided, Flex, Rigid Flex, IC Substrate, Standard Multilayer, HDI/Microvia/Buildup.

By Components – Capacitors, Diodes, Integrated Circuits, Resistors and Others.

By Laminate Type – Paper, FR-4, CEM, Polymide and Others.

By End Use Industry – Automotive, Healthcare, Industrial Electronics, Aerospace and Defense, Consumer Electronics Maritime Transport and Others.

By Geography - North America (U.S, Canada, Mexico), Europe (Germany, UK, France, Italy, Spain, Russia, Netherlands and Others), APAC(China, Japan India, SK, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia and Others), South America(Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Colombia and others), and RoW (Middle East and Africa).

Request For Sample  : https://www.industryarc.com/pdfdownload.php?id=110&utm_source=SBM&utm_medium=Social&utm_campaign=NehaM

Key Takeaways

The demand for PCBs is high in the forecast period due to growing demand for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and Battery electric Vehicles (BEV)

Printed circuit boards are used in several automotive applications like anti-lock brake systems, safety and security features, ECU systems, control engines and GPS navigation systems.

PCBs can be programmed to perform system essential commands irrespective of their sizes.

Asia-Pacific is projected to dominate the market share in the forecast period. Due to economies like China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan which is witnessing a high surge in automotive production due to availability of low labour and logistical costs.

Printed Circuit Board Market Segment Analysis - By Type

There are three types of printed circuit boards they are single-sided, double-sided and multi-layer PCBs. Multi Layer PCB is projected to grow at the fastest rate from 2021-2026 at 7.2% CAGR. Each type of PCB has various price points and uses and they are widely used in automotive applications. Single-sided PCB is something which comes with only one layer of conducting material on one side of the board and other side is used for incorporating different electronic components such as integrated circuits, programmable logic controllers, electrolytic capacitors and resistors on the board. Double-sided surface mount PCBs are same as single-sided PCBs but the difference is they have two sided traces with top and bottom layer. Multi-layer PCB’s can support a high level of circuit complexity as they are made up of three or more copper layers laminated together.

Printed Circuit Board Market Segment Analysis - By End Use Industry

The various end users assessed include automotive, healthcare, industrial electronics, consumer electronics, maritime transport, aerospace & defense and others. PCB in healthcare is used in various devices which monitor health of a person or assist the doctor in surgical operations. On the other hand PCB in pharmaceutical industry used in manufacturing drugs and other medicines at industry level. PCBA stands for printed circuit board assemblies and they are widely used in the automobile industry. PCB’s have managed to bring a change in the way people drive through increasing complexity of components such as Integrated circuits, programmable logic controllers, electrolytic capacitor and resistors. GPS navigation system, anti-lock brake system, ECU systems that control engines and several safety and security features that all require PCB’s. Aerospace and defense sectors are one of the key consumers of PCB with major application avionics, communication systems, and weapon systems. PCB forms the necessary foundation for packaging and interconnecting in any electronic circuits. PCBs are used in radar signals which set up in military fighter aircraft such as collision avoidance, blind spot detection and adaptive and adaptive cruise control system. Printed circuit boards are commonly used in vehicles these days in passenger cars and commercial vehicles. Passenger Vehicles dominate the automotive market in 2020. The main function of the PCB is to provide mechanical support and electric connection to different components of the vehicle. One of the most common uses of printed circuit boards for vehicles deals with deployment of airbags which is necessary to prioritize safety. The circuit board is incorporated in the airbag deployment rate sensor which helps in dissipating static electricity and triggering the bag when needed. Likewise it is used in in-vehicle infotainment, GPS systems, and power converters and others.

Printed Circuit Board Market Segment Analysis – By Geography

Asia-Pacific is projected to dominate the market share in the forecast period with 45% share in 2020. Economies like China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are witnessing a high surge in automotive production as well as across manufacturing sector due to the availability of low labor and logistical costs. Due to enhanced production capacities and the rise of digitalization together driving the PCB in this region. Additionally, China and India are expected to grow much faster due frequent activities in construction, transportation and industrialization contributing to the market growth.

Printed Circuit Board Market Drivers

Growing electric vehicles sales driving the market growth

The demand for electric vehicles is higher in the coming years than petrol and diesel vehicles. Unlike vehicle fuel types, battery electric vehicles have more demand due to increasing concern towards global emissions from vehicles as well as government initiatives to increase the sales of electric vehicles. As the move to electrically powered cars takes place the PCBs will play an important role in production and running of cars, buses and other electrically powered vehicles. Additionally increasing sales of electric vehicles as well as adoption of advanced driver assistance system technology in them are likely to drive the demand for PCB market.

