#periderm

[whats-in-a-sentence]

In addition to secondary growth involved in secondary phloem and xylem, most woody eudicots and gymnosperms develop a secondary cambium known as cork cambium or phellogen that gives rise to the periderm (see Figure 19.41). (...) Ray cells can be arranged in one (uniseriate) or multiple (multiseriate) files to form a tissue known as rays that traverse the phloem, cambium, and xylem (see Figure 19.41).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[i-should-have-studied]

IA Prep: Botany (sem 4)

Anomalous Secondary Growth ---

What is it?

Anomalous Secondary Growth is the growth resulting

Boerhaavia

A transverse section shows epidermis, collenchymatous hypodermis, parenchymatous cortex, endodermis and single layered pericycle.

The primary vascular bundle are conjoint collateral, endarch, and open.

These bundles occur in 3 concentric rings.

Inner most ring consists of 2 large vascular bundles present in the pith, opposite to each other.

Middle ring consists of 6-14 small vascular bundles.

The outer ring consists of 15-20 smaller vascular bundles, these are the normal vascular bundles.

Middle and inner rings of bundles are considered medullary bundles.

Secondary Growth

During secondary growth, the two central bundles and the middle ring of bundles increase in size due to the activity of fasicular cambium.

Inter-fasicular cambium do not develop.

The outer ring of vascular bundles are involved in the secondary growth.

The intra and interfasicular cambial strips join to form complete cambial ring.

This complete cambial ring forms the secondary xylem to the inner side and secondary phloem to towards the outside only in fasicualar region.

In between the bundles the cambium produces parenchymatous cells (thick walled) called conjuctive tissue.

After sometime this cambium ring stops activity.

Then a new cambial ring is formed external to the secondary phloem.

The cells in pericycle is involved in the formation of second cambial ring. This is called as accessory cambium.

This also produces secondary xylem to the inner side and secondary phloem to the outer side.

After a period of activity this cambium also stops its function. Another ring of cambium arises outside which behaves in the same pattern.

In this way 4-5 rings are produced and embedded in the conjuctive tissue.

Periderm- protective covering in outer stelar region.

Bignonia

Bignonia is a woody climber

A young stem shows ridges and furrows.

Epidermis is the outermost layer with thick cuticle.

Collenchyma is prominent below the ridges.

The cortex is made up of layer of parenchyma cells.

Endodermis is not very distinct

Pericycle is in the form of sclerenchymatous patches.

The vascular bundles are conjoint, collateral, endarch and open.

They are arranged in the form of ring around the periphery of the

pith.

Secondary Growth:

The inter and intra fasicular cambial strips become active to form a normal ring of cambium.

In the initial stages, the cambial behavior is normal, it makes more of secondary xylem and less secondary phloem.

Subsequently, at four corner points the cambium begins to produce more of secondary phloem and relatively small amount of secondary xylem.

Resulting in the formation of 4 deep wedges of phloem projecting into secondary xylem.

Initially the number of phloem furrows are 4 in number, but later additional furrows may be formed in older stems.

In this way, the xylem cylinder is broken into vertical plates, separated by furrows of secondary phloem.

Periderm is produced in cortex region due to the activity of phellogen.

---

Wood Structure

Teak

Scientific: Tectona grandis

Telugu: Adaviteeku

Hindi: Sagun

Family: Verbenaceae

One of the most important timber plants in the world, well known for both durability and strength

Occurrence:

- Native to India, Java, Sumatra, and Indonesia

- In India, teak forests mostly found in M.P, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Karnataka.

- Other states include A.P, Rajasthan, U.P, Tamil Nadu, and Orissa.

Morphology:

- Tree height: 30m

- Girth: 2-4m

- Leaves: Opposite, simple, elliptical to obovate, 25-50cm long.

- Flowers: Small, arranged in panicles.

- Bractiate, Bisexual, and Hypogynous.

- Fruit: Hard, 4 lobed nut, 1-2 seeds.

Cultivation:

- Quick growing, temp requirement: 26-30˚C, annual rainfall: 130-300 cm.

- Growth is stunted in nitrogen deficient soil.

- Plantation time of seedlings: April-May.

- Good quality timber obtained from: 80 years old trees.

Prop of wood:

- Scented oil in wood acts as its preservative.

