#periderm

[whats-in-a-sentence]

In addition to secondary growth involved in secondary phloem and xylem, most woody eudicots and gymnosperms develop a secondary cambium known as cork cambium or phellogen that gives rise to the periderm (see Figure 19.41). (...) Ray cells can be arranged in one (uniseriate) or multiple (multiseriate) files to form a tissue known as rays that traverse the phloem, cambium, and xylem (see Figure 19.41).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[badolmen]

As it turns out gripping a double edged razor blade 6 hours a day makes your fingers very calloused and somewhat numb.

[archipithecus]

more recent research suggests that a lack of fungal decomposition is not responsible for the carboniferous coal beds, here's the abstract from Delayed fungal evolution did not cause the Paleozoic peak in coal production (Nelsen et al., 2016) (link to the paper, no paywall!)

Organic carbon burial plays a critical role in Earth systems, influencing atmospheric O2 and CO2 concentrations and, thereby, climate. The Carboniferous Period of the Paleozoic is so named for massive, widespread coal deposits. A widely accepted explanation for this peak in coal production is a temporal lag between the evolution of abundant lignin production in woody plants and the subsequent evolution of lignin-degrading Agaricomycetes fungi, resulting in a period when vast amounts of lignin-rich plant material accumulated. Here, we reject this evolutionary lag hypothesis, based on assessment of phylogenomic, geochemical, paleontological, and stratigraphic evidence. Lignin-degrading Agaricomycetes may have been present before the Carboniferous, and lignin degradation was likely never restricted to them and their class II peroxidases, because lignin modification is known to occur via other enzymatic mechanisms in other fungal and bacterial lineages. Furthermore, a large proportion of Carboniferous coal horizons are dominated by unlignified lycopsid periderm with equivalent coal accumulation rates continuing through several transitions between floral dominance by lignin-poor lycopsids and lignin-rich tree ferns and seed plants. Thus, biochemical composition had little relevance to coal accumulation. Throughout the fossil record, evidence of decay is pervasive in all organic matter exposed subaerially during deposition, and high coal accumulation rates have continued to the present wherever environmental conditions permit. Rather than a consequence of a temporal decoupling of evolutionary innovations between fungi and plants, Paleozoic coal abundance was likely the result of a unique combination of everwet tropical conditions and extensive depositional systems during the assembly of Pangea.

Once I asked @elodieunderglass why petrochemicals are a non-renewable resource and she explained that it all formed so long ago funguses hadn't been invented yet. And I haven't been the same ever since.

[anatomiavegetal]

Periderme

A periderme é o tecido de proteção secundário, as células apresentam uma organização mais espaçada para promover a aeração dos tecidos internos.

Referências: 📖: RAVEN, P. H.; EVERT, R. F.; EICHHORN, S. E. Biologia vegetal. 6ª edição. Guanabara Koogan SA, 2001.

[en-la-casademiamor]

Elegy II

Cut wood had been left exposed to rot over the course of years

All manner of bugs and rodents had made huts out of flaked periderm

I want to build a fire, he told me I want fire, not smoke, which is what (and he pointed to the wood) this will give me.

I looked around to inspect the health of a surrounding forest—If you take one of these down, you could have your fire, but it will not be the same as the one you have pictured in your mind

And once this or that is cut, these mosaics of bark and trunk, will never take the shape of what they were

Should you suddenly repent and desire to put back together what is already gone.

[oculablog]

Emil Walde Periderm, 2022 Aluminium, paper, and solder arms Courtesy SETAREH.

[kethpoetry-blog]

Periderm

By Logan Keth

It happened last night,

Before mascara vines

Crept down pale cheeks,

Before a box of Girl Scout cookies

Was binged to crumbs,

Before a text barely finished

Because my hands shook

With the violence of branches

In a hurricane.

 The remnants of us

Fell to litter the callous earth

Only to decay into fertility,

Ready to birth something new

Innocent as the spring fawn

Stuck in the throat of Ouroboros

All because layers of overgrowth

Have ensued my purity

In an impenetrable cocoon.

 I can only pray, down on my knees,

Prey from atop barstools,

Play with feelings of my own

And with the feelings of others

To soothe the traumas

Of infidelity,

The traumas of adultery,

Abandonment, and being forgotten.

 I play and I prey and I pray

That one day

Maybe this day or the next day

The light and warmth

Of the sun in the summer

Will find what I lost

Deep beneath the undergrowth,

Blossoming something

That someday

May see the skies again.

[whats-in-a-sentence]

Another set of meristematic cells, the cambium, gives rise to secondary growth, which produces an increase in width or diameter of plants, having a radial (inside-to-outside) polarity (see Figure 1.5).

Finally, the cork cambium, or phellogen, is the cambial layer that produces the protective periderm (see Figure 1.5) on the outside of woody plants. (...) In the stem, the vascular cylinder can be filled with ground tissue, the pith, in addition to the vascular tissue (see Figure 1.5A). In the root, the ground tissue is between the dermal tissue and the vascular tissue and is called the root cortex (see Figure 1.5B). (...) The vascular cambium of all modern extant seed plants is bifacial – that is, it produces xylem inward and phloem outward (see Figure 1.5).

"Plant Physiology and Development" int'l 6e - Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., Møller, I.M., Murphy, A.

