#paper exporters from india

[seair]

The Expanding Role of India in the Global Paper Bag Market

Paper bags are an increasingly essential product used for various purposes, including gift wrapping, party favors, food packaging, and both retail and industrial packaging. As a sustainable alternative to plastic, paper bags have gained immense popularity worldwide, driven by a global movement towards eco-friendly choices. India, in particular, has emerged as a significant player in the paper bag industry, meeting both domestic and international demand.

This article delves into the factors behind the rising demand for paper bags, the production landscape in India, key export data, and India's position among the world’s top paper bag exporters.

Why Paper Bags Are in High Demand

The global demand for paper bags is anticipated to grow by 4.22% between 2024 and 2032, reaching a projected market value of $8.4 billion. This rising demand for paper bags is driven by several key factors:

Environmental Awareness: Consumers are increasingly seeking alternatives to plastic due to growing environmental concerns. Paper bags, being biodegradable and renewable, are seen as a preferred option.

Government Regulations: Many governments are enforcing regulations to reduce single-use plastics, promoting the shift to paper-based packaging.

Retail Growth: With the expansion of the retail industry, paper bags have become a staple in packaging for a wide array of products.

Advances in Production: Innovations in paper bag production technology have led to higher quality and increased efficiency, making them more accessible and affordable.

India’s Role in the Paper Bag Industry

India’s paper bag market reached a value of $727.4 million in 2023 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4%, potentially reaching $1.08 billion by 2032. Here are the major factors contributing to India’s prominence in paper bag production and export:

High Production Capacity: India produced approximately 3.5 billion paper bags in 2023 alone. With a 12.7 million metric tons production capacity, the country ranks 15th globally in paper bag production.

Regional Production Hubs: Over 750 paper mills are located across states like Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, and West Bengal. Other major contributors include Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh, which have emerged as notable hubs in India’s paper bag manufacturing sector.

India’s Paper Bag Export Market (2023-24)

India’s paper bag exports saw significant growth in recent years. From March 2023 to February 2024, India exported 37,289 shipments of paper bags, marking a 50% increase from the previous 12 months. In February 2024 alone, there were 3,036 export shipments. The United States, United Kingdom, and United Arab Emirates are the primary destinations for Indian paper bag exports.

In the fiscal year 2023, paper bag export from India were valued at approximately $3.04 billion, reflecting the country’s expanding role in the global market.

Key Paper Bag HS Codes for Export

In the world of exports, Harmonized System (HS) codes play a crucial role in identifying and classifying goods. Here are some prominent HS codes associated with paper bags:

4819 – This code covers various packaging containers made from paper, paperboard, cellulose wadding, or webs of cellulose.

48193000 – Sacks and bags with a base width of 40 cm or more.

48194000 – Other types of sacks and bags, including cones.

4707 – Recovered waste and scrap paper or paperboard, used in recycling and manufacturing.

For traders and exporters, understanding HS codes is essential for effective global trade.

Top Paper Bag Exporting Countries Worldwide

Globally, several countries contribute to the paper bag market, with China, the European Union, and Germany leading the pack. India ranks as the 10th largest exporter of paper bags, standing behind prominent countries like China and Germany. Here’s a quick look at some of the major exporters:

China - $2.08 billion

European Union - $626.97 million

Germany - $490.72 million

Italy - $464.39 million

Turkey - $213.4 million

Vietnam - $199.8 million

Japan - $167.6 million

United States - $166.96 million

Spain - $157.38 million

India - $155.05 million

While India is positioned well in the top 10, there remains room for growth to climb higher among the world’s leading paper bag exporters.

Paper Bag Importing Countries

As demand for sustainable packaging solutions grows, several countries are actively importing paper bags, creating potential export markets for India. Major importers include:

China: One of the largest importers as well as producers.

United States: With a strong emphasis on sustainable packaging, the U.S. remains a key importer.

Germany: High consumer awareness has led to increased demand.

France, United Kingdom, Italy: These European countries are also driving demand for eco-friendly packaging.

Emerging Markets: Other importers include countries like Sri Lanka, Kenya, Indonesia, Argentina, and various Latin American nations such as Colombia and Mexico.

These markets offer valuable opportunities for Indian exporters to expand their global footprint.

Leading Paper Bag Exporters in India

Several companies in India have successfully capitalized on the growing demand for paper bags. Key Indian paper bag exporters include:

Packman Packaging

Adeera Packaging

Pappco Greenware

A-1 Overseas

The Baxsaa

Vistaprint.in

Lathikasri Packaging

Eco Bags India

Max Packaging

Adept Industries

These companies are among the top paper bag exporters in India, helping the country solidify its position in the global market.

The Future of Paper Bag Exports from India

India’s paper bag export industry has shown remarkable growth and is projected to continue on an upward trajectory. This growth is largely driven by a global shift toward sustainability and increased environmental consciousness among consumers. By focusing on these trends, Indian exporters have the potential to strengthen their market share even further.

With insights from online import-export data providers, Indian companies can make informed decisions, identify key markets, and optimize their strategies to meet international demand. Access to the latest market trends and data allows paper bag exporters to streamline their operations and navigate the complexities of global trade effectively.

Final Thoughts

India’s growing role in the paper bag market presents exciting opportunities for businesses aiming to enter or expand in this sector. With competitive pricing, robust domestic demand, and an increasing commitment to sustainability, India is well-positioned to capitalize on the global demand for paper bags. By tackling industry challenges and exploring emerging markets, Indian exporters can continue to thrive and contribute significantly to the paper bag industry worldwide.

For the latest paper bag export data, HS codes, or to connect with leading Indian paper bag exporters, explore resources available through reliable import-export data providers. With the right insights, companies can make strategic moves and enhance their export potential.

[eximpedia1]

Exploring the Growth of Paper Cup Exports from India

Explore the latest insight on paper cup export from India. Analzye the major paper cup exporters, and HS code. Get actual paper cup export data instantly.

[exportimportdata-blogs]

How Is Paper Cup Export from India Driving Global Sustainability?

What Is Paper Cup Export from India?

Paper cup export from India involves the international trade of biodegradable and environmentally friendly paper cups manufactured in India. As more countries shift away from single-use plastic due to environmental concerns, paper cups have gained significant global traction as a sustainable alternative. India has emerged as a key player in this market, producing large quantities of high-quality paper cups for various uses, including food and beverage packaging. Paper cup exporters from India are leveraging this growing demand to contribute significantly to the global green packaging movement. In this article, we will explore the growth of paper cup export from India and the leading exporters shaping this market.

Why Is Paper Cup Export from India Growing?

The rapid rise in paper cup export from India can be attributed to several key factors that are driving global demand:

Environmental Awareness and Regulation: Nations across the globe are enforcing stricter regulations on plastic use, pushing businesses to adopt eco-friendly alternatives like paper cups. Countries such as the United States, United Kingdom, and many in the European Union have embraced sustainable solutions, creating opportunities for Indian paper cup exporters to meet their needs.

Cost-Effective Production: India has access to affordable raw materials and a large skilled labor force, enabling the production of paper cups at competitive prices. This cost advantage positions Indian manufacturers ahead in the global market for eco-friendly products.

Government Support: Indian authorities are encouraging the export of environmentally sustainable products by offering financial incentives and promoting eco-friendly manufacturing practices. This is boosting the growth of the paper cup export industry in India.

With these factors at play, paper cup exporters from India are well-positioned to meet the rising global demand for sustainable packaging solutions.

What Does Paper Cup Export Data from India Reveal?