- Sapwood white in color, susceptible to termites and fungi

- Heartwood is golden yellow -(air)-> dark brown and resistant to fungal attacks.

- Ring is porous, presence of vessels.

- Tyloses are present.

Uses of Teak:

- Timber is durable, hard and resists decay, used in furniture and plywood.

- Used to make agricultural implements.

- Wood waste is raw material for paper pulp.

- Wood oil: used to treat eczema

- Flowers: relieves kidney problems

- Root bark: used for coloring mats.

Red Sanders

Scientific: Pterocarpus santalinus

Telugu: Erra chandanamu

Hindi: Lal chandan

Family: Fabaceae

This tree is valued for the rich red color of its wood, not aromatic.

Occurrence:

- Grows in southern India.

- Common in Cuddapah, Nellore and southern Kurnool districts.

Morphology:

- Grows in height to 10-11m.

- Leaves imparipinnate, leaflets pulvinous, 3 or rarely 5.

- Flowers bright yellow in short racemes.

- Pedicellate, Bisexual, and Zygomorphic.

- Flowering occurs during April-June

- Pods are winged with 1-2 seeds.

Props of wood:

- Bark is blackish-brown, wood is hard close grained.

- Differentiated into sap wood and heart wood. Sap wood is white and heart wood is black in color.

- Pores are medium sized and scattered

- Medullary rays are numerous and equidistant.

Uses of wood:

- Used in making agricultural implements.

- Gives a blood red colored die on distillation.

- Extensively used in carvings, statues, and picture frames.

Neem

Scientific: Azadirachta indica

Telugu: Yepa

Tamil: Vepa

Family: Meliaceae

Occurrence:

- Native to India, grows wildly.

- Also grows in Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.

Morphology:

- A fast growing tree which can reach a height of 15-20m.

- Evergreen, but in severe drought it may shed most or all of its leaves.

- Leaves: opposite pinnate with 20-30 medium dark green leaflets.

- White and fragrant flowers, arranged in more-or-less drooping axillary panicles.

- Each inflorescence has 150-250 flowers, they are protandrous and bisexual.

- Fruit: smooth olive-like drupe, it encloses one, rarely two or three,

elongated seeds (kernels)

Properties of wood:

- Bark: grey with numerous scattered tubercles.

- Sapwood is grey while heartwood is red.

- Pores are large/moderate sized and oval shaped; medium to coarse textured.

- Medullary rays are numerous and prominent.

- Wood is scented.

Uses of wood:

- Construction of cart axles and wheels, agricultural implements, and furniture.

- Bark contains tannins which are used in tanning, dyeing etc.

- Compounds extracted from the bark are used in production of some dental-care products like toothpaste.

- The bark acts as an insect repellent and it also has anti-bacterial

properties.

- Wood has been used as firewood and charcoal for a long time.

-------------------------------------------------

Stomatal Types ---

Stomata are minute pores which occur in the epidermis.

Stomata are used for the exchange of gases from the plant and the atmosphere, each stoma opens into a sub-stomatal chamber or a respiratory cavity to facilitate this function.

Evaporation of water takes place through the stomata.

Each stoma is surrounded by two kidneys shaped guard cells.

The stomata may occur on any part of a plant except the roots.

The epidermal cells bordering the guard cells are called accessory cells or subsidiary cells

There are 4 types of stomata based on the accessory cells and their arrangements:

- Anomocytic

- Anisocytic

- Paracytic

- Diacytic

Anomocytic Stomata:

Also called Type-A, Ranunculaceous type, or irregular-celled type stomata

No accessory cells are present

The stoma remains surrounded by ordinary epidermal cells which are arranged irregularly

Commonly found in dicotyledons such as Tridax.

picture

Anisocytic Stomata:

Also called Type-B, Cruciferous type, or unequal-celled type stomata.

The stomata is surrounded by three accessory cells.

Of the three accessory cells, one of them is distinctly smaller than the other two cells.

Commonly found in genera such as Brassica.

picture

Paracytic Stomata:

Also called Type-C, Rubiaceous type, or parallel-celled type stomata.

At least two accessory cells are present.

The accessory cells lie parallel to the long axis of the pore and guard cells

Commonly found in the members of Rubiaceae.

picture

Diacytic Stomata:

Also called Type-D, Caryophyllaceous type, or cross-celled type.

