#phagocytose

[lxikoniko]

Who's winning: 2145 or 4989

[redconsumerism]

TO CONSUME IS (not) TO LOVE

cannibalism in romance novels

Cannibalism is like a parallax. For once it exists as a ‘philia’, characterized by the desire of eating another. And we find that it exists in the opposite spectrum, in the form of a ‘phobia’, which speaks of the fear of being eaten or partaking unknowingly or forcefully in the act of eating another. To vore is adjacent to love in most cases, both feared and desired. Because to love someone is (apparently) to want to consume them. 

Though cannibalism might seem like a barbaric and horrific concept, it is said to be one of the most intense demostrations of love that exist in both classic and contemporary literature. The gruesome gesture reminds the lecturer of the intensity of love and its lunacy. As Mercedes Abad stated in spanish newsletter ‘el tiempo’ on May 21st, 1995 ‘There is no doubt that love and sex are feasts where, to a greater or lesser extent, we all become anthropophagi who would surely find it quite difficult to answer the question of whether there is greater pleasure in phagocytosing the other or in being phagocytosed.’ Because Cannibalism as a metaphor for love in romance novels, as it is in our day to day, is more about the blind consumerism of it rather than the pureness of it. One example of blind consumerism of love would be in Salvador Dali's Autobiography, where it is mentioned how Gala cooked their pet rabbit because of how much they loved it, in front of the woman’s refusal to the idea of leaving the rabbit with the maids.

To love is to consume, but to consume is to devour and transform in reusable energy. Like a vampire would when consuming someone’s blood, so they can continue living at the other’s cause. You live off the love you take, but if you devour that love, the other cannot live. The truth is cannibalism has a double connotation, and consuming the other’s otherness is three dimensional. Which means it isn’t always about love, or the lack thereof, but more so about the act of possessing. Cannibalism isn’t only one of the greatest manifestations of tenderness (for many), but also the irrevocably selfishness of an individual blinded by desire - in front of the morbid contemplation of the lover giving themselves so the other can survive -. The amorous-sexual instincts that resurface from a deep sense of infatuation together with those of hunger - a basic instinct - that create an irrational longing, unite in cannibalism as an analogy for that which we wish to become one with. It leaves you to question if the love narrated is but an act of survival for starved people.

‘Love is only a prologue to two cannibals struggling to take a bite of each other.’ - La Oscuridad, Ignacio Ferrando Perez (2014.) Cannibalism is, then, the imposture of love, and the obscure craving of something bigger than yourself without any understanding of it. 

[willowreader]

Another amazing post and explanation. Just click iee on Twitter.

COVID-19 has profoundly impacted global health, economies, and daily life. The disease can lead to multi-organ complications and long-term health issues, now officially named "Long COVID.". The damage of Long COVID can persist from months to years and include fatigue, shortness of breath, cognitive issues, and organ damage[1][4][7].

The Role of Monocytes in COVID-19

Monocytes are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the body's immune response. They are part of the innate immune system and are responsible for phagocytosing pathogens and presenting antigens to T cells. In the context of COVID-19, monocytes have been found to be significantly affected by the virus, leading to various immune dysregulations.

[heckthis-heckallofthis]

My brain will not let go of this AU so:

CB Cells getting transfused into Friends HC (?)

CB1 refers to the first body, CB2 refers to the second body. Assume none of the main group died because I will not accept this tragedy. They're put in friends for a REASON. If you don't remember their names, here's a Twitter post showing all of them. Read more separator bc this post is LONG.

RBCS + U1196

CB1 cells probably get so traumatized. I can hear AA2153 SCREAMING so loud to try to not to get pulled away into some unknown environment. BD7599 would already have a plan for when this happens and tries to pull both his juniors back, but because he tries to get both of them, it fails and he falls into the syringe anyways.

1196 technically could've escaped (probably was far enough away not to get pulled in) but she can't let AA go, that's her twink. So she goes along anyways.

I'm honestly surprised they never show what it looks like inside the syringe, centrifuge or blood storage. AA would knock on the plastic to try to get back out, he's the last one to pass out from the cold. I don't think they'd be conscious during the centrifuge, but imagine waking up to see you're all bunched up tightly with all your coworkers, that's crazy.

First one to wake up would also be AA, gets up screaming and looking around his surroundings expecting something horrible or grim. Only bad thing he figures out is that the body feels a little colder than he's used to. (Maybe Friends lost a bit too much blood in an accident.)

Wakes up and looks for his friends, CaWF blood cells see him and asks if he's okay (he's as pale as a ghost from how stressed he is) He doesn't hear them and continues looking anyways.

By the time he finds NC8429, BD is already conversing with the native RBCs. He doesn't even notice AA and NC until they tap his shoulder. I bet he'd be so glad they're alive he'd hug them fr.

1196 is killing off the bacteria that hitched a ride with the syringe. When she tries to phagocytose it she hits another neutrophil (2145) who's doing the same thing. They stare at each other for a second before 2145 cuts it in half to share it. 1196 is a little confused but hey, she got some, that's a win in her book.

They all still have a little PTSD so they're all a little flighty, F!RBCs welcome them a lot but AA is searching every capillary, vein and artery for something amiss. NC and BD are both suspicious of being transfused again but aren't as bad as AA. Once F!RBCs explain they were a bit shorthanded from a big bleed they probably stop being so worried about having to work in a bad environment.