Paper cup export data from India provides valuable insights into how the industry has developed over recent years. Here are some key findings:

Increasing Export Volumes: India has seen consistent growth in the export of paper cups, with millions of units being shipped to international markets every year. The rise in environmental awareness has contributed to the surge in demand for eco-friendly alternatives.

Top Export Destinations: The paper cup export data reveals that the major importers of Indian paper cups include the United States, the United Kingdom, the UAE, and Australia. These countries have strict regulations on plastic usage and are proactively switching to sustainable products.

Revenue Growth: The value of paper cup exports from India has increased substantially, reflecting the higher demand and the premium consumers are willing to pay for environmentally friendly products.

This export data underscores the growing importance of India in the global paper cup market.

Who Are the Leading Paper Cup Exporters from India?

Several key players in the Indian market are driving the paper cup export industry by meeting international standards and growing demand. Some of the prominent paper cup exporters from India include:

Swan International: Based in Tamil Nadu, Swan International is a well-known manufacturer and exporter of paper cups, specializing in supplying both hot and cold beverage cups. Their high production capacity allows them to cater to markets across Europe and North America.

Pappco Greenware: This company is focused on producing eco-friendly disposable tableware, including paper cups. Known for their emphasis on sustainability, Pappco Greenware exports paper cups to countries in Europe, the Middle East, and Australia.

Green Earth Paper Products: Green Earth is another significant name in India’s paper cup export industry. Their extensive range of paper cup products meets the needs of various sectors, including food service and hospitality.

These companies represent the growing network of paper cup exporters in India who are contributing to sustainable global trade.

Also Read- How to Find Buyers in International Market: Proven Ways to Export from India

How Does India Compare to Other Paper Cup Exporting Countries?

While India is a leading exporter of paper cups, it competes with other countries that also specialize in the production of sustainable packaging. Key competitors include:

China: China is the largest producer of paper cups and exports a significant portion globally. However, concerns over environmental regulations in China have pushed many companies to source paper cups from more sustainable regions like India.

United States: Although the U.S. imports paper cups, it is also a producer and exporter of high-quality paper cups, particularly in the domestic market. Indian exporters often find opportunities in markets where American manufacturers cannot meet the volume or cost efficiency required.

Germany: Germany is known for its focus on sustainable and eco-friendly packaging. It competes with Indian exporters, especially in European markets, where sustainability is a top concern.

Despite the competition, Indian paper cup exporters have a competitive edge due to their lower production costs and commitment to sustainability.

What Are the Environmental Benefits of Paper Cup Export from India?

The environmental benefits of paper cup export from India are significant, contributing to a global shift towards more sustainable packaging. Some key benefits include:

Reduction in Plastic Waste: Paper cups are biodegradable, reducing the impact of plastic waste in landfills and oceans. By exporting paper cups, India is helping other countries move away from plastic usage.

Sustainability in Production: Many paper cup exporters in India are committed to using sustainable practices, such as sourcing materials from responsibly managed forests and using water-based inks that are less harmful to the environment.

Promoting Recycling: Indian manufacturers are producing recyclable paper cups that can be processed and reused, further minimizing their environmental footprint.

These environmental advantages make India a crucial player in the global efforts to promote eco-friendly packaging solutions.

What Are the Challenges Faced by Paper Cup Exporters from India?

While paper cup export from India is growing, there are challenges that paper cup exporters must navigate:

Maintaining Quality Standards: Exporters must ensure that their products meet stringent international standards, such as those set by the FDA in the United States and the European Union’s packaging regulations.

Raw Material Price Fluctuations: The cost of raw materials like food-grade paper can fluctuate, affecting pricing and profit margins for paper cup exporters in India.

Logistics and Supply Chain Management: Ensuring the timely delivery of large quantities of paper cups to international markets requires an efficient supply chain. Disruptions in logistics can impact the reliability of Indian exporters.

Addressing these challenges is essential for the continued success and growth of India’s paper cup export industry.

What Are the Growth Opportunities for Paper Cup Exporters from India?

Despite challenges, the future of paper cup export from India is bright, with several promising opportunities for growth:

Expanding into New Markets: While the United States and Europe are key markets, emerging markets in Southeast Asia, Africa, and Latin America are beginning to prioritize sustainability, offering new opportunities for Indian paper cup exporters.

Innovations in Sustainable Packaging: Many Indian exporters are experimenting with innovations such as plant-based linings for paper cups and fully compostable materials, which could increase demand in eco-conscious regions.

Customization for International Markets: Offering customized paper cups, such as branding for businesses and personalized designs for events, can help Indian exporters appeal to niche markets and expand their customer base.

By seizing these growth opportunities, paper cup exporters from India can strengthen their position in the global market.

Conclusion: How Is Paper Cup Export from India Driving Global Sustainability?

Paper cup export from India plays a pivotal role in promoting sustainability and reducing plastic waste in global markets. With its cost-effective production capabilities and focus on eco-friendly manufacturing practices, India has become a major player in the global paper cup industry. Paper cup exporters from India are meeting growing international demand while contributing to the global shift towards environmentally responsible packaging solutions. As the industry continues to evolve, Indian paper cup exporters are well-positioned to lead the way in providing sustainable, high-quality products to businesses and consumers worldwide.

Recents Blog- How India Became a Global Leader in Diamond Export: Key Factors Explained

Spirulina Export from India: A Complete Guide for Exporters

Pomegranate Export from India: A Growing Market with Promising Potential

[exportimportdata3]

Exploring international markets, Paper Cup export opportunities. Discover lucrative opportunities in the eco-friendly paper cup market, including key exporters from India and updated HS codes. Stay informed and seize growth prospects in this dynamic industry.

[anamseair]

https://www.seair.co.in/blog/exploring-the-global-trends-in-paper-cup-export-and-demand.aspx

Discover the latest trends in paper cup export data and demand worldwide with Seair Exim Solutions. Stay informed about the global market dynamics and seize opportunities for growth in the paper cup industry.

[archiesprintpack]

Want to take your bakery business to a next level? Check out the most vibrant and multi-utility Bakery Paper Bags collection at Archies Print Pack. As the biggest manufacturer and wholesale supplier in the industry, we offer Bakery Paper Bags compatible with all your bakery products. Place your orders without delay! Reach out to us at +91-888-210-6746

[nyupreservation]

Preserving Leaf Paintings in an Anglo-Indian Commonplace Book, 1822-1825

Hello, I’m Alexa Machnik, a third-year graduate student at the Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts, NYU. I first came to the Barbara Goldsmith Preservation & Conservation Department in Fall 2022 as a student in the graduate course, Conservation in Context, taught by Laura McCann, Director of Preservation. During this course, we delved into the world of library conservation, exploring the value systems that guide preservation decision-making and treatment action in academic research libraries. One of my class projects involved rehousing delicate leaf paintings from an early 19th-century commonplace book, or friendship album, part of the Fales Library holdings in the Special Collections at NYU Libraries (figs. 1-2) [1]. In honor of Preservation Week, I will share the intriguing history of the book and discuss the decisions that were made to preserve the leaves.

Figure 1 [left]: Front cover of the commonplace book, bound in gold-tooled red morocco leather.   Figure 2 [right]: Ownership label of “Jane Harriet [Blechynden]” on front marbled pastedown.

The book in question was compiled by Jane Harriet Blechynden (1806-1827) in England between 1822 and 1825. It holds her personal collection of handwritten and acquired materials, with contributions from her sisters, Emma and Sarah, who wrote original poems about sisterhood, separation, and their Anglo-Indian ancestry. The three women were the daughters of a British merchant residing in Calcutta, and while born in India, they were educated in England [2]. There is not a great deal known about Jane Harriet’s life in England, but her impending return to India in 1825 is documented in an emotional verse by Emma (fig. 3):

“Thus in parting my sister we’re breaking a link / Which may ne’er be united again / And firm as that chain was ‘tis painful to think / That absence may send it twain.”