Each stoma is surrounded by a pair of accessory cells.

The common walls of each accessory cell remains at a right angle to the long axis of the guard cell.

Commonly found in Ocimum.

picture

There are two more types of stomata:

- Gramineous

- Coniferous

Gramineous Stomata:

The stoma have guard cells where in which the middle portions are much narrower than the ends, making the cell appear to be dumb-bell shaped

Commonly found in Gramineae

pic?

Coniferous Stomata:

The stomata are sunken and appear as if the accessory cells are suspended and arching over them.

In the median parts, the guard cells are have narrow lumina and the section is elliptical in shape.

At the ends, they lumina is wider and the section is triangular.

The walls of these guard cells and the accessory cells are partly lignified and partly non-lignified.

---

Simple Tissues ---

Simple permanent tissues are tissues which are composed of identical cells which together perform a common function.

Simple tissues can be divided into three groups:

- Parenchyma

- Collenchyma

- and Sclerenchyma.

=====

Parenchyma is made up of living cells.

Each cell is either spherical, ovular, rectangular, polygonal, elongated, or irregular in shape.

The cell wall is thin, made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin.

Young parenchyma cells are loosely arranged

There is intercellular space present in parenchyma

Parenchymatous cells can store reserve food material

Parenchymatous cells are found in all parts of plant such as cortex, pith, palisade, mesophyll, flower, seed, etc.

Parenchyma is also found in vascular tissues.

-

There are three types of parenchyma based on structural modifications and specialized functions:

- Prosenchyma

- Aerenchyma

- Chlorenchyma

Prosenchyma are thick-walled fiber-like elongated cells which provide rigidity and strength to the plant, ex: pericycle

Aerenchyma have large intercellular spaces filled with air, it helps in the buoyancy of the plant, ex: cortex of hydrophytes

Chlorenchyma are cells which have chloroplasts and perform photosynthesis, ex: palisade of leaves

-

Functions of parenchyma:

Photosynthesis - chlorenchyma has chloroplasts which perform photosynthesis

Storage - parenchyma can store food in the form of starch, proteins, oils, and fats

Buoyancy - aerenchyma helps aquatic plants float

Transportation - Parenchyma of xylem and phloem helps in the transport of nutrition and water

Mechanical support - prosenchyma provides mechanic support

diagram

=====

Collenchyma is a living tissue

The shape of each collenchyma cell is somewhat elongated

Collenchyma cells have a thick wall due to the deposition of hemicellulose and pectin in intercellular spaces

Intercellular spaces may or may not be present in collenchyma

-

There are three types of collenchyma based on the deposition of hemicellulose and pectin:

- Angular collenchyma

- Lacunar collenchyma

- Plate or lamellar collenchyma

Angular collenchyma have a thick cell wall at the corner of the cell, does not have intercellular space.

Lacunar collenchyma have a thick cell wall at the border of the cell, has intercellular space.

Plate or Lamellar Collenchyma have a thick cell wall at tangential wall, does not have intercellular space.

-

Functions of collenchyma:

Collenchyma provides mechanical support and elasticity to the stems of dicots.

Collenchyma has chloroplasts, therefore it can carry out photosynthesis.

Provides strength and flexibility to the plant body.

diagram

=====

Sclerenchyma is made up of dead cells.

The shape of sclerenchyma cells are elongated and pointed at both ends.

The cell wall of sclerenchyma is thick and lignified, it encloses an empty cavity called 'Lumen'

Sclerenchyma cells lack protoplasm.

Sclerenchyma provides strength and rigidity to the plant body.

-

There are two types of sclerenchyma:

- Fibers

- Sclereids

Fibers are thick walled, elongates, spindle shaped dead cells with pointed ends.

Cell walls enclose narrow lumen with simple round pits and lignified secondary wall.

Present in xylem, phloem, cortex and pericycle.

They made up the covering of fruits.

Fibers provide mechanical support.

There are three types of fibers:

- Surface Fibers: On fruit wall + seed coat (ex: coconut)

- Wood fibers: associated w xylem

- Bast fibers: associated w phloem, cortex, and pericycle.

Sclereids are very thick walled cells with either spherical, ovular, or dumbbell shape.

