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endo-tech · 1 day ago

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Grinding Machines - Essential Tools for Precision and Efficiency

Grinding machines are pivotal in various industrial and manufacturing processes. These machines are designed to achieve high levels of precision by removing material from a workpiece, often for shaping, finishing, or improving surface quality. They play an indispensable role in producing parts with tight tolerances, a key factor for industries such as automotive, aerospace, and toolmaking. Their versatility and precision make them a cornerstone of modern manufacturing.

The Role of Grinding in Manufacturing

Grinding is a machining process that utilizes an abrasive wheel to remove material from a workpiece. Unlike cutting or milling, grinding employs friction to shave off material, making it ideal for achieving fine finishes or precise dimensional tolerances. The grinding process is usually used after other machining operations, such as turning or milling, to refine the surface and remove any imperfections that may have resulted. Whether the task involves sharpening tools, smoothing rough surfaces, or shaping complex geometries, grinding machines are equipped to meet the demands.

Types of Grinding Machines

Grinding machines come in various types, each suited to specific tasks. Surface grinders, one of the most common types, are designed to provide a flat finish on a workpiece. They feature a rotating wheel that moves across the surface of the material, removing thin layers to create a smooth, even surface. Cylindrical grinders are another key type, ideal for working on cylindrical parts. They allow the grinding of both the outer diameter and the inner diameter, which is critical in the production of parts such as shafts, bearings, and pistons.

Centerless grinders are used for high-precision grinding of parts without requiring the need for centers or fixtures. These machines work by holding the workpiece between two rotating wheels—one that drives the part and another that performs the grinding. This type of grinding is highly effective for producing parts in large quantities due to its efficient design. Internal grinding machines are specifically designed for grinding the inner surfaces of workpieces, such as holes, bores, or tubes.

Advancements in Grinding Technology

Over time, grinding technology has evolved to meet the increasing demands for precision, speed, and efficiency. Modern grinding machines incorporate advanced features such as computer numerical control (CNC), which allows for greater automation and precision. CNC grinding machines enable manufacturers to input complex geometries directly into the machine, reducing the likelihood of human error and enhancing repeatability. The use of digital controls also allows for faster setup times, shorter production cycles, and the ability to handle more complex tasks.

Additionally, the development of high-performance grinding wheels and abrasive materials has significantly improved the grinding process. Diamond and cubic boron nitride (CBN) wheels, for instance, offer longer tool life and greater cutting efficiency. These materials are especially effective in grinding harder materials like ceramics, hardened steels, and superalloys used in critical applications such as aerospace and automotive engines.

Applications of Grinding Machines

The applications of grinding machines span a wide range of industries. In the automotive sector, grinding is used for parts like camshafts, crankshafts, gears, and other components requiring tight tolerances. Aerospace companies rely heavily on grinding to produce precision components like turbine blades and engine parts, where surface integrity and dimensional accuracy are crucial for safety and performance.

Grinding machines are also essential in tool and die making. The ability to create intricate features and sharp cutting edges on tools, dies, and molds is made possible through grinding. Moreover, medical device manufacturers use grinding to create components such as orthopedic implants and surgical instruments, where precision and surface finish directly impact functionality and patient safety.

Challenges and Future Trends

Despite their advantages, grinding machines face certain challenges. The high heat generated during the grinding process can cause thermal damage to both the workpiece and the grinding wheel. To address this, modern machines are designed with advanced cooling and lubrication systems to manage heat and reduce wear. Additionally, the use of superabrasives, which are more efficient and durable than traditional abrasives, has helped overcome some of these challenges.

Looking ahead, there is a growing focus on increasing the automation and integration of grinding machines with other manufacturing processes. With the rise of Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing, grinding machines are becoming more connected and capable of exchanging data in real-time. This allows for predictive maintenance, more efficient production scheduling, and improved process monitoring, ensuring that grinding remains a vital tool in precision manufacturing.