Figure 3: Excerpt from the original poem, “Parting and a Meeting,” signed by Emma.

Jane Harriet’s book offers insights into her personhood, social connections, and sensibilities as an artist and collector. In addition to written entries, she inserted a compendium of acquired materials–pressed flowers, her own original drawings, and numerous paintings–between pages of the book (figs. 4-6).

Figures 4-6 [left to right]: A small sampling of the ephemeral treasures found in the book, including a dried pressed flower, a drawing on pith possibly by Jane Harriet, and a cut-paper silhouette.

Notably, six of these paintings are executed on the dried leaves of the Bodhi tree, a sacred plant indigenous to Asia with distinct spade-shaped, long-tipped leaves (fig. 7) [3]. Although leaf painting has origins in Buddhist traditions, by the time Jane Harriet collected her leaf paintings, it had already evolved into a form of Chinese export art in Europe. Her leaves depict secular scenes of contemporary life in China and botanical subjects, which are typical of the export genre (fig. 8). Their inclusion in the book implies that Jane was among the many people who partook in the avid collecting of China trade goods during the first few decades of the 19th century, a time when European fascination for Chinese culture and art was at its peak. 

Figure 7: A leaf painting, as found loose in the book and partially lifted to show the thin, translucent nature of the leaf support.

Figure 8: Another leaf painting from the book, oriented with the leaf tip at the bottom of the image, depicting flowers and a butterfly.

The initial rush of excitement that I felt at finding the leaf paintings soon turned to concern as I gave thought to their long-term preservation at NYU Libraries, where researchers are expected to handle the book. The leaf paintings were loose in between the pages, which raised a series of “what ifs” about the potential dangers they could encounter. What if the leaves slip from the book? What if they bend or break as the pages are turned? What if the painted surfaces become abraded? The paintings were made with opaque pigment-based watercolors on exceptionally delicate, skeletonized leaves that have been primed with a thin organic coating. Despite being intact, their inherent fragility means that they are vulnerable to even the slightest touch. After considerable discussion, the Conservation Unit decided that in order for the leaf paintings to be preserved and safely accessed by researchers, they should be housed separately from the book. 

I thoroughly examined the condition of the leaves and the painted surfaces in order to make a housing recommendation. Despite some minor damage, all were in stable condition. Thus, the ideal housing would provide support to prevent any further damage, such as paint loss and leaf breakage, and at the same time allow the leaves to maintain their translucency. To achieve this, I opted to mount them in double-sided window mats with a support made from clear polyester film, or Mylar® [4]. The addition of the Mylar® would not only create a stable surface for the leaf paintings but also enable the viewing of both sides (fig. 9).

Figure 9: View of the double-sided window mat with a Mylar® support.

My next challenge was to figure out how to mount the leaves onto the Mylar® support without the use of adhesive [5]. After consulting with conservation staff and creating mock-ups, short, discreet Mylar® tabs were selected as the best option to secure them into place (figs. 10-11). For this process, I positioned a single leaf painting onto the support and selectively placed the tabs around its perimeter, making sure the tabs did not overlap any areas of paint. I then used a handheld spot-welding pen to fuse the tabs to the support. Since this process was done in-situ, near the leaf, it required lots of precision practice and encouragement from colleagues before I felt confident enough for the task.

Figure 10: Detail of a mounted leaf painting. Notice that the Mylar® tabs are welded just outside the leaf and extend minimally over the edges, holding it in place with gentle pressure.

Figure 11: The backside of a mounted leaf painting viewed through the Mylar® support. This gives researchers access to the painting’s verso, where an underdrawing and other signs of artistic process can be discerned.

At the time of writing this post, I successfully housed the six leaf paintings in their double-sided window mats (figs. 12-13). This housing project, while complete, is just one part of the ongoing effort to preserve the commonplace book, and the Conservation Unit is continuing work on other elements of the book to ensure its safe return to Special Collections.

Figure 12: Example of the completed housing, showing the front of a leaf painting.

Figure 13: Back of a leaf painting.

Though my involvement in the project has come to an end, I have gained a very special appreciation for the commonplace book and the preservation challenges it presents. The experience of learning directly from NYU Libraries Special Collections was especially invaluable, providing me with opportunities to participate in complex decision-making processes unique to large research libraries driven by user needs. Before signing off, I’d like to extend my gratitude to my supervisors, Laura McCann, Director, and Lindsey Tyne, Conservation Librarian, and the entire team at the Barbara Goldsmith Conservation Lab for their unwavering support and enthusiasm throughout this project. Thank you all very much!

Notes:

[1] A commonplace book is a centralized place for an individual to record information, whether it be their personal thoughts or quotes from outside literary sources. Friendship albums, by contrast, contain handwritten entries from the family, friends, or acquaintances of the owner (often female). Both forms of commonplacing sustained popularity in Europe and America throughout the 19th century. To learn more about this fascinating literary genre, see Jenifer Blouin, “Eternal Perspectives in Nineteenth-Century Friendship Albums,” The Hilltop Review, Vol. 9, Issue 1 (2016) and Victoria E. Burke, “Recent Studies in Commonplace Books,” English Literary Renaissance, Vol. 43, No. 1 (2013), 153-177.

[2] Much of what is known about Jane Harriet (also known in her family as Harriet) comes from the Blechynden papers in the British Library (Add. Mss. 45578-663). This large holding contains the diaries of her father, Richard (Add. Mss. 45581-653), and older brother, Arthur (Add. Mss. 45654-61). For a secondary account of the Blechynden household, see Peter Robb, Sentiment and Self: Richard Blechynden’s Calcutta Diaries, 1791-1822 (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011).

[3] Michele Matteini, “Written on a Bodhi tree leaf,” Anthropology and Aesthetics, Vol. 75-76 (2021), 45-58. 

[4] The design of the double-sided mats is based on an instructional guide made available by the Library of Congress. “Double-Sided Mat,” Library of Congress, accessed 1 February 2023. 

[5] We chose not to use adhesives or traditional paper-hinging techniques to mount the leaf paintings for several reasons. As noted, the paintings are on fragile, non-paper-based supports that have an organic coating, which may be derived from plant gum. The leaf supports are thin, translucent, and highly vulnerable to breakage, so applying hinges directly with adhesive might permanently alter their appearance or risk further damage to the leaves over time, especially if they need to be removed from the housing in the future.

Photographs: Alexa Machnik

[whencyclopedia]

Silk in Antiquity

Silk is a fabric first produced in Neolithic China from the filaments of the cocoon of the silk worm. It became a staple source of income for small farmers and, as weaving techniques improved, the reputation of Chinese silk spread so that it became highly desired across the empires of the ancient world. As China's most important export for much of its history, the material gave its name to the great trading network the Silk Road, which connected East Asia to Europe, India, and Africa. Not only used to make fine clothes, silk was used for fans, wall hangings, banners, and as a popular alternative to paper for writers and artists.

Origins & Cultivation

Silk is produced by silk worms (Bombyx mori) to form the cocoon within which the larvae develop. A single specimen is capable of producing a 0.025 mm thick thread over 900 metres (3,000 ft) long. Several such filaments are then twisted together to make a thread thick enough to be used to weave material. Fabrics were created using looms, and treadle-operated versions appear in, for example, the murals in tombs of the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE). The silk could be dyed and painted using such minerals and natural materials as cinnabar, red ochre, powdered silver, powdered clam shells, and indigo and other inks extracted from vegetable matter.

