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ikargos · 3 years ago

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FAQ's (Frequently Asked questions) on AEO

Q 1. Who is an authorised economic operator (AEO)?

ANS. An AEO is a business entity involved in international movement of goods requiring compliance with provisions of the national Customs law and is approved by or on behalf of national administration in compliance with World Customs Organization (WCO) or equivalent supply chain security standards. The security standards are detailed in World Customs Organisation Safe framework of standards [WCO SAFE FoS], which is the basis of the Indian AEO programme.

Q 2. What is the AEO programme?

ANS. The AEO programme enables Customs administration to identify the safe and compliant business entity in order to provide them a higher degree of assured facilitation. This segmentation approach enables Customs resources to focus on less or non-compliant or risky businesses for control. Thus, the aim of AEO programme is to secure the international supply chain by granting recognition to reliable operators and encouraging best practices at all levels in the international supply chain. Through this programme, the Customs shares its responsibility with the businesses, while at the same time rewarding them with a number of additional benefits.

Q 3. What is the background of AEO Scheme of the WCO?

ANS. The genesis of AEO scheme dates back to September 11, 2001 event in US which made all the governments to realise that the supply chain itself could be used for terror activities and a need was felt to make the supply chain secure. Since the supply chain is controlled by the trade, the Customs administration is partnering the trade in order to secure the supply chain. The US started CT-PAT (Customs Trade – Partnership against terrorism) programme. Later WCO adopted SAFE Framework of Standards in 2005 in order to secure and facilitate the trade. The SAFE framework has three pillars comprising of Customs to Customs partnership, Customs to Business partnership and Customs to other Govt. stake holders. AEO programme is the core part of Pillar-II i.e. – Customs to Business partnership.

Q 4. How has SAFE framework of Standards (FoS) been implemented in India?

ANS. The SAFE FoS sets forth criteria by which businesses in supply chain can obtain authorised status as a secure partner. The criteria are incorporated in CBEC Circular No. 28/2012 dated 16.11.2012. Thereafter a Revised AEO Program was launched vide Circular No. 33/2016-Customs dated 22.07.2016 as amended by Circular No. 03/2018 dated 17.02.2018, 26/2018 dated10.08.2018 and Circular No. 51/2018 dated 07.12.2018.

Q 5. What is the history of AEO programme in India?

ANS. The AEO Programme was introduced as pilot project in 2011 vide Circular No. 37/2011- Customs dated 23rd August, 2011. The same was amended and the revised final AEO programme was introduced vide Circular No. 28/2012 dated 16.11.2012. With international developments such as Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) on securing and facilitating the International Trade and focus of Government of India on Ease of Doing Business, a comprehensive, unified trade facilitation initiative was launched by merging the existing Accredited Client Programme (ACP) and the ongoing AEO scheme of 2012 in the form of revised AEO Programme vide Circular No. 33/2016-Customs dated 22nd July, 2016. The ACP scheme was abolished by rescinding the Circular No. 42/2005-Customs dated 24.11.2005. Further simplification for financial solvency and decentralisation of AEO application processing was done vide Circular No. 03/2018 dated. 17.01.2018. The application process for AEO-T1 accreditation was further simplified to two Annexures form only by Circular No. 26/2018 dated 10.08.2018 from five Annexure form as was stipulated in Circular No. 33/2016 dated 22.07.2016. Web based On-line application filing and processing for AEO-T1 status started from December 2018 vide Circular 51/2018 dated 07.12.2018.

Q 6. What is the aim of the Indian Customs AEO Programme?

ANS. The AEO programme has the following objectives:

To provide business entities with an internationally recognized certification

To recognize business entities as “secure and reliable” trading partners

To incentivize business entities through defined benefits that translate into savings in time and cost

Secure supply chain from point of export to import

Ability to demonstrate compliance with security standards when contracting to supply overseas importers/exporters

Enhanced border clearance privileges in Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) partner countries

Minimal security related disruption to flow of cargo

Reduction in dwell time and related costs and

Customs advice / assistance if trade faces unexpected issues with Customs of countries with which India has MRAs.

Q 7. Is AEO mandatory for businesses involved in the supply chain?

ANS. No. The AEO scheme is purely an optional scheme. Applying for AEO status is a business decision depending on the role of the business entity in the supply chain and its willingness to acquire the benefit flowing by acquiring AEO status.

Q 8. What is the structure of Indian AEO programme?

ANS. There is a three-tier programme for importers and exporters i.e. AEO-T1, AEO-T2 and AEO-T3 in the increasing degree of benefits accorded and compliance requirements. Furthermore, there is single Tier AEO Programme for Logistics Providers, Custodians or Terminal Operators, Customs Brokers and Warehouse Operators who are granted AEO-LO certificate.

Q 9. What is the validity period of AEO status?

ANS. The validity of AEO certificate is three years for AEO-T1 and AEO-T2, and five years for AEO-T3 and AEOLO.

Q 10. Whether AEO certificate is valid at all Customs stations across India?

ANS. Yes, it is valid at all Customs stations in India. In other words, an AEO status holder shall get the AEO benefits at all Customs ports/ airports/ Land Customs stations.

Q 11. What are the benefits of AEO status?

ANS. There are a host of benefits for all three categories of AEOs- T1, T2, T3 and LOs. These are listed in paras 1.5.1 to 1.5.4 for AEO T1, T2, T3 and LO respectively of Circular No. 33/2016-Customs dated 22nd July, 2016. Some of the major benefits are listed below:

Recognition worldwide as safe, secure and compliant business partners in international trade and get trade facilitation by a foreign Customs administration with whom India enters into a Mutual Recognition Agreement/ Arrangement

Facility of Direct Port Delivery (DPD) of their import Containers and/ or Direct Port Entry (DPE) of their Export Containers

Waiver of full or part of the Bank Guarantee requirements, Waiver of Merchant overtime fees

Deferred payment of duties

Waiver from transactional PCA. Instead Onsite PCA has been provided, the selection of the same shall be based on risk assessment of AEOs

Waiver of solvency certification for Customs Brokers

A lower risk score in risk analysis systems when profiling

Faster disbursal of drawback amount through process eased out vide Circular 18/2017 Customs dated 29.05.2017

Fast tracking of refunds and adjudications

Self-certified copies of FTA / PTA origin related or any other certificates required for clearance would be accepted

Recognition by Partner Government Agencies and other Stakeholders as part of AEO programme

Q 12. Whether all AEO operators are entitled for DPD /DPE facility?

ANS. Yes, all AEO T1/T2/T3 status holders are entitled for DPD/ DPE facility. However, they have to apply for the Direct Port Delivery permission to the concerned Chief Commissioner and also register themselves with the port authority for DPD facility.

Q 13. Whether the amount of Bank Guarantee in case of T1, T2 and T3 is reduced to 50%, 25% and Nil respectively in all cases of dispute between Customs and AEO status holder?

ANS. No. The CBIC Circular No. 38/2016 dt. 22.08.2016 list out the situations where amount of BG is reduced to 50%, 25% and Nil. Further it is not applicable for cases where competent authority orders furnishing of bank guarantee for provisional release of seized goods.

Q 14. What is deferred payment of duty scheme?

ANS. It is a mechanism for delinking duty payment from Customs clearance. It is based on the principle ‘Clear First-Pay later’. Deferred Payment of Import Duty Rules, 2016 vide notification no 134/2016-Customs (NT) and 135/2016-Customs (NT) both dated 02nd Nov 2016 have been notified and the same have come into effect from 16.11.2016.

The AEO-T2 and AEO-T3 certified importers can avail the benefit of these Rules.

Q 15. How can an AEO avail the facility of deferred payment of duty?

ANS. As per Rule 4 of the Deferred Payment of Import Duty Rules, 2016 an eligible importer who intends to avail the benefit of deferred payment has to intimate his intent to the jurisdictional Principal Commissioner of Customs or the Commissioner of Customs and get registered on the ICEGATE website www.icegate.gov.in.

Q 16. What are the due dates for payment in respect of deferred payment of duty?

ANS. As per Notification No. 134/2016 Cus (NT) dated 02.11.2016 as amended by Notification No. 28/2017 –Cus(NT) dated 31.03.2017,the Deferred Payment of Import Duty time lines are as below:

NOTE: The duty under deferred payment scheme has to be paid electronically.

Q 17. Whether facilitation benefits will be available to Indian AEOs in foreign countries?

ANS. Yes, the facilitation benefits will be available in countries with whom India has signed Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA). Indian Customs has signed Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) with South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong Customs to enable trade to get benefits on reciprocal basis.

Q 18. What exactly is a mutual recognition agreement/ arrangement (MRA)?

Ans. Mutual Recognition Arrangements/Agreements (MRA) are bilateral understandings between two Customs Administrations which allow one business partnership program to recognize the AEO validations of the other country’s program and extend reciprocal benefits to each other’s AEO. The benefits are generally in nature of enhanced system-based facilitation & reduced interdiction, lower risk score for Indian exporter’s consignments at foreign port.

Q 19. Whether benefit of AEO LO status granted to a Customs Broker will also be given to its clients i.e., importers or exporters?

ANS. No. The AEO LO status will only be valid and applicable for the applicant and not for his importers or exporters. They need to apply separately for AEO status.

Q 20. Where should applications for AEO be submitted?

ANS. The application should be sent to the office of the jurisdictional Chief Commissioner of Customs with copy to AEO Programme Manager, Directorate of International Customs or in case of any doubt, to the AEO Programme Manager, Directorate of International Customs, 10th Floor, Tower II, Jeevan Bharti Building, Connaught Place, New Delhi – 110001. The jurisdictional Chief Commissioner of Customs is the one from where the Importer/Exporter/Logistic operator is doing majority of business in international supply chain. An on-line website (Domain name: aeoindia.gov.in) has been created for filing and processing of AEO-T1 application. The applicant can login to the website and file the AEO- T1 application. A separate FAQ about online filing of application is attached as Annexure-A.

Q 21. Which jurisdictional Chief Commissioner offices are designated for processing of AEO applications?

ANS. As of now, the following Chief Commissioner of Customs offices have been designated for processing of AEO application:

Delhi

Mumbai Zone-I

Mumbai Zone-II

Mumbai Zone-III

Ahmedabad

Vishakhapatnam

Bhubaneswar

Bangalore

Chennai

Hyderabad

Kolkata

Tiruchirappalli

Patna

Pune

Nagpur

Bhopal

Q 22. Who is responsible for processing AEO application and taking decision on grant of AEO status?

ANS. The AEO Cell under the jurisdictional Chief Commissioner of Customs, headed by nodal officer of the rank of Additional /Joint Commissioner is responsible for processing AEO applications as per provisions contained in Circular No. 33/2016-Customs as amended by Circular Nos. 03/2018-Customs, 26/2018 and 51/2018 -Customs. The nodal officer of the jurisdictional Chief Commissioner forwards the processed application of AEO-T2/T3 and AEO-LO with recommendation to programme manager of Indian AEO Programme having office at Delhi for taking final decision on AEO accreditation. The process of AEO-T1 accreditation has been further simplified and decentralised by Circular No. 26/2018 dt.10.08.2018. Officers in the Rank of Principal Commissioner/Commissioner have been appointed as the Zonal AEO Programme Manager in each Zone headed by Principal Chief Commissioner or Chief Commissioner of Customs and are responsible for final acceptance or rejection of the AEO application. Thus, the AEO-T1 application is processed by AEO Cell and eligibility thereto is decided at Zonal level only. The decision is conveyed to Directorate of International Customs for generation of AEO Certificate. Such approved applications are sent online by the zones to DIC Delhi for generation of digitally signed certificate.