In conclusion, grinding machines are crucial to modern manufacturing due to their ability to achieve high levels of precision and quality. As technology continues to advance, these machines are evolving to meet the ever-growing demands of industries that require fine finishes, tight tolerances, and the ability to handle increasingly complex materials. Their continued development will undoubtedly contribute to the future of manufacturing, supporting innovation and efficiency across multiple sectors

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sudhama566 · 2 years ago

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Shaped Bright Bar

Shaped bright bar is a type of steel bar that is formed into specific shapes, such as round, square, hexagonal, flat, and other customized shapes. The manufacturing process involves cold drawing, peeling, grinding, and polishing to achieve a smooth and bright surface finish. Shaped bright bars have various applications in the modern world due to their excellent properties, such as high strength, corrosion resistance, and versatility. In this article, we will discuss the history of shaped bright bars and their applications in the modern world.

History of Shaped Bright Bars

The history of shaped bright bars can be traced back to the early 20th century when the demand for high-quality steel bars increased due to the rapid industrialization of the world. The traditional manufacturing methods, such as hot rolling, produced steel bars with rough and uneven surfaces, which affected the quality and reliability of the end products. The need for precision engineering and high-quality products led to the development of new manufacturing techniques, such as cold drawing, peeling, and polishing.

The cold drawing process involves pulling a steel bar through a series of dies to reduce its diameter and improve its surface finish. The peeling process involves removing the outer layer of the steel bar to achieve a smooth surface finish. The polishing process involves buffing the surface of the steel bar to achieve a bright and mirror-like finish. The combination of these processes resulted in the production of shaped bright bars with superior properties and excellent surface finish.

Application of Shaped Bright Bar in the Modern World

Shaped bright bars have various applications in the modern world due to their excellent properties, such as high strength, corrosion resistance, and versatility. Below are some of the common applications of shaped bright bars in the modern world:

● Machined Components

Shaped bright bars are commonly used to produce machined components such as gears, bearings, shafts, and bushings. The excellent surface finish and precision of shaped bright bars make them ideal for producing high-quality machined components that meet the required specifications.

● Fasteners

Shaped bright bars are also used to produce fasteners such as screws, bolts, and nuts. The high strength and corrosion resistance of shaped bright bars make them ideal for producing fasteners that can withstand harsh environments and loads.

● Medical Equipment

Shaped bright bars are widely used in the production of medical equipment such as surgical instruments and implants. The excellent surface finish and corrosion resistance of shaped bright bars make them ideal for producing medical components that can withstand the harsh operating conditions in the medical industry.

● Aerospace Components

Shaped bright bars are also used in the aerospace industry to produce components such as gears, bearings, and hydraulic fittings. The high strength and corrosion resistance of shaped bright bars make them ideal for producing aerospace components that can withstand the harsh operating conditions in the aerospace industry.

● Automotive Components

Shaped bright bars are widely used in the automotive industry to produce components such as shafts, gears, and bearings. The high strength and precision of shaped bright bars make them ideal for producing automotive components that meet the required specifications.

● Construction

Shaped bright bars are also used in the construction industry to produce components such as reinforcement bars and structural components. The high strength and corrosion resistance of shaped bright bars make them ideal for producing components that can withstand the harsh operating conditions in the construction industry.

Conclusion

In conclusion, shaped bright bars have a rich history and have become an essential component in the modern world due to their excellent properties and versatility. They are widely used in various applications, including the production of machined components, fasteners, medical equipment, aerospace components, automotive components, and construction components.

If you want to buy a shaped bright bar for any application, consider products from Matta Drawing Works. We are among the leading shaped bright bar manufacturers in India with countrywide supplying various steel shapes. Visit our website for more details and pricing.

#shaped bright bar #bright bar

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nathalyicross · 2 years ago

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How To Use A Computerized Device Reamer Properly

Polycrystalline diamond PCD (Polycrystalline diamond) is an artificial tool material that can be used to process wood, plastic and even metal. It is sought-after due to its hardness and wear resistance.

Therefore, the characteristics of PCD tools are long-lasting service life, high cutting speed, continuous and steady quality, etc.

How do you make a cut?

A reamer is a rotary tool with teeth to remove a thin layer of metal on the surface of a machined hole and a rotary finishing tool with a straight or helical edge to repair or ream holes.

Problems and solutions when using reamer

Augmentation in pore size

Appropriately reduce the outer diameter of the reamer according to the particular situation. Reduce the cutting speed, and adjust the feed rate or decrease the allowance for machining and select cutting fluid that has better cooling capabilities; test different equipment prior to machining to limit the possibility of impact. Once you want a knockout post on sundi cutting tools, browse this site.

