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Universal Co-Masonry: Freemasonry for Men and Women

This article is from: https://www.universalfreemasonry.org/

THE HISTORICAL ORIGINS OF FREEMASONRY

KING SOLOMON'S TEMPLE

“The Temple Legend is a name that I give to that legend or tradition which traces the origin of Freemasonry as an organized institution to the Temple of Solomon and to the builders, Jewish and Tyrian, who were employed in the construction of that edifice.

This is the legend that is now almost universally accepted by the great mass of the Masonic fraternity. Perhaps nine out of ten of the Freemasons of the present day - that is to say, all those who receive tradition with the undoubting faith that should be given to history only - conscientiously believe that Freemasonry, as we now see it, organized into lodges and degrees, with Grand Masters, Masters, and Wardens, with the same ritual observances, was first devised by Solomon, King of Israel, and assumed its position as a secret society during the period when that monarch was engaged in the construction of the Temple on Mount Moriah.[i]

This theory is not a new one. It was probably at first suggested by the passage in the Legend of the Craftwhich briefly describes the building of the Temple and the confirmation by Solomon of the charges which his father David had given to the Masons.

There can be no doubt from this passage in the Legend that the Temple of Solomon occupied a prominent place in the ideas of the medieval Masons. How much use they made of it in their esoteric ceremonies we, of course, are unable to learn. It is, however, significant coincidence, if nothing more, that there was a somewhat similar legend among the "Compagnons de la Tour," those mystical associations of workmen who sprang up in France about the 12th century, and who are supposed to have been an offshoot of dissatisfied journeymen from the body of oppressive Masters, who at that period constituted the ruling power of the corporate guilds of operative Masons and other crafts.

As the traditions of this society in reference to the Temple of Solomon are calculated to throw much light on the ideas which prevailed among the Masons in respect to the same subject, and as the Temple legends of the "Compagnons" are better known to us than those of the mediaeval operative Masons, and finally, as it is not at all unlikely that the ideas of the former were derived from those of the latter, it will not be inexpedient to take a brief view of the Temple legend of the Compagnonage.

The Compagnons de la Tour have three different legends, each of which traces the association back to the Temple of Solomon, through three different founders, which causes the Compagnonage to be divided into three distinct and, unfortunately, hostile associations. These are the Children of Solomon, the Children of Maitre Jacques, and the Children of Pere Soubise.

The Children of Solomon assert that they were associated into a brotherhood by King Solomon himself at the building of the Temple.

The Children of Maitre Jacques and those of Pere Soubise declare that both of these workmen were employed at the Temple, and after its completion went together to Gaul, where they taught the arts which they had learned at Jerusalem.[ii]

The tradition of Maitre Jacques is particularly interesting. He is said to have been the son of a celebrated architect named Jacquain, who was one of the chief Masters of Solomon and a colleague of Hiram Abif. From the age of fifteen, he was employed as a stone-cutter. He traveled through Greece, where he acquired a knowledge of architecture and sculpture. He then went to Egypt and thence to Jerusalem, where, being engaged in the construction of the Temple, he fabricated two pillars with such consummate skill that he was at once received as a Master of the Craft.

It is not necessary to pursue the legend of the French Compagnonage any further. Sufficient has been told to show that they traced their origin to the Temple of Solomon and that the legend referred, to events connected with that edifice.

Now, as these traveling journeymen (for thus may we translate their French title) are known to have separated themselves in the 12th century from the corporations of Master Workmen in consequence of the narrow and oppressive policy of these bodies, making what in modern times would be called a " strike," it is reasonable to suppose that they carted with them into their new and independent organization many of the customs, ceremonies, and traditions which they had learned from the main body or Master's guilds of which they were an offshoot.

Therefore, although we have not been able to find any legend or tradition of the medieval operative Masons which traced their origin to the Temple of Solomon, yet as we find such a tradition prevailing among an association of workmen who, as we know, were at one time identified with the Operative Masons and seceded from them on a question of policy, we have a reasonable right to believe that the legend of the Compagnons de la Tour, or Traveling journeymen, which traced their origin to the Temple of Solomon, was derived by them from the Corporations of Masters or Guilds of Operative Masons, among whom it was an accepted tradition.

And, therefore, we have in this way the foundation for a reasonable belief that the Legend of the Temple origin of Masonry is older than the era of the Revival in the beginning of the 18th century, and that it had been a recognized doctrine among the operative Masons of the Middle Ages.

The absence of the Legend in any formal detail from all the old manuscripts does not prove that there was no such Legend, for being of an esoteric character, it may, from conscientious motives, or in obedience to some regulation, never have been committed to writing. This is, however, a mere supposition and cannot in any way interfere with deductions drawn from positive data in reference to the Legend of the Third Degree. There may have been a Temple Legend, and yet the details narrated in it may have been very incomplete and not have included the events related in the former Legend.

The first reference in the old records to the Temple of Solomon as connected with the origin of Freemasonry is to be found in the Cooke MS. and is in the following words:

What tyme that the children of isrl dwellid in Egypte they lernyd the craft of masonry. And afterward they were driven, out of Egypte they come into the lond of bihest (promise) and is now callyd Jerl'm (Jerusalem) and it was ocupied and chsrgys yholde. And the makyng of Salomonis tempull that kyng David began. Kyng David lovyd well masons and he gaf hem rygt nye as thay be nowe. And at the makyng of the temple in Salomonis tyme as hit is seyd in the bibull in the iij boke of Regum in teicio Regum capito quinto (i Kings, Cap. 5) That Salomon had iiii score thowsand masons at his werko. And the kyngis sone of Tyry was his master mason, And (in) other cronyclos hit is seyd and in olde bokys of masonry that Salomon confirmed the chargys that David his fadir had geve to masons. And Salomon hymself taught hem here (their) maners (customs) but lityll differans fro the maners that now ben usyd. And fro thens this worthy sciens was brought into Fraunce and into many other regions.[iii]

The Dowland MS., whose supposed date is some fifty or sixty years later than the Cooke, gives substantially the same Legend, but with the additional circumstances, that David learned the charges that he gave, from Egypt, where they had been made by Euclid; that he added other charges to these; that Solomon sent into various countries for Masons, whom he gathered together; that the name of the King of Tyre was Iram, and that of his son, who was Solomon's chief Master, was Aynon; and finally that he was a Master of Geometry and of carving and graving.

In this brief narrative, the first edition of which dates back as far as the close of the 15th century, we see the germs of the fuller Legend which prevails among the Craft at the present day. That there was an organization of Masons with "Charges and Manners," that is, laws and customs at the building of the Temple of Jerusalem, and that King Solomon was assisted in the work by the King of Tyre and by a skillful artist who had been sent to him by Hiram, are the two most important points in the theory of the Temple origin of Masonry, and both are explicitly stated in these early legends. We next find the Legend repeated, but with more elaborate details, most of which, however, are taken from the Book of Kings as referred to in the Legend of the Craft by Anderson, in the first edition of the Constitutions, and with a few additional particulars in the second edition of the same work

Preston, the next important Masonic writer after Anderson, does not indeed relate or refer to the Legend in any part of his Illustrations of Masonry, but the theory that Masonry found its origin at the Temple is to be deduced from the historical traditions contained in the third lecture of the Prestonian system, from which Webb derived it, and has perpetuated it among American Masons to the present day.