Q 23. Who is AEO programme manager for Indian AEO Programme?

ANS. The Principal Commissioner, Directorate of International Customs, having office at 10th floor, Tower-2, Jeevan Bharati Building, Connaught Place, New Delhi-01 is the AEO Programme Manager for Indian AEO programme. For AEO-T1 accreditation, the Zonal AEO Programme Manager is treated as AEO Programme Manager for all purposes.

Q 24. Whether an economic operator whose application is once rejected under the current scheme, can apply again for AEO status?

ANS. Yes, the application can be filed again if grounds on which the application was rejected are no longer valid and the applicant is otherwise eligible for AEO status.

Q 25. What are the requirements for filing AEO T1/T2/T3/LO application?

ANS. An applicant for AEO-T1 status is to file application online (Domain name: aeoindia.gov.in) in prescribed proforma along with a Declaration as indicated in Annexure A- 1, Annexure A-2 to CBEC Circular No. 26/2018 dated 10.08.2018. After introduction of web- based module for filing online application vide Circular 51/2018 dt. 07.12.2018, it is mandatory to file online application only.

An applicant for grant of any of the remaining three AEO statuses, namely AEO-T2, AEO-T3 and AEO-LO, should submit the application in the proforma specified in Table below. The application form as specified in the Circular No. 33/2016-Customs contains Ten annexures. However, an applicant is required to fill-in and submit only those annexures which may be applicable to it, as mentioned below:

Q 26. Can an existing AEO status holder file application for higher AEO status? If yes, what is the time limit for filing such application?

ANS. An existing AEO certificate holder can apply for higher AEO status. There is no time limit for filing higher status application except in case of AEO-T3. In case of AEO-T3, either the entity should have had AEO-T2 status continuously for two years or when all its business partners in international supply chain have acquired either AEO-T2 or AEO-LO status.

Q 27. Can a consultant be appointed as the contact person or the authorised person for filing application?

ANS. No. The applicant has to nominate the contact person/ authorised representative from company’s own administration only (Para 2.3 of Circular No. 33/2016-Customs).

Q 28. Who can apply for AEO status?

ANS. Any business entity that is part of the international supply chain; involved in the cross- border movement of goods and required to fulfil obligations under the Customs law in India, only can apply for AEO status. These may include exporters, importers, logistic providers (e.g. carriers, airlines, freight forwarders, etc.), Custodians or Terminal Operators, Customs House Agents and Warehouse Owners, Port operators, authorized couriers, Stevedores etc. The list is not exhaustive.

Q 29. What is the eligibility criteria for a business entity to apply for Indian AEO status?

ANS. The eligibility conditions and criteria for granting AEO Status has been listed in the Section 3 of the AEO Circular No. 33/2016 –Customs dated 22nd July, 2016 as amended by Circular No. 3/2018-Customs dated 17th January, 2018. An entity should fulfil the following criteria:

a)Established in India b)Business should be involved in Customs related activity c)Should have dealt with minimum 25 Customs documents (either Bill of Entry or Shipping Bill) in the last fiscal year d)Should have been in business activity for last 3 Financial Years

Q 30. Whether a branch of a legal entity can apply for a separate AEO Status?

ANS. No. There is no provision to grant AEO status to specific site, division or branch of legal entity of the applicant

Q 31. Whether a newly established company can apply for AEO Status?

ANS. As per the Indian AEO requirements, the applicant should have business activities for at least three financial years preceding the financial year of date of application. However, in exceptional cases, on the basis of physical verification of internal controls of a newly established business entity, the AEO Programme Manager can consider it for certification.

Q 32. Whether a legal entity falling under three tier AEO programme as an importer/ exporter and single tier AEO programme as a logistics provider can apply for single accreditation of AEO T1/T2/T3 or AEO LO?

ANS. No, such economic operator should apply separately for any of the three tier AEO programme of importer/exporter (AEO T1/T2/T3) or single tier AEO LO status.

Q 33. Whether AEO programme is open to micro, small and medium enterprises?

ANS. Yes, the AEO programme includes MSMEs and the eligibility conditions and criteria for granting AEO status are same regardless of size. The only requirement is that the entity should have handled at least 25 Customs documents in preceding Financial Year.

Q 34. What are the legal requirements for applying for AEO status? What are the documents to be submitted?

ANS. The Legal requirement for applying for AEO status, as prescribed in para 3.2 and annexure E.2, to Circular No. 33/2016-Customs dated 22.7.2016.

Q 35. What are the documents to be submitted as proof of having business activity for the last three financial year preceding the date of application?

ANS. The documents /evidence include Certificate of Incorporation, Import- Export Code (IEC), balance sheets for three-years etc.

Q 36. In case where applicant does not have audited balance sheet, what documents are to be submitted in its place?

ANS. In cases where the statute exempts the applicant from statutory audit, the applicant can submit balance sheet certified by both the proprietor/partner/MD and any chartered accountant (CA) stating the profit /loss and net worth for the purpose of AEO application.

Q 37. What documents are needed to be submitted by a business as proof of having its own accounts?

ANS. The documents/ evidence required as a proof about the business of a company having its own accounts include cancelled cheque, account statement, audited balance sheets.

Q 38. What does procedure in place to identify and disclose irregularities means?

ANS. It means that the applicant must have tools in the form of Customised software or manual checks to identify risks and detect error in Customs documents (B/L, invoice and Packing list), for self-assessment of goods imported i.e., proper check of classification, valuation etc and after clearance of goods from Custom control, they must have the process to reconcile the goods with duty paid invoice and packing list. Further they may have documented processes/SOPs/escalation matrix for communicating the error noticed to Customs on real time basis and maintain record of such errors for viewing of their employees so that such mistakes do not recur.

Q 39. How is the ratio between duty demanded and duty paid listed at serial number d(ii) of annexure E-2 calculated?

ANS. The ratio is calculated by dividing duty amount involved in SCN issued under the Customs Act divided by total duty paid & drawback claimed during the last three financial years. For example, the amount involved in SCN/disputed demand (includes demand of duty and denial of drawback) is Rs.500/- and total duty paid is Rs.20,000/-, drawback claimed is Rs. 5,000/-, the ratio shall be 500/(20000+5000)*100 = 2%.

Q 40. Whether the applicant having ratio of duty demanded and total duty paid/drawback

claimed more than 10% are not eligible for AEO accreditation? ANS. Yes. In case the ratio is above 10%, the AEO programme envisages examination of the nature of cases of duty demand. The decision for issue or continuance of AEO status is at the discretion of AEO programme manager based on examination of the Show Cause Notices issued.

Q 41. What are the documents required to be maintained for ensuring compliance of

Annexure E.3 – Managing Commercial and Transport Records? ANS. The AEO applicant should:

Maintain records which permit Customs to conduct any required audit of cargo movement relating both to import and export;

Give Customs full access to necessary records;

Have internal records access and control systems;

Appropriately maintain and make available to Customs any authorizations, powers of attorney and licences relevant to the importation or exportation of merchandise;

Properly archive records for later production to Customs. For instance, for Customs purpose, the records should be maintained at least for five years.

Employ adequate information technology security measures which will protect against access by unauthorized persons.

Q 42. What accounting system is required to be followed by an AEO [Annexure E.3(a)]?

ANS. Any accounting system consistent with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) / International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) which facilitates audit-based Customs control can be adopted. The audited balance sheet by Auditor contains remark about the Accounting system adopted by applicant.

Q 43. What are the documentary evidences in support of claim of compliance required as per annexure E.3(b) i.e .adequate administrative set up and internal controls for detecting illegal or irregular transactions?

ANS. Generally, the audited financial statement/balance sheet contains comments as to whether administrative set up corresponds to size of business. Other requirements for internal controls are satisfactory organisational setup to handle goods and documents related to same in the international supply chain.

Q 44. What are the documentary evidences in support of claim of compliance required for storage and archiving of documents as per annexure E.3(d)?

ANS. The applicant must have documented processes/ Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for storage and archiving of records and information. The SOP may contain the process of storing with the responsibility of concerned person, period of storing / archiving, process of taking suitable measures like back up for protection against loss of information. If the applicant has outsourced the storage and archiving of records, then the above requirements should be covered in the agreement with the agency storing the records and such agreements should be presented along with the application.

Q 45. What are the requirements for Annexure E.3(v) i.e., need for employee to inform Customs about compliance difficulty?

ANS. The applicant may submit their practice /processes of educating/ training their employees on Customs compliances. The process must include procedure to convey compliance difficulties, if any, to the designated Customs officer. The applicant may designate a person in their organisation for above purpose.

Q 46. Is there any format for the undertaking regarding solvency and for the solvency certificate?

ANS. No, there is no format in AEO Circular No. 33/2016-Customs. The only requirement is that the certificate should be for last three financial years (Each year) based on books of accounts and financial statements, tax returns etc.

Q 47. Who are required to submit Security Plan (Annexure B) and fulfil requirement listed in Annexure E.5 of AEO Circular 33/2016?

ANS. The applicant for AEO T-2, T-3 and AEO-LO are required to submit Security plan and documents/evidence in support of fulfilment of requirements for safety and security listed in Annexure E.5.1 to E.5.7.

Q 48. What are the requirements of Safety and Security for AEO applicant?

ANS. The safety and security criteria is listed in Para 3.5 and Annexure E.5.1 to E.5.7 of Circular No.33/2016. It has seven components.

Procedural Security [refer para 3.5.2]

Premises Security [refer para 3.5.3]

Cargo Security [refer para 3.5.4]

Conveyance Security [refer para 3.5.5]

Personnel Security [refer para 3.5.6]

Business Partner Security [refer para 3.5.7]

Security Training & Threat Awareness [refer para 3.5.8]

Q 49. What is the additional requirement for AEO T-3 applicant?

ANS. In addition to submission of documents and fulfillment of requirements prescribed for AEO T-2 applicant, the applicant for AEO T-3 has to submit details prescribed in Annexure F of Circular No. 33/ 2016 dated 22.07.2016. In Annexure F, the applicant has to give details of all his business partner(s) in International Supply chain which includes their accreditation under Indian AEO Programme. The declaration is to be given in format of Annexure “F”. The AEO T3 applicant who are not AEO T-2 certificate holder for last two preceding financial years must have all business partners (CB, Freight forwarder, liner etc) AEO T-2 or AEO-LO certificate holder./p>

Q 50. What are the documents to be filed along with declaration made in Annexure A of the AEO?

ANS. The following documents are required to be submitted along with the application:

Certification of incorporation from registrar of companies (ROC)

Declaration about ACP/AEO status (Self)

Address/Sites/Locations of places where goods are handled in the international supply chain and administrative offices

Previous three years audited financial accounts;

Previous three years bank accounts

GSTIN, IEC, PAN, Company incorporation certificate

List of bills of entry and shipping bills handled during the last financial year

Places of business and its addresses and phone numbers

List of directors with DIN numbers.

Evidence/ Certificate issued under MSME Act, if the applicant claims to be MSME

Authorisation letter for contact person of applicant from proprietor/ partner/ board of directors/ managing director

Q 51. Whether Annexure B (security plan) is to be given for all premises belonging to applicant?