[teardownit]

VGA videocard for microcontrollers. Part 2

First of all, you should pay attention to the ROM used. The flash-ROM chip from an old computer motherboard has a finicky parallel interface where the address is written in two runs. This complicates the operating logic and increases access time. Additionally, the PLCC housing it comes in can be expensive and challenging to install manually. In this regard, it was decided to replace it with a more modern 39-series microchip from SST. These chips, such as the SST39LF and SST39VF, have faster access times (55 ns and 70 ns, respectively) compared to 270 ns for the 49 series chip. This allows one to reduce data preparation time to one cycle. The SST39VF010-70-4C-WHE chip has been ordered.

It is also necessary to replace the RAM. To save money, I picked one that operates precisely at 3.3 V and has TSOP housing. The IS62LV256AL-45TLI chip was ordered.

The CPLD chip remains unchanged.

These updates improve overall efficiency by reducing memory access times and using more convenient and modern components, which can also improve product availability and reliability in the future.

The updated diagram is shown below:

The timing diagram for new chips has become much more straightforward:

After the final selection of the main components, a printed circuit board, which had specific requirements, was created. The board had to be adapted for manual assembly. Due to this, components were placed on one side of the board, and the number of pinout components was minimized, leaving only external connectors.

50 copies of printed circuit boards were ordered. This introduces the risk of the first boards' errors and inaccuracies, leading to scrapping all fifty and re-ordering the whole batch. Also, along with the boards, a stencil for applying solder paste was ordered. This will simplify the assembly process.

While waiting for the boards to be manufactured and delivered, it was time to think about flashing and testing the finished boards. Flashing CPLD was less difficult and could be done using a separate connector and USB programmer. However, programming the character ROM seemed more questionable. On a development board, to reprogram the firmware, the chip had to be carefully removed from the breadboard panel, inserted into the programmer, erased, flashed, removed, and returned to the breadboard panel. These operations turned out to be quite labor-intensive. Therefore, to program the character ROM, it was decided to use the tools of the CPLD itself through a custom parallel interface. There were two possible implementation options:

1. ROM programming with special firmware installed in the CPLD, intended exclusively for ROM programming. 2. Implementation of ROM programming functionality into the working CPLD firmware.

The second option was more complex and required additional CPLD resources that would only be used once or twice in the device's lifetime. Fortunately, there were enough CPLD resources available to implement the second option.

The finished prototype was tested through the same parallel user interface, displaying the test picture on the screen. To do this, I utilized an old laptop with an LPT port, which provided enough I/O lines to transmit all the necessary signals to the device.

The testing device (diagram above) was assembled on a breadboard using the surface-mounting method. The resistors were installed in the housing of the DSUB25 connector, and the tested or programmed board was connected with long and flexible pins.

When bending, the contacts create tension in the board hole, ensuring reliable contact. 2 kOhm resistors, together with pull-up resistors of the LPT interface (approximately 1 kOhm), form a voltage divider. This divider converts the 5V logic levels of the LPT port to 3.3V ones.

The board is powered through a simple linear stabilizer, getting a voltage of 5 V from the laptop’s USB connector. Resistor R4 with a resistance of 10 ohms is used for current protection. Suppose a short circuit or other problems are on the board under test. In that case, its voltage will decrease, preventing the USB port from overloading. An LED controls a voltage drop of less than 2 V; it will not light up when the power is turned on.

The command-line script for flashing the firmware and testing is written in C. For hardware access to the LPT port, the well-known DLPORTIO drivers are used. It should be noted that these drivers only work fine on Windows XP.

Font files are required to create a dump that will be written to the character generator's ROM. *. FNT files from the MSDOS system or programs of that time are suitable for this. These files contain bit masks of ASCII table characters. For example, in an 8x16 font, each character is described by 16 consecutive bytes.

Modern *. FNT files (as introduced into Windows systems) have a slightly different format. To extract bit masks from them and convert them to the desired format, the script fnt2bin.exe was created. This program takes as input a *. FNT font file with a height of 16 pixels. To convert any other font to the *. FNT format, you can use any free font converter. The result of running the fnt2bin.exe program will be a file of exactly 4096 bytes containing bit masks of the converted font characters. Thus, a dump of the character generator ROM firmware was created, including 32 different fonts.

To flash this dump into the ROM using CPLD tools, one of the free bits of the control register was allocated. This bit can only be activated when a RESET signal is present. Upon exiting reset mode, this bit is automatically reset, returning the CPLD to regular operation. After setting this bit, the address setting logic changes, and this address register connects itself to the ROM address bus (not RAM). A 17-bit address is formed in three parts: 6, 6, and 5 bits. The two most significant bits of the address byte determine the "chunk" of the address being written: 00: bits 0 to 5, 01: 6 to 11, 10: bits 12 to 16. Then, one needs to switch to data transfer mode and transfer the data byte written to the ROM chip at the leading edge of the HOST_CS signal. Thus, one packet of address and data to the ROM chip consists of four parts, as shown in the table below.