CB2 gang have exactly no idea what to expect. They look around and are so confused because that's literally not where they were when they were last in the body. Somehow they got teleported to the entirely other half of the body?? They're in the oxygenated blood vessels despite last holding CO2???

Their map is entirely wrong now, they keep walking into vessels to be met with dead ends where a road should be, and walking into roads with tons of branches when it should be only 1 straight walkway. What confuses them even more now is how there are female RBCs along with only male neutrophils.

They'd also be shocked at how clean the vessels are, no rust, no residue, no scarring. I'm sure they'd figure out eventually they're in a different body.

Once they meet up with CB1 RBCs they rush off to finish their work (if this body needed a transfusion, it must need their help as soon as possible right?) By the end of the day they ran more laps around the body more times than they've ever had in a day because the blood pressure's good and the calves are actually doing their job and pumping blood like they should.

By the end of the day they probably feel so good with how easy it felt to do all of that. They try to do one last round before the lung cells are like "uh, guys? Y'all already finished your quotas for the next week, take a rest." The cells in Friends actually have reasonable work requirements and resting times, so the other RBCs are staring at them weirdly like "why are they going through their quota so fast?" "They want extra income from overtime or something?"

I think AA and DA4901 both try to fight the lung cell on that like "What do you mean?? You guys have oxygen right there, let us take it!!" And the lung cells like "uhh legally I can't do that, your colleagues want to do their job too y'know?"

BD is so pleasantly surprised, he even asks "So I can just, go home?? At 5 pm??" And confusedly the F!Lung cells ask him back "you need to ask for permission??" He pulls NC along with him to go explore the body's facilities and tries to pull AA with him but fails.

QJ0076 and SS1104 pass out on the floor. They're lying there while DA and AA ask around to make SURE that they can't do any more work. Some RBCs walk up to them very concerned that they don't have enough salary to afford an apartment or house and offer them to stay at their place.

At some point some F!RBCs ask for both of their contacts in case they (SS and QJ) need anything in the future. "Contact? What?" And the F!RBCs get even more concerned that they don't even have a phone. They offer to argue with their boss about salary before SS explains they're not native to the body so it's ok.

I think each group will share an apartment together at the start so they won't lose each other and also be able to save more money until they fully establish themselves into the body.

BD and NC already finished exploring the commodities of half the body by the third day while AA is walking and searching for 1196 (little does he know she's patrolling the lymph to get used to the body's vessels and migration routes because she's crashed into walls trying to migrate so many times it's getting embarrassing)

SS would also be exploring the body and maybe read more into the labor laws he never thought could exist, but get distracted by the various shops. QJ is following him and dragging him into various shops filled with delicious looking food

DA is running through the body with NO oxygen in his hands to burn his energy. Accidentally crashing into IM1235 and clamouring to help her pick up her oxygen because when that happens in his old body it'd be a big deal. 1235 tries calming him down because my god he's rushing and so anxious.

"you're one of the blood cells from outside!" And she quickly starts a conversation with him. Asks him if he's got any plans for the day and asks him to deliver her oxygen with her (he's so glad he met her bc of this)

She takes a break and brings him to the spleen but he's still worried about not doing his job enough. BD and NC are there too (by coincidence) they're all super confused by the spleen only having male hosts, DA is fine with it (bisexuality). BD wouldn't mind too much (he just talks to them casually like a guy) and NC wouldn't know what to think. They'd also call him cute.

DA gets distracted only for a bit so 1235 offers to let him deliver her oxygen (her delivering the box and he holds 1 tank of oxygen) Because he isn't used to having the energy to smile at the people he's delivered to, he always has that resting bitch face that scares the hell out of cells. 1235 will look like :D while he's just >: |

Eventually SS and QJ manage to buy a phone for each of themselves, along with urging the others to buy one for themselves too. AA was skeptical until they tell him he can use it to talk to 1196 whenever he wants, in which he then got one without another question.

1196 communicates with 2145 through 0% words and 100% staring and gestures. 3033 watches them like "what the fuck" and 2145 stares back at her and she's like "I know, right?"

AA might get the wrong idea at first bc 1196 is spending a lotta time with him, but it's okay, because 2145 is just helping 1196 integrate with the other neutrophils and explained (once again, without words) that his target is KT Squad leader.

She got a phone super early because HT thought getting her one is less trouble than having to get one of the other neutrophils to send his message to attack. The other neutrophils are super confused about how she detects antigens without a receptor, but eh, they don't judge her much for it.

AA loves to send her pictures everyday, at first he wasn't used to using it, so he kept taking blurry and out of focus images, but eventually got the hang of it and even managing to take selfies. She reacts to them like "wow" and "keep up the work" it sounds unenthusiastic, but she loves them.

QJ and SS fully exploring the limits of their phones spams gifs in the group chat whenever they have the free time (which is almost every day) and bothers DA by spamming him. DA (also not used to the phone) just sends "Stop." @ them (they don't stop)

SS makes fun of DA for not knowing how to use his phone but he's not that much better either, only just a few days ago when the KT squad asked him why his profile was blank when he realized he could change it. Also he's in the KT squad group chat, not because they added him in there but because he asked to be in there and wanted to see what they were talking about.