Hutchinson, who followed Preston, although, as has been seen, he inclined to a remoter origin of the Order, repeatedly refers in his Spirit of Masonry, and especially in his Sixth Lecture, to the Temple of Solomon as the place where "the true craftsmen were proved in their work," and where Solomon distinguished them into different ranks, giving to each appropriate signs and secret tokens, and organized them for the first time into an association of builders, the predecessors of the Masons being previous to that time sages who, though acquainted with the principles of geometry and architecture, were engaged solely in philosophical speculations. In this way, Hutchinson gave the weight of his influence in favor of the Legend which ascribed the origin of operative and speculative Masonry to Solomon and to his Temple, although his views on this subject differ from those of other writers.

Dr. Oliver, one of the latest and the most prolific of the legendary writers, although in his own theory he seeks to trace the origin of Freemasonry to a much more remote antiquity, yet speaks so much in detail in most of his works, but principally in his Antiquities and in his Historical Landmarks, of the system which was for the first time organized at the building of the Solomonic Temple, that most readers who do not closely peruse his writings and carefully scan his views are under the impression that he had fully adopted the Legend of the Temple origin, and hence his authority has been lent to the popular belief.

Existing, as may be supposed from the analogy of a similar legend of the Compagnons de la Tour, among the craftsmen of the Middle Ages; transmitted to the Revival era of the beginning of the 18th century, and since then taught in all the rituals and sustained by the best Masonic writers up to a recent period, this Legend of the Temple origin of Freemasonry, or, in plainer words, the theory that Freemasonry received at the time of the building of the Temple of Jerusalem that form and organization which it holds at the present day, has been and continues to be a dogma of faith implicitly believed by the masses of the fraternity.

It is well, therefore, that we should now see what precisely is the form and substance of this popular Legend. As received at the present day by the body of the Craft, it may be stated as follows:

When Solomon was about to commence the building of his Temple, his own people not being expert or experienced architects, he applied to his friend Hiram, the monarch of the neighboring kingdom of Tyre, for assistance. Hiram, in complying with his request, sent to him a numerous body of workmen, and at their head a distinguished artist called, as a mark of distinction, Hiram Abif,[iv] equivalent to the title, "Hiram his father," who is described as "a cunning man endued with understanding.”

King Solomon then proceeded to organize the institution into a form, which has been adopted as the model of that which exists at the present day in every country where Freemasonry exists. The Legend that contains the classification of the workmen at the Temple, which has been adopted in the rituals of modern Masonry, is delved partly from Scripture and partly from tradition. An examination of it will not be inappropriate.

There are two accounts, slightly conflicting, in the Scriptural narrative. In the Second Book of Chronicles, Chapter ii., Verses 17 and 18, are the following words:

And Solomon numbered all the strangers that were in the land of Israel, after the number wherewith David his father had numbered them, and there were found a hundred and fifty thousand and three thousand and six hundred.

And he set three score and ten thousand of them to be bearers of burdens and four score thousand to be hewers in the mountains and three thousand six hundred overseers to set the people at work.

The same numerical details are given in the second verse of the same chapter. Again, in the First Book of Kings, Chapter v., Verses 13 and 14, it is said:

And King Solomon raised a levy out of all Israel; and the levy was thirty thousand men.

And he sent them to Lebanon, ten thousand a month by courses; a month they were in Lebanon, and two months at home: and Adoniram was over the levy.

In the Legend of the Craft, this enumeration was not strictly adhered to. The Cooke MS. says that there were "four score thousand masons at work," out of whom three thousand were chosen as Masters of the work. The Landsdowne MS. says that the number of Masons was twenty-four thousand. But this number must have been a clerical error of the copyist in which he is followed only by the Antiquity MS. All the other manuscripts agree with the Dowland and make the number of Masons eighty thousand, including the three thousand overseers or Masters of the Work.

This statement does not accord with that which is in the Book of Kings nor with that in Chronicles, and yet it is all that the Legend of the Craft furnishes.

Dr. Anderson, who was the first author after the Revival who made an enumeration and classification of the workmen at the Temple, abandoned the Legend altogether and made up his account from the Bible. This he published in the first edition of the Constitutionsand tempered it with some traditional information, whence derived I do not know. But it is on this classification by Anderson that all the rituals that have been in use since his time are framed.

Hence, he may justly be considered as the author of the Legend of the Workmen at the Temple; for notwithstanding the historical element which it contains, derived from Scripture, there are so many traditional interpolations that it properly assumes a legendary character.

Anderson's account is that there were employed on the building three thousand six hundred Master Masons, to conduct the work according to Solomon's directions; eighty thousand hewers of stone in the mountains who he says were Fellow Craftsmen, and seventy thousand laborers who were not Masons, besides the levy of thirty thousand who worked under the superintendence of Adoniram, making in all one hundred and eighty-three thousand six hundred. For this great number, Anderson says Solomon was "much obliged" to Hiram, King of Tyre, who sent his Masons and carpenters to Jerusalem.

Over this immense number of builders and laborers, Anderson says that King Solomon presided as Grand Master at Jerusalem, King Hiram in the same capacity at Tyre, and Hiram Abif was the Master of Work.

Fifteen years afterward, Anderson, in the second edition of his Constitutions somewhat modified these views and added certain other particulars. He promotes Hiram Abif from the position of Magister Operis or Master of the Work, to that of Deputy Grand Master in Solomon's absence and to that of Senior Grand Warden in his presence. He also says:

Solomon partitioned the Fellow Crafts into certain Lodges with a Master and Wardens in each; that they might receive commands in a regular manner, might take care of their tools and jewels, might be paid every week, and be duly fed and clothed, etc., and the Fellow Crafts took care of their succession by educating Entered Apprentices.[v]

If such a tradition ever existed, it is now lost, for it cannot be found in any of the old manuscripts which are the record of the Masonic traditions. It is admitted that similar usages were practiced by the Operative Masons of the Middle Ages, but we have no historical authority, nor even legendary, outside of Anderson's work, for tracing them to the Temple of Jerusalem.

Out of these materials the ritualists have manufactured a Legend; which exists in all the Masonic rituals and which must have been constructed in London, at a very early period after the Revival, to have secured such an universal acceptance among all the nations who derived their Masonry from the Grand Lodge of England. The Legend of the Temple origin of Masonry, as generally accepted by the Craft at the present day, is that there were one hundred and fifty-three thousand, three hundred workmen employed in the construction of the Temple. Three thousand three hundred of these were overseers, who were among as well as over the Craft, but who at the completion of the Temple were promoted to the rank of Master Masons. The remaining workmen were divided into eighty thousand Fellow Crafts and seventy thousand Entered Apprentices.

Three Grand Masters presided over the large number of workmen, namely, Solomon, King of Israel; Hiram, King of Tyre, and Hiram Abif. These were the only persons who at the building of the Temple were Master Masons and in possession of the secrets of the Third Degree. The statement in the ritual is that the workmen were divided into Lodges.

The Lodge of Master Masons, for there could be only one of that degree, consisted of three members; the Lodges of Fellow Crafts, of which there must have been sixteen thousand, was composed of five members each; and the Lodges of Entered Apprentices, of which there must have been ten thousand, was composed of seven each.

But as this statement has neither historical authority nor logical possibility to support it, it must be considered, as it undoubtedly was originally intended to be considered, merely as a reference to the symbolic character of those sacred numbers in Masonry - three, five, and seven. In the same spirit of symbolic reference the steps of the winding stairs leading to the middle chamber were divided into a series of three, five, and seven, with the addition in the English ritual of nine and eleven. All of this is, therefore, to be rejected from the class of legends and referred to that of symbols.