[budapestbug]

Maypole and Mayday picnic - celebrating 1st May in Hungary 1st of May marks Labour Day in Hungary, which looks back on a long history. As times have changed, the way of celebration has also changed. The onetime glorious processions turned into joyful May Day picnics, which come with the tradition of maypole mounting. The tradition of picnics and maypole mounting is closely connected to the 1st of May. The last day of April and the first day of May are not only important because of May Day picnics and graduations, but the traditions of maypole mounting and giving may-baskets still play a significant role in the celebrations. This is the time when boys take poles or baskets to their chosen ladies, thus implying their intention of courting. The maypole and the green branch are the symbols of nature’s revival, and also a gift of love. What exactly is a maypole? It is a whip tree with its branches cut off at the trunk. Young men went out at night to the forest and cut it, then mounted it in front of the house of the beloved girl. In many places, one big maypole was mounted in front of the house of the judge or the priest, or in front of the temple, and smaller trees were mounted in front of the girls’ houses. The maypoles were decorated with ribbons, handkerchiefs, flowers, bottles of wine, gilded eggs etc. before they were dug into the ground or nailed to the gate-post or well-sweep. As usual, traditions vary from region to region, for instance, in Transylvania the boys even carved the tree or carved their name on the tree. The cutting and delivery of the maypole happened in secret, at night, while its decoration at dawn was mostly the joint and confidential task of the boy squad. The beauty and the size of the maypole was a source of discussion everywhere: who courts whom, who got the prettiest tree, whose tree was disfigured at night by an enemy, etc. The tipping of maypoles usually went together with celebrations, dances. Dancing around the maypole and climbing up to them was a ceremonial part of the tipping. It was especially hard to climb tall trees without periderm. But it was a real competition, as the one who was able to climb the maypole, won the bottle of drink at the top. Guys liked to trick each other by putting paprika water in the bottle. The tradition was also known in the cities, and it still is; some people still mount maypoles.

[decose]

Types of tissues (again)

Surface tissues - Kinda functions as the plant's epithelial tissues

> Epidermis - secrets a waxy and water resistant cuticle which helps protect from water loss, parasites and mechanical damage

> Periderm - replaces the epidermis in older plants. Has hard and corky bark

Fundamental tissue

> Parenchyma

> Collenchyma

> Sclerenchyma

> Endodermis

Vascular tissues

> Xylem - Transports water and dissolved substances

> Phloem - Transports food

Types of tissues

Epithelial tissue - makes up your glands, lines your organs and covers your insides

Connective tissue - ligaments and tendons, keeps you together

Muscular tussue - composes your muscles, blood vessels, heart and a lot of the tubing inside you ofc

Nervous tissue - the jellyfish inside you

[spydetectiveagency]

Do You Really Get What You Pay For From Detective Agencies?

Tips from Spy Detective Agency in India. Employing a private Detective agency or private investigator is a major advance. You should share your insider facts or worries to outsiders. You without a doubt need one who can keep every one of those issues extremely secret. There are many private investigations agencies in India at the present time, and you should realize which will complete your activity. Regardless of whether the one you're procuring now is the correct one for you or not. It's not about the cash. Heaps of individuals state that. Be that as it may, in all actuality, it is regularly extremely about the cash. A few people decide to enlist an agent or analyst with a less expensive spending plan. While less expensive, now and then, they may not complete your activity. It isn't that strange any longer and tragically we are finding in an expansion of customers that go to us in the wake of giving their cash to a PI who does practically nothing, doesn't give full and straightforward reports, or just vanishes. Be cautious if the value is modest. Recollect there is truth in "you get what you pay for". You will spend your cash on nothing on the off chance that you pick the least expensive alternative. For instance, an office evaluated its spending limit at 1 lack the need for 7 days' work. While another office just costs you 25 thousand rupees for 7 days of work. Be shrewd. Have an independent mind. To do an observation a private analyst has a considerable amount of costs – they may need to lease a vehicle (it frequently is smarter to utilize various autos on various days), to pay rates of a few people in addition to periderm, the oil, the cost entryways, and so forth and so on. and so forth. Would 25 thousand rupees spread 7 days' work? NO. SDA – Spy Detective Agency an eminent name in private investigation is straightforward with its financial limit so the customer won't fear to spend their cash on anything. SDA – a branch in New Delhi India, has existed in India since 2005. Serving around 10,000 cases on a wide range of foundations. Read the full article

[serious-tabaxi]

Sirius: do we still have tialroot, or did I run out of that? could you check?

Sirius: wait. it occurs to me that you probably have no idea what tialroot is. it's a grey rootlike plant with green speckles on its' periderm, shaped much like a potato. i usually put them in the cupboard to the left of the stasis box. pretty much anything you can do with potatoes, you can do with them.

*Will wakes up a little later in the morning. Sirius appears to have managed to wiggle out from under Will and is no longer in the room. the smell of... burnt bacon? catches Will's nose.*

(Rubbing my bleary eyes, I groggily arise from the little blanket nest, and stumble towards the smell without putting my coat on)

[anatomiavegetal]

Felogênio

O felogênio, ou chama-se câmbio cortical é o nome dado ao meristema secundário das plantas vasculares que dá origem à periderme, se caracteriza por ser uma camada cilíndrica de células indiferenciadas que possuem parede e se dividem continuamente.

Legenda: câmbio cortical.

Referências: 📖:GUERREIRO, S. M.; GLÓRIA, B. A. da. Anatomia vegetal. COSTA, Cecilia Gonçalves et al. Xilema, v. 2, 2006. 📸: Disponível em: <https://www.wikiwand.com/pt/C%C3%A2mbio_cortical>. Acesso em 20 de janeiro de 2021.

[annieboltonworld]

Juniper Publishers- Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources

A Comprehensive Phytopharmacological Review of Dioscorea bulbifera Linn

Authored by Galani Varsha J

Abstract

Dioscorea bulbifera Linn. is an important medicinal plant, which has long been used in traditional Indian and Chinese medicine for various diseases. This plant is pharmacologically studied for antitumor, anti HIV, antidyslipidemic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, gastroprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anthelmintic, neuropharmacological, cardioprotective, anorexiant, plasmid curing activities and anti-hyperthyroid activities. A wide range of phytochemical constituents have been isolated from this plant. A comprehensive account of the morphology, microscopical characters, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities reported are included in view of the many recent findings of importance on this plant.

Keywords: Dioscorea bulbifera; Neuropharmacological activity; Antitumor activity, Diosgenin

Abbreviations: CFA: Complete Freunds Adjuvant; LPS: Lipo Poly Saccharides; PLSN: Partial Ligation Sciatic NervE; NOS: Nitric Oxide Synthase; VRE: Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci; LVDP: Left Ventricular Developed Pressure

Introduction

Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine native to India and a form of alternative medicine. Recently traditional medicine worldwide is being re-evaluated by extensive research works on different plant species and their active therapeutic principles. The untapped wealth of plant kingdom can represent a novel source of newer compounds with significant therapeutic activities [1]. One such plant, Dioscorea bulbifera Linn, which have various medicinal properties, is widely used in Ayurveda, the ancient traditional medicinal system in India. Dioscorea bulbifera is an aerial yam commonly known as Varahikanda. In this review a comprehensive account of the morphology, microscopical characters, phytochemical constituents and pharmacological activities are included in view of the many recent findings of importance on this plant.