DA is the type of guy to not understand that to interact with his phone efficiently you just tap it lightly, so he always presses kinda hard into it and complains that it's really inconvenient. I think probably the same thing happens with BD but I think NC (who is way more proficient since he has less experience with ANYTHING so he absorbs knowledge easier) would be able to teach him

By next week they're finally allowed to deliver their own boxes again but their habits really, REALLY die hard. They try not to rush and enjoy the journey but they're already so used to sprinting across the body they think that a light jog is normal pace (it's not) so even though they tried not to Speedrun it, they still manage to finish it faster than what normal rbcs are supposed to do.

What's worse is on their days off, CB2 gang has no idea what to do because they've never had one before. SS is off to terrorize the KT squad again (he's like an even worse drill sergeant but this one isn't bound by the legal system to not mistreat them)

DA is sprinting around the body again until 1235 asks if he wants to join her girls only party. She knows he's not a girl but also, she knows he's kinda lonely so invites him anyways. He gets a silly bow on his head and his nails painted while all the other girls are looking at him a little confused.

"uh… RBC, he's not a girl… is he….?" "Oh no no!! It just sounded like he's never got to do something like this back where he was from so I wanted to show him!!"

He's happy about having a full 24 hour day to relax and have fun without worrying about ANYTHING, even if he is a little paranoid. He doesn't show it on his expression but I'm sure 1235 can tell he likes it. Not sure Abt the other girls tho.

1235 takes a photo with him together and tells him to send it to his friends to show them how much fun he's having. SS calls him a pretty boy while QJ is jealous he didn't get invited. DA still doesn't know how she got the image that she took with her phone, on his phone, and how he sent that image that he didn't take, to his friends.

POV: You are BD7599 asking the other senior RBC's why the spleen and liver only have hosts and no hostesses only to learn that in this body EVERY RBC is into men. Even the male presenting ones. Also you get hit on by other RBC guys.

I don't know which is funnier, making NC just a little gay and figuring out he is because of the hosts in the organs that host RBC's, or making him not into men at all and being stressed out about how to explain that to the super nice and gentlemanly hosts in the various organs.

AA tries out the liver's host bar after a moderate drinking night and has that exact same scene of him when 1196 comes up and covers his boner except he's with a guy instead and he's even more embarrassed.

SS loves minding the KT squad's business. Cross is stressing Abt what to message 3033 and he's like "c'mon, you literally kill for a living, how hard can it be??"

DA writing out things like "Closest glucose shop" "nearest vending machine" in the CB2 group chat bc he's confused.

They learn about video calls and lose their minds. SS tries to show the others the KT cells he's been tormenting but his hand is too shaky to see anything. DA looks like those old people who use a phone for the first time, putting it too close to his face. QJ manages to figure it out but accidentally presses the end call button and can't figure out how to rejoin the call.

Similar thing with CB1 but NC is actually using it properly while he's trying to teach BD how to angle his phone properly, and AA is holding it fine but he keeps aiming it at 1196 bc he loves looking at her.

DA asks around for a map of the body because he's still not used to the vessels and every RBC just advises him to look at his phone (he doesn't know that his phone has a map app) Only when he sees IM1235 open his app up to add in her address does he realize. "THERE WAS A MAP IN HERE THE WHOLE TIME??"

When they deliver to Dendritic cell he shows them ALL his beloved lactic acid bacterium. NC, SS and QJ find it cute and or impressive.

When they deliver to M cell and he spews his apoptosis thing. They turn to stare at DA when he says that he feels like it's barely worth it to keep living. Depending on how healed DA is he'd slap him and tell him to get it together or he'd be like "Yeah."

[myaorta00912d53]

macrophages phagocytose neutrophils when they die

[giulliadella]

WE HAVE SOLVED THE MYSTERY OF WHY CELLS HATE NEUTROPHILS SO MUCH IN CAW

So, last night, my boyfriend and I got into some random discussion about programmed cell death and some new breakthroughs in medicine, you know, the usual things you talk about with your boyfriend at 1 AM. It is well known that leftover bodies of dead cells are phagocytosed (literally consumed) by macrophages. And that’s why I always wondered why aren’t cells scared of macrophages as much as they are of neutrophils, since neutrophils don’t consume the dead cells. With my limited understanding of immunity (which we technically don’t learn a lot about in biology) I thought that neutrophils only consumed invader bacteria and fungi.

And OH BOY was I wrong about that.

Because (and yes I have spent whole night researching this, I’ll provide the links to papers in the end lol) neutrophils are little freaks and not only do they phagocytose leftovers of cells they actually cause them to die in the first place. This happens during infections, especially with viruses that cause the excess release of cytokines (like Coronaviridae). Cytokines activate neutrophils who basically just follow the signal towards the infection site and there all hell breaks loose. Neutrophils phagocytose bacteria and virions (those are viruses that haven’t infected a cell yet) which is fine, but they also degranulate and NETose. I’ll explain this in simple terms to my best ability.

Degranulation is when granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mastocytes are all different granulocytes) release their granules which are kind of like little sacks inside their cytoplasm which contain various chemicals. Releasing these chemicals happens when the cell receives appropriate stimulus, the little granules expel their contents out of the cell’s interior. In the case of neutrophils, granules contain very toxic compounds that cause the formation of free radicals which damage DNA and proteins of the surrounding cells, as well as granules filled with digestive enzymes which, well, digest the surrounding tissues.