Viewing then this Legend or theory of the origin of Masonry at the Temple, tracing it from the almost nude state in which it is presented in the Legend of the Craftthrough the extraneous clothing which was added by Anderson and I suppose by Desaguliers, to the state of tinsel ornamentation in which it appears in the modern ritual, we will come to the following conclusion:

In the Legend of the Craft, we find only the following statement: That King Solomon was assisted in the building of the Temple by the King of Tyre, who sent him materials for the edifice and a skillful artist, on whose name scarcely any two of them agree, and whom Solomon appointed as his Master of the Work; that Solomon invited Masons from all lands and having collected them together at Jerusalem, organized them into a body by giving them a system of laws and customs for their government. Now, most of these facts are sustained by the historical authority of the Books of Kings and Chronicles, and those that are not have the support of extreme probability.

That Solomon, King of Israel, built a Temple in Jerusalem is an historical fact that cannot be doubted or denied. Richard Carlile, it is true, says,

My historical researches have taught me that that which has been called Solomon's Temple never existed upon earth; that a nation of people called Israelites never existed upon earth, and that the supposed history of the Israelites and their Temple is nothing more than an allegory.[vi]

But the measure of the moral and mental stature of Carlile has long been taken, and even among the most skeptical critics he remains alone in his irrational incredulity.

Doubtless there are Oriental exaggerations in respect to the amount of money expended and the number of workmen employed on the building, which have been overestimated. But the simple, naked fact that King Solomon built a temple remains un-contradicted, and is as historically true and undoubted as that of the construction of any other public edifice in antiquity.

It is equally historical that the King of Tyre gave assistance to Solomon in carrying out his design. However fiercely the skeptics may have attacked certain portions of the Bible, the Books of Kings and Chronicles have been placed upon the footing of other ancient historical records and subjected to the same canons of criticism.

Now we are distinctly told that Hiram, King of Tyre, "sent masons and carpenters to David to build him a house"[vii] we learn subsequently that the same Hiram (some say his son) was equally friendly with Solomon, and although there is no distinct mention either in Kings or Chronicles that he sent workmen to Jerusalem,[viii] except his namesake, the artificer, yet we may infer that he did so, from the friendship of the two kings, from the need of Solomon for expert workmen, and from the fact which we learn from the First Book of Kings, that the stones for the edifice were hewn by " Solomon's builders and Hiram's builders and the Giblim." The authorized version, on what authority I know not, translates this word "Giblim" as "stone-squarers." They were, however, the inhabitants of the city of Gebal, called by the Greeks, Byblos, which was the principal seat of the worship and the mysteries of Adonis. The inhabitants were celebrated for their skill in stone-carving and in shipbuilding.

Thus, we see that there were, according to the Scriptural account, three classes of Masons engaged at the building of the Temple. First there were the workmen of Solomon: these were of the "four score thousand hewers in the mountains "[ix] who were taken by Solomon from "the strangers that were in the land of Israel"[x] - men whom Dr. Adam Clarke supposes to have been not pure Israelites, but proselytes to the Jewish religion so far as to renounce idolatry and to keep the precepts of Noah.

But we must believe that among these four score thousand strangers more to be enumerated the workmen who came from Tyre, or there will be no place allotted to them in the distribution in the First Book of Kings. The three thousand three hundred who were "over the work," are said to have been chief officers of Solomon and therefore Israelites, and the remaining seventy thousand were mere laborers or bearers of burden - a class for whom Solomon need not have been indebted to the King of Tyre.

Secondly, there were the workmen of Hiram, King of Tyre. These I have already said were probably, and indeed necessarily, included in the number of four score thousand strangers or foreigners. The words in the original are “amoshim gherim,” men who are foreigners, for Genesis defines the word “gherim,” to be "sojourners, strangers, foreigners, men living out of their country."[xi]

Thirdly, we have the Giblim, the inhabitants of the city of Gebal in Phoenicia, who came to Jerusalem, invited there by Solomon, to assist in the construction of the Temple, and who must also be reckoned among the four score thousand strangers. Thus, the Legend of the Craft is justified in saying; that Solomon "sent after Masons into divers countries and of divers lands," and that he had "four score workers of stone and were all named Masons."

For these were the foreigners or sojourners, whom he found in Jerusalem, many of whom had probably come there on his invitation, and the Tyrians who had been sent to him by King Hiram, and the Phoenicians, whom he had called out of Gebal on account of their well-known skill in stone-cutting. And all of these amounted to eighty thousand, the number stated in the Books of Kings and Chronicles, and just the number mentioned in the Legend of the Craft.

It will be seen that the Legend of the Craft takes no notice of the levy of thirty thousand who worked under Adoniram on Mount Lebanon, nor of the seventy thousand who were employed as bearers of burdens. As the former were merely wood-cutters and the latter common laborers, the Legend does not class them among the Masons, any more than it does the three thousand three hundred who were, according to the Biblical account, officers of the court of Solomon, who were appointed merely to overlook the Masons and to see that they worked faithfully; perhaps also to pay them their wages, or to distribute their food, and to supervise generally their conduct.

In all this, the Legend of the Craft differs entirely from the modern rituals, which have included all these classes, and therefore reckon that at the building of the Temple there were one hundred and fifty-three thousand three hundred Masons, instead of eighty-thousand. The Legend is certainly more in accord with the authority of the Bible than are the rituals.

The Legend of the Craft is also justified in saying that Solomon organized these Masons into what might be called a guild, that is, a society or corporation,[xii] by giving them "charges and manners" - in other words, a code of laws and regulations. On this question, the Bible account is silent, but it amounts to an extreme probability, the nearest approximation to historical evidence, that there must have been some regulations enacted for the government of so large a number of workmen. It is also equally probable that to avoid confusion these workmen must have been divided into sections, or what, in modern parlance, would be called "gangs," engaged in various parts of the building and in different employments.

There must have been a higher and more skillful class occupied in directing the works of these several sections; there must have been others less skillful and yet competent to discharge the duties of stone-cutters and layers, and there must have been another and still inferior class who were only acquiring the rudiments of the profession.

Founded on these evident propositions, Anderson made his division of the workmen at the Temple into the three classes of Master Masons, Fellow Crafts, and Entered Apprentices. But he abandoned the Legend in calling the three thousand six hundred officers of King Solomon Master Masons, and making the whole number, exclusive of the seventy thousand laborers and the thirty thousand wood-cutters on Mount Lebanon, eighty-three thousand, and afterward stating that there were one hundred and eighty-three thousand Masons in all - a contradiction of his own previous statement as well as of the Legend of the Craftwhich states the whole number of Masons to have been eighty thousand.

The modern ritual may, however, be considered as having adopted the Temple of Jerusalem as a type of that abstruse symbol of a spiritual temple, which forms, as will be hereafter seen, one of the most important and most interesting symbolic lessons on which the philosophy of Speculative Masonry depends.”

[i] In a sermon by the Rev. A.N. Keigwin, at the dedication of the Masonic Temple in Philadelphia (1873), we find the following passage: "Historically, Masonry dates from the building of the Temple of Solomon. No one at the present day disputes this claim." I cite this out of hundreds of similar passages in other writers, to show how universal among such educated Masons is the belief in the Temple theory. It is, in fact, very true that only those scholars who have made the history of the Order an especial study have any doubts upon the subject.