Taxonomic Classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Subkingdom: Viridaeplantae

Superdivision: Streptophyta

Division: Tracheophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Superorder: Lilinanae

Order: Dioscoreales

Family: Dioscoreaceae

Genus: Discorea L.

Species: Dioscorea bulbifera L.

Vernacular Names

English: PotatoYam, Air potato

Sanskrit: Varahikanda, Aluka, Shukara

Hindi: Varahi kanda, Kadu Kanda, Ratalu

Gujarati: Dukkarkanda

Bengali: Ratalu, Ban Alu

Tamil: Kodikilanga, Kaattu-k-kaay-valli

Marathi: Manakund, Kadu-karanda, Varahi

Kannada: Kuntagenasu

Konkani : Karamdo

Malayalam: Pannikizhangu, Kattukachil

Oriya: Pita Alu

Telugu: Adavi Dumpa

Synonyms

D. crispate Roxb, D. pulchella Roxb, D. sativa sensu Hook.f [3,4].

Ayurvedic Preparations

Ajamamsa Rasayanam, Narasimha Churna, Pancha Nimbadi Churna, Vastyamayantaka Ghrita, Varahytadighurdam [3,4].

Substitute

Varahikanda is used as substitute for Riddhi and Vriddhi drugs of Astavarya in Ayurveda [3,4].

Occurrence and Distribution

The species is native to the tropics of the old world and occurs in rain forests extending from the west coast of Africa to the farthest island in the specific. It is common throughout India ascending up to 6,000 ft. in the Himalayas. It does not thrive in the dried part of the India. The wild form also occurs in South East Asia, West Africa, South, and Central America, Australia, Louisiana, Texas, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Polynesia, and Florida [3, 5,6].

Flowers

September-November

Fruit

December onwards

Parts Used

Tubers, Bulbils, Roots,

Morphology

Dioscorea bulbifera is a vigorously twining, long-stemmed perennial vine with non-spiny stems to 20 m or more in length, freely branching above; internodes round or slightly angled in cross section and they twine counter-clockwise. Plant has two types of storage organs. The plant forms bulbils in the leaf axils of the twining stems, and tubers beneath the ground. Tubers are like small, oblong potatoes with bitter taste. Conspicuous aerial tubers (called bulbils) are pale, round to globose in shape, up to 13 cm wide and in inflorescence that give D. bulbifera the common name "air potato." The leaves are attractive, alternate, broadly heart-shaped, attached by long petioles. Leaves 10-15 x 7.5-10 cm, ovate-suborbicular, base deeply cordate, apex acuminate to shortly caudate, membranous, glabrous, basally 9-11-ribbed; petiole to 20 cm long. They are divided longitudinally into lobes by prominent arching veins all radiating out from a single point of origin where the petiole attaches to the leaf. Flowers rarely occur in D. bulbifera; where occurring, they are small, pale green and fragrant, and arising from leaf axils. Male flowers in slender, axillary panicled spikes, pendulous, to 18 cm long; bracteoles ovate, acute [5,6].

Perianth light green; lobes 6, biseriate, 2.5 mm long, linearoblong. Stamens 6 free. Female spikes 1-3 together; staminodes 3; ovary triquetrous, 3-locular, ovules 2-per locule; styles 3;stigma 2-fid, reflexed. Capsules 1.5-2.3 x 1-1.5 cm, oblong, 3-winged. The fruit is a capsule and the seeds partially winged. This species reproduces sexually by seeds and vegetatively by underground and aerial tubers (bulbils) which enable it to spread rapidly and colonize entire forests in a single growing season. The aerial stems of air potato die back in winter season, but resprouting occurs from bulbils and underground tubers.

Morphology of Bulbils and Tumors

The bulbil is fairly hard and heavy. Dish shaped with to 12 cm (5") x 10 cm (4") brown with prominent numerous, uniformly distributed tubercle like eyes. Bulbils abundant and of different sizes and shapes; in certain cultigens the tuber is suppressed in favour of rather large bulbils, having all the reserve food; small bulbils are, as a rule warted, but they may be smooth when large. Tubers are usually small and round, but large under cultivation. They are weighing up to 1 kg. Tubers are toxic or edible according to the variety; they are renewed annually. Their skin is purplish black or earth colored, usually coated with abundant small feeding roots, but smooth in some cultivated varieties having flesh of white to lemon yellow, sometimes marked with purple flecks and very mucilaginous (Figure 1) A few root and root scars present in tubers, outer surface dark brown, inner yellow to light brown; odour- indistinct; taste-bitter [5,6].

Microscopic Characteristics

Subasini, 2013 reported microscopic features of tubers and bulbil of D. bulbifera. The T.S of tubers showed wide, well developed periderm, vascular bundles and triangular starch grains. Major microscopic characters of bulb include periderm, ground tissue, vascular bundle, and triangular starch grains. Ground tissue, forming major portion of bulb composed of oval to polygonal cells having a few scattered closed vascular bundles. Starch grains found both in cortex and ground tissues, but abundant in ground tissue, rounded to oval, three sided with rounded angles or rod-shaped, simple, solitary or in groups, 1128 n in diameter; hilum present at the narrower extremity [7].