They are also called stone cells.

Sclereid cell wall has simple pits.

Present in hard part of plants and the pulp of fruit.

Provide local mechanical support.

5 Types based on shape:

- Stone cells: Isodiametric, similar to parenchyma in shape.

- Macrosclereids: Rod like shape

- Osteo sclereids: Bone like shape

- Astro sclereids: Star like shape

- Filiform sclereids: Hair like elongated cell with branches

-

Functions of Sclerenchyma:

Sclerenchyma is made up of dead and lignified cells which provides mechanical support.

Provides hardness to stony fruits like nuts, coconut, almond etc.

---

Complex Tissues ---

Complex permanent tissues are composed of 2 or more types of cells

All the cells contribute to a common function.

They are aka vascular tissues.

Vascular tissues are primarily associated with conduction of water, minerals, and food in plants.

There are 2 types of vascular tissues: xylem and phloem

===

Xylem

Primary function of xylem is to conduct water and minerals from the roots to leaves.

Additional function involves providing mechanical support. (secondary xylem)

-

Two types of xylem: primary and secondary.

Primary xylem:

- Xylem in primary plant body

- Developed from pro-cambium

- Organized as bundles along with phloem

- Main function: water and mineral conduction

- 2 types: protoxylem + metaxylem

Secondary xylem:

- Xylem in secondary plant body

- Developed from vascular cambium

- Main function is the same

- Additional function: provide mechanical support.

-

Elements of Xylem: Tracheids, Vessels, Xylem fibers, and Xylem parenchyma.

Tracheids:

- Elongated tube like cells occurring along the long axis of the plant.

- Cells are devoid of protoplast, and hence is a dead component.

- Has a cavity, an empty lumen, and tapering ends.

- Round or polyhedral in cross-section.

- Average cell length is 5-6mm

- The most primitive and fundamental element in xylem element, found in the fossils of seed-plants.

- In modern plants they occur predominately in lower vascular plants, pteridophytes and gymnosperms

- Has secondary cell wall which is hard, thick and extremely lignified.

- Secondary walls are deposited in different patterns:

- annular: rings, most primitive

- spiral: helical spirals

- scalariform: ladder like

- reticulate: net like

- pitted: pits evenly distributed all over

Vessels:

- Aka trachea

- short dead cells devoid of protoplast

- have hard and lignified cell-wall

- forms a row of cylindrical cells arranged in longitudinal series like a tube.

- Each cell has perforation at the end walls, rarely occur on the lateral walls

- Distinct ‘perforate’ bodies makes translocation of solutes easy.

- Perforations remain either mostly in parallel series like bars called scalariform perforation, or in a network known as reticulate perforation, or even may form a group of circular holes called foraminate perforation.

- The perforation occurs in form of a single large circle, referred to as simple perforation

- Has various types of secondary thickenings such as:

- annular, spiral, scalariform, reticulate or pitted.

- The pits are mostly of bordered types.

- Present in angiosperms, usually absent in pteridophytes and gymnosperms.

- Does not occur in some parasitic and aquatic plants.

Xylem Fibers:

- Also called xylary fibers

- Fibers are very much elongated, dead cells with thick lignified cell walls.

- Primarily give mechanical support.

- Two types: fiber traeheids and libriform fibers.

- Fiber tracheids are intermediate forms between fibers and tracheids, have bordered pits.

- Libriform fibers are narrow with highly thickened secondary wall, have simple pits.

- Gelatinous fibers in tension wood are a type of xylem fiber.

Xylem Parenchyma:

- Living cells w cytoplasm + prominent nucleus

- Cells are thin-walled, lignified secondary wall absent.

- Parenchyma in secondary xylem rarely undergoes secondary growth.

- Two types: Axial parenchyma + Ray parenchyma

- Meant for storage of starch and fatty food, tannins, crystals, etc.

- They are involved in conduction of water and solutes and mechanical support.

===

Phloem

Primary function is to transport food to the different parts of the plant body

2 types of phloem: Primary (dev from pro-cambium during 1' growth) + secondary (dev from vascular cambium during 2' growth).

4 elements: Sieve elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, phloem fibers and sclereids.

-

Sieve Elements: divides into sieve tubes and sieve cells.