ANS. Yes. However, if the company’s written and verifiable policies, processes, procedures, access control and other security policies, training and skill upgradation and compliance with government is same for all locations, the applicant can submit security plan of any one premise which is valid for all its premises used in International Supply Chain.

Q 52. What is Annexure C (Process Map)? Whether it is related to premises belonging to applicant?

ANS. The process map should illustrate the flow of goods, documentation/ information from receipt of order to export/ delivery/ receipt of goods. The same has to be separate for each activity such as exports, imports, providing service for logistics operators etc. Hence, Annexure-C shall be for each individual activity of the applicant. The Process-Map must include role of applicant and its business partners in the supply chain.

Q 53. Whether Annexure D (Site Plan) is to be given for all premises belonging to applicant?

ANS. Yes, the site plan as prescribed in Annexure D of Circular should be for all locations/sites.

Q 54. What are the documents required for General compliance (Annexure E.1)?

ANS. The following documents are require for general compliance

Copy of AEO certificate, if any;

Copy of IEC, GSTIN;

Declaration on type of business entity with copy of registration. For instance, in case of public or private limited, certificate of incorporation issued by ROC; in case of partnership, registered partnership deed; in case of

Small proprietorship firm, a license issued by local shop and establishment Act etc. ;

List of places/location where goods are being handled (For example loading, unloading, storage etc);

Cancelled bank cheque or certificate from Bank evidencing account of applicant, account statement from bank etc as a proof of business having own account;

List of documents (Bill of entry, shipping bills) handled in the last Financial Year;

Declaration on conviction in criminal offence, if any, with details.

Q 55. In what cases is the application for AEO accreditation not processed or returned for rectification?

ANS. The application for AEO accreditation is not processed in following cases:

When application is incomplete. The application may be resubmitted with the complete information.

Where the application has not been made by a legal person. The same can be resubmitted by the concerned legal entity.

Where no responsible person is nominated as the Point of Contact. The application can only be resubmitted when the applicant nominates a responsible person from his/her organisation only, who will be the point of contact for the AEO Programme.

Where the applicant is subject to bankruptcy proceedings at the time the application is made. The application can be resubmitted when the applicant becomes solvent.

Where a previously granted AEO status has been revoked -The application can be submitted only after one

Year, in case of AEO T-1 & T-2 and after three years in case of AEO T-3 and LO, from the date of revocation.

Q 56. In what cases the AEO application be rejected?

ANS. The AEO application can be rejected in following two cases:

Where the applicant is not eligible for grant of AEO status, or

Where the deficiency noticed in the application is not remedied.

Q 57. What are the timelines and procedure for processing AEO applications?

ANS. In case of AEO T-1 application, if the eligibility conditions and criteria for grant of certificate, as mentioned in Section 3 of Circular No. 33/2016-Customs, are found to have been met to the satisfaction of AEO programme manager, the AEO T-1 certificate shall be granted within 30 days of submission of information/ documents. The mode of application for AEO T-1 and its processing has been made online since December 2018. In case of AEO T-2 and LO application, on submission of all required information/documents, the applicant is informed about the receipt of the same within 30 days. The application is assigned to AEO team within 15 days to carry out physical verification in consultation with applicant. The AEO programme team visits the premises of applicant within 90 days. The applicant can contact programme manager if visit is not planned within 45 days. The AEO programme team prepares the report and makes recommendation within 60 days of completion of visit. The AEO programme manager informs about AEO T-2/LO status to applicant within 30 days of the recommendation of AEO team. Thus, the total time taken from submission of application till the issuance of the certificate work out to maximum 180 days. In case of AEO T-3 application by an AEO T-2 status holder, the application is assigned to AEO programme team within 15 days. The timelines for further activities are same as in above para for AEO T-2 and LO certifications.

Q 58. Whether all premises of applicant involved in Customs related activity are to be visited for physical Verification by AEO team?

ANS. For AEO T-2 and AEO LO certification, examination of the criteria laid down under Section 3 of AEO Circular shall be carried out for all the premises which are relevant to the Customs related activities of the applicant for AEO-T2 or AEO-LO status. In case, more than one premises of applicant are run in similar way by standard systems of record keeping and security etc., the AEO programme team can choose to visit any one of such similarly run premises as per the provision contained in Para 4.4.5.5 of AEO Circular. In such situation, the applicant has to make declaration to this effect in the form of Undertaking. However, if the applicant has a range of activities or different premises are run using different methods of operation, the AEO Programme team has to visit those premises.

Q 59. What are the areas covered by AEO Programme team during physical verification of applicant premise?

ANS. The purpose of Physical verification by AEO team is to check whether the claims made in application regarding requirement and fulfilment of criteria as listed in Section 3 of AEO Circular exists or are in place.

The AEO programme team may cover following areas during visit:

Information on Customs matters including about the contravention of Customs Act.

Remedial action taken on previous Customs errors, if any.

Accounting and logistic systems.

Internal controls and procedures.

Flow of cargo.

Use of Customs House Agents and selection of other business partners.

Security of Computers/IT and documents.

Financial solvency.

Safety and security assessment – premises, cargo, personnel etc.

Logistic processes.

Storage of goods

The above list is not exhaustive. The team can decide to cover more areas during visit as per the requirements.

Q 60. Can physical verification be stopped if the applicant for AEO T-2 or AEO LO fails to provide certain documents to the team or there are problems with the system/ processes/ requirements?

ANS. Yes, in exceptional cases the verification process can be stopped with mutual consent. The applicant is given time to submit additional documents and rectify the minor issues. The applicant has to inform AEO team regarding rectification within 6 months so that the verification process recommences. The applicant in such cases will get decision on application by the revised date to be informed by the AEO team.

Q 61. To whom the AEO status holder should inform about Customs related errors and regarding its compliance?

ANS. The AEO status holder should report Customs related errors and its compliance to the CRM as well as AEO cell of the jurisdictional Chief Commissioner.

Q 62. How will the AEO status be renewed?

ANS. The AEO status is renewed against application for the same made before lapse of their validity as stated below:

AEO status Time limit for submission of application for renewal before lapse of validity AEO-T1 30 days AEO-T2 60 days AEO-T3 90 days AEO-LO 90 days

The applicant must highlight the changes made from the last application in their renewal application. The AEO Programme Manager will consider the renewal applications by following the procedure adopted while granting the fresh AEO status.

Q 63. In what circumstances, does the AEO status holder need to notify about changes in their business and processes?

ANS. The AEO status holder must notify AEO cell or the client relationship manager of the jurisdictional chief commissioner in following cases of changes:

Change in its legal entity.

Change of business name and/or address.

Change in the nature of business i.e., manufacturer / exporter etc.

Changes in accounting and computer systems.

Changes to the senior personnel responsible for Customs matters.

Addition or deletion of locations or branches involved in international supply chain.

Q 64. What is the time limit to notify significant change in business and processes by AEO status holders?

ANS. The AEO status holder must notify the changes as soon as it is known or at least within fourteen days of the change taking place.

Q 65. What happens to the AEO accreditation if the legal status of the entity changes?

ANS. The AEO status holder needs to re-apply for the AEO certification in the name of new legal entity. For instance, if a legal entity changes from proprietorship to LLP or Pvt Limited company, then it has to file a fresh application.

Q 66. Whether the AEO status is subject to Review?

ANS. Yes. The AEO team is mandated to review the AEO status periodically to ensure that the AEO client continues to adhere to the condition of AEO accreditation.

Q 67. What are the timelines for review of AEO status?

ANS. The frequency of review of AEO status are same for AEO T-1 and AEO T-2 i.e., once in three years. The same is five years for AEO T-3 /LO status. However, the Directorate of International Customs, entrusted to implement and monitor AEO Programme in India, can initiate review at any point of time, if there is reason to believe that the conditions of AEO Programme or standard of AEO status have been compromised.

Q 68. Under what circumstances, can the AEO status be suspended or downgraded?

ANS. The AEO Programme Manager may suspend the Certificate of AEO Status in the following cases:

a) Where any non-compliance with the conditions or criteria for the Certificate of AEO Status has been detected or b) In the case of a Custodian or Custom Broker or Warehouse Operator, where the basic license as a Custodian or Custom Broker or Warehouse Operator, as the case may be, has been suspended by the competent authority. There is also provision for downgrading of the status of an AEO-T3 to AEO-T2 or to AEO-T1,or downgrade the status of an AEO-T2 to AEO-T1, in the case of issue of any show cause notice (other than on issue listed in 3.2.1 of the AEO Circular) for contravention of Customs/Central Excise/GST law or suspend the status of the AEO, as deemed appropriate.

WITHDRAWAL/ SUSPENSION/ RESTORATION The above decision is taken after due examination of the SCN, in consultation with the jurisdictional Commissioner.

Q 69. Can appeal be filed against the decision of AEO Programme manager suspending or downgrading the AEO status?

ANS. No, there is no provision for appeal under the AEO scheme. However, there is provision of restoration of suspended/downgraded AEO status.

Q 70. What are the requirements for restoration of suspended/ downgraded AEO status?

ANS. The requirements in various situations are as under: a) In case of non-compliance with the condition of AEO status, if the AEO status holder takes the necessary remedial measures to the satisfaction of the AEO Programme Manager within 60 days of suspension, the AEO Programme Manager may restore the AEO status. b) In case of suspension on account of some action under Customs Act like issue of SCN, cancellation of Customs Broker’s license etc, an AEO Programme manager may consider restoration of AEO status if the action under the Customs Act is dropped/ suspension of license is revoked. c) In case AEO status has been suspended/downgraded on account of SCN and if the ratio of disputed duty demanded or drawback demanded or sought to be denied in SCN under Customs Act in the last three years to the total duty paid and drawback claimed is not more than ten percent, the AEO programme manager may consider for restoration of AEO status. d) In case an AEO status has been downgraded, the entity can apply again for higher status as and when the eligibility conditions and criterion are met by it. Such applications will be treated as a fresh application.

Q 71. Under what circumstances, can the AEO Status be revoked?

ANS. The Certificate of AEO Status will be revoked in following circumstances: a) Where the Certificate of AEO Status is already suspended and the AEO holder fails to take the remedial measure within 60 days of withdrawal for the suspension or b) Where there is a reasonable belief that an act has been perpetrated that is liable to lead to prosecution and /or is linked to an arrest of person under Customs Act, 1962 or c) A show cause notice has been issued to them involving fraud, forgery, outright smuggling, clandestine removal of excisable goods or cases where Service Tax has been collected from customers but not deposited to the Government or d) Where the AEO status holder requests the authorization be revoked.

Q 72. Can an AEO status holder re-apply for AEO status after the same is revoked?

ANS. The AEO-T1 and T2 status holders can re-apply only after a period of one year from the date of revocation. The AEO-T3 and LO status holders can re-apply only after a period of three years from the date of revocation.

Q 73. Benefits to AEO status holders

ANS. The Customs Administration is bound to extend all the benefits and facilitation measures to AEO status holders listed in the AEO Circular. There is provision for appointment of Client Relationship Manager (CRM) at the level of AC/DC as a single point of interaction with AEO Status holder at the office of each Chief Commissioner of Customs. The appointment of CRM is notified by way of public notice by all jurisdictional Customs station. The CRM is entrusted with the responsibility to attend to the legitimate concerns and issues of AEO clients. The details of CRMs are also provided online at CBIC website.