Phytochemical Constituents

Phytochemical analysis of Dioscorea bulbifera revealed presence of alkaloids, glycosides, proteins, fats, sterols, alkaloids, polyphenols and tannins, flavonoids and saponins which may vary according to country origin [7]. Inorganic micronutrients present include Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Co, Mo, V, B, Cl, I, Br and Na [7].

a) Steroidal Saponins [8]: Dioscoreanoside A-K, Dioscoreanoside B, Dioscoreanoside C, Dioscoreanoside D, Dioscoreanoside E, Dioscoreanoside F, Dioscoreanoside G, Dioscoreanoside H, Dioscoreanoside I, Dioscoreanoside J, Dioscoreanoside K, Dioscin

b) Steroidal Sapogenin, Spirostane Glycosides, Cholestane Glycosides [9-11]: Diosbulbisin A, Diosbulbisin B, Diosbulbisin C, Diosbulbisin D, Diosbulbisides A, Diosbulbisides B, Diosbulbisides C, Diosgenin, Sinodiosgenin

c) PNorclerodane Diterpenoids [12-16]: Diosbulbin A, Diosbulbin B, Diosbulbin C, Diosbulbin D, Diosbulbin E, Diosbulbin F, Diosbulbin G, Diosbulbin H, Diosbulbin I, Diosbulbin J, Diosbulbin K, Diosbulbin L, Diosbulbin M, Diosbulbin N, Diosbulbin O, Diosbulbin P, 8-Epidiosbulbin E Acetate

d) Clerodane Diterpenoids [17-19]: Bafoudiosbulbin A, Bafoudiosbulbin B, Bafoudiosbulbin C, Bafoudiosbulbin F, Bafoudiosbulbin G.

e) Flavanoids Derivatives [20,21]: Quercetin-3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside, Quercetin-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, Myricetin-3-O- β-D-galactopyranoside, Myricetin-3-O- β-D glucopyranoside, 3,5-dimethoxy-kaempferol, 3, 5, 3'-trimethoxyquercetin, Caryatin, Hyperoside, Kaempferol, Kaempferol-3-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, Kaempferol- 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Kaempferol-3,5-dimethyl ether, Quercetin-3-O-galactopyranoside, Myricetin, Isoquercitrin, Lutein, Quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 7- bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl) -4E, 6E- heptadien-3-one, 5,3,4-trihydroxy-3,7- dimethoxyflavone.

f) Phenanthrenes 4-methoxyphenanthrene, trimethoxyphenanthrene, trimethoxyphenanthrene [20-22]: 2,7-dihydroxy- 2,7-dihydroxy-3,4,6- 1,6-dihydroxy-2,5,7-

g) Carotenoids [3]: Neoxanthin, Auroxanthin, Violaxanthin, Cryptoxanthine

h) Phytosterols [14,18,20]: Daucosterol, β-sitosterol, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-b-sitosterol, Stigmasterol

i) fatty acids [11,18,22]: Palmatic acid, Succinic acid, Shikimic acid, Tetracosanoic acid, 1-(tetracosanoyl)- glycerol, Trans-tetracosanylferulate, Mono-arachidin, C22 «-hydroxy fatty acid, 3-hydroxy-5-methoxybenzoic acid, Batatasin III, Behenic acid, Ethyl ester of undecanoic acid, Z-1,9-dodecadiene (C H), n-Hexadecanoic acid, Ethyl ester of Eicosanoic acid

j) Tannins [20,22]: Catechin, Protocatechuic acid, (+) Epicatechin, (-)Epicatechin

k) Volatile oils [20,23] : Vanillic acid, Isovanillic acid

l)Glycoside Derivatives [9,12,15, 24]: Alkaloid [25]: Dihydrodioscorine a) Methyl-O-α-D- fructofuranoside, Butyl-O-α-D-fructofuranoside, Ethyl- O-β-D-fructopyranoside, Butyl-O-β-D-fructopyranoside, 3-phenyl-2-propenyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 2- (4-methoxyphenyl)-ethyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, Phenyl -methyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Pennogenin, Pennogenin-3-O-α-Lrhamnopyranosyl-(1->3)-[α- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)]- β-D- glucopyranoside, Pennogenin-3-O-α-Lrhamnopyranosyl-(1->4)-[a- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)]- β-D- glucopyranoside, 3- O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1->3)]-β-D-g1ucopyranosyl pennogenin (spiroconazol A), 26-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(25R)- 5-en-furost- 3β,17α,22α,26-tetraol- 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1->4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1->4)-[α-L- rhamnopyranosyl- (1->2)]-β-D-glucopyranoside, 23β,27-dihydroxy-pennogenin 3- O-α-L- hamnopyranosyl-(1->4)- α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->4)-[α- L-mnopyranosyl-(1->2)]-β-Dglucopyranoside, 4-hydroxy- [2-trans-3',7'- dimethylocta-2',6'-dienyl]-6-methoxy acetophenone, 4,6-dihydroxy-2-O-(4'- hydroxybutyl) acetophenone, Diosbulbinoside D, Diosbulbinoside F, Diosbulbinoside G

m) Others [15,26]: Demethyl batatasin IV, Diarylheptanone, 3,5,4'-trihydroxy-3'- methoxybibenzy, 1,7- bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)- 1E,4E,6E-heptatrien-3-one, 2,3'-di-hydroxy-4',5'- dimethoxybibenzy, Docosyl ferulate, Tristin, Adenosine.

Reported Pharmacological Activities Antitumour Activity

Reported Pharmacological Activities

Antitumour Activity

It has been reported that the extraction of components from D. bulbifera using organic solvents of little polarity significantly inhibited the growth of tumor and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice and human liver cancer, colon cancer and other tumor cells [27-31]. D. bulbifera decoction could inhibit cell growth in the human squamous cell carcinoma cell line SiHa, in the human cervical cancer cells Hela, and in the human hepatoma cells HepG2, in a dosage and time-dependent manner [32] . Komori found that diosbulbins A and B had remarkable growth inhibition effect on solid sarcoma180 tumor cells [12]. Another study reported the anti-tumour-promoting effect of 75 % ethanol extracts of the rhizomes of Dioscorea bulbifera L. using the neoplastic transformation assay of mouse epidermal JB6 cell lines.