[ii] The reader will remember the story in the "Legend of the Craft" of one Namus Grecus, who came from Jerusalem and from the Temple in the time of Charles Martel and propagated Masonry in France.

[iii] Cooke MS., lines 539-575.

[iv] Of Hiram Abif, a more detailed account will be given when we come to consider the legend connected with him.

[v] Anderson adds in a marginal note that his authority for this statement is "the traditions of old Masons, who talk much of these things. “Constitutions," 2d edit., p. 13.

[vi] Manual of Freemasons," Part I, p. 4.

[vii] Chronicles, xiv., i.

[viii] We are told in i Kings, v., and it is repeated in 2 Chron., ii., that Hiram sent his workmen to Lebanon to cut down trees. The timber they were to carry to Joppa, where Solomon was to receive it, and, presumably, the workmen were to return to the forest.

[ix] (1) I Kings, v., 15.

[x] (2) Chron. ii., 17.

[xi] Lexicon, in voce.

[xii] The Latin original of the Krause MS. calls it "Societas Architedonica" - an architectural society.

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randomaldiarytranscriptions · 4 years ago

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1839 Thursday 3 January

8 1/4

thick foggy damp morning Fahrenheit 42 1/2 ° inside and the same or rather more outside at 9 1/2 and breakfast in 25 minutes –

out at 10 – went by Charles Howarth’s to Lower brea – Mr George Robinson at home and we went to the meer – walked round it mentioned Mr Bull’s plan of new brook-course – he liked my idea of a new clow – advised a highish embankment at the top for a considerable distance against Mr Carr’s land and the brook-course widening at the wear – no notice taken by him of his wanting me to lay out money but mentioned the 2 fly wheels he had for the mill which he said I ought to pay for – left him at his own house and went forwards along the new road to Sunwood quarry –

there at 12 1/2 – all at dinner – thence to mark Hepworth’s to ask him to swap the older horse he bought for me and take the younger for a few days to cure him – he gives his 4 horses mash-meat 3 times a day – and thrashed chopped oat straw and a pack of beanmeal 24/. And a pack of thirds in a fortnights and the eat very little hay –

in returning a largish while at Sunwood quarry – Robert Mann and wiliam Lord and Jack green throwing the soil off the road and and walling up against the wood and stoning it – my cart arrived (returned) soon after me – Robert Mann fears the steam engine chimney will not answer – fears it is throttled about the damper- I annoyed and hopeless about it –

then to Lower Pit water wheel cabin – Joseph Mann and 2 getting the pump pipes out ready for setting – want allong Holt thinks of employing Rowbottom to do it – then to Listerwick – Booth there came home with him by way of the meer – he had got Greenwood’s bills settled and received the £1.8.5 1/2 balance due to me includeing only six months rent = £20 rent for the North gate land – a 2d 1/2 year = £20 will be due 2 Febuary next – Greenwood himself mentioned £40 to be paid now but I hed written down only £20 – told Booth he must tell Greenwood he should call for it after the 2nd Febuary – this was inadvertance on my part – the road wants making along Saint Anne’s Street at North gate opposite the casino – and the cottage lights want walling out – walling cannot be done under 26/. or 27/. a rood at least – the wall would block the whole front of the 2 houses built facing my land – 7 yards high and about 14 yards of frontage here will be therefore 14 roods of walling and much more is required – the stuff to be brought away from the road will be worth 4d a yard filled and 14d a yard carting here to the back lodge gates –

to go to Halifax with Booth tomorrow to see about these things – when Booth and I got back here found Mark Hepworth come – in the stable with him after Booth went away from 5 3/4 to after 6 – Hepworth thought I had over dosed the horse with salts – no! explained – poor mark no theory-man – all his knowledge practice – George farmer to take the horse to Marks early tomorrow morning Mark to keep him till Monday and to exchange the other horse after Preston fair a week or two hence – this Mark said would not cost much he could easily exchange him –

came in at 6 1/4 -dressed – dinner at 6 35/.. –

Ann either poorly or wrong or both I said littl or nothing but seemed to sleep while she cried after after dinner how melancholy I must make the best I can of it –

upstairs 1/2 hour before coffee – counted my rents coffee before 9 – then wrote all the above of today till 9 1/2 –

Mr George Robinson told me this morning Turner’s were making a road from the quarry down thro’ Flather’s land into the occupation road – he should not like law about – thought they had a right – I doubted this – he said he would consult the proprietors of the adjoining land – the Macaulays, trustees of Mr Armitage etc – I said my share was very small but I would pay my share of any expence that might be incured to protect a right – the bit of ground I want to mend my road at the bottom belongs to Hardcastle not to Mr George Robinson as I supposeed – he agreed that if I offered 3/. a yard for the ground and the value of the old dry walled building it would be enough –

had just written so far at 9 35/.. – Ann went to bed before 10 and left me reading the paper –

came upstairs at 10 1/2 at which hour Fahrenheit 44° inside and 45° outside my study – highish wind- fair but damp and windy all day –

George Robinson thought Mr Bull’s new brook-course would have cost £300!

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humphreystuart · 3 years ago

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brn1029 · 4 years ago

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Today in music history,

January 29th

1961 - Bob Dylan

Bob Dylan achieved his dream of meeting his idol Woody Guthrie when Guthrie was on weekend release from hospital where he was being treated for Huntington's Chorea. Dylan told him; ‘I was a Woody Guthrie jukebox’. Guthrie gave Dylan a card which said: ‘I ain't dead yet’.

1964 - The Beatles

The Beatles spent the day at Pathe Marconi Studios in Paris, France, The Beatles' only studio recording session for EMI held outside the UK. They recorded new vocals for ‘She Loves You’, ‘I Want to Hold Your Hand’ and ‘Can't Buy Me Love’, after EMI's West German branch persuaded Brian Epstein that they would be unable to sell large quantities of records in Germany unless they were recorded in the German language. A translator coached John, Paul, and George, although their familiarity with the German language from their Hamburg days made things much easier.

1967 - Jimi Hendrix and The Who

Jimi Hendrix and The Who appeared at The Saville Theatre, London, England. 20 year-old future Queen guitarist Brian May was in the audience.

1968 - The Doors

The Doors appeared at The Pussy Cat A Go Go, Las Vegas. After the show singer Jim Morrison taunts a security guard in the parking lot by pretending to smoke a joint, resulting in a fight. The police arrive who arrest Morrison and charge him with vagrancy, public drunkenness, and failure to possess sufficient identification.

1969 - Fleetwood Mac

Fleetwood Mac had their only UK No.1 single with the instrumental 'Albatross' which was composed by guitarist Peter Green. 'Albatross' is the only Fleetwood Mac composition with the distinction of having inspired a Beatles song, 'Sun King' from 1969's Abbey Road.

1972 - George Harrison

The triple album The Concert For Bangladesh went to No.1 on the UK album chart. Organised by George Harrison to raise funds for the people caught up in the war and famine from the area. The set featured; Bob Dylan, Ringo Starr, Billy Preston, Eric Clapton, Ravi Shankar and members from Badfinger.

1979 - Boomtown Rats

16-year-old Brenda Spencer killed two people and wounded nine others when she fired from her house across the street onto the entrance of San Diego's Grover Cleveland Elementary School. Spencer fired the shot's from a .22-caliber rifle her father had given her for Christmas. When asked why she did it, she answered 'I don't like Mondays.' The Boomtown Rats went on to write and recorded a song based on the event.