NETosis is a special type of cell death specific to neutrophils in which they literally degranulate pieces of their own, or their mitochondrial DNA together with more toxic compounds. This creates a net of DNA strands called chromatin which entangles invading bacteria and severely damages them and also marks them for phagocytosis by macrophages. But this process is not well controlled and some of that chromatin and toxic compounds can land onto neighboring cells which is, as you can conclude, very bad for them.

With these two abilities at hand, neutrophils are very well equipped to kill cells and destroy tissue. Which is good in cases when the cells are infected and the tissue is damaged, but their quite aggressive methods can damage healthy cells in the area as well, some of them will die and neutrophils will phagocytose their dead particles. 

Basically, to neutrophils every infection is a huge kill and eat all you can buffet. They literally phagocytose until they physically cannot anymore and then go to the spleen or bone marrow to die. They also allow macrophages to consume them and thus pass on the antigens for antigen presentation which influences further immune response. But they can also cause a lot of damage, especially if cytokine storm happens and they completely lose control. This is what causes SARS and it can kill you if it’s severe enough. 

Biologically speaking, neutrophils are very important because they are the first ones to come to the sight of infection and their crazy methods usually finish the things before they get too severe. They themselves produce cytokines that mobilize macrophages and dendritic cells so that more immune cells can join and help them. They also have a role in repairing the tissues they damaged.

However, other immune cells, including macrophages and killer T cells, simply don’t cause as much damage. Neutrophils just go all out, which is why they live for such a short period of time compared to their colleagues (they live for only few days, compared to macrophages who can live up to a month and lymphocytes who can live for months, even years).

So, yeah, my boyfriend and I have concluded (at 4AM this morning) that neutrophils are so feared because they damage tissue, go crazy and violently kill healthy cells by accident, then consume them and that’s not by accident, it’s a mechanism to repair tissues.

I can’t believe I wasted whole night just for this. My boyfriend is also disappointed. But I hope that we finally have an explanation for this mystery. Tell me what you think lol.

References:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8589350/

https://www.nature.com/articles/nri.2017.105

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5820392/#:~:text=Neutrophils%20contribute%20to%20tissue%20injury,detail%20here%20(Kruger%20et%20al.

[centers-for-disease-control]

Hi!!! You help control diseases, right? I need advice! So I’m a macrophage, and earlier today I phagocytosed some bacteria I found near the intestinal epithelium. I thought I would be able to get rid of them no problem, but for some reason I can’t seem to kill them??? They’re just sitting there in my phagosome just—aaaaaaaah, I think they’re starting to divide now! Help!!!

Have you asked them to not?

[a-simple-bacterium]

Betting you guys do make a White blood cell list based on how much they actually seem to enjoy consuming the bacteria. All major wbcs. The main criteria is this:

1. Do they enjoy the taste of what they phagocytose (displayed by either facial expression or vocalizing it)

2. How often do they phagocytose?

3. Do they see it as a benefit of free meals or rather a duty to be done?

4. Vibes

You have 3 years. Don’t disappoint me

[dyinggoosenoises]

Fun fact one time in science class me and my friends were talking about phagocytose (i don’t actually know what it is in English) and one of my friends started saying “phago-” and stopped for some reason and it sounded like she said “faggot” and we all started laughing

[medeaft]

Slime creature headcanons

Just because I like slime creatures.

When in a confrontation, slimes puff themselves up by incorporating bubbles of air; this allows them to look more voluminous and more opaque (for the same reason that snow is more voluminous and opaque than a block of ice made of the same amount of water), and therefore (in their hopes) have a more imposing presence. They can also do this to increase their buoyancy, in case they want to float on water.

Some slimes enjoy decorating themselves by phagocytosing objects they don't actually want to eat, such as glitter or glass beads. Some of them simply like holding and moving around these objects within themselves, much like one might like wearing a necklace one can fidget with. If you see a slime with an adventurer's skull or something inside it, it's possible that it isn't even the one who ate the adventurer, it just liked the skull.

If a slime creature has a house, then instead of chairs, beds or sofas, the house has bowls in it as comfort furniture. Sitting in a bowl is restful, because the slime doesn't have to make an effort to hold its shape to keep from flowing everywhere. Some textures of bowls are more comfortable to sit in than others. Those slimes who don't live in a house like sheltering in caves that have comfortably-sized bowl-shaped indentations for them to sit in.

[sergeantnarwhalwrites]

Hiya!

Do you believe in aliens? 

Do you prefer dogs or cats? 

Hey!

I do! But not like stuff on the level as us or above. That takes a long time. XD The science nerd has been cracked open a little. Archaea and Prokaryotic organisms should still count as alien life forms. So basically molds and bacteria. I'm sure there's plenty of wild archaea vibing in hellish environments and protists ready to be phagocytosed.

Dogs for sure. Mostly because I know more about dogs than cats. So it's just a comfort thing because I like both.