The ethyl acetate and n-butanol soluble fractions showed different inhibitory activities against tumour promotion of JB6 (Cl 22 and Cl 41) cells induced by the promoter of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) [20]. Kaempferol- 3,5-dimethyl ether, caryatin, (1)-catechin, myricetin, quercetin- 3-O- galactopyranoside, myricetin-3-O-galactopyranoside, myricetin-3-O-glucopyranoside and diosbulbin B isolated from ethyl acetate soluble fraction of 75 % ethanol extract of the rhizomes of Dioscorea bulbifera L. from China showed an antitumor-promoting effect against the neoplastic transformation assay of mouse epidermal JB6 cell lines [21]. Petroleum ether fraction from chinese Dioscrea bulbifera showed potential effects against microstructure abnormality of HepA cells surface[33] . Two new steroidal saponins, diosbulbisides D (1) and E (2), along with five known saponins (3- 7) were isolated from the rhizomes of Dioscorea bulbifera L. Compounds 6 and 7, two 3- O-trisaccharides of diosgenin spirostanes, showed moderate cytotoxic activity against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, with IC50 values of 3.89 μM and 7.47 μM on SMMC7721, and 10.87 μM and 19.10 μM on Bel-7402 cell lines, respectively [34].

The results of antitumour activity of water extract (fraction A), ethanol extract (fraction B), ethyl acetate extract (fraction C), non-ethyl acetate extract (fraction D) and isolated diosbulbin B showed that fractions B and C both decreased tumour weight in S180 and H22 tumour cells bearing mice, while fractions A and D had no such effect. Furthermore, fraction C altered the weight of spleen and thymus, and the amounts of total leukocytes, lymphocytes and neutrophils in tumour-bearing mice. Diosbulbin B was found to be the major antitumor bioactive component in the extracts and demonstrated anti-tumor effects in the dose-dependent manner at the dosage of 2 to 16 mg/kg without significant toxicity in vivo [35].

Immune system modulation might be related to antitumor effects of D. bulbifera rhizome, as reported in S180 and H22 tumor cells bearing mice [35]. Alcoholic extracts (70%, 80% and 90% alcohol) of D. bulbifera were found to in hibited the proliferation of human gastric cancer cell line SGC-7901 [36]. Zhao 2012 proved that D. bulbifera could significantly decrease the expression of SW579 Survivin mRNA and protein in human thyroid cancer cells and also induce apoptosis of cancer cells [37,38]. Pennogenin- 3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ->3)-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-> 2)]-b-D-glucopyranoside and Pennogenin-3-O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -> 4)-[a- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)]-b-D-glucopyranoside from D. bulbifera extract showed significant cytotoxic activity against the proliferation of Bel-7402 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells, with 99.1 and 92.6% inhibition, respectively.

Both compounds showed cell growth inhibition activity toward SMMC7721 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells of 4.54 and 4.85 lM respectively [9]. Spiroconazol A and Pennogenin-3- O-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-> 4)-a- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->4)-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl- (1->2)]-b-D-glucopyranoside showed moderate cytotoxicity against ECV304urinary bladder carcinoma cells, by membrane toxicity via lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) liberation with IC50 values of 8.5 lg/ml (8.3 lM) and 5.8 lg/ml (6.6 lM), respectively. 26-O-b-D-Glucopyranosyl-(25R)-5-en-furost- 3b,17a,22a,26-tetraol-3-Oa-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->4)-a-L- rhamnopyranosyl- (1->4)-[a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 -> 2)]-b-D- glucopyranoside showed moderate activity as well, by a direct influence on the mitochondrial metabolism without liberation of LDH with an IC50 value of 14.3 lg/ml [38]. Combination of D. bulbifera polysaccharides and Cyclophosphamide could potentially enhance the anti-tumor effect of Cyclophosphamide and attenuate Cyclophosphamide induced immunosuppression as well as oxidative stress in U14 cervical tumor-bearing mice [39]. Platinum-palladium bimetallic nanoparticles of Dioscorea bulbifera tuber extract showed anticancer activity against HeLa cells [40].

Anti HIV Activity

Anti-HIV-1 integrase activity was evaluated for 7 compounds isolated from ethyl acetate and water fractions of Dioscorea bulbifera bulbils. Flavanoid Myricetin exhibited the most potent anti-HIV-1 integrase activity (IC50 value of 3.15 mM) followed by 2,4,6,7-tetrahydroxy- 9,10-dihydrophenanthrene (IC50 value%14.20 mM), quercetin-3-O-b-D-glucopyranoside (IC50 value%19.39 mM) and quercetin-3-O-b-D-galactopyranoside (IC50 value%21.80 mM). Potential interactions of the active compounds with the IN active site were additionally investigated. These compounds interacted with Asp64, Thr66, His67, Glu92, Asp116, Gln148, Glu152, Asn155, and Lys159, which are involved in both the 3'-processing and strand transfer reactions of integrase enzyme [41,42].

Antidiabetic Activity

Aqueous extract of D. bulbifera tubers at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses administered for 3 weeks to glucose primed and streptozotocin induced diabetes in wistar rats treated rats showed significant antihyperglycemic activity [42]. Ethanolic extract of Dioscorea bulbifera (aerial yam) was studied against alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Intraperitoneal administration of a single dose of 380.0, 760.0 and 1140.0 mg/kg body weight of the extract were exhibited significant reduction in the blood glucose levels of the albino rats [43]. One study reported that among petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and 70% ethanol (v/v) extracts of bulbs of D. bulbifera, ethyl acetate extract showed highest inhibition upto 72.06 ± 0.51% and 82.64 ± 2.32% against a-amylase and a-glucosidase respectively. Diosgenin was isolated showed a a-amylase and a-glucosidase inhibition upto 70.94 ± 1.24% and 81.71 ± 3.39%, respectively by interacting with two catalytic residues (Asp352 and Glu411) from a-glucosidase [44]. Copper nanoparticles synthesized by D. bulbifera tuber extract also showed significant inhibition against a-glucosidase and murine intestinal glucosidase [45].

Antidyslipidemic Activity

Aqueous extract of D. bulbifera tubers at 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg doses administered for 4 weeks to high fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice showed significant antidyslipidemic effects [42].

Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities

The aqueous and methanol extracts from the dry bulbils of Dioscorea bulbifera L. var sativa were evaluated (300 and 600 mg/kg, p.o.) against pain induced by acetic acid, formalin, pressure and against inflammation induced by carrageenan, histamine, serotonin and formalin in experimental animals. The results showed potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the extracts which may be due to inhibition of inflammatory mediators such as histamine, serotonin and prostaglandins [46]. Antiinflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Dioscorea bulbifera leaf (500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 125mg/kg, 62.5mg/kg, 31.25mg/kg, 15mg/kg p.o.) was reported against egg albumin induced rat paw oedema [47]. Diosbulbin B from D. bulbifera had inhibitory effects on both acute and subacute inflammation [48]. The effects of methanol extract of the bulb of Dioscorea bulbifera var sativa (250 and 500 mg/kg, p. o.) were tested in mechanical hypernociception induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), lipopolysaccharides (LPS) or prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2), as well as in partial ligation sciatic nerve (PLSN), nociception induced by capsaicin and thermal hyperalgesia induced by intraplantar injection of CFA. The therapeutic effects of Dioscorea bulbifera on PGE2-induced hyperalgesia were evaluated in the absence and in the presence of L-NAME, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and glibenclamide, an inhibitor of ATP-sensitive potassium channels. The extract showed significant antinociceptive effects in persistent pain induced by CFA and on neuropathic pain induced by PLSN. D. bulbifera significantly inhibited acute LPS-induced pain and PGE2 induced pain. The results showed the mechanism of antinociceptive activities of D. bulbifera in both inflammatory and neuropathic pain may be the activation of the NO-cGMP-ATP- sensitive potassium channels pathway [49]. Methanol extract of D. bulbifera could inhibit the nitric oxide production and iNOS mRNA expression of LPS-induced macrophages in vitro, which may be one of the mechanisms of its anti-inflammatory action [50].

Diuretic Activity

Diuretic activity of ethanol extract of Dioscorea bulbifera leaf (500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg, 125mg/kg, 62.5mg/kg, 31.25mg/kg, 15mg/kg p.o.) was reported in rats [47].

Gastro Protective Activity

Gastroprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract of D. bulbifera tubers (doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) was reported against indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats [51].

Antioxidant Activity

Hydroalcoholic extract of D. bulbifera tubers (doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) reversed the indomethacin induced gastric ulcers associated free radical changes and showed antioxidant activity by inducing a significant increase of peroxidase and catalase while reduction in glutathione peroxidase, reduced glutathione, and lipid peroxidation level in tissues [51]. Scavenging activity of sequential extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, methanol and ethanol (70%) of D. bulbifera bulbs were checked against pulse radiolysis generated ABTS+ and OH radical, in addition to DPPH, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals by biochemical methods. Ethyl acetate extract of D. bulbifera bulbs which contain diosgenin as a major constituents exhibited excellent scavenging pulse radiolysis generated ABTS^+ and OH radical [52]. 70% and 80% alcoholic extracts of D.bulbifera showed significant antioxidant activity against hydroxyl radical scavenging test, reducing capacity test and total antioxidant capacity test [36]. Ethanol extract of tubers of D. bulbifera also showed antioxidant activity in enzymatic assays (glutathione peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-s-transferase) and non enzymatic assay (reduced glutathione, vitamin C and vitamin E) [53]. Copper nanoparticles synthesized by D. bulbifera tuber extract also showed significant scavenging activity against DPPH, nitric oxide and superoxide radicals respectively [45].

Effects on Immune Systems

Immune function of mice were studied after oral administration of decoction of D. bulbifera (1000, 490, 240 g/kg body weight) for 15 days. Results showed that in the high dose group could significantly suppress the phagocytosis activity of mononuclear macrophages. However, the medium dose group markedly enhanced the activities of natural killer cells, the antibody quantity of B cells and the quantity and proliferation of spleen T lymphocytes. This experiment indicated that high doses of D. bulbifera could suppress the immune function in mice, while medium doses could improve the immune function [54]. Dioscorea bulbifera polysaccharides (100 or 150mg/kg) lowered peripheral blood T-cell subpopulation CD4+/CD8+ ratio, and Dioscorea bulbifera polysaccharides + Cyclophosphamide combination attenuated Cyclophosphamide effect in lifting CD4+/CD8+ ratio [55].

Antimicrobial Activity

Acetone extract, ethyl acetate extract, 95% ethanol extract and methanol extract of D. bulbifera each showed a fair antibacterial activity on inhibition of bacteria isolated from animals and poultries using disc method. The acetone extract showed the most significant anti-bacterial effect when compared to other extracts [56]. Aqueous extract of D. bulbifera showed superior anti-bacterial activity on E. coli while the anti-bacterial effect of an ethanol extract of D. bulbifera was potent against S. aureus and Candida albicans when tested using disc-diffusion method of antimicrobial assay [57,58]. The methanol extract, fractions (DBB1 and DBB2) and six compounds isolated from the bulbils of D. bulbifera, namely bafoudiosbulbins A (1), B (2), C (3), F (4), G (5) and 2,7-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenanthrene (6), were tested for their antimicrobial activities against Mycobacteria and gram-negative bacteria involving multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotypes expressing active efflux pumps using microplate alamar blue assay and the broth microdilution methods. The good activities of the crude extract, fractions and compound 3 on most of the tested microorganisms belonging to MDR phenotypes such as E.coli AG102, P. aeruginosa PA124, E. aerogenes CM64, K. pneumoniae KP55 and KP63 as observed [58]. Two clerodane diterpenoids, Bafoudiosbulbins A and Bafoudiosbulbins B showed significant activities against P. aeruginosa, S. typhi, S. paratyphi A and S. paratyphi B [59]. 8-epidiosbulbin E acetate showed broad-spectrum plasmid-curing activity against MDR bacteria, including Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). It cured antibiotic resistance plasmids from clinical isolates, including Enterococcus faecalis, E. coli, Shigella sonnei, P. aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis with 12-48% curing efficiency [60]. In addition, vanillic acid and isovanillic acid showed antibacterial activities as well [61].