Sericulture - that is the cultivation of mulberry leaves, the tending of silkworms, the gathering of threads from their cocoons and the weaving of silk - first appears in the archaeological record of ancient China c. 3600 BCE. Excavations at Hemudu in Zhejiang province have revealed Neolithic tools for weaving and silk gauze. The earliest known examples of woven silk date to c. 2700 BCE and come from the site of Qianshanyang, also in Zhejiang. Recent archaeological evidence suggests that the Indus Valley civilization in the north of the Indian subcontinent was also making silk contemporary with the Neolithic Chinese. They used the Antheraea moth to produce silk threads for weaving.

However, silk production on a large scale and involving more sophisticated weaving techniques would only appear from the Chinese Shang and Zhou dynasties in the 2nd millennium BCE. Silk then became one of the most important manufactured and traded goods in ancient China, and finds of Shang dynasty (c. 1600 - 1046 BCE) silk in an Egyptian tomb are testimony to its esteemed value and use in early international trade.

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[southeastasianists]

The divine blend of spices needed to make curry first reached Southeast Asia about 2,000 years ago, when the region began trading with the Indian subcontinent, according to an analysis of ancient spice residue.

The new project analyzed 12 different spice grinding tools unearthed at the ancient trading port of Oc Eo, in modern-day Vietnam, by washing them with water and chemicals. This produced hundreds of tiny fragments that the researchers painstakingly identified (to a reasonable degree of certitude) under a microscope. The results sounded like a shopping list for making curry: turmeric, ginger, fingerroot, sand ginger, galangal, clove, nutmeg and cinnamon.

“These spices are indispensable ingredients used in the making of curry in South Asia today,” the paper says.

Ancient Trading Spices

Where did all these spices comes from?

They could have come from the surrounding countryside. Farmers in Southeast Asia made many of these crops themselves, and if not, they could have imported the seeds and gotten started.

On the other hand, the turmeric could have easily come from India, where use of the spice dates back thousands of years. And the ginger and cloves may have come from India as well, or maybe China.

Cinnamon was widely traded at the time and may have come all the way from Israel.

The galangal, fingerroot and sand ginger are native to Southeast Asia and could easily have come from nearby soils. These more specialized spices are still used in the region’s curry paste.

Footed Grinding Slabs

As a testament to the spice trade’s popularity, the spice grinders made up the majority of the stone tools recovered from Oc Eo and another, nearby city called Angkor Borei. The original archaeological dig at Oc Eo found numerous footed grinding slabs, which look like little stone workbenches for grinding spices – which is what they likely were. Versions of these slabs are still sometimes used in the traditional preparation of curry.

The largest slab recovered measured 2.5 feet by 1 foot. Researchers found it buried not far from a piece of charcoal that dated to about A.D. 250, which hinted at when curry first made its way to the area.

Oc Eo

At that time, the city would have been not just importing and exporting goods but making them as well, according to the paper. Residents raised religious monuments and shaped metal tools, glass jewelry and pottery.

All the while, they would have worked to trade and process many different spices. Archaeologists working there even found an intact nut that dated to about A.D. 200, and it still “yielded a nutmeg aroma,” the paper says.

Now part of Vietnam, Oc Eo once belonged to the ancient kingdom of Funan, which maintained a base of power further up the Mekong River.

In Oc Eo, culture prospered between the first and eighth centuries, during the latter years of the Iron Age. As the site’s ancient canals filled with ships, Buddhism and Hinduism left their own marks on the sprawling complex, including a possible contribution to curry cooking. The need to dye the Buddhist monks’ robes yellow may have first prompted Oc Eo to import turmeric, the paper says.

[tubetrading]

Understanding Transformer Bushings:  Types, Functions, and Importance

Transformer bushings are essential components in electrical transformers, providing safe insulation for conductors as they pass through grounded transformer cases.  Despite being often overlooked, bushings play a critical role in maintaining the efficiency and safety of power distribution systems.  As one of the leading transformer bushings connectors manufacturers in India, Radiant Enterprises has extensive expertise in the manufacturing, export, and distribution of these vital components.  In this blog, we will explore the different types of transformer bushings, their functions, and their significance in power systems, while addressing key industry keywords such as transformer bushing manufacturers in India and transformer bushing imports.

What are Transformer Bushings?

A transformer bushing is an insulated structure that allows an electrical conductor to safely pass through a grounded barrier, like the wall of a transformer or circuit breaker.  The primary function of a transformer bushing is to insulate the high-voltage conductor from the grounded parts of the transformer, enabling safe and efficient electrical transmission.  Bushings must withstand high voltages and electrical stress while preventing electrical breakdown.

The importance of using high-quality bushings cannot be overstated, as any failure can lead to significant damage, operational downtime, and safety hazards.  That is why leading transformer bushing manufacturers in India prioritize the development of durable, high-performance bushings that meet global safety and operational standards.

Types of Transformer Bushings

Transformer bushings come in various designs, each suited for specific applications. Below are the main types of transformer bushings:

1. Oil-Impregnated Paper (OIP) Bushings

Oil-impregnated paper bushings are one of the most common types of transformer bushings used in high-voltage transformers.  They consist of layers of insulation paper impregnated with mineral oil, providing excellent dielectric properties.  The oil helps dissipate heat and enhances the insulation performance, making OIP bushings ideal for outdoor and high-voltage applications.

However, OIP bushings are susceptible to moisture ingress, which can degrade their performance over time.  Proper maintenance and regular monitoring are essential to ensure their longevity and reliability.  Transformer bushing manufacturers in India like Radiant Enterprises offer high-quality OIP bushings that meet international standards and ensure optimal performance in the most demanding environments.

2. Resin-Bonded Paper (RBP) Bushings

Resin-bonded paper bushings are similar to OIP bushings, but instead of oil, the insulation paper is bonded with a resin.  This makes RBP bushings more resistant to moisture and provides them with better mechanical strength.  They are typically used in medium-voltage applications where exposure to harsh environmental conditions is not as severe as in high-voltage applications.

Although RBP bushings offer some advantages in terms of moisture resistance and mechanical strength, they tend to have lower dielectric strength than OIP bushings.  Nevertheless, they are a reliable choice for specific transformer applications where medium-voltage bushings are required.

3. Resin-Impregnated Paper (RIP) Bushings

Resin-impregnated paper bushings are a modern alternative to traditional OIP bushings.  In this type of bushing, the paper insulation is impregnated with resin and vacuum-sealed to ensure minimal moisture content.  RIP bushings offer superior dielectric properties, are resistant to moisture, and require less maintenance compared to OIP bushings.

RIP bushings are gaining popularity for use in power transformers due to their durability and reduced maintenance requirements.  They are widely preferred for both outdoor and indoor installations.  As one of the leading transformer bushing manufacturers in India, Radiant Enterprises offers a wide range of RIP bushings that provide enhanced safety and performance in modern power systems.

4. Capacitive-Graded Bushings

Capacitive-graded bushings are designed to distribute the electric field uniformly along the bushing, reducing the stress on the insulation materials.  They are commonly used in high-voltage applications and can be manufactured using a combination of paper, oil, or resin-based insulation systems.

These bushings are particularly effective in minimizing dielectric losses and ensuring long-term reliability in power transformers.  Capacitive grading also helps to manage the electrical stress along the bushing surface, preventing partial discharge and electrical breakdowns.  Exporters and transformer bushing manufacturers in India are increasingly focusing on capacitive-graded designs to meet the growing demand for reliable, high-performance transformer bushings in the global market.