[toklabou]

浅井ゲルマニウム���究所の安積さんたちとの共著の論文が International Journal of Molecular Science オンラインで公開されました。

[neuthanasia]

gore & self mutilation

he was too young to do it

Context: Nathaniel was neglected from food by his parents.He wasn't aware of this until he realized it,his parents wont feed him.To counter this,he chose a drastic method and that was eating his own living flesh.Because of his sharp teeth,he is able to tear flesh which is beneficial when it comes to ripping flesh of pathogens but,he isn't one when he was just 7.Obviously,because of the grotesque sight and the pain,he cried but didn't let out a sound,because he just doesn't want his parents to see him in this situation.

Back to the present his scars are gone,he got them surgically removed.He now forgot quite a chunk of his childhood and adolescence because of how long it was for a 3000 year old soldier who loves phagocytosing pathogens,eat ice cream and Hesperious.

[heckthis-heckallofthis]

I still can’t get over Mast cells being about to phagocytose. Imagine just being some cell near the skin with some dead bacteria killed by histamines or something and then just some cell, not even a white blood cell or monocyte is just like “oh, I got it :)” and then just eats it but way sloppier than a professional phagocyte.

Oh man Mast cells can phagocytose? I can imagine the Main's mast cell being embarrassed to do it in front of people, despite her enjoying the taste of bacteria. I like taking things that are in real life and applying them to our cells, send me more of these.

[litonlaser]

How to use Q-switched ND YAG laser to treat café au lait spots?

 Guide to Q-switched ND YAG laser treatment of Café au lait spots, 1064 nm laser large light spot and low energy density effectively remove pigment spots.

Article source: https://www.litonlaser.com/how-to-use-q-switched-nd-yag-laser-to-treat-cafe-au-lait-spots/

Café au lait spots are a common hyperpigmentation disease. They are very common in clinical practice and can occur at birth or after birth. Many patients are deeply troubled by the impact of café au lait spots on their appearance.

Clinical café au lait spots are mainly treated with Q-switched lasers. Since the melanocytes of café au lait spots are distributed in the epidermis, epidermal melanocytes can be destroyed by using shorter wavelengths and smaller energy densities. For example, Q-switched 532nm Nd∶YAG lasers, 755nm alexandrite lasers, 510nm pulsed dye lasers, Q-switched ruby ​​lasers (694nm) and CO₂ lasers are all good choices.

Some clinical scholars have found that the use of Q-switched 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser laser to treat café au lait spots is very effective, and the possibility of pigmentation and depigmentation is low.

However, during the treatment process, the control of parameters such as energy density, spot size and endpoint reaction will affect the final efficacy. During treatment, it should be noted that the energy density should not be too large. A spot test can be performed first until the surface of the lesion turns white. So, how to choose the treatment spot size? Some clinicians choose a smaller spot, while others choose a larger spot. Which one is more appropriate? How to look at the endpoint response? Let’s learn about it together.

1. What are cafe au lait spots?

It is a common pigmentary abnormality that usually appears before the age of 20. About 13.8% of the total population suffers from cafe au lait spots.

Cafe au lait spots appear and form at birth or in childhood, and increase in proportion with the growth and development of the body. Their morphology generally does not change. The clinical manifestations are light brown patches, similar in color to coffee with milk, ranging from light brown to dark brown, but each patch is the same color and very uniform, and the depth is not affected by sunlight. Cafe au lait spots range in size from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters, and are round, oval or irregular in shape, with clear boundaries and completely normal surface skin texture.

Cafe au lait spots can appear anywhere on the body, but the most common sites are the trunk and limbs. With age, some lesions will gradually deepen in color and will not disappear on their own.

Coffee spots are mainly caused by abnormally active melanocytes in the basal layer of the skin and abnormal increase in melanin. The formation of coffee spots is related to the following factors:

Environmental pollution: pollutants enter the human body through breathing, eating, etc., interfering with the normal development of the fetal skin.

High stress during pregnancy: If pregnant women are under great pressure, it may cause coffee spots.

Hormone level: The onset of coffee spots is also related to the hormone level of pregnant women, traumatic stimulation, etc.

Genetic factors: Coffee spots are hereditary and may be inherited.

2. The principle of Q-switched Nd YAG laser treatment of cafe au lait spots.

Selective photothermal decomposition is the mechanism of laser treatment of cafe au lait spots. Currently, Q-switched pulsed laser is the most popular choice for the treatment of cafe au lait spots.

The mechanism of Q-switched Nd∶YAG laser treatment of skin pigment is the selective photothermal effect of laser, that is, the high-energy laser emitted instantly acts on the pigment particles through the skin. After absorbing the high-energy laser, the pigment particles rapidly expand and break into small particles. In the subsequent inflammatory reaction, most of the pigment particles are phagocytosed by macrophages, and then absorbed and discharged from the body; a small number of pigment particles migrate to the outside of the body with the epidermis, while the surrounding normal skin tissue is not damaged, thus achieving the purpose of treatment and having little effect on the surrounding normal cells.

Q-switched laser has a reasonable wavelength and can only penetrate the epidermis or dermis, and will not break blood vessels and nerves, etc., that is, Q-switched laser only acts on melanin and will not affect hemoglobin, blood vessels, and fat. Therefore, there is no possibility of misoperation of Q-switched laser, and it causes less damage to normal skin. Even if it hits normal skin, it will not damage it.