Sieve Cells:

- Less specialized and more primitive than tubes

- Occur in lower vascular plants and gymnosperms

- Narrow elongated cells with steeply inclined end walls

- Sieve areas are located on the lateral walls and very rarely at the end walls.

Sieve Tubes:

- More specialized and advanced than cells.

- Occurs in angiosperms

- Long tube-like structures formed arranged in longitudinal series.

- end-walls of Sieve tube are perforated in a sieve-like manner.

- The perforated end-walls are called the sieve plates.

- Through sieve plates, cytoplasm connections are established between adjacent cells.

Companion Cells:

- Occurs abundantly in angiosperms, particularly in the monocotyledons, absent in some primitive dicotyledons.

- Pro-cambial mother cell divides longitudinally into two daughter cells, one of which serves as the sieve element and the other one becomes the companion cell.

- Hence companion cell is considered as sister cell to sieve tube.

- Companion cells remains associated with the sieve tubes of angiosperms

- These are smaller cells, having dense cytoplasm and prominent nuclei without starch grains.

- The wall between the sieve tube and companion cell is thin and provided with primary pit fields.

- Function: controls the activity of sieve tube.

Phloem Parenchyma:

- Occurs in both primary and secondary phloem

- Thin walled living cells

- Have primary pit fields

- Some parenchyma cells store starch.

- Two types: Axial and Ray parenchyma

Phloem Sclerenchyma:

- Aka Phloem fibers or Bast fibers

- Sclerenchyma of phloem

- Dead cells with lignified cell wall

- Have simple or slightly bordered pits.

- Septate fibers occurs in Vitis

- In some plants, phloem fibers are very long.

- rare in pteridophytes and some spermatophytes

- Provides mechanical strength to the plant.

- Used for the manufacture of ropes and cords.

[freedomainnames]

peridermal-trisomy.net

[archipithecus]

more recent research suggests that a lack of fungal decomposition is not responsible for the carboniferous coal beds, here's the abstract from Delayed fungal evolution did not cause the Paleozoic peak in coal production (Nelsen et al., 2016) (link to the paper, no paywall!)

Organic carbon burial plays a critical role in Earth systems, influencing atmospheric O2 and CO2 concentrations and, thereby, climate. The Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic is so named for massive, widespread coal deposits. A widely accepted explanation for this peak in coal production is a temporal lag between the evolution of abundant lignin production in woody plants and the subsequent evolution of lignin-degrading Agaricomycetes fungi, resulting in a period when vast amounts of lignin-rich plant material accumulated. Here, we reject this evolutionary lag hypothesis, based on assessment of phylogenomic, geochemical, paleontological, and stratigraphic evidence. Lignin-degrading Agaricomycetes may have been present before the Carboniferous, and lignin degradation was likely never restricted to them and their class II peroxidases, because lignin modification is known to occur via other enzymatic mechanisms in other fungal and bacterial lineages. Furthermore, a large proportion of Carboniferous coal horizons are dominated by unlignified lycopsid periderm with equivalent coal accumulation rates continuing through several transitions between floral dominance by lignin-poor lycopsids and lignin-rich tree ferns and seed plants. Thus, biochemical composition had little relevance to coal accumulation. Throughout the fossil record, evidence of decay is pervasive in all organic matter exposed subaerially during deposition, and high coal accumulation rates have continued to the present wherever environmental conditions permit. Rather than a consequence of a temporal decoupling of evolutionary innovations between fungi and plants, Paleozoic coal abundance was likely the result of a unique combination of everwet tropical conditions and extensive depositional systems during the assembly of Pangea.

Once I asked @elodieunderglass why petrochemicals are a non-renewable resource and she explained that it all formed so long ago funguses hadn't been invented yet. And I haven't been the same ever since.

[anatomiavegetal]

Periderme

A periderme é o tecido de proteção secundário, as células apresentam uma organização mais espaçada para promover a aeração dos tecidos internos.

Referências: 📖: RAVEN, P. H.; EVERT, R. F.; EICHHORN, S. E. Biologia vegetal. 6ª edição. Guanabara Koogan SA, 2001.

[en-la-casademiamor]

Elegy II

Cut wood had been left exposed to rot over the course of years

All manner of bugs and rodents had made huts out of flaked periderm

I want to build a fire, he told me I want fire, not smoke, which is what (and he pointed to the wood) this will give me.