Q 74. What are the other responsibilities of Client Relationship Manager?

ANS. All Jurisdictional Client Relationship Manager (CRM) are responsible for:

a)Extending facilitation / benefits listed in the AEO Circular to the AEO status holders. b)Assisting in filing AEO applications. c)Assisting in getting procedural and operational issues resolved by co-ordinating with different sections within Customs as well as other stakeholders.

For more details mail us on : [email protected] and [email protected]

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#aeo #aeo license #aeo certification #aeo scheme #aeo questions

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ijtsrd · 4 years ago

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Utilizing Viola Jones with Haar Cascade Along with Neural Networks for Face Detection and Recognition

by Karan Arora | Sarthak Arora "Utilizing Viola Jones with Haar Cascade Along with Neural Networks for Face Detection and Recognition"

Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-1 , December 2020,

URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd35848.pdf

Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/35848/utilizing-viola-jones-with-haar-cascade-along-with-neural-networks-for-face-detection-and-recognition/karan-arora

callforpapermedicalscience, medicalsciencejournal, manuscriptsubmission

Viola– Jones object detection frameworkintroduced in 2001 by Dr. Paul Viola and Dr. Michael Jones is an object detection framework which can be trained for detecting a variety of object classes .It is primarily used for the problem of face detection.In most video recording or surveillance systems it became impossible for human beings to retrieve large image datasets and analyze them for potential results. Now a days accurate facial recognition has a great impact in our ecosystem be it face unlock or face recognition in cameras for auto adjust. Implemented in two stages our proposed methodology will first utilize one of the widely accepted methods to detect faces i.e. viola Jones which utilizes Haar Classifiers and in the second stage we will recognise the face using Principal Component Analysis PCA and Feed Forward Neural Network. Bio ID Face Database is used as a training database. Test is conducted on webcam video and image snapshots.

#haar-features #Viola Jones #Computer Engineering

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itssashasharma · 3 years ago

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IV Equipment Market worth $13.64 billion : Indicates Impressive Growth Rate In Infusion Pump and Catheter Industry

The global burden of chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes is increasing rapidly. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) 2015, chronic diseases accounted for approximately 60% of the total reported deaths in the world. The proportion of the burden of chronic diseases (chronic non-communicable diseases) is expected to increase to 57% by 2020 from 46% in 2001.

According to a new market research report ” IV Equipment Market by Product (Infusion Pump, Catheter, Solution and Blood Administration Set, Securement Device, Cannula, Stopcock, Needleless Connector), End User (Hospitals & Clinics, Homecare, Ambulatory Care Center) – Global Forecast to 2022“, published by MarketsandMarkets™, the global IV Equipment Market is expected to reach USD 13.63 Billion by 2022 from USD 10.07 Billion in 2017, at a CAGR of 6.2% from 2017 to 2022.

Intravenous (IV) therapy devices are used to administer liquid substances directly into a vein. They can deliver nutrients or medications such as insulin or other hormones, antibiotics, chemotherapy drugs, and pain relievers. Presently, many companies are developing various infusion devices capable of being integrated with alarm devices, monitoring devices, and data exchange systems. This integration helps prevent an overdose or reduced dose of infusion solutions to patients and minimizes dosing errors.

Browse in-depth TOC on “IV Equipment Market“

102 tables 38 figures 166 pages

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The major factors driving the growth of this market include increasing incidence of chronic diseases, rapid growth in the aging population, and growing number of surgical procedures. The high growth in developing countries across Asia-Pacific and Latin America are expected to provide significant growth opportunities for players operating in the IV Equipment Market in the coming years. However, stringent regulatory requirements for new products and increasing incidence of medication errors and lack of wireless connectivity in most hospitals pose challenges for the growth of this market.

IV catheters to hold the largest market share during the forecast period

Based on product, the IV Equipment Market is segmented into IV catheters, administration sets, infusion pumps, securement devices, stopcocks & check valves, drip chambers, needleless connectors, and others. In 2016, the IV catheters accounted for the largest share of the market. Increasing prevalence of chronic diseases and the growing number of surgical procedures are the key factors driving the market growth in this segment.

Home care segment to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period

On the basis of end user, the market is classified into hospitals & clinics, home care, and ambulatory care centers. The home care segment is expected to grow at the highest CAGR during the forecast period. Factors propelling the growth of this segment include technological advancements and the increasing awareness and acceptance of home care devices.

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North America dominated the IV Equipment Market in 2016

In 2016, North America accounted for the largest share of the global IV Equipment Market, followed by Europe, Asia-Pacific, and RoW. This growth can be attributed to the rising geriatric population, increasing prevalence of chronic diseases, the presence of a well-established healthcare industry, growing demand for advanced medical treatments, the presence of major players, and increasing government healthcare expenditure.

Browse Related Reports:

INFUSION PUMP MARKET by Product (Volumetric, Syringe, Enteral, Insulin, Implantable, PCA, Accessories), Application (Oncology, Diabetes, Gastroenterology, Analgesia, Pediatrics, Hematology) & End User (Hospital, Home care) – Global Forecast to 2021

http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/infusion-pumps-accessories-market-90374506.html

PAIN MANAGEMENT DEVICES MARKET by Device Type (Neurostimulation, SCS, TENS, RF Ablation, Infusion Pumps), Application (Cancer, Neuropathy, Musculoskeletal, Migraine, Facial), by Mode of Purchase (OTC, Prescription-Based) – Global Forecasts to 2021

http://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/pain-management-devices-market-91418163.html

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biointernet · 5 years ago

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DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORONAS AND MACHINE LEARNING

CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF CORONAS USING PARAMETRIZATION OF IMAGES AND MACHINE LEARNING

Igor Kononenko, Matjaz Bevk, Sasa Sadikov, Luka Sajn University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, Ljubljana, Slovenia Abstract We describe the development of computer classifiers for various types of coronas. In particular, we were interested to develop an algorithm for detection of coronas of people in altered states of consciousness (two-classes problem). Such coronas are known to have rings (double coronas), special branch-like structure of streamers and/or curious spots. Besides detecting altered states of consciousness we were interested also to classify various types of coronas (six-classes problem). We used several approaches to parametrization of images: statistical approach, principal component analysis, association rules and GDV software approach extended with several additional parameters. For the development of the classifiers we used various machine learning algorithms: learning of decision trees, naïve Bayesian classifier, K-nearest neighbors classifier, Support vector machine, neural networks, and Kernel Density classifier. We compared results of computer algorithms with the human expert’s accuracy (about 77% for the two-classes problem and about 60% for the six-classes problem). Results show that computer algorithms can achieve the same or even better accuracy than that of human experts (best results were up to 85% for the two-classes problem and up to 65% for the six-classes problem). 1. Introduction Recently developed technology by dr. Korotkov (1998) from Technical University in St.Petersburg, based on the Kirlian effect, for recording the human bio-electromagnetic field (aura) using the Gas Discharge Visualization (GDV) technique provides potentially useful information about the biophysical and/or psychical state of the recorded person. In order to make the unbiased decisions about the state of the person we want to be able to develop the computer algorithm for extracting information/describing/classifying/making decisions about the state of the person from the recorded coronas of fingertips. The aim of our study is to differentiate 6 types of coronas, 3 types in normal state of consciousness: Ia, Ib, Ic (pictures were recorded with single GDV camera in Ljubljana, all with the same settings of parameters, classification into 3 types was done manually):  Ia – harmonious energy state (120 coronas)  Ib – non-homogenous but still energetically full (93 coronas) Ic – energetically poor (76 coronas) and 3 types in altered states of consciousness (pictures obtained from dr. Korotkov, recorded by different GDV cameras with different settings of parameters and pictures were not normalized – they were of variable size):  Rings – double coronas (we added 7 pictures of double coronas recorded in Ljubljana) (90 coronas) Branches – long streamers branching in various directions (74 coronas)  Spots – unusual spots (51 coronas) Our aim is to differentiate normal from altered state of consciousness (2 classes) and to differentiate among all 6 types of coronas (6 classes). Figure 1 provides example coronas for each type.

GDV Corona's types 2. The methodology We first had to preprocess all the pictures so that all were of equal size (320 x 240). We then described the pictures with various sets of numerical parameters (attributes) with five different parametrization algorithms (described in more detail in the next section): a) IP (Image Processor – 22 attributes), b) PCA (Principal Component Analysis), c) Association Rules, d) GDV Assistant with some basic GDV parameters, e)GDV Assistant with additional parameters. Therefore we had available 5 different learning sets for two-classes problem: altered (one of Rings, Spots, and Branches) versus non- altered (one of Ia, Ib, Ic) state of consciousness. Some of the sets were used also as six-classes problems (differentiating among all six different types of coronas). We tried to solve some of the above classification tasks by using various machine learning algorithms as implemented in Weka system (Witten and Frank, 2000):  Quinlan's (1993) C4.5 algorithm for generating decision trees; K-nearest neighbor classifier by Aha, D., and D. Kibler (1991); Simple Kernel Density classifier; Naïve Bayesian classifier using estimator classes: Numeric estimator precision valuesare chosen based on analysis of the training data. For this reason, the classifier is not an Updateable Classifier (which in typical usage are initialized with zero training instances, see (John and Langley, 1995)); SMO implements John C. Platt's sequential minimal optimization algorithm for training a support vector classifier using polynomial kernels. It transforms the output of SVM Types Ia, Ib and Ic– normal state of consciousness into probabilities by applying a standard sigmoid function that is not fitted to the data. This implementation globally replaces all missing values and transforms nominal attributes into binary ones (see Platt, 1998; Keerthi et al., 2001);  Neural networks: standard multilayared feedforward neural network with backpropagation of errors learning mechanism (Rumelhart et al., 1986). SMO algorithm can be used only for two-classes problems, while the other algorithms can be used on two-classes and on six-classes problems. Types Branches, Rings and Spots– altered states of consciousness Figure 1: Example coronas for each type. Full text PDF: 2004-Kononenko-altered-coronas References Aha, D., and D. Kibler (1991) "Instance-based learning algorithms", Machine Learning, vol.6, pp. 37-66. R. Agrawal, T. Imielinski, and A. Swami (1993) Mining association rules between sets of items in large databases. In P. Buneman and S. Jajodia, editors, Proceedings of the 1993 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Mangement of Data, pages 207-216, Washington, D.C., 1993. R. Agrawal and R. Srikant (1994) Fast algorithms for mining association rules. In J. B. Bocca, M. Jarke, and C. Zaniolo, editors, Proc. 20th Int. Conf. Very Large Data Bases, VLDB, pages 487-499. Morgan Kaufmann. Bevk M. (2003) Texture Analysis with Machine Learning, M.Sc. Thesis, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Computer and Information Science, Ljubljana, Slovenia. (in Slovene) Julesz, B., Gilbert, E.N., Shepp, L.A., Frisch H.L.(1973). Inability of Humans To Discriminate Between Visual Textures That Agree in Second-Order-Statistics, Perception 2, pp. 391-405. M. Bevk and I. Kononenko (2002) A statistical approach to texture description: A preliminary study. In ICML-2002 Workshop on Machine Learning in Computer Vision, pages 39-48, Sydney, Australia, 2002. R. Haralick, K. Shanmugam, and I. Dinstein (1973) Textural features for image classification. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics, pages 610-621. G. H. John and P. Langley (1995). Estimating Continuous Distributions in Bayesian Classifiers. Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence. pp. 338-345. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo. S.S. Keerthi, S.K. Shevade, C. Bhattacharyya, K.R.K. Murthy (2001). Improvements to Platt's SMO Algorithm for SVM Classifier Design. Neural Computation, 13(3), pp 637-649, 2001. Korotkov, K. (1998) Aura and Consciousness, St.Petersburg, Russia: State Editing & Publishing Unit “Kultura”. Korotkov, K., Korotkin, D. (2001) Concentration dependence of gas discharge around drops of inorganic electrolytes, Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 89, pp. 4732-4736. J. Platt (1998). Fast Training of Support Vector Machines using Sequential Minimal Optimization. Advances in Kernel Methods - Support Vector Learning, B. Schölkopf, C. Burges, and A. Smola, eds., MIT Press. W.H. Press, B.P. Flannery, S.A. Teukolsky, and W.T. Vetterling (1992) Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge (UK) and New York, 2ndedition. J.R. Quinlan (1993) C4.5 Programs for Machine Learning, Morgan Kaufmann. D.E. Rumelhart, G.E. Hinton, R.J. Williams (1986) Learning internal representations by error propagation. In: Rumelhart D.E. and McClelland J.L. (eds.) Parallel Distributed Processing, Vol. 1: Foundations. Cambridge: MIT Press. J. A. Rushing, H. S. Ranagath, T. H. Hinke, and S. J. Graves (2001) Using association rules as texture features. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, pages 845-858. A. Sadikov (2002) Computer visualization, parametrization and analysis of images of electrical gas discgarge (in Slovene), M.Sc. Thesis, University of Ljubljana, 2002. L. Sirovich and M. Kirby (1987) A low-dimensional procedure for the characterisation of human faces. Journal of the Optical Society of America, pages 519-524. A. Sadikov, I. Kononenko, F. Weibel (2003) Analyzing Coronas of Fruits and Leaves, This volume. M. Turk and A. Pentland (1991) Eigenfaces for recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, pages 71-86. I. H. Witten, E. Frank (2000) Data mining: Practical machine learning tools and techniques with Java implementations, Morgan Kaufmann. Read the full article