Functions of Transformer Bushings

Transformer bushings are critical for ensuring the safety and efficiency of power distribution systems. Below are some of their key functions:

1.         Insulation

The primary function of a transformer bushing is to insulate the high-voltage conductor from the grounded transformer body or other equipment. This prevents electrical arcing, short circuits, and system failures, ensuring the safe transmission of electricity through the transformer.

2.         Electrical Conduction

Transformer bushings also play a role in allowing the conductor to pass through the transformer housing or barrier without losing electrical efficiency. High-quality bushings help to maintain electrical continuity while minimizing losses during transmission.

3.         Heat Dissipation

Transformer bushings, particularly OIP and RIP bushings, assist in dissipating heat generated during electrical transmission.  This is critical to maintaining the temperature within the safe operating limits of the transformer, ensuring optimal performance and preventing overheating.

4.         Voltage Grading

In high-voltage transformers, bushings also serve the purpose of voltage grading. By evenly distributing the voltage stress along the length of the bushing, they help prevent electrical breakdown, prolonging the lifespan of the transformer and reducing the risk of system failure.

Importance of High-Quality Transformer Bushings

Choosing high-quality transformer bushings is essential for the safe and reliable operation of power systems.  Low-quality or faulty bushings can lead to serious issues such as electrical breakdowns, transformer failure, and even catastrophic accidents.  As one of the leading transformer bushings connectors manufacturers in India, Radiant Enterprises understands the critical importance of designing and manufacturing bushings that meet the highest standards of quality and reliability.

Below are some reasons why investing in high-quality transformer bushings is crucial:

1.         Enhanced Safety

Faulty bushings can result in electrical arcing, short circuits, and fire hazards. High-quality bushings are designed to withstand high voltage and electrical stress, ensuring the safety of the transformer and its surrounding environment.

2.         Improved Transformer Longevity

Transformer bushings are integral to the overall health of a transformer.  High-quality bushings reduce the risk of electrical failures, helping to extend the lifespan of the transformer and minimize downtime for repairs or replacements.

3.         Energy Efficiency

Efficient bushings reduce electrical losses during transmission, ensuring that the transformer operates at optimal efficiency.  This not only improves the performance of the power distribution system but also reduces energy costs in the long run.

4.         Compliance with International Standards

High-quality transformer bushings must comply with international safety and performance standards, ensuring their suitability for use in diverse applications and environments.  As a leading transformer bushing manufacturer in India, Radiant Enterprises ensures that all of its products meet or exceed global standards.

Transformer Bushing Exports and Distribution in India

India has emerged as a key player in the global transformer bushing market, with a robust manufacturing base and a strong focus on exports.  Transformer bushing exports and distribution in India have grown steadily over the past decade, thanks to the country's focus on quality manufacturing and adherence to international standards.

At Radiant Enterprises, we are proud to be one of the top transformer bushing manufacturers in India, offering a wide range of high-performance bushings for export to international markets.  Our products are trusted by power utilities and industries worldwide, thanks to our commitment to quality, innovation, and customer satisfaction.

India also imports certain specialized transformer bushings to meet the demand for specific applications that require advanced technologies not readily available domestically.  Transformer bushing imports complement the country's own manufacturing capabilities, ensuring that Indian industries have access to the best solutions for their needs.

Conclusion

Transformer bushings are vital components that ensure the safe and efficient operation of power transformers.  From oil-impregnated paper to resin-impregnated designs, the variety of bushing types allows for customized solutions to meet the demands of different voltage levels and operating environments.  As a leader in transformer bushing exports and distribution in India, Radiant Enterprises provides high-quality, durable, and efficient bushings that support the energy needs of industries worldwide.

For reliable, cutting-edge transformer bushings, trust Radiant Enterprises – one of the top transformer bushing manufacturers in India.  Our products are designed to meet the highest standards of quality and performance, ensuring the safety and longevity of your electrical systems.

[beardedmrbean]

China, China, China. Scarcely a day passes without some new scare story about China. The Middle Kingdom was struggling with its image overseas long before Covid, but the pandemic cemented attitudes in the West. Ever since, and with plenty of justification, its every move has been regarded with growing “reds under the bed” paranoia. The feeling is mutual.

The mood has darkened further in the past week. British democracy is under threat from Chinese cyber attacks, the Deputy Prime Minister, Oliver Dowden, told MPs this week in imposing sanctions on a number of Chinese officials. If that’s what standing up to China means these days then the central committee doesn’t have a lot to worry about.

Rather more seriously, the US and Japan are meanwhile planning the biggest upgrade to their security alliance since the mutual defence treaty of 1960.

Not to be outdone by the US ban on exports of hi-tech chips to China, Beijing responded this week by saying it will be phasing out even the low-tech variety on all government computers and servers, replacing foreign chips with its own home-grown ones.

And then of course, there is China’s de facto alliance with Vladimir Putin’s Russia, forming a new axis of authoritarian powers with an overtly anti-Western agenda. The rupture with the West seems virtually complete.

Years of integration into the global economy, in the hope that it might make China more like us, have backfired and are now going powerfully into reverse.

But does the nature of the threat fully justify all the noise which is made about it? In military terms, possibly, even if China plainly poses no direct threat to Europe, and unlike Putin, has no plans to lay claim to any part of it.

It does, however, pose a clear and present danger to Taiwan, where President Xi Jinping would plainly like to crush the life out of this vibrant, free enterprise economy in the same way as he has in Hong Kong. His rhetoric is bellicose and hostile, and we must therefore assume he means what he says.

In economic terms, however, the China threat is receding fast. After decades of stellar growth, China’s medium to long-term economic prospects are at best mediocre and at worst grimly dispiriting.

Now gone almost entirely is the idea of China as an unstoppable economic leviathan that will inevitably eclipse the US and Europe. Already it is obvious that this is not going to be the Chinese century once so widely forecast. Instead, Western commerce is looking increasingly to India as the economic superpower of the future.

Nor is this just because of the immediate causes of China’s economic slowdown – a woefully unbalanced economy which in recent years has relied for its growth substantially on debt-fuelled property development.

For China is indeed, to use the old cliche, getting old before it gets rich. Demographic factors alone are highly likely to floor President Xi’s grandiose ambitions for economic hegemony before they can be realised.

The fundamentals of China’s predicament, in other words, do not support the narrative of democracy under threat from an insurgent totalitarian rival.

There’s been a lot in the papers about demographics over the last week following a new study, published in the Lancet, on declining fertility rates. At some stage in the next 60 years, the global population will peak, and then fast start contracting.

The birth rate is projected to fall below population replacement levels in around three-quarters of countries by 2050, with only a handful of mainly Sub-Saharan nations still producing enough babies to ensure expanding populations by 2100.

In China, however, it has already started, with the population falling in 2022 for the first time since the Great Famine of 1959-61. This wasn’t just a one-off blip: last year deaths continued to significantly outnumber births.

There may be a slight pause in the decline this year. Some couples may have delayed their plans for children in anticipation of the Year of the Dragon, synonymous in Chinese mythology with good fortune.

Any relief will be only temporary. According to projections by the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences, which correctly forecast the onset of Chinese population decline, it’ll essentially be all downhill from here on in, with the population more than halving between now and the turn of the century.

This is a huge fall, with far-reaching implications for economic development and China’s superpower ambitions. What’s more, there is almost nothing the Chinese leadership can do about it, beyond imprisoning China’s fast-declining cohort of women of child-bearing age and forcing them to breed.