Aperture shrinkage

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Change the diameter of the reamer's reamer and then increase the cutting speed; adjust the feed; select an oily cutting fluid with good lubricating performance; for cutting experiments, make an appropriate amount and work the reamer to its sharpest.

Service life of the reamer is very short.

Choose the reamer material in accordance to the processing material, and pcd drilling tools is a good choice and strictly control the amount of cutting and sharpening. correctly select the cutting fluid according to the material used for processing; typically remove the chips in the groove of the chip.

The tolerance for the position precision of reamed holes

Replace the guide sleeves regularly Increase the length of the sleeves to improve the match accuracy as well as the reamer clearance; quickly repair the machine tool and then adjust the spindle bearing clearance.

Reamer tooth chipping

Change the size of the pre-machined hole and reduce the hardness of the material or use a negative angle reamer or carbide reamer to keep the swing within the acceptable range.

Reamer shank broken

Change the size of the pre-machined aperture alter the allowance distribution, and choose the amount of cutting reasonable; decrease the amount of reamer teeth; expand the chip area or grind the tooth gap by one tooth.

After reaming the hole the centerline is not straight

To repair the hole, speed up the reaming/boring procedure Adjust the reamer until it is at the correct setting, then replace the reamer by the guide or the extended cutting piece.

The inner surface of the hole has obvious features

Reduce the reaming allowance and decrease the angle of clearance for the cutting component Adjust the spindle of the machine tool.

Inner holes have a higher surface roughness value

To make chip removal easy, reduce cutting speed and select the correct cutting fluid to cut the material.

The hole inside isn't circular.

Choose a reamer that is qualified to ensure that the hole's position is controlled in preprocessing process; use an reamer with a different pitch and use a lengthier and more accurate guide sleeve. To ream a precise hole using an equal pitch reamer adjust the spindle clearance and utilize a more extensive guide sleeve.

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mrnostalgic3 · 2 years ago

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How Do You Properly Operate The Pcd Reamer

Polycrystalline diamond PCD (Polycrystalline Diamond) is an artificial diamond tooling material that is used to process plastic, wood and even metal.

Because of its hardness and wear resistance This material is extremely popular.

PCD tools have many features such as a long service life and high cutting speeds and consistent, stable quality.

What is the best way to utilize PCD Reamer?

PCD Reamers are tool for rotary that has at least one or two teeth that take a thin layer of metal from an opening. It can also be used as a finishing tool using a straight edge, or helical edge. Both can be used for repair or for making holes.

Solutions and problems when using PCD Reamer

A larger pore size

For your particular circumstances, reduce the outer diameter of the PCD reamer maker. Adjust the speed of feeding or reduce the amount of allowance. Select a cutting fluid with a better cooling capacity. Be sure to test the equipment you are using prior to starting your machine to ensure that there is no impact.

Shrinkage causes the eye's opening to shrink.

The diamond cutting tools outer diameter can be altered. Alter the cutting speed as well as the feed. Choose an oily cutting liquid with excellent lubricating characteristics. Be sure to adjust your allowance and sharpen the PCD reamer to allow for experiment cutting.

Life expectancy of PCDs with low PCD reamers

You can select the right diamond cutting tools according to the material used for processing. You can also use the PCD Reamer.

The accuracy of the position of the reamed hole is outside of tolerance

Replace the guide sleeves regularly and extend the length of the guide sleeves in order to improve the precision of the matches as well as the reamer clearance. Immediately fix the machine tool and then alter the spindle bearing clearance.

Reamer tooth chipping

The size of the hole is altered. To regulate the swing, reduce the material's hardness or employ an reamer with a negative angle (or one that uses carbide).

Reamer shank broken

Change the size of the aperture and adjust the distribution of allowances and decide on the amount that can be cut with a reasonable amount. Cut down pcd reamer manufacturer, increase chip space, or even grind one tooth.

After you have ream the hole, the line won't be straight any more

Repair the hole by increasing the reaming or boring.

There are distinct characteristics on the surface of the hole.

Reduce the reaming allowance, reduce the clearance angle of the cutting component and adjust the machine-tool spindle.

The surface roughness of the inner holes is very rough.

The speed of the cutting process and choose the correct cutting fluid to eliminate chipping.

The hole inside isn't circular.