The successive extracts of bulbils of Dioscorea bulbifera (bulbils) was investigated for in vitro antimicrobial activity. Among all extracts, the petroleum ether and chloroform extracts showed significant activity against A. fumigatus and R. nigricans. The petroleum ether and distilled water extract showed good activity against K. pneumoniae. The chloroform extract showed feeble activity against S. aureus [62]. Beta-lactam (piperacillin) and macrolide (erythromycin) antibiotics showed synergistic effect with silver nanoparticles of D. bulbifera tuber extract against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Chloramphenicol or Vancomycin also showed synergistic effect with silver nanoparticles of D. bulbifera tuber extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Streptomycin combined with silver nanoparticles showed strong evidence for the synergistic action against E. coli [63].

Anti-Viral Activity

The alcohol extract of D. bulbifera (0.017-0.034 mg/ml) reported to kill DNA virus and inhibit the transcription of RNA virus in direct or indirect inhibitory experiments. From different parts of the ethanol extracts of D. bulbifera (butanol fraction, ethyl acetate fraction, acetone and ether fraction), the inhibition effect of butanol and ethyl acetate fraction on Coxsackie B I-VI virus was better than that of the other two fractions. But their effects on herpes simplex virus I were nearly the same. After killing the virus, the cells still could continue to divide and be subcultured which was indicating that the drug is non-toxic and effective. But the decoction of D. bulbifera had no inhibitory effect on various types of viruses [64].

Antifungal Activity

The decoction of D. bulbifera (1:3 ratio of D. bulbifera to water) had different degrees of inhibitory effects on a variety of skin fungi, such as Trichophyton violaceum, T. concentricum and T. schoenleinii [65]. It has been proved that the isolated dihydrodioscorine from D. bulbifera at 0.1% concentration could inhibit the growth of fungi which could cause diseases in several types of plants [25].

Anthelmentic Activity

Methanolic extracts of the flesh and peel of the bulbils of D. bulbifera, showed in vitro anthelmintic activity on Fasciola gigantica and Pheritima posthuma at concentrations ranging from 10 to 100 mg/ml [66].

Neuropharmacological Activity

Central nervous depressant action of acute treatment of hydroalcoholic extract of tuber of Dioscorea bulbifera (100 and 300 mg/kg, p.o.) was observed as treatments significantly reduced spontaneous motor activity, rectal temperature and prolonged the pentobarbitone induced hypnosis in mice. However, no effect on motor co-ordination as determined by the rota rod test which confirmed central action rather than peripheral action of extract. Further extract treatments also showed anxiolytic activity in plus maze test and head-dip test [67].

Cardioprotective Activity

Myricetin, epicatechin, isovanilic acid and vanillic acid were shown to be important bioactive components in D. bulbifera that protect against cardiovascular diseases [68]. In another study, administration of 70% ethanolic extract of D. bulbifera to rats (150 mg/ kg of body weight, 30 days) resulted in significantly improved ventricular performance in terms of aortic flow, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and the first derivative of developed pressure (LVmax dp/ dt) of D. bulbifera treated during post-ischemic reperfusion. D. bulbifera also significantly reduced the size of myocardial infarction by 20 ± 2.64% as compared to the control group.

The decreased number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes by 16.89 ± 1.7% revealed that D. bulbifera had anti-apoptotic activity. The modulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins by D. bulbifera was also examined. The upregulation of procaspase 3 and downregulation of cleaved caspase 3 coupled with prevention of loss of phase II enzyme HO-1 suggested that D. bulbifera extract ameliorates rat myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury with an associated reduction in apoptotic cell death [69].

Cardioprotective action of steroidal saponin Diosgenin, isolated from Dioscorea bulbifera, was reported against Hypoxia- reoxygenation Injury in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells as evidenced from the improved cell survival after hypoxia-reoxygenation injury, decreased release of lactate dehydrogenase, during cell death, upregulated the pro-survival molecules like B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), heme oxygenase-1 and the phosphorylation of ATK (at serine 473); and at the same time down regulated pro-death molecules like Bax [70].

Effects on Thyroid Glands

D. bulbifera had achieved good effect in the treatment of subacute thyroiditis [71]. In another study, thyroxine (T4) concentration and triiodothyronine (T3)-uptake level decreased in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats treated with sodium levothyroxine (160 lg/kg, 5 days) and extract of D. bulbifera (0.75 or 1.5 g/kg). The results suggested that D. bulbifera decreased excess thyroid hormone and increased metabolism, resulting in improvement of the hyperthyroid state [72].

Anorexient activity

Anorexient activity of Dioscorea bulbifera Linn Was reported [73].

Toxicity Study

Acute, subacute and chronic toxicity study of D. bulbifera showed that for mice the intraperitoneal LD50 was 25.49 g/ kg and the oral LD50 was 79.98 g/kg. The toxicity was mainly manifested as damage to liver and kidney. The degree of damage was related to the dose and time of drug administration [74]. Dioscin and diosbulbin B, derived from Chinese D. bulbifera roots (Huang-yao-zi) are responsible for liver toxicities, nausea, abdominal pain, coma and even death.

The mechanism of hepatotoxicity is relevant to its inhibition of antioxidant enzymes in liver mitochondria and the activity of drug metabolic enzymes, such as glutathione transferase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, glucose-6- phosphate and succinodehydrogenase [75-77]. Genetic studies found that the expression of the bad gene was increased in hepatocytes that promoted the apoptosis of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum lead to death of hepatocytes [78]. Various other studies support that hepatotoxicity of D. bulbifera with methanol extract and its cholorform fraction [79,80] ethyl acetate fraction of 75% ethanolic extract and isolated diosbulbin D [80], diosbulbin B were observed [81]. Another study further confirmed the hepatotoxic effects induced by D. bulbifera using molecular function analysis of the changed metabolites including elevated levels of taurine, creatine, betaine, dimethylglycine, acetate and glycine, and decreased levels of succinate, 2-oxoglutarate, citrate, hippurate and urea [82].