These messages then form sequences to initiate the byte's flashing. According to the datasheet, there is no "flash completion" flag; it is just waiting for a pause that clearly exceeds the time required for the firmware to flash.

The process is slow, but there is no point in rushing when flashing ROM since writing to the ROM itself takes a lot of time. Additionally, writing to the ROM is typically done only once per device.

During software development, the ordered boards, components, and chips arrived. A homemade device was created for applying solder paste. It has a sturdy laminated wood base with stops from PCB scraps to hold the board in place.

The stops were attached with thin, double-sided tape. A sheet of paper placed under the PCB being processed compensated for the height of the tape. This way, the board became perfectly aligned with the stops.

A stencil is placed atop the stops, and solder paste is applied.

The components are then placed by hand on the applied solder paste.

Positioning the components precisely is unnecessary since they will drift to their respective places due to surface tension during reflow and become nicely aligned. Although solder paste will stick components to the board, care must be taken not to accidentally dislodge already installed components.

Solder reflow is performed using another homemade device.

It includes an aluminum heater based on a 300 W thermistor from AliExpress and an IR lamp from the grill of a faulty 600 W microwave oven. Melting occurs very quickly, literally within a few seconds.

During reflow, it is essential to keep a close eye on the components and, if necessary, use tweezers to help them move into place, especially if they are not attracted to their pads. If a solder bridge forms on two pins of a chip with a fine pitch, it must be removed using copper braiding.

After soldering the surface-mount elements, installing the output elements, such as two connectors, is time. After soldering, a visual inspection is performed, and the remaining flux should be washed off.

After these steps, the board is installed into the fixture for programming and testing. The test picture is shown in the photo below.

After removing the pin shorts and cleaning, it became evident that only 7 out of 20 boards worked. The rest required a more careful inspection for shorts and problematic soldering connections. As a result, 19 boards started working successfully. Still, one board had to be disassembled and reassembled on a new circuit board, and only then was it operational.

While working on the board, another idea arose: to use all the device's RAM for 128 characters in 32 lines. This mode would look better on widescreen monitors. This is what the test picture looks like on a widescreen monitor—too much horizontal stretch.

A temporary firmware was written for CPLD for testing, implementing a non-standard 1024×576 mode. This mode is not on the list of standard supported resolutions.

The horizontal parameters were taken from the 1024×768 43 Hz mode and the vertical parameters from the 768×576 60 Hz mode. At a pixel frequency of 50 MHz, the horizontal frequency was 39.55696 kHz, and the refresh rate was 66.25957 Hz. Both of these values are within the acceptable range; for example, the Acer V196HQL monitor, and this monitor displayed the image. The photo below compares an area of 80×30 characters and an area of 128×32. The number of characters is 1.7 times greater.

However, in this mode, 32 lines of characters use just 512 vertical pixels out of 576. Consequently, 2 lines at the top and 2 lines at the bottom of the image remain empty, and the characters themselves become small and less clear due to the discrepancy between the output and the monitor's native resolution.

Since this mode is non-standard, you cannot be sure it will work on all monitors. However, with a high probability, it can be assumed that there will be no issues if the operating frequencies fall within the permissible range.

The timing diagram for this version is:

[adafruit]

LV UPDI for basic ATtiny programming 🔌💻🔧

Part 2! We have been working a lot with attiny816 and attiny1616 chips (https://www.adafruit.com/search?q=attiny) lately, as for our seesaw boards. And we're often needing to program them with a CP2102-based breakout (https://www.adafruit.com/product/5335) with a 4.7K resistor soldered between the RX and TX pins. But we are hankering for a nicer programmer. One that can select 3V or 5V power and logic? Yesterday, we designed an HV programmer; today, we tore out a few parts for the 12V HV programming pulse and spun this simple 3/5V-only UPDI programming dongle. It's a lot like this adorable open-source hardware design (https://github.com/wagiminator/AVR-Programmer/tree/master/SerialUPDI_Programmer), and it inspired us to make something similar.

Instead of a USB A plug, going with USB C. Instead of the CH340N, we kept the CH340E because we like the 'activity' LED, assuming it works. for power, the classic 3.3V AP2112K LDO is kept… plus the 3/5V selection switch! We added a JST SH 3-pin to connect to a quick wire harness (https://www.adafruit.com/product/5755). It fits nicely on a single-sided PCB.