#coronadischarge #DIFFERENTTYPESOFCORONAS #Electrophotonicimaging #GDV #GDVGraph #GDVImage #GDVSoftware #GDV-gram #Korotkov'simages #MACHINELEARNING

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wutbju · 4 years ago

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Robert (Rob) Liles Ralph, 58, of Fountain Hills, AZ met his Savior and Lord Jesus Christ early on September 25, 2020. Rob was born September 11, 1962 in Lexington, MO to Norman R. and Jeanette L. Ralph. He graduated high school from Bob Jones Academy in Greenville, SC and went on to college at Bob Jones University where he received a BS in music education in 1984.

He married Cynthia (Cyndi) Brant on August 12, 1983. They moved to Tampa, FL where Rob was director of bands for a school. He and Cyndi then lived on a sailboat in Apollo Beach. They then relocated to Kansas City, MO where he began a career in elevator service sales and maintenance.

After MO, they followed his career to Detroit, MI, Naples, FL, Baton Rouge, LA and returned to reside in Naples (Royal Harbor) for 21 years. In 2013, they helped to found and were charter members of Christ the King Presbyterian Church, OPC. While in Naples, Rob established his marine business, Waveform Marine Electric. Rob and Cyndi took their boat twice across the Gulf Stream to Green Turtle Cay and the Abaco Islands in the Bahamas.

On September 12, 2001, Rob and Cyndi were blessed with the birth of their son, Robert Brant Ralph (Brant). Brant and his dad were best friends and Rob was thrilled to coach Brant in little league and then in throwing discus and shot put. Brant also followed his dad in playing the trumpet and in enjoying his love of music. In 2015 Rob contacted a throwing coach in AZ and began to make trips out west with Brant. They grew to love the desert and the family moved to Fountain Hills, AZ in 2017.

Rob served as the Fountain Hills High School track team throwing coach for the next three years. He loved the athletes and parents and enjoyed investing in the lives of the kids. Rob was always learning and trying new things. When Rob was 16, he earned his amateur "ham" radio license and enjoyed the hobby throughout his life. He loved woodworking and took classes at Gateway Community College where he studied precision machining. In 2020 he received the Gene Haas Foundation Student Manufacturing Award for his accomplishments. He was currently employed by the college as an instructor in the precision machining program.

Rob was loved by the many friends he made through the years and by his cat Miss "P"uddy Tat. He is survived by his loving wife, Cyndi, his devoted son, Brant, his mother Jeanette (MS), a brother Norman Jr. (Marrena) (MO), an uncle Robert (Liala) Ralph (AZ), mother-in-law Rosemary Brant (SC), sisters and brothers-in-law: Linda (Brant) and Bruce Byers (SC), Suzanne (Brant) and Edward Vedock (PA), and Diana (Brant) Ling (PA) as well as 7 nephews and 3 nieces. He was preceded in death by his paternal and maternal grandparents, his father Norman, and an uncle Dean Ralph. Burial was in the family plot in Webb, IA. Memorial service on Saturday, Nov. 14th at 11 a.m. at Covenant Church of Naples, PCA at 6926 Trail Blvd. Masks optional. The service will be live streamed at https://bit.ly/38c8iQ0.

#Bob Jones University #Obituary #BJU Hall of Fame #BJU Alumni Association #Class of 1984 #Robert (Rob) Liles Ralph

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marymosley · 4 years ago

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USE OF ENTOMOLOGY AS AN EVIDENTIARY TOOL AND THEIR FORENSIC IMPORTANCE

Introduction

Firstly we have to know about entomology and its uses in forensic sciences. It is one of the oldest

branches of forensics. There are various categories of forensic entomology but here we will look into

the Medico-Legal Aspects of the Forensic Entomology.

Here we will discuss the negligence shown to any child, incapables (old) and animals.

Types of abuses

The main three categories will be discussed hereof abuse/neglect seen are as follows:

· Child neglect/ Abuse

· Elderly neglect/Abuse/Nursing home Abuse/ Neglect

· Animal neglect/ Abuse

Child Abuse

A child can be considered as a person under the age of eighteen. Any emotional harmseserio physical harm or sexual harm or exploitation or death is considered under the Child Abuse.

Child abuse is a very frequent crime in India. For example, In Ireland, a two-year-old male child was admitted to the hospital. He was showing signs of malnourishment and was suffering from severe enteric pain and bleeding. Tissue lacerations were found in the investigative surgical procedures of the child. A partial larva and Speckles from the tissue samples of the child were identified as the cause. Larvae of Dermestes lardaceous were also found in boxes of biscuits in the kitchen at the child’s home in large numbers. This was the reason for the fatal cause of the child. Negligence of the parent was proved.

In the above example, we found the larva and speckles from the tissue samples. It happened due to

the insect found in the boxes of biscuits in the kitchen.

This shows the negligence of the child in the home. The proper ignorance in the food quality of the

child is the main reason for the illness. From a general view, the child was only malnutrition but the

arthropods /larva present in the packets of biscuits lead to the real cause of the illness. So in this

way entomology is helpful in forensics.

Some symptoms of child abuse/neglect that is usual include

v Malnutrition,

v Bruises or Abrasions,

v Healing fractures, and

v Repetitive or cumulative injuries upon examination of skin, soft tissues, and bones.

If any child is found to be a victim of abuse cases, then forensic entomology is utilized in estimating the time since the abuse last happened, and in case of fatal cases, the Post-mortem Interval (PMI) is done. The blowfly larvae and pupae and in some cases maggots are formed then they can produce evidence that may determine the length of neglect of the child.

Section 304A will be charged against the accused which tends to the punishment for “ Causing death by negligence”.

Elder Abuse

Elder abuse relates to the abuses happens with the senior citizens. This type of abuse includes:

v physical force against an old person that causes them physical harm

v Elderly neglect is also not providing for their basic daily needs.

Older widowed women living on fixed incomes are the most rated victims. In this type of case, a typical abuser is usually a family member such as a spouse or a spoiled child. In the case of non-relatives, an abuser is generally nursing home attendants.

The usual symptoms that are visible of elderly abuse is broken bones, bedsores, cuts, bruises, etc. Sometimes the signs are lack of food and water, wearing the same clothes repetitively, weight loss, not bathing regularly, anxiety, withdrawal from social contact, depression, etc.

We can better understand it with an example:-In Germany an elderly woman was found dead in September 2002 in her apartment. Her foot was wrapped in a plastic bag, and the wrapped foot was infected with Luciliasericata larvae commonly known as (Green Bottle Fly). Due to not proper cleaning of her toilet and it was covered by cloth piece, which invited flies to feed upon that. The post mortem interval (PMI) cleared that the death was 2 days ago while maggots were found to be about 4 days old. The report clearly found that the maggots had been feeding on her foot while she was still alive for about a week ago.

In the above scenario we may say that larva of green bottle fly leads to the real cause of death. It is better proven in this, that the old lady was alive and she died due to the insects feeding on her flesh. This also shows the case of negligence that the old lady was not attended by anyone for two days.

Forensic entomologist use insects to determine the post-mortem interval (PMI) and the person were neglected or not. In several cases where neglect was the major factor in a person’s death.

Some sections are mentioned of Indian Penal Code which prevents the elder abuse:

Section 20 of the Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956 seeks an obligatory provision to maintain an aged parent.

Section 125 of Criminal Procedure Code says that the elder parents can claim maintenance from their children.

Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Bill, 2007, seeks to make it legal for the children or property holders to maintain their parents or senior citizens of the family. The children as sons, daughters, grandsons and granddaughters according to the bill.

Animal Abuse

Animal abuse is a type of abuse includes the negligence of animals or pets. Animal abuse is defined as, divest of an animal of food, shelter, socialization, water, or veterinary care even torturing, mutilating, maiming, or killing an animal is also included.

Any injury leads to causes of myiasis in animals, or the presence of excretory material on the skin of the animal leads to living animal inviting insects.

An example which supports the insects are indicators of abuse, a dog was taken to the veterinary doctor with severe edema of the muzzle and several facial fractures of cause. When the case was taken seriously the radiographs indicates that almost 100 pieces of lead buckshot were present in the area of the fracture. We can say that the maggots present there alerted the doctor and helped in saving the case getting worsen.

The maggots found on maxilla of the dog draws the attention of the doctor towards the serious cause.

Some sections are mentioned of IPC and Cr.P.C which prevents the animal abuse:

Section 11 (i) of Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 says that abandoning an animal, leaving it in a situation that it suffers pain due to starvation or thirst, is a punishable offence.

According to section 11 (1) (h) of The Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960 If an owner fails to provide its pet with sufficient food, drink or shelter, he/she shall be liable for a punishable offence.

According to section 98 of the Transport of Animals Rules, 1978, animals should be healthy and in good condition while transporting them.

IPC Sections 428 and 429 says that to kill or maim any animal is a punishable offence.

Section 11(1)(i) and Section 11(1)(j), PCA Act, 1960 claims that Abandoning any animal for any reason can land you in prison for up to three months.

Section 11(1)(d) Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, (Transport of Animal) Rules, 2001 and Motor Vehicles Act 1978 relates to the conveying or carrying animals whether in or upon any vehicle, in any manner or position which causes discomfort, pain or suffering is a punishable offence under two Central Acts.