Choose a PCD reamer that is qualified to ensure that the hole's position is controlled during preprocessing; choose an uni-pitch tool and select the longest and most accurate guide sleeve. To ream the hole with a reamer that is of equal pitch, adjust the spindle clearance and the clearance of your guide sleeve. A clamping technique is recommended to decrease the force exerted on the clamp.

Summary:

You can try a few things to fix the problem. One of them is to increase reaming or boring size or adjust the cutting tool, or change the machine tools spindle clearance. A PCD reamer that comes with an adjustable setting allows for more control over the location of holes tolerances while preprocessing is another alternative.

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jocelynniwalker · 3 years ago

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How To Properly Operate A PCD Reamer?

Polycrystalline diamond PCD (Polycrystalline Diamond) is a synthetic diamond tool material, that is utilized for the processing of plastic, wood metal, and wood.

This material is highly sought after due to its hardness and wear resistance.

The advantages of PCD tools are long service life, high cutting speed, and stable, consistent quality.

How do you use PCD reamers?

A PCD Reamer is a rotating tool with one or two teeth that remove an extremely thin layer of metallic on the surface of the machined hole as well as a rotary finish tool that has a straight or helical edge for reaming or repairing holes.

Solutions and problems that arise with the PCD Reamer

1. A larger the size of the pore

Reduce the outer diameter of the PCD reamer manufacturer according to the specific situation; reduce the cutting speed; appropriately adjust the feed rate or reduce the allowance for machining. choose a cutting fluid with superior cooling properties; test various equipment before machining to limit the potential impact.

2. Aperture shrinkage

Alter the outer diameter of your PCD reamer. Change the cutting speed and feed. Choose an oily cutting liquid that has great lubricating qualities. For experimental cutting, make sure to alter the allowance as well as improve the sharpness of your PCD Reamer.

3. Service life of PCD with low PCD Reamers

Choose the PCD reamer's material according to the processing material and PCD reamer could be used; strictly control the amount of sharpening and cutting; correctly select the cutting fluid that is appropriate to the processing material; often eliminate the chips within the groove of the chip.

4. The tolerance for the position accuracy of reamed holes

Make sure to replace the guide sleeve on a regular basis and lengthen the guide sleeve to improve the matching accuracy of the guide sleeve, as well as the reamer clearance. Immediately repair the machine tool and adjust the spindle bearing clearance.

5. Reamer tooth chipping

Modify the pre-machined hole size and reduce the hardness of the material or use the negative rake angle PCD reamer or carbide reamer to keep the swing to be within the appropriate range.

6. Reamer shank broken

Modify the pre-machined aperture size; modify the distribution of allowances, and choose the amount of cutting in a reasonable manner. Reduce the amount of pcd reamer cutting speed and expand the chip area or grind the gap by one tooth.

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7. After reaming the hole, the centerline of the hole is not straight

Ream or bore the process to make the hole more even and adjust the PCD reamer, then replace the reamer with the guide part or longer cutting piece.

8. The inner surface of the hole is adorned with obvious facets

Reduce the reaming allowance and decrease the angle of clearance for the cutting component and adjust the spindle of the machine tool.

9. Inner holes have a higher surface roughness value

To ensure that chip removal is easy cut speed, and choose the appropriate cutting fluid for the material.

10. The hole inside isn't circular.

Choose a reamer that is certified to regulate hole position tolerance in preprocessing process; use an unequal pitch reamer and select a lengthier and more accurate guide sleeve. When you use an equal pitch reamer to ream the hole more precisely, the spindle clearance of the machine tool should be adjusted, and the matching clearance of the guide sleeve should be higher or an appropriate clamping method should be used to lessen the force exerted by the clamp.

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darkfurypolice · 3 years ago

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The Only Guide To A Drill Rod You’ll Ever Need

A drill rod is a common term in the machinery and manufacturing industries. You can use drill rods to manufacture various tools such as cutters, hot-work tools, machine parts, punches, files, and more. But, do we know how to choose the right drill rod for our needs?

Drill rods differentiate in regards to toughness, durability, temperature resistance, and applications. With so many different material grades and types to choose from, how do we ensure we choose the correct drill rod?

That’s where we come in – this is the only guide you’ll ever need to drill rods, their uses, and applications. This guide is suitable for complete beginners as well as professionals in the industry.

Let’s see some of the most frequently asked questions on the subject of drill rods!