3. When using laser to treat cafe au lait spots, should a large or small light spot be used?

Small light spots are usually used for treatment in clinic, but some clinicians do have better results with large spots. Some experts in clinical literature mentioned that large light spots can improve efficacy and reduce complications. The more concentrated the energy irradiated under the skin, the less scattering there will be, and the melanin stimulation to the redundant surrounding tissues will be less, which can also reduce the occurrence of pigmentation and adverse reactions. Therefore, if the energy of a single hit is not enough, and the stimulation and impact on melanin are smaller, it is necessary to treat it multiple times.

Under normal circumstances, Café au lait spots will have a good effect after 2 treatments, while the treatment with a large spot mode may require 10 or 20 superimposed treatments to achieve the effect of 2 small spot treatments.

However, some studies have found that large spots can significantly improve efficacy and reduce complications. Choosing large spots with high energy can not only remove melanocytes in the epidermis, but also remove melanocytes in hair follicles, reducing the recurrence rate. This is a question of pros and cons. The most suitable parameters can be selected according to the clinical skin lesions and the condition of the patient’s skin.

Clinical research literature on large spots for the treatment of Café au lait spots. Some people use Q-switched 1064nmNd:YAG laser to treat Café au lait spots, and have achieved good results, with an effective rate of 76.1%. During the treatment, long pulses, large spots, and high frequencies are used to scan the lesions multiple times. This is significantly different from the common methods of laser treatment of Café au lait spots reported in existing domestic and foreign literature, namely, medium and short laser wavelengths (532nm, 755nm), small spots (3~4mm), low frequencies (1~2Hz), and scabs after treatment. The treatment effect is good but the adverse reactions are few.

In addition, Litonlaser and other studies have found that large spots can significantly improve the efficacy and reduce complications. The selection of large spots and high energy can not only remove melanocytes in the epidermis, but also remove melanocytes in the hair follicles, reducing the recurrence rate.

4. What is the endpoint reaction of laser treatment for café au lait spots?

The endpoint reaction of treatment is determined by many aspects. Before laser treatment of Café au lait spots, the characteristics of the patient’s skin lesions should be comprehensively considered, and the energy, energy density, frequency and spot should be adjusted to effectively control the endpoint reaction to achieve the best effect.

The endpoint reaction of treating Café au lait spots is determined by the skin color of the patient, the color of the lesions, and the selected energy and wavelength.

For example, if the 532nm or 694nm Q-switched laser is used clinically, the immediate reaction is a frosty white reaction, or a slightly yellow frosty white reaction; the endpoint of Q-switched 755nm treatment is grayish white for the lesions; and picosecond laser treatment must not immediately produce a frosty white reaction, but a slightly frosty white or slightly frosty white reaction.

For comparison, the darker the skin lesions, the lower the energy. If the energy is not lowered at this moment, the skin lesions will definitely react particularly white, and the energy may be relatively high at this time.

Some clinical researchers use Q-switched 532nm treatment heads and Q-switched 1064nm treatment heads for alternating treatment. That is, the first treatment uses a Q-switch 532nm treatment head, and the treatment parameters are: frequency 10Hz, energy 3J/cm² to 10J/cm², pulse time 100ns, and spot diameter 2mm.

The handle is perpendicular to the skin, and the degree of irradiation is when the skin lesions turn grayish white and purpura appears under the skin. The second treatment after an interval of 2 months uses a Q-switch 1064nm treatment head, and the treatment parameters are: frequency 10Hz, energy 3J/cm² to 10J/cm², pulse time 100ns, and spot diameter 2mm.

The probe is perpendicular to the skin, and it is appropriate to have spot bleeding on the skin a few seconds after irradiation. The treatment parameters are adjusted at any time according to the changes in the skin at each visit, and the results show that the effective rate is 80%.

5. Why is 1064 nm laser more effective in treating café au lait spots?

At present, Q-switched 532nmNd∶YAG laser and 755nm alexandrite laser are commonly used for treatment in clinic. During treatment, the laser blade is vertically aligned with the skin lesion for scanning. After irradiation, the skin lesion turns white instantly. After surgery, redness, swelling, pain and scabs may occur. Adverse reactions such as bleeding, small blisters and blood blisters may occur. Pigmentation is easy to appear after the scab falls off. Some lesions are cured after 1~2 times, but quite a few lesions are not effective.

Some clinical scholars use Q-switched 1064nm Nd∶YAG laser to treat Café au lait spots with irregular shapes and light brown to dark brown lesions. The pulse width is 5~20ns, the spot diameter is 6mm, the pulse frequency is 10Hz, and the energy density is 2.4~3.3J/cm². The laser handle is vertically irradiated on the surface of the skin in front of the patient’s ear, and the skin is quickly scanned 1~2 times, with the degree of skin flushing. Treatment is once every 7~10 days, and a total of 6~15 times. A good therapeutic effect was achieved, with an effective rate of 76.1%. During the treatment, long pulses, large spots, and high frequencies were used to scan the lesions multiple times. This is significantly different from the common methods of laser treatment of coffee spots reported in a large number of existing literature, namely, medium and short laser wavelengths (532nm, 755nm), small spots (3~4mm), low frequencies (1~2Hz), and scabs after treatment. The treatment effect is good but there are few adverse reactions.