Conclusion

Forensic entomology is a very vast and expanding field. Increasement in a number of cases leads to the development in researches. Use of insects as indicators of abuse /neglect is not a common occurrence in the current scenario, but sometimes popular culture makes forensic entomology as a strict and useful factor in legal cases.

References:

1. ^” abuse.” Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. 21 Mar. 2008. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/abuse

2. ^“neglect.” The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. 21 Mar. 2008. <Dictionary.com http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/neglect>.

3. ^ Jump up to: abGennard DE. Forensic Entomology: An Introduction. Wiley & Sons Ltd. 2007;1:13-14.

4. ^ Sherman RA, Hall MJR, Thomas S. Medicinal Maggots: An Ancient Remedy for Some Contemporary Afflictions. Annu Rev Entomol. 2000;45:55–81.

5. ^Guerrini VH. Ammonia Toxicity and Alkalosis in Sheep Infested by Luciliacuprina Larvae. Int J Parasitol. 1988;18:79–81.

6. ^“Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act.” Administration for Children and Families. 10 FEB 2006. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 21 Mar 2008 <http://www.acf.hhs.gov/programs/cb/laws_policies/cblaws/capta/index.htmArchived 2008-03-30 at the Wayback Machine>

7. ^ Jump up to ab Spitz WU. Medicolegal Investigation of Death. 4th ed. Springfield: Charles C Thomas Ltd, 2004; 8:357-363.

8. ^Benecke, Mark, RüdigerLessig. “Child Neglect and Forensic EntomologyArchived 2011-07-07 at the Wayback Machine.” Forensic Science International 155-9(2001): 120 ff.

9. ^ Jump up to ab Elder Abuse and Neglect. Molly Hofer. 2008. http://www.urbanext.uiuc.edu/elderabuse/signs.html.

10. https://indiankanoon.org/doc/17630/

11. https://ift.tt/2Z1Lg8m

12. https://ift.tt/2Z5hn77

Author – Aditi, Intern at Dept. of Forensic Science & Criminal Investigation, Legal Desire & Insights (June 2020)

The post USE OF ENTOMOLOGY AS AN EVIDENTIARY TOOL AND THEIR FORENSIC IMPORTANCE appeared first on Legal Desire.

USE OF ENTOMOLOGY AS AN EVIDENTIARY TOOL AND THEIR FORENSIC IMPORTANCE published first on https://immigrationlawyerto.tumblr.com/

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micaramel · 5 years ago

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Artists: Leonor Antunes, Noah Barker, Sadie Benning, François Curlet, Stéphane Dafflon, Brice Dellsperger, Guy de Cointet, Trisha Donnelly, Eliza Douglas, Claire Fontaine, Jef Geys, Liam Gillick, Joseph Grigely, Guyton\Walker, Carsten Höller, Michel Houellebecq, Dorothy Iannone, Aaron Flint Jamison, Pierre Joseph, Ben Kinmont, Adriana Lara, Pierre Le Tan , Ingrid Luche, Mïrka Lugosi, Monica Majoli, M/M (Paris), Sarah Morris, Mrzyk & Moriceau, Jean Painlevé, Philippe Parreno, Bruno Pelassy, Rob Pruitt, Sarah Pucci, Torbjørn Rødland, Allen Ruppersberg, Bruno Serralongue, Shimabuku, Lily van der Stokker, Sturtevant, Jean-Luc Verna

Venue: Air de Paris

Exhibition Title: More

Date: October 20 – December 14, 2019

Click here to view slideshow

Full gallery of images, press release and link available after the jump.

Images:

Images courtesy of Air de Paris, Paris. Photos by Marc Domage.

Press Release:

To mark the opening of the new Air de Paris in Romainville we’re delighted to be presenting the choral exhibition More: 40 artists on four floors and the chance for a stroll through all the gallery’s spaces, from cellar to attic, from reserves to roof terrace.

Running over a three months time, this exhibition will see the achievement of the interior design of the gallery, a project led by Sébastien Truchot – PCA STREAM

We’ll also be welcoming Linda Grabe and her wine webzine Le Volatile, le roman du vin.

For some 30 years now Air de Paris has cultivated a fondness for the peripheral. The move to Romainville shows us pursuing this notion in a restating of Liam Gillick’s maxim «Just More/More Just».

GROUND FLOOR

We’ve opted to have you enter Air de Paris via the office. You’ll be welcomed by the gallery team. And get to see how things work. Two works by Liam Gillick are already visible from outside the gallery, on display like the paintings you see in the more classical venues – on Rue de Seine, for example. These digital prints were part of the artist’s works posted in the streets during his participation in the 2013 White Nights in Paris.

We see the double slogan «Just More/More Just» as heralding a new era of trying to be more equitable, more ecological and more just in our dealings. Liam Gillick, Just More! 2013/More Just!, 2013

On your left as you come in is a Project by Pierre Joseph dating from his first solo exhibition at Air de Paris, in 1992, when we were in Nice. We were unequivocally neighbours of the church of Saint Rita; the parish priest had given us a statue of the saint, which had been set in a niche over the gallery door and blessed the day the first exhibition opened in 1990. Pierre Joseph’s Projects imbued contemporary art with the imaginative spirit of the video games and role play still in their infancy. Pierre Joseph, Projet, 1992

A big bouquet of long-stemmed flowers: Jean-Luc Verna’s Vase Misère is a self-portrait – the artist’s face with his hands forcing a smile and giving him the look of a clown. The Joker? Jean-Luc Verna, Vase Misère #3, 2013

Serve yourself from the rack: Claire Fontaine postcards, iconic images wittily tweaked with verbal modifications: L.G.B.T.Q. replaces Marcel Duchamp’s L.H.O.O.Q, which, according to Freud, triggered the question of Mona Lisa’s gender. Claire Fontaine, Untitled (Postcard rack / L.G.B.T.Q / L.G.B.T.Q. shaved), 2017

Set against a red wall, a Sturtevant video demands your attention: Hello! We live together at Disney World and all around us is the image pornography churned out by the big entertainment corporations. Sturtevant, HELLO !, 2006

Our office tables are an artwork by Aaron Flint Jamison for Éditathon Art + Féminisme 2016. Produced by Lafayette Anticipations – Galeries Lafayette Foundation as part of the worldwide Art+Feminism campaign, and orchestrated by Kvardek du and Flora Katz. The artist has activated a new message on the LED scrollers.Aaron Flint Jamison, , 2016

Hanging on the pillar, a portrait of Clément by Michel Houellebecq. Michel Houellebecq, Pelage d’hiver

Cats – never far from the dog!? Mrzyk & Moriceau, Sans titre, 2014

Early in the 1960s Sturtevant reprised graphic artist George Herriman’s Krazy Kat, after Öyvind Fahlström: two artists from our pantheon; two stalwarts for the price of one. Sturtevant, Krazy Kat, 1986

Beneath the windows, a large red lily. In another conceptual overlay Pierre Joseph does photographs that repeat the prints and drawings of Pierre Joseph Redouté. Pierre Joseph, #pierrejosephredouté, Lys hybride (rouge), 2017

Now it’s upstairs to the exhibition floors or down to the basement (our storage area) to view a work you’ve requested here in the office.

THE BASEMENT

A mysterious photograph by Trisha Donnelly. What to say about it? A snowdrift, a garage door, an image that can be hung every which way – an image that has no sense. Trisha Donnelly, Robert, 2001

1ST FLOOR

The 1st floor is an exhibition space whose unusual windows put us at a far remove from the classical white cube. It’s time to be thinking about different ways of presenting painting, and it’s fun. Maybe the kind of running structure used for election posters in the street? Or a return to the hanging rail?

So here you are at last in a real exhibition space.

An exhibition within an exhibition? Opposite you a painting by Eliza Douglas hung on a pillar reproduces a Josh Smith exhibition view, found on the Internet. Eliza Douglas, Josh Smith, 2018

A search for the centre ground kept in check by violence, disorder and conspiracy: a work by Liam Gillick. A large mirror searching for the three main characters from his book Le Grand Centre de Conférence. We are all characters in search of an author. Liam Gillick, A search for the centre ground kept in check by violence, disorder and conspiracy, 1998

You’ll notice along the way that this exhibition contains many works in the form of chairs, tables, doors and shelves. This is emphatically not a matter of design; these works point up the domestic and professional environments as augmented, highlighted spaces. Their pared-down or, sometimes, exaggerated, Luna Park-like shapes occupy this inaugural presentation like spectres, or punctuate it like clues.

To the right of the mirror Ingrid Luche’s little door suggests a grotesque space, the entrance to a haunted house, or a funfair attraction. Ingrid Luche, Petite Porte, 2012

Mirrors again. In Monica Majoli’s house in Los Angeles the bedroom walls are covered with black mirrors. It’s in this setting that she has photographed several of her lovers, so as to paint their portraits some years later. This lithograph depicts the odd plays of light caused by the reflections in these dark mirrors. Monica Majoli, Black Mirror (Jarrett), 2009-12

Joseph Grigely’s Storage Rack is part of a group of works he calls «leftovers». However, these are not real objects that have been junked, but rather never-made or remade objects, reified extensions of their preceding reality. The transparent resin shelf might have been used for storing paint, but no longer serves any purpose. It belongs to an unknown world, like the elements of a classical still life. Joseph Grigely, Storage Rack, 2012

The design work of Brazilian architect Lina Bo Bardi (1914–1992) has influenced several works by Leonor Antunes. In this case some of Bo Bardi’s experiments with form and proportion have left their mark on a series of wenge wood screens. These shapes are based on concrete components she had made in 1988 for the Casa do Benim in Salvador de Bahia, in northern Brazil. Leonor Antunes, a secluded and pleasant land in this land i wish to dwell #2, 2014

Marcel Duchamp spoke of a coat hook lying on the floor, «a real coat hanger that I wanted sometime to put on the wall and hang my things on but I never did come to that – so it was on the floor and I would kick it every minute, every time I went out – and I got crazy about it and I said to hell with it, if it wants to stay here and bore me, I’ll nail it down and it will just stay there.» Pierre Joseph has doubled the size of the Trap. Pierre Joseph, Décor, Trébuchet (Marcel Duchamp), 1992/2017

Philippe Parreno was artistic director of the opera Il Tempo del Postino in 2007. There’s a photograph of his performance: he’d hired a ventriloquist, who introduced each artist’s contribution and read a text about the relations between time and the work of art from behind a magnifying glass. In that way he became his own puppet. The photograph, signed by the artist and the ventriloquist, illustrates the question, «Who’s speaking?» Philippe Parreno, Postman Time, 2007

Nearby, the Maison-Oreille (House of Hearing) is a model thought up by Carsten Höller and Philippe Parreno for a listening post where you could spend the night tuned in to ambient sound: nature, aeroplanes, shooting stars, etc. Carsten Höller et Philippe Parreno, Maison-Oreille, 2013

Hung in front of a window to the left, François Curlet’s neon sign could have provided the title for this exhibition. Might not this disposition of artworks proceed from a slight perversion of the conceptual masked by all the different forms? One day an exhibition curator described our programme as «conceptual trash». You could also call it «conceptual art brut». François Curlet, Western, 2005/2006

The crackle of the neon light accentuates the flickering of Ingrid Luche’s fireplace painting, set under a window and maybe suggesting a scene from Clifford D. Simak’s City.Ingrid Luche, Chinoiserie (Feu de cheminée), 2014

In an elegant vitrine ten delicate replicas of mildly hallucinatory double mushrooms are aligned as if in a natural history museum. Carsten Höller, Double Mushroom Vitrine (Tenfold), 2018

The title of Pierre Joseph’s lightbox describes the work perfectly: a reprise, in the musical sense, of a cowboy already twice- famous, thanks first to Marlboro, then to Richard Prince. What the title omits is the work’s melancholy. Pierre Joseph, Décor, Marlboro cow-boy (Richard Prince), 1992/2019

Red, too, is the spring of the neon towards Sadie Benning’s transgender painting/bas-relief. Sadie Benning, X, 2016

Chairs here and there; these have been customised by Rob Pruitt as stop-offs or resting places.