What Is a Drill Rod?

Simply put, a drill rod is a lengthier steel piece of easy-to-mold tool steel that you can use for machining to produce different tools and parts.

Typically, drill rods are round. However, there are some square ones, such as the square kellys you’ll see below. Drill rods are generally soft enough to be machined into their final form.

Drill rods need to have a clean and smooth surface. To manufacture them in this way, we usually use precision grinding.

What Is a Drill Rod Used For?

Drill rods have many different applications. Producers usually use drill rods for manufacturing drilling bits, shafts, dowel pins, reamers, punches, taps, hammers, files, cutting tools, hot-work tools, etc.

Different grades of drill rods are best suited for specific uses. For example:

W1 is suitable for cold-work tools, hand-held tools, cutting tools, punches, dies, etc.;

O1 grade is best for punches, dies, and gages;

A2 and D2 can be suitable for hobs, rolls, knurls, coining dies, punches, dies, etc.;

S7 gade is perfect for knock-out pins, drift pins, stamps, grippers, track tools, river sets, mandrels, circular pipe cutters, and more;

H13 (or V44) is suitable for hot-work tools, plastic molds, die-casting tools, core pins, ejector pins, and more;

Types of Drill Rods According to the Manufacturing Process

According to the manufacturing process they go through, there are three different types of drill rods: air-hardening, water-hardening, and oil-hardening. Each of these drill rods has various uses and applications. Let’s explain something about each of these different types of manufacturing processes and drill rods & casing.

Air-Hardening

We’re starting from the toughest category of tool steel – the air-hardened drill rod. Air-hardened steel has more alloy, and this is what makes it so hard and resistant. After heat treatment, you can leave air-hardening types of drill rods to harden in still air.

Air-hardening drill rods have superior machinability and wear resistance when compared to oil or water-hardening rods. Furthermore, air-hardening is safer than water or oil-hardening in regards to distortion and dimensional stability.

Oil-Hardening

Oil-hardening drill rods are second in line when it comes to their hardness and durability. Although oil-hardening rods have less alloy than air-hardening rods, they’re still rich enough to withstand welding. On top of that, oil-hardening steel is suitable for machining.

If you’re not sure what the term “oil-hardening” means, it implies heating the rod until it’s glowing red and then dipping it into a pool of warm oil. With this, the steel becomes hard and ready for machining or welding.

Water-Hardening

And finally, we have the water-hardening drill rods, which portray the lowest alloy content but are excellent for machining. However, they’re deficient in alloy content, which signifies that they’re not structurally suitable for welding purposes.

To harden a drill rod with water, we first heat the steel until it becomes glowing red, and then we plunge it into a pool of water to cool off. Once the metal is hard, it can be easily machined but not welded. You can usually use water-hardening drill rods for the manufacturing of files or hammers.

Types of Drill Rods According to Different Threads

We can classify drill rods into three different types according to different threads: ordinary drilling rigs, square kelly rods, and heavy-weight drill pipes.

The Ordinary Drill Rod

We can easily recognize the ordinary drill rod since it’s the central or basic part of the drill stem. At the top, the ordinary drill rod connects to the square kelly (explained below), and at the bottom, it’s attached to the drill collar.

In borehole digging, the function of the ordinary drill rod is to deepen the hole, transmit torque, and move the drill up and down.

Drill Bit Material Types & Coating - Types of Drill Bits

1. Carbon Steel Drill Bit

– Low carbon steel: this is the cheapest option for making a drill bit, due to their poor tempers, low carbon steel drill bits are usually used for drilling softwood and some plastics, and require to be sharpened often to extend the lifespan.

– High carbon steel: a better material than low carbon steel, high carbon steel drill bit can keep their shape and effectiveness longer, so it can be used to cut stronger materials, like hardwood and soft metals.

2. High Speed Steel Drill Bit

Compared with carbon steel bits, high-speed steel drill bit is a more popular choice on the market now. HSS is a special type of carbon steel, maintaining structural integrity while bearing high temperature is a marking advantage of the HSS drill bit, what’s more, high speed steel bit has higher wear resistance and hardness, it can also work well at a normal temperature. HSS drill bits are suitable for most of the wood and metal drilling process, including CNC drilling. Titanium nitride and other types of coatings can be applied on the HSS tool to increase lubricity and reduce friction.