1983 - Men At Work

Australian group Men At Work went to No.1 on the British and American singles and album charts simultaneously with 'Down Under' and 'Business As Usual'. The last artist to achieve this was Rod Stewart in 1971.

1992 - Willie Dixon

American blues singer and guitarist Willie Dixon died of heart failure. He wrote the classic songs 'You Shook Me', 'I Can't Quit You Baby', 'Hoochie Coochie Man', 'I Just Want to Make Love to You' and 'Little Red Rooster'. Dixon was a major influence on The Rolling Stones, Cream, The Yardbirds and Led Zeppelin.

2010 - Sly Stone

Sly Stone filed a $50m (£30.9m) legal claim against his former manager, alleging fraud and 20 years of stolen royalties. The 66-year-old funk musician of the 1970s group Sly and the Family Stone, claimed in the Los Angeles Superior Court that Jerry Goldstein diverted millions in royalties to fund a lavish lifestyle.

2015 - Rod McKuen

American poet, singer-songwriter, and actor Rod McKuen died aged 81. McKuen's translations and adaptations of the songs of Jacques Brel were instrumental in bringing the Belgian songwriter to prominence in the English-speaking world. McKuen's songs sold over 100 million recordings worldwide. His songs have been performed by such diverse artists as Barbra Streisand, Perry Como, Petula Clark, Waylon Jennings, Johnny Cash, Andy Williams, Dusty Springfield, Johnny Mathis and Frank Sinatra.

2016 - David Bowie

Three weeks after his death, David Bowie lodged 12 albums in the UK top 40, equalling a record set by Elvis Presley in 1977. His last album Blackstar, spent a third week at No.1 with Best of Bowie, Hunky Dory and Ziggy Stardust all in the Top 10. Bowie's other albums in the top 40 include: Nothing Has Changed (5), Heroes (28), Diamond Dogs (30), Station to Station (32) and Scary Monsters (36).

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magistrimagiae · 7 years ago

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FULL NAME: Rubeus Hagrid HOUSE: Gryffindor HOGWARTS YEARS: 1940-43 (expelled) BLOOD STATUS: Half-blood PARENTS: the giantess Fridwulfa and the wizard Quentin Hagrid WAND: oak with dragon heartstring, 16 inches PATRONUS: unable to cast the charm; however, if he could, it would take the form of a gorilla. BOGGART: his father’s death; decapitated hippogriff BEST SUBJECTS: care of magical creatures, herbology WORST SUBJECTS: transfigurations, charms EXTRACURRICULAR: his many pets, despite the fact that one of them got him framed & expelled; baking CAREER PATH: Hogwarts gamekeeper/Care of Magical Creatures teacher QUIDDITCH TEAM: He was a fan of an obscure Devonshire team that disbanded some years ago, the Preston Porbeagles. Since then he hasn’t really found a replacement but he’ll root for Britain in the world cup of course, and has a soft spot for the Chudley Cannons. BIO: A rare blend of species, Hagrid is half-giant on his mother’s side. Quentin Hagrid was a bright, adventurous, gentle and kind soul, of a type perhaps with Luna Lovegood and Newt Scamander. He believed giants to be capable of goodness and love. While true, it wasn’t the full story. Fridwulfa abandoned her human family when her son was only three; little Hagrid has a couple of treasured memories left of her. His father then raised his son by himself. He always believed in Rubeus and encouraged him even when things weren’t going too well. He did struggle when he got to Hogwarts.

Quentin’s support sustained him until his second year, when his father died. Hagrid was devastated. He took comfort in the natural world, where he’d always felt most at home. His interests ran to the more exotic of creatures, however, and by third year he was keeping a baby Acromantula in a box. That led to what at its most charitable could be called a misunderstanding, but given its orchestration was in fact a frame job. This was also the year the Chamber of Secrets was opened; Hagrid ended up blamed and expelled, wand broken, in disgrace. Dumbledore allowed him to stay on as gamekeeper.

He grew into a Hogwarts institution as much as the house elves and indeed the Houses. It would be impossible to separate the two now without feeling a profound sense of lack. After the Chamber was re-opened and its true instigator discovered, he was authorized to perform magic again. This did not come without a cost (some weeks in Azkaban) and still leaves him limited to his essentially third-year training. His original wand, broken, is still lodged within his pink umbrella. Being rather sentimental, Hagrid doesn’t really want to get a new one even if he can.

He lives in a hut on the edge of the Forbidden Forest, handy for hiding many of his less licit friends— such as Aragog (the acromantula he was expelled for), hippogriffs, and most notably of all, his full giant half-brother Grawp. Both he and Grawp played their part in the Battle of Hogwarts. Despite being expelled, he is fiercely loyal to the school and especially to Albus Dumbledore.

#** bio.#🐾;; Hagrid interactions #( a forest unto himself || Hagrid visage )#( night at the pub || Hagrid music )#( keys to the keeper of grounds || Hagrid hc )#( all creatures bold and beautiful || Hagrid aes )#( a breed apart does not a monster make || Hagrid about )#( don’t mean no harm || Hagrid thoughts )

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malleedesign · 4 years ago

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New Post has been published on http://malleedesign.com.au/back-from-a-bird-language-retreat/

Back from a Bird Language Retreat

The mantra of the weekend, a quote shared by JA Baker: “The hardest thing of all is to see what is really there.”

_____________________________________ By Hannah Preston

Two weeks ago I mentored at a bird language and nature connection retreat hosted by Wangat Lodge and run by environmental educator and naturalist Andrew Turbill. Boy oh boy did I learn a lot about birds!

Wangat lodge is in a beautiful spot nestled amongst eucalypt forest and rainforest on the edge of Barrington Tops National Park, on the brink of the Chichester River. The vibrancy and life of the bush surrounding the lodge was outstanding – birds were absolutely everywhere, nesting and feeding and chattering.

By the river we saw Scarlet Honeyeaters feeding in the bottlebrush overhanging the waterway, and some participants were lucky enough to see platypi.

There were about 50 of us at the retreat, nature enthusiasts, scientific minds, family and ecologically passionate folk. The main activity was sit-spotting, which involved going to the same place in the bush everyday where we observed birds and nature for about an hour. We then came back together as a big group to share our experiences of bird-watching, the calls we heard and the behaviours we saw.

One of the highlights for me was watching a breeding pair of little Brown Thornbills hopping to and from spears of Lomandra grass right in front of me, making their almost insect-like ‘zip zips’ and melodic warbles amongst the grasses. Perhaps establishing territory and/or singing their companion calls.

Another character at the workshop was this King Parrot who liked to sit in on our group discussions up in the Cheese tree Glochidion ferdinandi (sometimes whizzing right past our ears!). He was also the first one to check out the birdbaths we set up around the property, you can see him investigating a mini dish in the video below.

Andrew was a fantastic host with a knack for storytelling. He took us on many in-depth discussions about the history of birds, the meaning of their calls, the interconnectedness they have with our greater ecology and guiding us one afternoon on a bird walk with him (a real highlight).

His generosity and articulation was outstanding and I now find myself noticing things about birds here and there that I was blind to noticing before – the ruckus alarm calls of New Holland Honeyeaters as I visit their territory, the outstanding mimicry of little birds like the yellow-throated scrubwrens as they attend their nest and much more confusing chatter that I’m yet to understand!