2ND FLOOR

On the 2nd floor we’ve planned a projection room, an exhibition area and a semi-private space behind a revolving door. The interior layout is by Sébastien Truchot of the PCA-Stream office.

A memory warp? The same Josh Smith exhibition view as before – but hey, isn’t it bigger? Eliza Douglas, Josh Smith, 2018

On the outside of the right-angled wall marking out the future projection space is Allen Ruppersberg’s Le Mot Juste. That «just» again, and a horizon line. Seven screenprints for a samurai poem. Allen Ruppersberg, Le Mot Juste and The Circus, 1988

Facing you, yet another door, drawn by Pierre Le-Tan. We pay him our respects here: he left us on 17 September and we miss him.Pierre Le-Tan, Sans titre, 2017

La Chaise Jaune and la Chaise Bleue (The Yellow Chair and the Blue Chair) were part of Guy de Cointet’s set for his performance De Toutes les Couleurs (1982, Museo Reina Sofia, Madrid). The chairs and another part of the set disappeared and it was only thanks to the artist’s meticulous archiving – colour ranges, dimensional sketches, performance photographs – that these two multiples, identical to the originals, could be made. Guy de Cointet, Chaise Bleue, Chaise Jaune [De toutes les couleurs, 1982], 2018

The angularity of the backrests of these chairs is also to be be found in two late de Cointet drawings of pared-down Californian desert landscapes. Guy de Cointet, Sans titre, ca. 1980

Adriana Lara’s «wall piece» is an irregularly cut sheet of plaster mounted on stretcher. A deformed section of wall, repainted with the same white as the wall it is affixed to. Adriana Lara, Wall Piece #3, 2015

Rob Pruitt decided one day that as long as pandas were still around, he would paint them. This was his response to the threat to biodiversity in the Capitalocene era.Rob Pruitt, Picnic, 2017

A witty practitioner of Surrealist collage, Pruitt has made tables out of silver-coated tyres set on roller skates. This one is a fruit bowl.Rob Pruitt, Roller Rink Coffee Table II (Fruit Bowl), 2017

Bruno Pelassy was a close friend of Air de Paris who died in 2002. Here we present one of his last works: an unfinished mechanical toy arrayed in feathers and snakeskin. Bruno Pelassy, Sans titre, 2001

Dedicated daily repetition gave rise to the plastic-bedecked objects made by Sarah Pucci, mother of the artist Dorothy Iannone. These intensely committed creations date from the second half of the 20th century and were regularly posted to her daughter, who was then based in Europe. Proofs of motherly love, they gleam with a steroidally idealised, carnivalesque beauty. Sarah Pucci, A Heart That Sees You, 1990s

To the left, under the windows, you can follow the doings of Andy Capp, the English comic-strip character created by Reg Smyth and published in the Daily Mirror since 1957. Double-exposure photography has him trotting his cap-and-ciggie through building sites that are a metaphor for our lives. Torbjørn Rødland, ACV01, ACV06, ACV07, ACV14, ACV17, 2009

M/M (Paris): two talented graphic artists who minted the Komunuma logo. One M has a gifted hand and draws. The other M has a gifted ear and in 1998 composed the techno sound track for Sturtevant’s Ça va aller exhibition. Facing you here is a large, luminously stylised lion. M/M (Paris), Zu Assenheim, 2006

At the far end of the room the place for the future projection screen is currently covered by a billboard-sized image of Santa by the sea. This is, in fact, Shimabuku, who in 1991 collected garbage on this forsaken beach and provided a quick, mind- boggling image for any high-speed train travellers who happened to be looking out the window at the right moment. Father Christmas gathering refuse on a soiled seashore. Speculative ecological poetry. Shimabuku, Noël dans l’hémisphère Sud, 1994/1999

More light! You’ll excuse the shortfall in this room, but the renovations are running behind time and the additional lighting is still on the waiting list. You’re in a work in progress.

A wall of drawings brings together Mathias Augustyniak’s women in 68 colours, Mïrka Lugosi’s triadic women and Dorothy Iannone’s weeping Statues of Liberty (Iannone is currently showing solo at the Centre Pompidou) : Mathias Augustyniak, Woman in 68 colors n°3 ; Woman in 68 colors n°4, 2010 ; Dorothy Iannone, Our Liberties, 2015 ; Mïrka Lugosi, Variations Schlemmer n°1 ; Variations Schlemmer n°2 ; Variations Schlemmer n°3, 2009-2012

Let’s not forget Jean-Luc Verna’s made-up birds : Jean-Luc Verna, Madame Rature, 2019; Jean-Luc Verna, Pank, 2019. Last of all, Sarah Morris’s combination of painting and cinema, with gouache overlaid on original film posters: good old Alain Delon in a samurai face-off with Santa Claus. Sarah Morris, Tiger [Le Samourai], 2017

As you leave, high up on your left, is a spider ready to spring: the work of Jean Painlevé, the great filmmaker and photographer who devoted his life to the depths of the sea. Jean Painlevé, Araignée sauteuse, 1930

You’re drawn through the big revolving door by the sound of Saturday Night Fever blasting out of the little yellow TV set we used for showing Brice Dellsperger’s first films back in the 1990s. Double recall. Brice Dellsperger, Body Double 13, 1999

Above it, a gouache in which we see the artist duplicated and as Angie Dickenson, when he played all the parts from Brian de Palma’s Dressed to Kill (1980) for his Body Double 15. Brice Dellsperger, Angie said « Meet me at the Met (featuring Alex Katz and Tom Palmore), 2019

But hey, I live in France, and here’s an ageless photograph by Michel Houellebecq, a bucolic image brought to Le Bas-Pays, the industrial estate in Romainville. Michel Houellebecq, France #024, nd.

On the way to the kitchen, an unstretched digital canvas by Stéphane Dafflon: Stéphane Dafflon, TL005, 2019. And here you are in a space that will be semi-private: the planned site for the kitchen (we make good risotto at Air de Paris),a room for chatting or relaxing, and a library. A space that’s domestic but not yet domesticated. Under the window on the right a piece of tangy daffiness by Lily van der Stokker says nothing apart from its absurd, caustic Dasein. Lily van der Stokker, Nothing (Dark Pink), 2014

En face, une œuvre joyeusement colorée de Guyton\Walker, une impression numérique recto-verso sur matelas. Guyton\Walker, Stripe_Venice_Paris_Abstractcanvas80_, 2013

«Each of us had more drinks every day than the number of lies told by a labour union during a wildcat strike»: an excerpt – a kind of led-driven ritornello – from In GirumImus Nocte Et Consomimur Igni by Guy Debord (1978). Upcoming psychogeographic driftings through the Paris suburbs. The fridge isn’t part of the work. Noah Barker, Decommissioned Cuba Libre Assembly Line Clock (Debord), 2018.

Two rare paintings by Dutch artist Jef Geys, in which he takes the orientally-inflected patterns of earthenware tiles made by the Gavra company in his beloved Campine (Dutch: De Kempen) and blows them up to a metre square. Jef Geys, Untitled (Gavra series), 1980s, acrylique sur toile, signé au dos.

In Marinetti’s opinion, people think, dream and act according to what they eat and drink. Which is how cooking became an integral part of the Futurist artistic experience. Ben Kinmont’s actions test the resistance of the work of art in contexts not strictly speaking artistic: a dinner, participation in a salon, an ephemeral action. Thus gastronomy, as an artistic but temporary structure, becomes a potent model for testing out art’s limitations.

Kinmont organised his gustatory exhibitions in Montpellier (2002), Amsterdam and New York (2011), and Rome (2015)/ The menus are traditionally printed using lead type. Ben Kinmont, An exhibition in your mouth [Montpellier: Antinomian Press, 2002], 2002 Ben Kinmont, An Exhibition in your Mouth [Amsterdam: Antinomian Press, 2011], 2011 Ben Kinmont, An Exhibition in your Mouth [New York: Antinomian Press, 2011], 2011 Ben Kinmont, An Exhibition in your Mouth [San Francisco: Antinomian Press, 2012], 2012 Ben Kinmont, An Exhibition in your Mouth [Rome: Antinomian Press, 2015], 2015

Bruno Serralongue has been making regular visits to Calais since 2006, bringing back images of the «Jungle», the migrants and the «state shanty town». His work is currently on show at the Centre Pompidou. For lack of supplies the Calais Kitchen, run by English volunteers, had to close for a week in July 2016. A week is a very long time when you’re enduring conditions like these. Bruno Serralongue, Dear Friends, « bidonville d’État » pour migrants, Calais, 07 juillet 2016, 2016

THE ROOF TERRACE THE FUTURE

During the opening week of Komunuma the Frac Ile-de-France presented an installaiton by Michel Blazy (Sculpcure : Orange Bar, 2009)

Soon in a wooden shed – we will name it Delphine – we will display curiosities.

We hope you’ve enjoyed this visit and your meeting with 40 Air de Paris’ artists. Thanks for coming – we look forward to seeing you again.

Link: “More” at Air de Paris

Contemporary Art Daily is produced by Contemporary Art Group, a not-for-profit organization. We rely on our audience to help fund the publication of exhibitions that show up in this RSS feed. Please consider supporting us by making a donation today.

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#micaramel

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juniperpublishers-gjorm · 5 years ago

Text

A Study Towards Awareness and Corrective Measures of HIV/AIDS in North-Western Part of Nigeria Through Statistical Assessment

Authored by: Singh V V*

Introduction

HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) has affected many people in the world leading to their death since the early 1980s. The number of people affected by the virus continues to rise, and many attempts have been made to produce drugs/vaccine to control the virus, but up to now, a concrete solution has not been found.Nigeria has passed through several phases in her response to the AIDS epidemic. The stages included an initial period of denial, a large health sector response, and now a multi-sectoral response that focuses on prevention, treatment, and mitigation of impact interventions and divorces coordination and implementation as distinct response components. A central body is dedicated to leading and coordinating the response, while the various sectors, including civil society organizations (CSO), faith-based organizations and networks of people living with HIV and AIDS support groups focus on packaging and implementing interventions based on a national action plan[3,4].

The health response commenced with the setting up of an ad hoc National Expert Advisory Committee on AIDS (NEACA) in 1987. By 1988, the National AIDS and STDs Control Programme (NASCP) was formally established, with state counterparts set up after that to organize as well as to coordinate all HIV and AIDS activities at national and state levels. Federal Ministry of Health’s HIV & AIDS division and High-risk groups including brothel-based sex workers, non-brothel based sex workers, men having sex with men, injecting drug users, uniformed servicemen (Armed forces and Police) and transport workers, (Formerly known as NASCP) played a key role in developing guidelines on key interventions and monitoring of the epidemic. In 1997, the National Council on Health formally endorsed the multi-sectoral approach, and in 2000 the Federal Government of Nigeria commenced the implementation of this approach with the establishment of a Presidential Council on AIDS (PCA) and National Action Committee on AIDS (NACA).