Across much of the developed world and beyond, the birth rate has long since declined below the 2.1 offspring per woman generally thought to be the level required to maintain the population. But thanks to its dictatorial one-child policy introduced in 1980 to curb China’s then almost ruinous birth rate, China has a particularly acute version of it.

China abandoned the one-child policy – limiting urban dwellers to one child per family and most rural inhabitants to two – in favour of a “three-child” policy in 2016, but too late.

Even if women of child-bearing age could be persuaded to have more babies, there are simply not enough of them any longer even to maintain today’s population, let alone increase it.

The one-child policy may have perversely further accentuated this deficiency because of the Chinese preference for male offspring over female, though most studies on this are inconclusive.

In any case, China finds itself classically caught in a “low-fertility trap”, the point of no return, where precipitous population decline becomes inevitable.

The implications are as startling as the statistics themselves. The Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences forecasts that the working-age population will fall to 210 million by 2100, having peaked in 2014, and the ratio of working-age citizens to notionally non-working from 100 to 21 today, to 100 to 137 at the turn of the century.

One thing we know about ageing populations is they like life to be as comfortable and settled as possible. They also don’t like fighting wars, which have historically required a surplus of testosterone-fuelled young men desperate to prove themselves on the battlefield.

The turn of the century is of course still a long way off; there is easily enough time for several wars in between. The nature of warfare has also changed. It no longer requires the bravery of the young.

Even so, totalitarian dictatorships may well struggle with selling the multiple other hardships of war to an elderly population. Putin may seem to disprove this observation, but in doing so he is also demonstrating anew the futility of expansionist warfare. They make a desert, and call it peace.

A couple of other points seem worth making about our propensity to exaggerate the Chinese threat. Anyone would think that China is already a dominant force in the UK economy. It is not; in fact it is still only our fifth-largest trading partner after the US, Germany, the Netherlands and France. Even on imports alone it’s not as big as the US and Germany.

Whether because of the growing diplomatic standoff or other factors, moreover, this position is eroding. The size of trade with China fell last year. The same is true of direct investment by China in the UK economy, which was just 0.3pc of total foreign direct investment in 2021.

We worry about China’s imagined ability to close down our critical infrastructure, but should that really be allowed to influence decisions on whether the Chinese battery company EVE should be building a new gigawatt factory at Coventry Airport, or for that matter whether super-tariffs should be charged on Chinese EVs?

Should they exist at all, these risks can surely be managed. In any case, no nation that hopes to trade with others would deliberately turn the lights off, even if it could. In over-reacting to the Chinese threat, we only shoot ourselves in the foot.

China has lied, copied, stolen and cheated its way up the economic league tables, but ultimately it is a closed economy which increasingly repudiates foreign influence and thereby severely limits its own powers of innovation.

The danger is that now at the peak of its powers, it hubristically lashes out. But in the medium to long term, the demographic die is cast, and it spells a future of waning influence and economic heft.

[seair]

Rise of Paper Bag Export from India: A Global Market Leader

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[beemawala]

What is Commercial Inland Marine Insurance?

– Provides 24/7, 365-day coverage.

– Safeguards businesses involved in importing, exporting, or transporting goods within India.

– Covers goods in transit via various modes, including road, rail, and air.

– Protects against potential damage, loss, accidents, and perils during operations

Key Benefits in a Nutshell

– Extensive coverage for various risks.

– Damage due to accidents, theft, natural disasters, and fire incidents included.

– General expenses like contributions to general average, salvage costs, and sue and labour expenses covered.

– Protection against liabilities arising from collisions, contact with other vessels, or property damage.

– Coverage for delays in transit, quarantine compensation, temperature-controlled cargo, and more.

Who Needs Commercial Inland Marine Insurance?

– Essential for importers, exporters, manufacturers, distributors, and businesses involved in goods transportation.

– Beneficial for those dealing with valuable items.

The Crucial Coverage – Explained

– Comprehensive coverage for goods in transit via various modes.

– Includes protection for damage due to accidents, theft, natural disasters, and fire incidents.

Standard Coverage under Marine Insurance Policy:

1. Accident Cover : This covers damage to cargo due to accidents during transportation.

2. Theft Cover: This covers the loss of cargo due to theft or pilferage.

3. Natural Disaster:This covers damage caused by natural disasters such as storms, floods, or earthquakes.

4. Fire Accident Cover: It provides coverage for losses resulting from fire incidents during transit.

5. General Expenses Cover:This covers general average contributions, salvage, and sue and labor expenses.

6. Liability Cover: It offers protection against liabilities arising from collisions, contact with other vessels, or property damage.

7. Delay in Transit Cover:This provides coverage for delays in transit that lead to financial losses.

8. Quarantine Compensation:This offers compensation for expenses incurred due to vessel detention or quarantine.

9. Temperature Sense Cover:This covers the deterioration or spoilage of perishable goods.

10. Riots, War & Civil War etc:It provides protection against risks associated with war or political unrest affecting transportation routes.

11. Business Financial Safety:It offers financial security for businesses involved in international trade or shipping.

Riding the Wave of Additional Coverage Options.

– Flexibility with additional coverage options.

– Protection for high-value goods.

– Coverage against strikes, riots, civil commotions, war, terrorism, and temperature-controlled cargo.

– Specialized coverage for items exhibited at trade shows or transported via oversized cargo.

Additional Add-ons Under the Open Marine Insurance Policy:

1. Extended Coverage for High-Value Goods: This add-on provides extra protection for transporting

valuable items, ensuring they are fully covered in case of any unforeseen incidents during transit.

2. Strikes, Riots, and Civil Commotions (SRCC) Coverage:This protects against losses or damages

caused by strikes, riots, or civil commotions during transit.

3. War and Terrorism Coverage: This provides coverage for losses or damages resulting from acts of war, terrorism, or political violence.

4. Temperature-controlled Cargo Coverage: This offers protection for perishable goods that require temperature-controlled transportation, covering losses caused by temperature deviations or equipment failures.

5. Exhibition or Trade Show Coverage: This extends coverage to goods displayed or exhibited at trade shows, exhibitions, or fairs.

6. Customised Coverage:This tailors the policy to meet the specific needs and requirements of the insured, providing additional coverage for unique or specialised goods or circumstances.

7. Valuable Papers and Documents Coverage: This add-on ensures the safety of important business documents during transit, covering the loss or damage of these valuable papers, offering financial security and minimising disruptions to your operations.

8. Loading and Unloading Clause: This clause provides coverage for any damages that occur while goods are being loaded onto or unloaded from the transport vehicle, protecting against potential losses during these critical stages.

9. ODC (Over Dimensional Cargo) Clause: The ODC clause offers specialised coverage specifically for transporting large or oversized cargo, ensuring protection for these unique shipments and addressing any potential risks associated with their transportation.

6. The Art of Claiming: How it Works

The claiming process involves systematic steps.

– Promptly notify the insurance company about the loss.

– Provide necessary documentation, including policy copy, a detailed statement, shipping documents, proof of value, and relevant evidence.

– The claim is assessed, and the eligible amount is determined for settlement.

6.1 Where are the following step which are carried out when a claim arises.

Notification: You should promptly inform the insurance company about any loss or damage that occurs during transit.

Documentation:You are required to submit necessary documents, including a copy of the policy, a detailed statement, shipping documents, proof of value, and relevant evidence.

Detailed Sales and Purchase Proofs: These documents should demonstrate your financial transactions from the policy start date to the claim initiation date.

Claim Form: You should complete and submit the provided claim form with essential information.