One of the amazing things I learnt was that lyrebirds are one of the world’s oldest songbirds, likely surviving the Chicxulub asteroid impact that wiped out all almost all other existing bird species 65 million years ago, bringing the dinosaur era to its knees. Being a ground bird it might have been able to shelter from the global wildfires that ensued and highly sulphurised atmosphere that tree-nesting birds couldn’t handle. eBird has some amazing photos and calls of the species https://ebird.org/species/suplyr1

At the end of the retreat people jumped up to share like-minded events and links to bird resources. I’ve put together a list of some of below for those that are interested.

Bird Language 2021! The retreat is happening again next year 14th-17th October 2021. You can contact Wangat Lodge to express your interest at http://www.wangat.com.au/contact

Andrew Turbill has a website with his bio and happening here: http://www.cel.org.au/andrew-turbill/

Wild by Nature programs with Wildcraft Australia (sometimes also hosted by Wangat lodge), see http://www.wildcraftaustralia.com/

Workshops and nature connection with Wild Search Australia based in Byron Bay https://wildsearchaustralia.com.au/

Happy birdwatching,

Hannah

_____________________________________ By Kath

I booked myself and my family into the Bird Language and Nature Connection Retreat after chatting to Dan Lyons the Wangat Lodge owner over the phone. Dan is a wonderfully passionate human who is building on the community at Wangat. I had wanted to take my kids there earlier in the year and though they were only 2 of the 4 child participants in the workshop they got so much out of it thanks to Andrew’s incredible educator skills.

There was never a dull moment during the 3 days, our time was packed with talks, walks, sit spots and various activities to help us listen and connect with our bush surroundings. We enjoyed many swims in the various spots on the river.

My sit spot was actually on the river bank amongst the mossy logs, rocks and ferns, where I heard Golden Whistlers, Thornbills and Wrens. I walked under a gateway of fern covered branches, past this beautiful Cymbidium suave and along the river with relish every time. I embraced the time to sit and simply listen, and working from 30 minutes to 1 hour of sitting and listening was not an issue for me, it was a luxury I relished😉

I learned a few bird calls I didn’t know however the break through for me came when I could break down the cacophony of birdsong into individual calls, regardless of not being able to ID the sounds. Being able to sift through the sounds of the bush and really listen was a ‘light bulb’ moment and I haven’t been able to turn my ears off since. Waking in the morning after we got back I realised how many bird calls I could hear just simply laying in my bed with the window open.

One of the first activities was drawing the sound of the bird calls you could hear, being a visual person this helped immensely for me. The other thing which helped was just letting go of “trying”, by the third day I was a lot more relaxed and had pretty much given up on even seeing the birds I could hear. So then what happens? I sit more calmly, my gaze is softer and I am not taking notes or scribbling away and I see and hear so many more birds! It is like a nature meditation, sorry if that is a bit too cosmic for some of you 🤣

We also got together in small groups based on our geographic locations and made up a rough seasonal calendar of what we have observed in nature in our areas. What is flowering, bird calls, insects, whales, weather patterns etc. all these things are affecting us and the wildlife all the time, it was great getting it down on paper and I have made a pact with myself to chart these observations month by month in my little tech of the woods. Plus also to do some sit spots in my local bushland 💚

Thankyou Andrew for opening my ears and putting everything back into focus again. Wangat Lodge we will be back!

#Andrew Turbill #Barrington Tops National Park #Bird Bath #bird calls #bird-attracting #Cymbidium suave #Glochidion ferdinandi #king parrot #Lyre Bird #native grasses #nature connection #Wangat Lodge #wildlife habitat

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partikle · 7 years ago

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on key: twin peaks season 3, episode 7

(First attempt at live-blogging the episode as I stream it.)

1min

Jerry... Is he really scared or really high?

Ben Horne! That’s a brother who is really trying.

Jerry has lost it. And his car.

“Oh, good lord, Jerry,” says Benjamin.

3 min

HAWK & Frank Truman

Laura’s pages about Annie saying Dale Cooper and Laura were in the Lodge!

This IS what the Log Lady wanted you to find, Hawk.

Three of the FOUR PAGES? Of course there’s one page missing.

How did they get in the bathroom door? Good question, Frank.

Hawk thinks Leland hid the pages.

Hawk: “... the one who came out of the Lodge that night was not the Good Cooper.”

Harry is SICK and that is SAD, but TRUMAN -- ASK HIM. ASK HIM. The selfish part of me wants Frank Truman to ask Harry, before he goes. Frank is far more patient and balanced than I am.

8 min

ANDY doing some police work. Kinda sorta. Way to go, Andy!

Has to do with the wiped-down grill of a certain truck. Say goodbye to that guy who just asked for 2 hours.

9 min

Doc Hayward and Frank Truman SKYPING! Oh, the magic of TP in the modern era.

That’s a fancy computer screen. We’re in the Lodge of the Future. 2001 Forest Odyssey.

DOC HAYWARD!

Cooper went to intensive care because didn’t he bang his head into -- OH...

First time anyone mentions AUDREY!!! in a COMA!!!! HOLY SHIT. FINALLY we learn she didn’t die immediately following the explosion in the bank.

Are they going to mention Donna?!?

No mention of Donna. I wanted too much too soon. I can wait.

13min

Lt. Knox... Finally back to the prints!

Lt. Knox: There’s a body?

Where’s the rest of him? haha

Oooh. YES. Who is this person walking down the hallway? Spooky spooky spooky person. Holy FUCK! Who is that scary person? And the reverb in the background? Yikes. That person was kinda nasty. Is it the Ghose being we saw in the jail cell earlier? We’re still in Buckhorn. Who could that be?

17min

Gordon Cole is whistling in front of a Nuclear Explosion. Looks kinda phallic?

Albert

Diane -- seeing Cooper, ‘No fucking way.’ She must have felt abandoned by him.

“Say please, Albert.” That’s all Albert wants, is to be treated decently. I adore Albert.

LOL. Oh you want personal? Fuck you, too, Albert.

I love Diane’s mid-century interior design.

Damn Good Coffee. No shit.

Okay on a flight to South Dakota where Bad Cooper is being held. Last two thirds of the season and we’re moving now. This is really coming together.

Fuck you, Albert #2. Love it.

Tamara Preston -- good to see she’s still hanging on!

A Girl from Ipanima? That seems a little on the nose or trying too hard to be clever. That’s almost too well-known enough reference. But the point is Bad Coop lived in Rio.

Ha! “Fuck you, Tammy.”

Bad Cooper’s black eyes are dead.

Bob as Cooper perhaps violated her or something.

I feel that Laura Dern is overacting. Something about her performance that is off. She was attacked in some way, for sure. But still it feels off or not enough.

Warden Murphy and a strawberry. What’s the threat. I bet we never know. Irrelevant to the overall story.

30min

Andy is actually doing some policing! Hate to sound patronizing, but it’s true.

Audrey must be coming in Episode 9.

Warden Murphy

Joel McClusky? Okay, new complications.

Dog legs were sent with some info.

Mr Strawberry?

34min

Dougie & Janie-E and a LV police detective group of three.

40:20min

Just as I thought -- Coop’s instincts will kick in.

Ike the Spike. See ya, though probably not the last we hear of him.

Perhaps television coverage will broadcast Good Coop

Ew, what is that piece of a hand on the gun? This show is fucking great.

42:44min

Audible element? It’s wind from a portion of the hallway. From the secret passageway!

44:24min

Room 315: Room where Agent Cooper was shot.

46m

Oooh, Ben is working it.

48m

Holy Shit! Who Is This? He’s sick? I don’t know this guy. He’s sick and depressed.