8- Epidiosbulbin E from D. bulbifera has been reported to cause hepatotoxicity as electrophilic intermediate generated by the metabolic activation of furan ring of 8-Epidiosbulbin E acetate mediated by cytochromes P450 is responsible for liver injury [83]. Various studies also reported renal toxicity of D. bulbifera [74,77, 84]. The renal lesions mainly are cloudy swelling of renal tubular epithelial cells, luminal stenosis, and protein casts in renal tubes [74]. Direct cytotoxicity on glomerular and tubular cells, and acute tubular injury was caused by severe parenchymal liver injury [84].

One study reported that D. bulbifera also affects the function of the gastrointestinal system. 19.9, 8, 2.7 g/kg of200% decoction of D. bulbifera reported a high degree of gastrointestinal flatulence and congestion of the gastrointestinal vascular system in the dead mice. Pylorus ulcers in the stomach were also visible. Under a light microscope, superficial necrosis of gastric mucosa was observed [77]. D. bulbifera administration for long term can lead to increased thyroid masses with larger follicular diameters, thick colloid filling in their cavities and flattened follicles in mice and rats. These toxic reactions could be seen in diffuse colloid goiter, which is very similar to the symptoms of goiter induced by iodine poisoning [85].

Methods of Detoxifications

Major toxicity materials observed are saponins and sapogenins in Central American, South African and Indian species, tannins and polyphenols in Indo-Chinese varieties and furanoid norditerpenes (diosbulbins) mostly in China. Diosbulbin D (0.07 mg/g) is a major toxic compound in Australian variety of D. bulbifera. Treatment practices varying from baking, followed by overnight leaching of the sliced tubers for 12 h in running water, resulted in reduction of major bitter and toxic compound to a very low level under the taste threshold rendering the final food palatable [86].

Drug Interaction Study

D. bulbifera and Diosgenin effect on rat CYP450 enzymes and its important isoforms (CYP3A4, CYP2D6) was studied using high through put screening. In fluorometric assay, herb extract exhibited higher IC values (96.21 ± 1.32 to 180.42 ± 0.12 |ig/ml) when compared to positive inhibitors and lower than Diosgenin (172.54 ± 0.52 to 201.86 ± 1.49 μg/ml) on CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Based on the inhibitory potential, test substances exhibited very less interaction capacity, thereby leading to less significant herb- drug interaction with co-administered drugs [87]. Synergistic compatibility detoxification, that is, combining D. bulbifera with other herbal medicines, has been shown to improve therapeutic effects and reduce toxic effects. Combination with Angelica sinensis can enhance D. bulbifera's anti-tumor effect [88] and reduce renal toxicity [89-92] and kidney toxicity [93]. Combination with Schisandra chinensis relieved the liver damage caused by D. bulbifera [94-96]. Potential synergistic anticancer activity of combination of diosbulbin B with scutellarin from Scutellaria barbata proved useful for the clinical treatment of cancer [97]. Combination with Glycyrrhiza uralensis reduced liver damage and renal toxicity of D. bulbifera [98].

Conclusion

Dioscorea bulbifera is one of the most widely-consumed aerial yam widely distributed throughout various tropical regions. The plants are characterized by the production of considerable number of aerial tubers or bulbils. Dioscorea bulbifera is widely used in traditional medicine among them many documented medicinal folk uses of the plant are presented here. It is reported to have wide chemical diversities as contains steroids, saponins, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, alkaloid, fatty acids and essential oils. The plant appears to have a broad spectrum of activity on several ailments. Various parts of the plant have been explored for antitumor, anti HIV, antidyslipidemic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, diuretic, gastroprotective, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antifungal, anthelmintic, neuropharmacological, cardioprotective, anorexiant, plasmid curing activities and anti-hyperthyroid activities.

The pharmacological studies reported in the present review confirm the therapeutic value of Dioscorea bulbifera. Many polyherbal formulations containing this plant parts are available in the market. However, less information is available regarding the clinical study, standardisation method to avoid biological and geographical variation, advance food processing and detoxication techniques. The plant is pre-clinically evaluated to some extent; if these claims are scientifically and clinically evaluated then it can provide good remedies and help mankind in various ailments.

For more articles in Open Access Journal of Environmental Sciences & Natural Resources please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/ijesnr/index.php

[the-evil-that-women-do]

JAFO

So just a mediocre update. Nothing new going on. Just working on a few projects got a few irons in the fire. Working with one sub on her Onlyfans page building content. She has agreed to a 20% cut for me. Working with another sub and her husband on her Onlyfans as well. We finished opening her page and have been taking pics for content and planning some scenario scenes for filming.

Hmm... Sub 1 is a hippy chick free spirit little. Lets call her Nymph.

Sub 2 is an amazing sexy inked up pain princess. So that will be her name. Pain Princess

The playroom has been set up for multiple scene setups and scenarios. Plans for abduction CnC, public play, and threesome DP DVP play. 

Pain Princess husband will be helping me build play furniture. I have plans for a St Andrews Cross, Spanking bench, and hanging the sex swing. The playroom will be multifaceted for different mods of play. 

Other things.....

I got a job offer in Poland... not ideal for play but HOLY SHIT the money is so good!!! 150K! 110K of which is tax free $75 a day periderm tax free!! so that's another 27k a year on top of that. Not bad. still... making content... would be so damn good!! And it might actually be a better career for me! I have been talking about another with an old associate about making my own Onlyfans page too. We found some local talent that wants to be added. Make content for their pages so its on mine as well. 

Nymph has 12 followers on hers with the price set to 15 a month. Not bad extra cash for doing something she enjoys. I introduced her to anal.... and now she cant get enough of it. she's looking for a 3rd for us to DP her for the site. Too. She knows this situation with me is only temporary. She's looking for a new dom. I just cant be there the way she needs me to be.

Pain Princess is looking to explore. She has a lust for the lifestyle a desire to be a good bratty princess. She is an amazing sub, but a huge brat! the play between us has been freeing. 

Side note! One of the Punishment girls I know will be needed services. As soon as she is home. I will make a trip to see her. My relationship with her is all about punishment. Her business has alot of moving parts that she has to keep any eye on. She gets overstressed by the work and the fact that she has to maintain control. so ill paddle her ass till she cries then curl up till she relaxes.

I will update this more routinely. 

[hourlywritingprompts]

Writing prompt of the hour: periderm