I looked around to inspect the health of a surrounding forest—If you take one of these down, you could have your fire, but it will not be the same as the one you have pictured in your mind

And once this or that is cut, these mosaics of bark and trunk, will never take the shape of what they were

Should you suddenly repent and desire to put back together what is already gone.

[serious-tabaxi]

Sirius: do we still have tialroot, or did I run out of that? could you check?

Sirius: wait. it occurs to me that you probably have no idea what tialroot is. it's a grey rootlike plant with green speckles on its' periderm, shaped much like a potato. i usually put them in the cupboard to the left of the stasis box. pretty much anything you can do with potatoes, you can do with them.

*Will wakes up a little later in the morning. Sirius appears to have managed to wiggle out from under Will and is no longer in the room. the smell of... burnt bacon? catches Will's nose.*

(Rubbing my bleary eyes, I groggily arise from the little blanket nest, and stumble towards the smell without putting my coat on)

[oculablog]

Emil Walde Periderm, 2022 Aluminium, paper, and solder arms Courtesy SETAREH.

[kethpoetry-blog]

Periderm

By Logan Keth

It happened last night,

Before mascara vines

Crept down pale cheeks,

Before a box of Girl Scout cookies

Was binged to crumbs,

Before a text barely finished

Because my hands shook

With the violence of branches

In a hurricane.

 The remnants of us

Fell to litter the callous earth

Only to decay into fertility,

Ready to birth something new

Innocent as the spring fawn

Stuck in the throat of Ouroboros

All because layers of overgrowth

Have ensued my purity

In an impenetrable cocoon.

 I can only pray, down on my knees,

Prey from atop barstools,

Play with feelings of my own

And with the feelings of others

To soothe the traumas

Of infidelity,

The traumas of adultery,

Abandonment, and being forgotten.

 I play and I prey and I pray

That one day

Maybe this day or the next day

The light and warmth

Of the sun in the summer

Will find what I lost

Deep beneath the undergrowth,

Blossoming something

That someday

May see the skies again.

[whats-in-a-sentence]

Another set of meristematic cells, the cambium, gives rise to secondary growth, which produces an increase in width or diameter of plants, having a radial (inside-to-outside) polarity (see Figure 1.5).

Finally, the cork cambium, or phellogen, is the cambial layer that produces the protective periderm (see Figure 1.5) on the outside of woody plants. (...) In the stem, the vascular cylinder can be filled with ground tissue, the pith, in addition to the vascular tissue (see Figure 1.5A). In the root, the ground tissue is between the dermal tissue and the vascular tissue and is called the root cortex (see Figure 1.5B). (...) The vascular cambium of all modern extant seed plants is bifacial – that is, it produces xylem inward and phloem outward (see Figure 1.5).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[spydetectiveagency]

Do You Really Get What You Pay For From Detective Agencies?

Tips from Spy Detective Agency in India. Employing a private Detective agency or private investigator is a major advance. You should share your insider facts or worries to outsiders. You without a doubt need one who can keep every one of those issues extremely secret. There are many private investigations agencies in India at the present time, and you should realize which will complete your activity. Regardless of whether the one you're procuring now is the correct one for you or not. It's not about the cash. Heaps of individuals state that. Be that as it may, in all actuality, it is regularly extremely about the cash. A few people decide to enlist an agent or analyst with a less expensive spending plan. While less expensive, now and then, they may not complete your activity. It isn't that strange any longer and tragically we are finding in an expansion of customers that go to us in the wake of giving their cash to a PI who does practically nothing, doesn't give full and straightforward reports, or just vanishes. Be cautious if the value is modest. Recollect there is truth in "you get what you pay for". You will spend your cash on nothing on the off chance that you pick the least expensive alternative. For instance, an office evaluated its spending limit at 1 lack the need for 7 days' work. While another office just costs you 25 thousand rupees for 7 days of work. Be shrewd. Have an independent mind. To do an observation a private analyst has a considerable amount of costs – they may need to lease a vehicle (it frequently is smarter to utilize various autos on various days), to pay rates of a few people in addition to periderm, the oil, the cost entryways, and so forth and so on. and so forth. Would 25 thousand rupees spread 7 days' work? NO. SDA – Spy Detective Agency an eminent name in private investigation is straightforward with its financial limit so the customer won't fear to spend their cash on anything. SDA – a branch in New Delhi India, has existed in India since 2005. Serving around 10,000 cases on a wide range of foundations. Read the full article