In addition, in 2015, a scholar reported a randomized single-blind controlled study of the efficacy of Q-switched 1064nm laser and Q-switched 532nm laser for 36 cases of Café au lait spots.

The results showed that the skin lesion clearance rate of 6 cases in the Q-switched 1064nm laser group reached more than 50%, while that of the Q-switched 532nm group was only 4 cases; the incidence of pigmentation in the 1064nm group was 0, while that in the 532nm group was as high as 50%; the recurrence rates were 17% and 33%, respectively.

At the same time, Li Qingfeng’s team from the Ninth People’s Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine published an article in the European Journal of Medical Research titled Laser treatment for Café-au-lait Macules: a systematic review and meta-analysis, which conducted a meta-analysis of studies related to laser treatment of coffee spots and evaluated the effectiveness and side effects of various types of laser treatments for coffee spots.

The article found that for common Café au lait spots, QS-1064-nm Nd:YAG laser treatment has the best effect, and the possibility of pigmentation and depigmentation is low.

6. Answers to common questions about cafe au lait spots.

Q: Why do cafe au lait spots appear? A: The pathological manifestations of cafe au lait spots are very similar to those of freckles, showing an increase in melanin granules in melanocytes and keratinocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis, but without the proliferation of melanocytes. The cause of cafe au lait spots is still unclear, and there is no evidence that cafe au lait spots will be inherited by the next generation.

Q: In what cases should we be alert to cafe au lait spots? A: Multiple cafe au lait spots indicate the possibility of hereditary diseases. For example, if there are more than 6 spots, we should be alert to the possibility of neurofibromatosis type I. Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal dominant genetic disease with an incidence of about 1/3000. To diagnose neurofibroma, first of all, the number of cafe au lait spots should be relatively large, at least 6 or more. The size of the spots should be greater than 5 mm in diameter before puberty and greater than 15 mm after puberty. In addition, cafe au lait spots can also be seen in tuberous sclerosis and other neuroectodermal syndromes, such as Albright syndrome, Watson syndrome and Russell-Silver syndrome. If you have a lot of cafe au lait spots on your body, it is recommended to go to the hospital for some necessary systemic examinations.

Q: What should I do if cafe au lait spots are not effective? A: Cafe au lait spots are difficult to predict due to the active metabolism of local melanocytes. Various laser treatments have different characteristics (parameters, times, intervals, etc.), and treatment plans need to be selected individually. Therefore, it is recommended to choose a small area of ​​lesions for spot testing during the first treatment to observe whether the laser is effective. For patients with larger lesions, a variety of lasers can be used for comparative treatment in the laser beauty department, and the best laser instrument can be selected for follow-up treatment according to the efficacy. On the one hand, the number of treatments and treatment costs can be reduced, and on the other hand, a lot of clinical empirical prediction results can be obtained, and a higher clearance rate is being obtained than previous treatments. At present, some cafe au lait spots are still difficult to remove or prone to repeated recurrence. If the laser treatment effect is not good and the plaque area is small, cosmetic surgery can be finally selected for removal. For those with larger areas, low-energy and high-frequency non-invasive laser treatment methods can also be selected. This method can more effectively inhibit melanin synthesis, thereby achieving a further clinical clearance rate.

Q: What is the best laser treatment for cafe au lait spots? A: Using a 1064 nm wavelength Q-switched YAG laser can effectively and safely improve and reduce cafe au lait spots. However, the specific treatment needs to be considered based on the skin’s tolerance. A large spot with low energy density is a robust treatment for removing pigment spots.

7. Summary of laser treatment of café au lait spots.

Café au lait spots are a type of pigmented hyperplastic disease caused by abnormal signal transduction pathways, which are often complicated by hereditary multisystem diseases. Their molecular genetic mechanisms are of great significance for genetic counseling, early diagnosis and treatment of many systemic diseases.

Q-switched 1064nm laser treatment of café au lait spots is more effective and has fewer side effects. The shape of the café au lait spots will affect the treatment effect. If the borders are irregular and the color is darker, the effect is better. If the color is light and the edges are regular, the effect is poor. In order to reduce the probability of postoperative pigmentation, multiple treatments are generally recommended to simultaneously improve the corresponding cure rate. At the same time, before laser treatment of café au lait spots, the characteristics of the patient’s skin lesions should be comprehensively considered, and the energy, energy density, frequency and light spot should be adjusted to effectively control the endpoint reaction to achieve the best effect.

If you want to know more about the treatment options for café au lait spots and their efficacy and safety, you can join Litonlaser’s photoelectric beauty core technology training course. The clinical instructor will share the treatment plan based on typical cases of various spots (freckles, coffee spots, chloasma, age spots, etc.), and explain the underlying logic of photoelectric treatment.

If you need to purchase Q-switched ND YAG lasers or other medical aesthetic equipment for the treatment of various pigment spots, please feel free to contact us: 20-year history of beauty equipment manufacturer.

[snehagoogle]

If bacteria are food for protozoa

If bacteria are food for protozoa then who eats unicellular organisms

Do unicellular predators exist?

1.7-2.0 billion years ago

The first eukaryotes evolved (unicellular organisms with a cell nuclei). Some of these would have been “predators” feeding on other organisms. These are the ancestors of all higher life forms, living on Earth today.14 Dec 2022

Can a human be a unicellular organism?