Thought it was Harry Truman. Nut no. Then I thought it was Leo. But no, it’s Tom. Woah. Ashley Judd is UPSET. UNHAPPY.

49m

Song

This song plays on the conference call line at my office. Often. Mixes in with about 8 songs -- One Beatles Song, one Frank Sinatra song, etc. Sparingly but this does play.

Sweeping the floor at the Road House. Counter programming to the sleek bands. Jacques Renault!!! I thought he was killed. I thought LeLand killed them. This HAS to be a dream. What? Glad he’s back as a character.

53m

Bullshit. Bad Cooper is OUT.

54 min

Bing? Who is Bing? Double-R is off the hook!

57 min

Love how the music gets eery at the end, and then just like a cherry on top, we are blessed with Heidi’s giggle.

58min

In memory of Warren Frost.

#twin peaks

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what-is-sibling-test · 6 years ago

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from 'RittenhouseTL' for all things Timeless https://ift.tt/2MaF4DM via Istudy world

Starlight & Strange Magic, Chapter 3: In Which An Evening Out Goes Sideways

Rating: M Summary: Lucy Preston, a young American woman, arrives in England in 1887 to teach history at Somerville College, Oxford. London is the capital of the steam and aether and automatonic world, and new innovations are appearing every day. When she meets a mysterious, dangerous mercenary and underworld kingpin, Garcia Flynn, her life takes a turn for the decidedly too interesting. But Lucy has plenty of secrets of her own – not least that she’s from nowhere or nowhen nearby – and she is more than up for the challenge. Available: AO3 Previous: In Which Garcia Flynn Blows Things Up

Lucy manages to get through the next several days without any more near-death experiences, which she does by adopting a strict program of lying low and stepping along. She spends the morning and part of the afternoon in the RHS archives, finds whichever other colleges around the city she can get into on the back of her Oxford credentials (she does have an offer letter, it’s not entirely fictitious), and researches as inconspicuously as she can, without looking for Rittenhouse directly. It’s not going to appear openly, and she’s just going to send up more smoke signals if she tries. Then she goes straight back to the boarding house well before dark, with the distinct feeling that it’s time to find some new lodging. Are halls open in Oxford yet? Students and lecturers have to be settling in before term starts. She can go.

Lucy’s eagerness to explode this soda booth is increased by the fact that she’s been keeping careful watch on the street outside, and every night at seven o’clock, give or take a few minutes, the automaton lumbers into sight and takes up its spot by the lamppost, standing there and turning its head back and forth, back and forth, for hours. But she’s starting to question her first, panicky assumption that it’s there to spy on her, or to prepare the ground for an attack. It could just be the regular night watchman assigned to this beat, since automatons can’t be distracted or bribed or wounded like human peelers, and most people are wary of interfering too directly with them. There are others used as security guards and lookouts across the city; Lucy went to the British Museum yesterday, and there were tockers in blue uniforms posted in the corners of the exhibition halls. One unfortunate young lad leaned too close to a priceless Tang dynasty porcelain vase, and the tocker rolled forward, setting off its alert sirens, to close its gears into the lad’s shirt and drag him backward. It’s hard to tell how sentient they are. This is nineteenth-century robotics, after all, and while some of them have been programmed to communicate with a few canned phrases, they can’t comprehend or process anything beyond their set functions. The tocker outside the boarding house is clearly able to respond to a threat – it wouldn’t be carrying that blunderbuss if it couldn’t – but it’s less obvious if it takes notice of anything short of that.

Either way, given that Lucy has pissed off the city’s most notorious underworld crime boss and there is still a heated investigation for the perpetrators of the airship incident, she thinks it wise to maintain a low profile. Once or twice, she has considered stopping by Scotland Yard and just telling them that it was Flynn (though they probably know that, their problem is catching him), but something stops her. Flynn is the only other person she has ever met, on any of her trips, who knows about Rittenhouse – especially here, where strictly speaking, they don’t exist in history at all. Is he from – ? No. Given the effort it took to get her here, they would have stumbled across it if anything like it had been done before. If she hadn’t shot him, elbowed him, stamped on his foot, punched him, thrown a drink in his eyes, and ruined his entire operation of however many months in the offing, Lucy might want to go for a third stab at finding out what exactly the hell he knows, and how. But she isn’t nearly that insane.

In any event, it feels like if she got rid of Flynn, she might be doing Rittenhouse a favor (along with the rest of the city, but still) and as long as she gets out of here and doesn’t ever come back, she might get away with it. Not that Oxford is that far in the scheme of things, especially if Flynn is inclined to be vengeful. Besides, now he knows that she knows about Rittenhouse, and given his vehement reaction, it’s a subject of paramount importance to him. He doesn’t seem like the kind of guy who gives up. Is she going to be looking over her shoulder twice over?

Keep reading

#IFTTT #'RittenhouseTL' for all things Timeless

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angeloblevins27-blog · 7 years ago

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cassandradodds · 7 years ago

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3rd-Party Hotel Reservation Sites Refuse to Refund Customers

Hotel Reservation Websites Denying Customers Valid Refunds

Numerous consumers use third-party hotel reservation websites, including Reservationdesk.com and Reservationcounter.com to book their hotel rooms. As a matter-of-fact, it is also not unusual for hotels and hotel websites to refer consumers these third-party reservation sites.

As these hotel reservation sites have gained in popularity, it seems as if many consumers are unaware of the potential ramifications, including fees, when consumers must cancel their reservations. Often, third-party websites may refuse to credit consumers’ money. This may occur even in those situations in which the hotel would have refunded a timely cancellation had the reservation been made directly with the hotel.

What’s more, third-party hotel reservation websites may often charge a service charge in addition to the cost of the reservations. On occasion, some reservation sites will refund the cost of the reservation, but will not refund administration costs. Sadly, this is not the general case and consumers are left having lost the reservation and fee costs.

Parker Waichman LLP is actively investigating class action lawsuits concerning third-party hotel reservation websites. Parker Waichman has decades of experience representing clients in many and varied class action lawsuits. The firm offers free legal consultations to consumers who were denied a refund from third-party reservation booking websites.

Other online travel booking sites include Expedia and Orbitz, notes MarketWatch, pointing out that online travel sites charge costly commissions when they book rooms on behalf of hotel companies. To drive customer activity, hotels are offering lower deals and improved benefits to members of their loyalty programs who book directly. In the meantime, according to MarketWatch, Expedia Inc. and Priceline Group Inc. have created a so-called “duopoly” in the online third-party travel industry. Expedia’s holdings include CheapTickets, Hotels.com, Hotwire Group, Orbitz, Trivago and Travelocity; Priceline Group owns Booking.com and Kayak.

Many sites, such as Expedia, charge hotels a commission for the bookings they receive, which is approximately 15 percent, on average, according to Bjorn Hanson, a professor with the New York University Preston Robert Tisch Center for Hospitality and Tourism. Expedia would not disclose its commission and a spokeswoman for the Priceline Group said that Booking.com does not charge a commission to hotels, but did not comment on other sites the company owns, according to MarketWatch. Because of the commission, hotels are not offering their best deals on reservation sites, given that they are already losing money on the booking. “There’s some price-cutting we’re seeing in the marketplace to drive direct bookings,” said Dara Khosrowshahi, chief executive of Expedia.

Proposal Seeks to Stop Booking Scams

Three members of the Florida Congressional delegation are seeking a way in which to toughen up on online reservation booking scams, according to Sunshine State News. In 2016, United States Representatives Lois Frankel (Democrat-Florida) and Ileana Ros-Lehtinen (Republican-Florida) collaborated to offer the “Stop Online Booking Scams Act.”