Additional KYC Documents: This involves including copies of identification documents, such as the Aadhaar card and PAN card, as well as a self-declaration letter of ownership.

Verification:The insurance company assesses the claim, conducts investigations if necessary, and may appoint a surveyor for assessment.

Settlement Decision:The insurance company determines the eligible amount and communicates this decision to the insured.

Additional Supporting Documents: You should also provide an image of a cancelled cheque, a subrogation letter (if applicable), and a discharge voucher.

[madhubniart]

The Evolution of Madhubani Art Over Time

Madhubani art (also Mithila art) is a style of painting practiced in the Mithila region of India and Nepal. It is named after the Madhubani district of Bihar, India, which is where it originated. Artists create these paintings using a variety of mediums, including their own fingers, or twigs, brushes, nib-pens, and matchstick. The paint is created using natural dyes and pigments. The paintings are characterized by their eye-catching geometrical patterns. There is ritual content for particular occasions, such as birth or marriage, and festivals, such as Holi, Surya Shasti, Kali Puja, Upanayana, and Durga Puja.

Madhubani painting (or Mithila painting) was traditionally created by the women of various communities in the Mithila region of the Indian subcontinent. It originated from Madhubani district of the Mithila region of Bihar. Madhubani is also a major export center of these paintings.

This painting as a form of wall art was practiced widely throughout the region; the more recent development of painting on paper and canvas mainly originated among the villages around Madhubani, and it is these latter developments that led to the term “Madhubani art” being used alongside “Mithila Painting.”

Mithila paintings mostly depict people and their association with nature and scenes and deities from the ancient epics. Natural objects like the sun, the moon, and religious plants like tulsi are also widely painted, along with scenes from the royal court and social events like weddings. In this paintings generally, no space is left empty; the gaps are filled by paintings of flowers, animals, birds, and even geometric designs.[citation needed] Traditionally, painting was one of the skills that was passed down from generation to generation in the families of the Mithila Region, mainly by women .

It is still practiced and kept alive in institutions spread across the Mithila region. Asha Jha of Madhubanipaints in Darbhanga,

Vaidehi in Madhubani, Benipatti in Madhubani district and Gram Vikas Parishad in Ranti are some of the major centres of Madhubani painting which have kept this ancient art form alive.

Contributions:

The Madhubani painting tradition played a key role in the conservation efforts in India in 2012, where there was frequent deforestation in the state of Bihar. Shashthi Nath Jha, who runs the Gram Vikas Parishad, an NGO, started the initiative as an attempt to protect local trees that were being cut down in the name of expanding roads and development. The main reason behind this was that the trees were traditionally adorned with forms of gods and other religious and spiritual images such as those of Radha-Krishna, Rama-Sita, scenes from Ramayana and Mahabharata and other mythologies.

Darbhanga MP Gopal Jee Thakur started the tradition of honouring people with Mithila Painting in Indian Politics.

Awards:

Madhubani painting received official recognition in 1969 when Sita Devi received the State award by Government of Bihar. Mamta Devi from the village Jitwarpur has also got National Award. Jagdamba Devi from Bhajparaul, Madhubani was given Padma Shri in 1975 and the National Award to Sita Devi of Jitwarpur village near Madhubani.

Jagdamba Devi’s foster son Satya Narayan Lal Karn and his wife Moti Karn are also well-regarded Mithila artists, and they won the National Award jointly in 2003. Sita Devi received the Padma Shri in 1981. Sita Devi was also awarded by Bihar Ratna in 1984 and Shilp Guru in 2006.

In 1984 Ganga Devi was awarded by Padma Shri. Mahasundari Devi received the Padma Shri in 2011. Baua Devi, Yamuna Devi, Shanti Devi, Chano Devi, Bindeshwari Devi, Chandrakala Devi, Shashi kala Devi, Leela Devi, Godavari Dutta, Asha Jha and Bharti Dayal were also given the National award.

Chandrabhushan (Rasidpur), Ambika Devi (Rasidpur), Manisha Jha were also given the National award.[citation needed] In 2020, Madhubani artist Dulari Devi won the Padma Shri for contributions to art.

Styles:

Mithila art has five distinctive styles:

Bharni

Katchni

Tantrik

Godna

Kohbar

In the 1960s Bharni, and Tantrik styles were mainly done by Brahman women in India and Nepal. Their themes were mainly religious and they depicted Gods and Goddesses paintings. People of other castes included aspects of their daily life and symbols, the story of Raja Shailesh (guard of the village) and much more, in their paintings. Nowadays Madhubani art has become a globalised art form, so there is no difference in the work on the basis of the caste system. They work in all five styles. Mithila art has received worldwide attention.

The paintings were traditionally done on freshly plastered mud walls and floors of huts, but now they are also done on cloth, handmade paper and canvas.

Madhubani paintings are made from the paste of powdered rice. Madhubani painting has remained confined to a compact geographical area and the skills have been passed on through centuries, the content and the style have largely remained the same. Thus, Madhubani painting has received GI (Geographical Indication) status. Madhubani paintings use two-dimensional imagery, and the colors used are derived from plants. Ochre, Lampblack and Red are used for reddish-brown and black, respectively.

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[mariacallous]

In 2001, Goldman Sachs banker Jim O’Neill created the acronym “BRIC” to refer to Brazil, Russia, India, and China—countries he predicted would soon have a significant impact on the global economy. In 2006, Goldman Sachs opened a BRIC investment fund pegged to growth in these four nations. The moniker captured the global excitement about emerging powers at the time and transformed into a political grouping in 2009, when leaders of the four countries held their first summit. South Africa joined a year later.

BRICS as a political body has faced countless critics and doubters from the start. Analysts in the Western press largely described the outfit as nonsensical and predicted its imminent demise. In 2011, the Financial Times’ Philip Stevens announced it was “time to bid farewell” to the “BRICS without mortar.” A year later, another columnist at the paper, Martin Wolf, asserted that BRICS was “not a group” and that its members had “nothing in common whatsoever.” BRICS has also been described as a “motley crew,” “odd grouping,” “random bunch,” and “disparate quartet.” In 2015, Goldman Sachs decided to close the BRIC fund (which never grew to include South Africa) due to its low returns.

BRICS member countries have numerous differences and disagreements. While Brazil and Russia are commodity exporters, China is a commodity importer. Brazil, India, and South Africa are democratic countries with vibrant civil societies, but China and Russia are autocratic regimes. Brazil and South Africa are nonnuclear powers, in contrast to China, India, and Russia, which boast nuclear arsenals. Perhaps most seriously, China and India face an ongoing border conflict.

And yet, despite their differences, not one BRICS leader has ever missed the group’s annual summits. (Meetings took place virtually during the COVID-19 pandemic.) Instead of unraveling, diplomatic and economic ties have strengthened, and BRICS membership has become a central element to each member’s foreign-policy identity. Even significant ideological shifts—including the election of right-wing populist leaders such as India’s Narendra Modi in 2014 and Brazil’s Jair Bolsonaro in 2018—have not significantly altered countries’ commitment to the club.

Yet as BRICS approaches its 15th summit in Johannesburg this August, the grouping is experiencing an unprecedented disagreement over enlargement. The outcome will be a test of BRICS identity in the face of rising Chinese influence.

Despite the many disagreements and tensions among them, BRICS members have more in common than Western analysts often appreciate. The strategic benefits the outfit produces for its participants still far exceed its costs. Four aspects stand out.