Humans are multicellular. The cells of multicellular organisms have been specialized to perform various functions.

Is human sperm unicellular?

Is the sperm or an egg is a single cell or multicellular? Each sperm is a single cell.

How Do Cells Eat? - Ask A Biologist |

Arizona State University

https://askabiologist.asu.edu › how-do-cells-eat

24 Feb 2016

How Do Cells Eat?

Just like you, unicellular creatures need to eat. Unlike you, unicellular creatures don’t have mouths to eat with, teeth to chew with, or stomachs to digest with.

Cells eat other cells by engulfing them inside their cell membrane. This is called phagocytosis. The cell membrane of the predator cell will fold in or extend out to wrap itself around the prey cell. Once engulphed, the prey cell is contained within a special membrane-bound compartment called a phagosome. The predator cell can fill the phagosome with digestive enzymes to digest whatever prey is inside. Yum.

Below are two videos of predatory unicellular organisms; a ciliate and a heliozoan. When you watch the videos, take a look at how both predator cells have evolved structures that allow them to sense and catch their prey. Once caught, the prey is phagocytosed.

Sometimes these microscopic meals don’t behave as expected. Some cells, once they have been eaten, have the ability to evade the host’s digestive system. They can then live within the predator cell as a parasite, or as an endosymbiont.

It is being said that algae used to do photosynthesis

So life started which used to eat water, air and light

So were microbes the life after algae

Who were the first organisms, microbes or algae

Translate Hindi

अगर बैक्टीरिया प्रोटोजोआ का खाना है तो एककोशिकीय जीवों को कौन खाता होगा

क्या एककोशिकीय शिकारी मौजूद हैं?

1.7-2.0 बिलियन साल पहले

पहले यूकेरियोट्स विकसित हुए (कोशिका नाभिक वाले एककोशिकीय जीव)। इनमें से कुछ अन्य जीवों को खाने वाले "शिकारी" रहे होंगे। ये आज पृथ्वी पर रहने वाले सभी उच्चतर जीवन रूपों के पूर्वज हैं।14 दिसंबर 2022

क्या मनुष्य एककोशिकीय जीव हो सकता है?

मनुष्य बहुकोशिकीय हैं। बहुकोशिकीय जीवों की कोशिकाओं को विभिन्न कार्यों को करने के लिए विशेषीकृत किया गया है।

क्या मानव शुक्राणु एककोशिकीय है?

क्या शुक्राणु या अंडा एकल कोशिका या बहुकोशिकीय है? प्रत्येक शुक्राणु एक एकल कोशिका है।

कोशिकाएँ कैसे खाती हैं? - एक जीवविज्ञानी से पूछें |

एरिजोना स्टेट यूनिवर्सिटी

https://askabiologist.asu.edu › how-do-cells-eat

24 फरवरी 2016

कोशिकाएँ कैसे खाती हैं?

आपकी तरह ही, एककोशिकीय जीवों को भी खाने की ज़रूरत होती है। आपके विपरीत, एककोशिकीय जीवों के पास खाने के लिए मुंह नहीं होते, चबाने के लिए दांत नहीं होते या पचाने के लिए पेट नहीं होते।

कोशिकाएं अन्य कोशिकाओं को अपनी कोशिका झि��्ली के अंदर समाहित करके खाती हैं। इसे फागोसाइटोसिस कहते हैं। शिकारी कोशिका की कोशिका झिल्ली शिकार कोशिका के चारों ओर खुद को लपेटने के लिए अंदर की ओर मुड़ जाएगी या बाहर की ओर फैल जाएगी। एक बार समाहित हो जाने के बाद, शिकार कोशिका एक विशेष झिल्ली-बद्ध डिब्बे के भीतर समाहित हो जाती है जिसे फागोसोम कहा जाता है। शिकारी कोशिका फागोसोम को पाचन एंजाइमों से भर सकती है ताकि अंदर मौजूद किसी भी शिकार ��ो पचाया जा सके। यम।

नीचे शिकारी एककोशिकीय जीवों के दो वीडियो दिए गए हैं; एक सिलिअट और एक हेलियोज़ोअन। जब आप वीडियो देखें, तो देखें कि कैसे दोनों शिकारी कोशिकाओं ने ऐसी संरचनाएँ विकसित की हैं जो उन्हें अपने शिकार को महसूस करने और पकड़ने की अनुमति देती हैं। एक बार पकड़े जाने के बाद, शिकार फागोसाइटोसिस से गुज़रता है।

कभी-कभी ये सूक्ष्म भोजन अपेक्षा के अनुरूप व्यवहार नहीं करते हैं। कुछ कोशिकाएँ, एक बार खाए जाने के बाद, मेजबान के पाचन तंत्र से बचने की क्षमता रखती हैं। इसके बाद वे परभक्षी कोशिका के भीतर परजीवी या अंतःसहजीवी के रूप में रह सकते हैं।

कहा जा रहा है शैवाल प्रकाश संश्लेषण करते थे

तो शुरू की जो जीवन खाते थे पानी हवा और रोशनी

तो क्या माइक्रोब्स शैवाल के बाद के ही जीवन थे

कौन थे पहले जीव माइक्रोब्स या शैवाल