3. Titanium Coated Drill Bit

Titanium is not only a popular aerospace and medical material, but also a versatile drill bit coating material, which can make the drill bit last longer. Due to its high corrosion resistance, good fatigue limit, heat limit, relatively light weight, and longer service life, titanium coated drill bit is perfect for repetitive mass production of drilling into steel, iron, wood, plastic and various surfaces, it allows a faster RPM and shorter cycle time. The most common types of titanium coatings are Titanium Nitride (TiN), Titanium Aluminum Nitride (TiAN) and Titanium Carbon Nitride (TiCN). TiAN and TiCN are considered superior to TiN as they can increase the lifespan to a considerable degree. The drawback of drill bit coating is that once the tooling becomes blunt, it can’t be sharpened to avoid the coating material being worn away.

4. Cobalt Drill Bit

Cobalt is another type of coating for the drill, cobalt drill bit is used for cutting materials that HSS bit can’t, such as stainless steel and other difficult materials, it can retain hardness at much higher temperatures than HSS and not affected by extremely high heat. But cobalt is a too brittle coating.

5. Carbide-Tipped Drill Bit

Carbide-Tipped drill bit is very hard, easy to dissipate heat and can hold an edge longer than other type bits. Similar to the cobalt drill bit, it’s very brittle as well and maybe broken up in improper use. Carbide bits are applicable for drilling fiberglass reinforced plastic and nonferrous heavy metals.

Reaming shells are used to maintain the diameter of the bore hole and to make sure other drilling equipment does not get stuck down the hole. The outside surface of the reaming shell has natural and synthetic diamonds embedded in a resistant matrix.

Reaming shells come in 6, 10 and 18 inches. How do you know when do you use each size?

6 inch reaming shells

The 6 inch reaming shell is the standard that is used for every kind of rock hardness or ground condition and is the minimum reamer requirement to provide minimum stabilization. Since the 6’’ has only one diamond pad, the vibrations from the rods and outer tube can be conducted easily and make deviation more likely.

When drilling is done in difficult ground conditions, such as swelling clay, a shorter reamer is a good choice as it can get through the ground without catching.

10 inch reaming shells

You need to consider a longer reaming shell once deviation becomes an issue. A 10’ inch reamer is a good compromise between the 6 inch and the 18 inch. The 10 inch has two diamond pads so it will provide better stabilization. A 10 inch reamer is a good choice for underground drilling where adequate space can be a challenge. It will do the job in shallower holes requiring stabilization and where an 18 inch reamer may be just a bit too much.

10’’ is also mainly used with 3m core barrels, so you can still pull your 3m inner tube + extension in one shot.

18 inch reaming shells

You should switch to an extended reaming shell when you have to keep your hole on direction and avoid deviation. The more diamond pads that you have on the reaming shell, the more control you will have on deviation and on hole diameter. The 18 inch gives you 4 pads. The front diamond pads will help you stabilize the core barrel and control the direction while the pads in the back will help maintain the diameter of the hole.

You can use an 18 inch reaming shell on the front end and a diamond type locking coupling on the back to make sure you have good stabilization of the core barrel. You can also use two 18 inch reamers when you have a longer core barrel (6 meters or more). It can act as a core barrel extension allowing you to get more core in the tube at one time.

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inabearings · 4 years ago

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The cooperation between the bearing inner ring and the shaft is only point contact

It should be flat, the length is the same, and the pressure is moderate. Interference fit the steel sleeve in the bearing chamber, drill 2 to 4 screw holes on both sides near the nested joint surface, flatten the set screw at the end and reinforce it with glue to prevent the steel sleeve from moving axially when the steel sleeve is rotated or removed.5-1mm smaller than the aperture.3. Disassemble the motor and take off the inner and outer covers, and machine three Ø6～Ø11 equal depth and uniform spring Clutch Release Bearing holes at their stop planes, as shown in Figure 4.