NACA has been transformed from a committee to an agency and now called National Agency for the Control of AIDS (NACA), for effective coordination of the national multi-sectoral response to HIV & AIDS. An HIV & AIDS Emergency Action Plan (HEAP) was initiated in 2001 which ran through 2004. The partners involved in implementing the plan included governmental institutions, non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations, faith-based organizations and persons living with or affected by HIV and AIDS. As part of renewed efforts, Nigeria launched a revised HIV and AIDS policy and a five year (2004- 2008) National HIV and AIDS Behaviour Change Communication Strategy in 2003 and 2004, respectively[6-8].

The country also launched the Nigeria National Response Information Management System (NNRIMS) for HIV and AIDS (NACA, 2004).The NNRIMS has been reviewed, and an operational plan (2007 – 2010) has been developed. Failure of access to HIV & AIDS treatment and services by the people needing them has prompted a rapid scale-up of the national response and made it appropriate to align the NNRIMS framework with issues articulated in the National Strategic Framework (NSF) as well as in the Nigeria road map moving towards Universal Access (UA) for prevention, treatment and support. This is done in collaboration with donors and partner. The Federal Ministry of Health has recently undertaken an intensive review of health sector HIV and AIDS response and developed the Health Sector Strategic Plan. The HIV and AIDS National Strategic Framework for Action (2005-2009) was developed under the leadership of NACA to replace HEAP with the intention of significantly scaling up the anti-retroviral treatment programme. The country also completed a policy document titled “Plan to scale-up antiretroviral treatment for HIV and AIDS in Nigeria2005-2009” with the overarching goal of improving the survival, quality of life and productivity of people living with HIV and AIDS (PLWHAs) [9].

The Nigerian government has also continued to be pro-active in its efforts to confront the HIV scourge with its overarching strategy elaborated in the bottom-up, poly-stakeholder and multi-sectoral National Strategic Plan (NSP). The NSP is derived from the architecture of the National Strategic Framework 2010- 15 (NSF II) and has targets to halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV infection, as well as mitigate the impact of HIV & AIDS by 2015. With the condition that where appropriate, the targets of the NSP should be population-based, the Federal Government of Nigeria implicitly recognizes HIV care and treatment as national public health good.

HIV prevalence in Nigeria is high considering the huge population (about 170 million) and the rate is higher than that of sub - Saharan African estimate of 3.4% (PRB, 2012). About 3.5 million people in Nigeria are estimated to be living with HIV/ AIDS, and the estimated number of new infections and HIV/ AIDS-related deaths was 390,000 and 217,000 respectively in 2013 (General Population Survey, 2013).There is a slightly higher HIV prevalence in the rural areas (3.6%) than in the urban areas (3.2%). The distribution of the epidemic varies from region to region with the south-south zone (5.5%) and lowest in the south-east (1.8%). In Northeastern Nigeria where most of the people live in rural areas, the spread of HIV/AIDS causes includes sexual activities of adolescents and young adults polygamy and multiple sexualpartners, illiteracy, ignorance and poverty. According to Baker et al. [10], many research findings have shown that higher education level is associated with lower level of risk of being infected with HIV/AIDS.This study will attempt to find out are people of Northern Nigeria aware of HIV/ AIDS. The objective is to enlighten them so that the spread of the epidemic can be reduced among them[11].

Awareness of HIV/AIDS among Nigerians

Good health is basic to human welfare and is a fundamental objective of social and economic development. HIV & AIDS and poor reproductive health (RH) still constitute major challenges to health and development in Nigeria. Addressing health challenges starts with identifying the problems, their causes, and determinants.The health environment is ever changing and shaped by new science, information, policies and sociocultural forces.Thus, there is the need to actively continue the collection of reliable data on health knowledge, attitude and the magnitude of the HIV & AIDS epidemic[12]. This is necessary for us to improve our understanding of changing prevention needs, challenges and opportunities as well as stimulate appropriate public health action. This will ensure that on-going interventions and our future direction in policy formulation and programme development remain evidence-based. Scientific evidence must be incorporated into making management decisions, developing policies and implementing programmes to recognize and respond effectively to health problems.

Nigeria has undoubtedly made some progress over the years in containing and creating awareness on the scourge of HIV/ AIDS. Many lives have been saved through the awareness campaigns and provision and access to the antiretroviral (AVR) drugs for people living with HIV/AIDS. There are Federal and State agencies created and charged with the responsibilities of handling HIV/AIDS issues. (National Agency for the Control of Aids (NACA) and State Agencies for the Control of Aids (SACA).However, research shows that only a quarter of children living with HIV have access to antiretroviral therapy, and in some countries, coverage for children is half the coverage for adults[13,14].

Available statistics indicate that up to 50 percent of children living with HIV/AIDS may die before their second birthday and 80 percent before their fifth birthday due to lack of access. Research has also shown that more than three million children are living with HIV with nearly 90 percent of them in sub-Saharan Africa, even as efforts to reach children and adolescents living with HIV have not moved as fast as that of adults. However, many still live without knowing their status, even as stigmatization remains an issue.As part of efforts to raise the bar on HIV/AIDS awareness in the country, Humanity Family Foundation for Peace and Development (HUFFPED) in partnership with Lagos State AIDS Control Agency (LSACA) and ActionAid recently organized the international AIDS conference tagged: “Stepping up towards HIV-free Nigeria.”Experts, however, argue that there is need to increase awareness of HIV /AIDS and create the enabling environment that will give people living with HIV/AIDS a sense of belonging in the society, even as the government also needs to ensure the availability of the antiretroviral drugs to those that need them[15].

The significance of the study

This study is very significant because the outcome will give an idea on what to do on HIV/AIDS in northern Nigeria to reduce its infection. If the result shows a high percentage of awareness, public enlightenment should continue but if it is low, then enlightenment and counselling should be intensified, and standard medical facilities and qualified medical personnel should be deployed to these areas by the government and non-governmental organizations to control the spread of the epidemic.

Methodology

Study design

In this study, secondary data collected from the Federal ministry of health through National HIV & AIDS and Reproductive Health and Serological Survey (NARHS Plus) used. The survey is a cross-sectional study covering sampled individuals in North- Western Nigeria according to state.

Result

The results and analysis on awareness, knowledge of HIV/ AIDS, how it is spread, how it can be prevented, misconceptions about transmission and prevention of HIV and respondents’ assessmentof their risk of contracting HIV by states in North- Western Nigeria are presented in tables and chats for easy understanding and interpretation[16].

Respondents were asked whether they have heard of HIV/AIDS and thought there was a cure for it. The results are presented in Table 1 and Figure 1. Eighty-five percent (85%) of the respondents reported that they have heard of HIV/ AID and are aware of it and about Sixty-three percent (63%) reported that AIDS has no cure. Only about sixteen percent (16%) reported that AIDS does have a cure and about twentyone percent (21%) reported that they have not heard of AIDS. This proportion was highest among the respondents with higher educational attainment compared to those with no formal education but about the same proportion for females and males, as well as respondents from rural and urban areas.From the previous analysis which has shown that awareness about HIV/ AIDS is high in the whole of North-Western Nigeria, the analysis according to the states has also proved that with Kaduna state having the highest percentage of awareness. The results are presented in Table 2 and Figure 2 [17,18].

Respondents were asked whether they know how a person can get the virus that causes AIDS. The results are presented in Table 3 and Figure 3. About eighty percent (80%) reported that they know that it can be gotten through sexual intercourse, sixtytwo percent (62%) reported through blood transfusion. About forty-seven percent (47%) reported through mother to unborn child, and about seventy-one percent (71%) reported that it could be contracted through sharing of sharp objects like a razor. Sixty-four percent (64%) reported through sharing of needles. About forty-two percent (42%) of the respondents reported that they know of the all five ways that a person can contract the virus that causes AIDS. This proportion was highest among the respondents with higher educational attainment compared to those with no formal education but about the same proportion for females and males, as well as respondents from rural and urban areas[19,20].

Respondents were asked whether they know ways of preventing HIV infection. The results are presented in Table 4 and Figure 4. About seventy-four percent (74%) reported that they know that it can be prevented by staying with one uninfected partner. About thirty-eight percent (38%) reported that it could be prevented by using a condom every day. Fifty-nine percent (59%) reported that it could be prevented by abstaining from sex. About sixty-two percent (62%) reported it could be prevented by avoiding sex with commercial sex workers (CSW). Fifty-three percent (53%) reported that it could be prevented by reducing the a number of sexual partners. About Sixty percent (60%) reported that it could be prevented by avoiding sex with people with multiple sexual partners and about sixty-seven percent (67%) of the respondents reported that it could be prevented by avoiding sharing sharp objects. This proportion was highest among the respondents with higher educational attainment compared to those with no formal education.Respondents were asked about ways of transmitting HIV. Among the respondents interviewed about seventeen percent (17%) thought it could be transmitted by sharing toilets. About seventeen percent (17%) thought it could be transmitted by sharing utensils like a spoon, dish, plate, etc. and about seventeen percent (17%) thought it could be transmitted by mosquito bites and bed bugs. Only about ten percent (10%) thought it. The effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome(HIV/AIDS) global epidemic continue to emerge decades after the first wave of infection. One keyaspect of controlling the epidemic is by enlightening the general public on the epidemic. That ison how it can be contracted and controlled. Since the start of the epidemic many measures havebeen taken by government and non-governmental organizations to control the epidemic but still itcontinued to infect and kill many people[21,22].

The measures taken includes manufacturing antiretroviraldrugs and therapy, using of condoms and enlightment among others. Nigeria consist of thirty-six(36) states and the federal capital territory (FCT) Abuja, and these are grouped in to six geopoliticalzones. North-Western Nigeria consist of seven states (7) namely Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina,Kebbi, Sokoto and Zamfara with a total population of about thirty-five million (35m). Secondarydata from Federal Ministry of Health is used in finding out whether people of North-westernNigeria are aware of HIV/ AIDS? Statistical methods and techniques are used in analysing thedatacould be transmitted by witchcraft while about eighteen percent (18%) thought it could be transmitted by kissing. The percentages of misconception are low because a large number of those interviewed are aware of ways of transmitting the virus. The results are presented in Table 5 and Figure 5.

Respondents were asked about their risk of contracting HIV. Among the respondents interviewed about one percent (1%) have a high chance of contracting the virus and about thirty-one percent (31%) reported low chance. Fifty-one percent (51%) reported no risk at all, and less than one percent (0.4%) have aids while about seventeen percent (17%) no response[23]. The results are presented in Table 6 and Figure 6. The results have shown that most people are aware of HIV and are very careful not to be infected by the virus. Respondents were asked whether they have been counseled and tested for HIV. About fifty-one percent (51%) reported that they had been counseled while about thirty-five percent (35%) reported that they had been tested for HIV(Figure 7 and Table 7)[23].

Conclusion

This study finds that awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS are high among people of North-Western Nigeria. Virtually all the variables used in the analysis were significantly associated with awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS as shown in the tables and chats. Most people have heard of the virus, how it can be transmitted, avoided and prevented. This proportion was highest among the respondents with higher educational attainment compared to those with no formal education but about the same proportion for females and males, as well as respondents from rural and urban areas

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