[decose]

Types of tissues (again)

Surface tissues - Kinda functions as the plant's epithelial tissues

> Epidermis - secrets a waxy and water resistant cuticle which helps protect from water loss, parasites and mechanical damage

> Periderm - replaces the epidermis in older plants. Has hard and corky bark

Fundamental tissue

> Parenchyma

> Collenchyma

> Sclerenchyma

> Endodermis

Vascular tissues

> Xylem - Transports water and dissolved substances

> Phloem - Transports food

Types of tissues

Epithelial tissue - makes up your glands, lines your organs and covers your insides

Connective tissue - ligaments and tendons, keeps you together

Muscular tussue - composes your muscles, blood vessels, heart and a lot of the tubing inside you ofc

Nervous tissue - the jellyfish inside you

[anatomiavegetal]

Felogênio

O felogênio, ou chama-se câmbio cortical é o nome dado ao meristema secundário das plantas vasculares que dá origem à periderme, se caracteriza por ser uma camada cilíndrica de células indiferenciadas que possuem parede e se dividem continuamente.

Legenda: câmbio cortical.

Referências: 📖:GUERREIRO, S. M.; GLÓRIA, B. A. da. Anatomia vegetal. COSTA, Cecilia Gonçalves et al. Xilema, v. 2, 2006. 📸: Disponível em: <https://www.wikiwand.com/pt/C%C3%A2mbio_cortical>. Acesso em 20 de janeiro de 2021.

[the-evil-that-women-do]

JAFO

So just a mediocre update. Nothing new going on. Just working on a few projects got a few irons in the fire. Working with one sub on her Onlyfans page building content. She has agreed to a 20% cut for me. Working with another sub and her husband on her Onlyfans as well. We finished opening her page and have been taking pics for content and planning some scenario scenes for filming.

Hmm... Sub 1 is a hippy chick free spirit little. Lets call her Nymph.

Sub 2 is an amazing sexy inked up pain princess. So that will be her name. Pain Princess

The playroom has been set up for multiple scene setups and scenarios. Plans for abduction CnC, public play, and threesome DP DVP play. 

Pain Princess husband will be helping me build play furniture. I have plans for a St Andrews Cross, Spanking bench, and hanging the sex swing. The playroom will be multifaceted for different mods of play. 

Other things.....

I got a job offer in Poland... not ideal for play but HOLY SHIT the money is so good!!! 150K! 110K of which is tax free $75 a day periderm tax free!! so that's another 27k a year on top of that. Not bad. still... making content... would be so damn good!! And it might actually be a better career for me! I have been talking about another with an old associate about making my own Onlyfans page too. We found some local talent that wants to be added. Make content for their pages so its on mine as well. 

Nymph has 12 followers on hers with the price set to 15 a month. Not bad extra cash for doing something she enjoys. I introduced her to anal.... and now she cant get enough of it. she's looking for a 3rd for us to DP her for the site. Too. She knows this situation with me is only temporary. She's looking for a new dom. I just cant be there the way she needs me to be.

Pain Princess is looking to explore. She has a lust for the lifestyle a desire to be a good bratty princess. She is an amazing sub, but a huge brat! the play between us has been freeing. 

Side note! One of the Punishment girls I know will be needed services. As soon as she is home. I will make a trip to see her. My relationship with her is all about punishment. Her business has alot of moving parts that she has to keep any eye on. She gets overstressed by the work and the fact that she has to maintain control. so ill paddle her ass till she cries then curl up till she relaxes.

I will update this more routinely. 

[hourlywritingprompts]

Writing prompt of the hour: periderm

[biologynoteshp]

Reino Plantae

A planta teve sua origem na água, provavelmente das algas verdes que são provenientes de cianobactérias. Para chegar ao meio terrestre elas sofreram diversas modificações, já que na água oferecia gases e materiais e tinham um meio de reprodução fácil pelos gametas móveis, além de ser um meio de sustentação para estas, pelo empuxo exercido. Um “resquício” dessa evolução pode ser vista nas briófitas, que até hoje precisam da água para sua reprodução. 