First, all BRICS members see the emergence of multipolarity as both inevitable and generally desirable—and identify the bloc as a means to play a more active role in shaping the post-Western global order. Member states share a deep-seated skepticism of U.S.-led unipolarity and believe that the BRICS nations increase their strategic autonomy and bargaining power when negotiating with Washington. As Indian Foreign Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar said in opening remarks at the BRICS foreign ministers’ meeting in Cape Town, South Africa, on June 1, the concentration of economic power—presumably in the West—“leaves too many nations at the mercy of too few.”

Second, the BRICS grouping also provides privileged access to China, a country that has become enormously relevant for all other members. Brazil and South Africa in particular, which had only limited ties to Beijing prior to the group’s founding, have benefited from BRICS as they adapt to a more China-centric world. It’s not just the summits attended by heads of state: Ministers and other officials frequently gather to discuss issues such as climate, defense, education, energy, and health. And, largely under the radar, the grouping has organized countless annual meetings—in some years more than 100—involving government officials, think tanks, universities, cultural entities, and legislators. BRICS membership also granted countries a founding stake in the Shanghai-based New Development Bank (NDB), created during the fifth BRICS summit in 2013.

Third, BRICS members have generally treated each other as all-weather friends. The group has created a powerful diplomatic life raft for member countries that temporarily face difficulties on the global stage: Fellow BRICS states protected Russian President Vladimir Putin from diplomatic isolation after Russia annexed Crimea in 2014 and stood by Bolsonaro when he found himself globally isolated after his close ally Donald Trump’s failed reelection bid for the U.S. presidency. After Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Putin could again rely on the other BRICS countries to provide him explicit diplomatic and economic support (China), help circumvent sanctions (India), participate in military exercises (South Africa), or embrace his narratives about the war (Brazil). Without BRICS support, Russia would find itself in a far more difficult situation today.

Finally, being a member of the BRICS creates considerable prestige, status, and legitimacy for Brazil, Russia, and South Africa, which for years have stagnated economically and are now anything but emerging powers. Even as Brazil has fallen behind in its share of global GDP, analysts continue to describe it as an emerging power—which facilitates investment and allows the government in Brasília, the capital, to punch above its weight diplomatically. That some 20 countries are now seeking membership in the group only confirms the notion that the BRICS seal remains powerful.

It is precisely on this last issue that the grouping is facing its biggest disagreement since its inception 14 years ago. Beijing, which does not need to preserve the grouping’s exclusivity to retain its global status, has for years aimed to integrate new members and slowly transform the bloc into a China-led alliance. Since 2017, when it presented the “BRICS Plus” concept—a mechanism to bring countries closer to the outfit before eventually granting them full membership—Beijing has sought to put expansion on the agenda. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, expansion has also been of interest to Moscow, as it could help create a Russia-sympathetic bloc to counter Western attempts to isolate the country.

Brazil and India, on the other hand, have long been wary of adding new members to BRICS, as they have less to gain from a diluted club that includes smaller powers. Both Brasília and New Delhi fear that expansion would entail a loss of Brazilian and Indian influence within the group. In their eyes, new members would join largely to gain easier access to Beijing, making BRICS positions more China-centric and potentially less moderate. This explains why Jaishankar recently cautioned that deliberations on expansion were still a “work in progress,” and Brazilian Foreign Minister Mauro Vieira said that “BRICS is a brand and an asset, so we have to take care of it, because it means and represents a lot.” South Africa, which traditionally has the least influence within BRICS, has sought to hedge its bets.

There is no formal application process—or specific criteria—to become a BRICS member. Some countries have simply been added to the list of potential future members after an informal expression of interest. But in last year’s BRICS summit declaration, member countries vowed to promote “discussions among BRICS members on BRICS expansion process” and stressed “the need to clarify the guiding principles, the standards, criteria and procedures.” The debate about BRICS expansion is not directly related to the NDB, which in 2021 added Bangladesh, Egypt, the United Arab Emirates, and Uruguay as new members and announced that at least 30 percent of loans would be provided in the currencies of member states rather than the U.S. dollar.

In theory, each BRICS member has a veto over the group’s decisions, which explains why yearly summit declarations have often been vague. In practice, the grouping’s profound asymmetries—China’s GDP is larger than that of all other members combined—creates informal hierarchies. South Africa’s 2010 accession was led by China to bolster Beijing’s engagement on the African continent. It also made the IBSA grouping (of India, Brazil, and South Africa) superfluous. If killing IBSA was a desired side effect of South Africa’s BRICS membership—to show that three large democracies in the developing world discussing can’t discuss the future of the global south without China—Beijing succeeded: The 10th IBSA leaders’ summit, scheduled to take place in 2013, has been postponed indefinitely.

China and Russia may therefore succeed, despite Brazilian opposition and Indian skepticism, in adding new members to the club, particularly since Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva—to his advisors’ chagrin—recently expressed support for inviting Venezuela to BRICS during improvised remarks.

Disagreements over whether to expand BRICS are about more than exclusivity and status. Several potential accession candidates—such as Iran, Syria, and Venezuela—have largely pursued an anti-Western foreign policy. Their integration could complicate Brazil’s and India’s efforts to preserve a nonaligned strategy amid growing tensions between the West and the Beijing-Moscow axis.

The key to BRICS’ success since 2009 has been its capacity to circumvent internal disagreements and focus on unifying themes, such as the desire to build a more multipolar world and strengthen south-south relations. India-China ties are notoriously fraught and, despite New Delhi’s decision to help Moscow export its oil, India has systematically sought to reduce its dependence on Russian weapons and increased its arms purchases from Europe. The status quo may be the best BRICS can achieve without exposing its rifts. While Russia has long attempted to position the BRICS grouping as an anti-Western bloc, Brazil and India have steadily sought to prevent Moscow from doing so.

The uncertainty about how the South African government in Pretoria should handle hosting the upcoming BRICS summit in Johannesburg reflects the dilemmas it and Brasília currently face in the context of growing tensions between Moscow and the West. Since South Africa is a party to the Rome Statute, the founding charter of the International Criminal Court (ICC), it would be obligated to arrest Putin—whom the ICC has indicted—if he attends. For months, South Africans have debated how to handle the delicate situation. As former South African President Thabo Mbeki recently pointed out: “We can’t say to President Putin, please come to South Africa, and then arrest him. At the same time, we can’t say come to South Africa, and not arrest him—because we’re defying our own law—we can’t behave as a lawless government.”

While hosting Putin without arresting him would strain South Africa’s ties to the West, not hosting him—or organizing the summit elsewhere—would dilute BRICS’ commitment to being all-weather friends. The most likely scenario is that South Africa finds a legal loophole to host Putin without detaining him—representing a diplomatic triumph for the Russian president.

Still, it is largely a lose-lose dilemma for South Africa, and means that being part of BRICS has started to have a tangible cost for the country by negatively affecting its ties to the United States and Europe. Pretoria has already had a taste of this: After South Africa drew closer to Russia after its invasion of Ukraine—including by allegedly supplying Moscow with weapons—the G-7 decided not to invite it as a guest to a recent summit, for the first time since South African President Cyril Ramaphosa took office in 2018. Unless the Russia-Ukraine war ends soon, Brazil—which has also signed the Rome Statute and is slated to host the G-20 summit in 2024 and the BRICS summit in 2025 —will soon face the same problem.

For all its ongoing challenges, BRICS generates many benefits for its members and is here to stay. Yet if the group announces the inclusion of new members during the upcoming summit in Johannesburg, it would be simplistic to interpret it as a sign of strength. Rather, expansion should be read as a sign of China’s growing capacity to determine the bloc’s overall strategy—and may reflect the emergence not of a multipolar order, but of a bipolar one.