The Act would mandate full disclosure for third-party hotel reservation websites. Violators would face fines of up to $11,000 and having their websites shuttered. This would provide state attorneys generals increased power to pursue action against fraudulent websites and to simplify the reporting process to the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), Sunshine State News reported.

Both South Florida Congresswomen cited figures from the American Hotel & Lodging Association (AHLA), which revealed that nearly 15 million Americans lost $1.3 billion over using scam hotel booking website activity, noted Sunshine State News.

The proposal was presented last year, but was unable to pass. The proposal was just brought back with additional support. United States Representative Peter Welch (Democrat-Vermont) joined the South Florida congresswomen bringing out the proposal in the House. In the upper chamber, United States Senator Bill Nelson (Democrat-Florida) joined Republicans Steve Daines (Montana) and Deb Fischer (Nebraska) and Democrat Amy Klobuchar (Minnesota) to introduce the proposal in the Senate, according to Sunshine State News.

“I’m proud to continue working with my colleagues in Congress in preventing fraudulent hotel booking websites from further scamming innocent consumers,” Ros-Lehtinen said. “As a representative of one of the most popular tourist destinations in the country, promoting travel and tourism is one of my core missions; however, the rise of fraudulent hotel booking websites and call centers are hurting travelers, local businesses, and the American tourism industry. This common sense legislation would ensure online booking sites are transparent for the consumer by making sure there are clear indications which websites are not affiliated with the hotel website or call in information. In Congress, it is imperative that we address these deceptive practices and do all we can to eliminate these perpetrators from further taking advantage of consumers,” Sunshine State News reported. “You shouldn’t have to be a detective to know if the hotel room you’re booking is real,” said Frankel. “This bill will reduce the risk of a dream vacation turning into a nightmare.” Nelson said, “No family should have their vacation ruined when they show up at their hotel with their reservation only to find out they’ve been duped…. This bill will crack down on fraudulent sites that trick consumers into booking rooms that don’t exist.”

The AHLA continues to support the proposal. Its president and Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Katherine Lugar, said “We thank Senators Daines, Nelson, Fischer, and Klobuchar, as well as Representatives Ros-Lehtinen, Frankel, and Welch, for their leadership on this critical issue and look forward to working with them and their colleagues to protect consumers by moving this important legislation through the legislative process in both chambers of Congress.” She added that, “Our guests expect and deserve transparency. Every minute we wait to pass this commonsense legislation, more people fall victim to these deceptive practices.”

Filing a Class Action Lawsuit over Hotel Reservation Websites

If you or someone you know is interested in filing a class action lawsuit over third-party hotel reservation websites refusing to properly issue refunds, contact Parker Waichman today. Our experienced attorneys offer free, no-obligation case evaluations. For more information, fill out our online form or call 1-800-YOURLAWYER (1-800-968-7529).

from Parker Waichman http://www.yourlawyer.com/blog/3rd-party-hotel-reservation-sites-refuse-refund-customers/

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didanawisgi · 7 years ago

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Seven Freemasons that changed the Craft

Posted on September 17, 2015 by David Harrison

During nearly three hundred years since the first Grand Lodge was organised in London, England in 1717, there have been many Freemasons that have changed the Craft in a progressive and positive way. The following list is compiled of Masons that I have chosen, mainly from a historical perspective, and perhaps also being from an English stance as well. The list can act as a brief introduction, and for further research on the Masons discussed, I can refer the reader to some of my books mentioned below.

Dr John Theophilus Desaguliers

Dr John Theophilus Desaguliers is a celebrated natural philosopher, poet and Freemason from the early eighteenth century. He was an early Grand Master of the Premier Grand Lodge and is now seen as the Mason, along with Dr James Anderson, who changed the ritual structure during the 1720s and created the three degree system, a system that is still practiced around the world today.

Rev. James Anderson

Rev. James Anderson, like Desaguliers, is seen as a Mason who conducted ground-breaking work, forging Modern Freemasonry during the early eighteenth century, and is now more famous for his Constitutions of 1723, and the second edition which he changed considerably in 1738. Every Grand Lodge today has a set of Constitutions; rules and regulations that determine the administration and practice of the Craft, a legacy indeed of Anderson’s work.

Dr Francis Drake

Dr Francis Drake was a Mason under the Grand Lodge of All England held at York, or the York Grand Lodge for short. He gave the ground-breaking Oration in 1726, an Oration that not only declared the Grand Lodge at York for the first time, but also put forward the ethos and philosophy of Freemasonry. Indeed, on reading of Drake’s Oration, one will recognise the values that are at the very core of modern Masonry. The Oration was published a number of times and became widely read, even being popular with London Masons. Drake went on to become Grand Master of York in 1761.

Laurence Dermott

Laurence Dermott was an Irish Mason who was a force behind the formation and the development of what became known as the ‘Antient’ Grand Lodge, founded in 1751 as a reaction against the Modernisation of Freemasonry by the Premier Grand Lodge, along with the pomp and ceremony and the issues of class that was becoming apparent in certain London lodges against Irish Masons. The ‘Antients’ quickly took hold and rivalled the ‘Modern’ Grand Lodge, paving the way for a Union in 1813 which brought change and compromise to the Craft. The ‘Antients’ also gained a foothold in America and assisted in spreading the Craft there.

William Preston

William Preston was a Mason who, at one time, had been an ‘Antient’ Mason, a ‘Modern’ Mason, and a Mason under the York Grand Lodge, being a founder of the Grand Lodge of England South of the River Trent. He was an avid ritualist and promoted education within the Craft, his legacy being the wide use of the Preston-Webb ritual in the USA and the Prestonian Lecturer under the UGLE.

The Duke of Sussex

The Duke of Sussex became the first Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England in 1813, and guided through the changes that the union of the ‘Antients’ and the ‘Moderns’ brought – not an easy task within Freemasonry! He was seen by many – such as the writer George Oliver – as being heavy handed, being stern in his views in regard to ritual and the Royal Arch (which became seen as an addition to the third degree under the UGLE). Despite the Liverpool Masonic rebellion, he kept the Union together and his firm control is seen in the fact that the UGLE is still going strong and is respected throughout the Masonic world.

Albert Pike

Albert Pike’s contribution to Freemasonry is very well known, his development of the Southern Jurisdiction of the Scottish Rite and his book Morals and Dogma being an influential work that has been read by many thousands of Freemasons since first published in 1872. The work, besides promoting the Scottish Rite, discusses Pike’s theories on the degrees, giving lectures on each and portrays his in-depth intellect on the secrets of symbolism. Pike and his work has arguably inspired countless Freemasons over the past 150 years.

#Freemasonry #freemasons #albert pike #duke of sussex #william preston #Laurence Dermott #Francis Drake #James Anderson #Dr John Theophilus Desaguliers #john theophilus desaguliers

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parkerwaichmanlaw · 7 years ago

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3rd-Party Hotel Reservation Sites Refuse to Refund Customers

Hotel Reservation Websites Denying Customers Valid Refunds

Proposal Seeks to Stop Booking Scams

Filing a Class Action Lawsuit over Hotel Reservation Websites

from Parker Waichman http://www.yourlawyer.com/blog/3rd-party-hotel-reservation-sites-refuse-refund-customers/

#3rd-Party Hotel Reservation Sites Refuse to Refund Customers

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