Dentre as modificações necessárias para que as plantas chegassem ao meio terrestre foram necessários variadas adaptações: Um meio de absorver a água do solo, como a raiz; Tecidos necessários para a condução da água até as células mais distantes, como o xilema e o floema (tecido de condução adulto); Impermeabilidade para evitar a perda de água, dada pela parede celular que reveste a membrana; Tecidos adultos para sustentação do corpo e tecidos que permitem a troca gasosa para facilitar a fotossíntese, como a epiderme com os funcionais estômatos.

A planta originalmente é formada pelo tecido meristemático, o tecido embrionário, formado por células iguais que se dividem por mitose continuamente, que posteriormente formam outros tecidos “adultos” com suas devidas funções. Primeiramente, o meristema começa na raiz da planta, chamado de meristema radicular. Este é protegido pela coifa, células parenquimáticas (tecido de preenchimento). Esse meristema radicular fica na zona de multiplicação celular e quando vai vai crescendo na zona de distensão da raiz, as células vão sendo empurradas para a ponta. Na raiz há também a zona pilífera, parte da raiz que absorve água e nutrientes minerais, e mais acima tem a zona suberosa que são novas raízes provenientes da principal. Além disso, existem os mais variados tipos de raízes com diferentes funções, classificando-as em subterrâneas, aéreas e aquáticas.

Em pteridófitas, já que não possuem sementes, a raiz se desenvolve a partir do esporófito, e em vegetais com sementes (espermatófitas - parte das traqueófitas (plantas vasculares)) a raiz vem da radícula da semente. A raiz pode tomar formas diferentes nas angiospermas (monocotiledôneas e dicotiledôneas).

Diferença de raiz e tecido de condução:

Do caulículo do embrião, surge o caule,que assim como as raízes tem suas diferenciações, podendo ser aéreo ou rizomas (caule subterrâneo), dão origem as gemas axilares que são dotadas de tecido meristemático, criando novos ramos, caules, folhas ou flores. Faz papel de fotossintetizante em plantas desprovidas de folhas, como o cacto, e também em jovens vegetais. E graças as gemas laterais/axilares, origina-se a folha, que faz a fotossíntese (em outras podem ter funções especializadas). As nervuras da folha mudam conforme dicotiledônea e nas mono. *Gema apical foca no crescimento vertical, na altura. Foca no desenvolvimento do caule. Gema axilar ou lateral são as gemas de crescimento horizontal, formando novos ramos na planta.

                                                 TECIDOS

Na foto, podemos ver a ponta de uma raiz com seus tecidos de meristema primário, são os tecidos que focam na altura da planta, que originam os outros tecidos adultos. Na parte amarela temos a protoderme, que originara a epiderme. No meio, onde mostra o procâmbio, seria o xilema e o floema primário, que dará início ao tecido de condução. 

Nessa imagem, temos o meristema fundamental que é parte do meristema primário, ele dará origem a alguns tecidos adultos, como o de preenchimento, que o tecido parenquimático e aos tecidos de sustentação como a colênquima e a esclerênquima.

O meristema secundário é focado na espessura, estes são o câmbio/felogênio que dá origem a súber, este divide-se, sendo para o meio exterior o súber e o interior a feloderma. Essa junção forma um tecido de revestimento chamado Periderme. As células do felema (súber) são células mortas “devido à impregnação de grossas camadas de suberina (material lipídico) nas paredes da célula, deixando-a oca”. Como essas células formam uma barreira para a troca de água e gases do ambiente, é necessário meios que ajudem a troca para o meio mais interno, por isso há as lenticelas, que são porções da periderme com grande espaço intracelular. São áreas “salientes” nos caules e raízes. Outra parte da súber são os ritidomas, porções mais velhas das células, marcando a casca.

MERISTEMA PRIMÁRIO: Protoderme -> Epiderme; Procâmbio - Xilema e Floema primários. MERISTEMA SECUNDÁRIO: Câmbio e Felogênio -> Xilema e Floema secundários e Súber. FUNÇÕES - TECIDOS ADULTOS: Epiderme e Periderme -> Revestimento; Preenchimento -> Parênquima; Sustentação -> Colênquima e Esclerênquima; Condução -> Xilema e Floema.