After the repair, the cooperation between the bearing inner ring and the shaft is only point contact. Thermal spray repair technology Thermal spraying refers to a series of processes in which fine and dispersed metallic or non-metallic coating materials are deposited on the surface of a prepared substrate in a molten or semi-melted state to form a certain spray deposition Floor. It uses some kind of heat source (such as electric arc, plasma spraying or combustion flame, etc. This method has a better repair effect, but Need to have brush plating equipment and master the brush plating process., the following civilization is A simple analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of several repair techniques is provided for your reference.��

Emergency repair Once the standard is not met, it will affect the fit tolerance and cause the bearing to run away. It usually means that the outer circle of the bearing and the bearing chamber are too large, which causes the outer ring to slip in the bearing chamber and follow the shaft rotation.2. Add O-shaped rubber strip to the bearing room.

This technology has no strict requirements on the wear form and defect degree of the shaft head. The bearing is unqualified and inferior materials are used. If the matching tolerance between the bearing and the shaft and hole is too large, it is a clearance fit, and the pressing force becomes smaller. After such treatment, after running for a period of time or disassembling several times, the peaks of small pits or knurled protrusions are quickly reduced by grinding pressure, the roughness of the bearing chamber is reduced, the hole diameter quickly returns to the original size, and the bearing housing may rotate again .

#Clutch Release Bearing

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sinvictcnc · 4 years ago

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What are the advantages of CNC Turning? – Definition of Spindle Motors

CNC machining may be a manufacturing method that uses pre-programmed computer software to regulate machining tools. This technology is often wont to perform a variety of complex processes, including grinding, routing, milling, punching, turning, and lathing. CNC machining revolutionized the industry within the 1960s and is that the dominant method of machining today.

Advantages

Continuous Use:

Unlike manual labor, CNC turning machine can work continuously over any period of your time without an opportunity. This greatly increases productivity and efficiency.

Consistency, Precision, and Redundancy:

With computer software, the planning of any given product only must be programmed once. The CNC machine can then perfectly replicate that style, for any order quantity.

Low Skill Requirement:

CNC machine operators require little training and skill in comparison to manual machine operators.

Fewer Personnel:

As computer software is controlling the machine administration, fewer workforces are required for operation and oversight, saving businesses a lot of money.

Flexibility:

The software is often reprogrammed quickly and simply to supply different parts, allowing operations to stay up with shifting customer demands.

Capability:

This technology uses computer precision to travel beyond the restrictions of manual capabilities. More complex and complex operations are possible with CNC machining.

So, look for CNC machine Singapore price and CNC machine Indonesia price.

Here are just a few of the foremost common CNC machining processes available:

Mills:

Some advanced mills are manufactured utilizing ultra-modern CNC technology assimalated into the machines. Mills require a series of rotary cutters to get rid of mass from the machined material, like commonly steel, aluminum, or copper.

Lathes:

Quite equivalent to the mills, most lathes are manufactured using the CNC technology. They are, however, easily retrofitted to include the accuracy, safety, and speed of CNC consoles. Look for the top CNC suppliers in Singapore who can provide used CNC parts as well.

Laser cutters:

Laser cutters use a high-powered beam of sunshine to chop or mark metals, woods, and plastics. Laser cutters controlled by a CNC console are capable of massive amounts of commercial output. Laser cutters are often wont to etch designs or marks into metal tools or finished products.

Plasma cutters:

Plasma cutters use jets of super-heated plasma gas to chop and etch metals, woods, and plastics. Plasma cutters are often more agile than routers, mills, and lathes, and are better at performing highly precise detailed work. Generally speaking, plasma cutters are only useful for creating two-dimensional objects and styles.

Spindle Motor: Working Mechanisms

Professional spindles, like Fanuc spindle motors, are brushless inductive inverter-controlled spindles on ceramic bearings with a decent engine compartment and absolutely with a metal housing.

There is not a spindle for everything. The upper spindle power the larger are the diameters of bearings and these bearings are the explanation for the spindle speed limitation. The larger the bearing diameter the upper is that the force with which the balls are pressing on the running tracks of the outer ring of the bearing, and thus more heat is released. Therefore, 40.000 rpm spindles are mostly manufactured only within truncated power ranges. Look for the best spindle motor supplier in Singapore and evaluate spindle motor Singapore price.

High speed is best for materials like aluminum, wood, composite materials, laminates, etc. When machining steel, especially chrome steel, thermoplastics, or when drilling with HSS drill bits, high speed is quite not applied.

So, from the above study, we can understand that the benefits of CNC turning machines and Spindle motors are too important for maintaining good production. Several CNC machine sellers in Singapore offer used CNC parts as well, so you can look for them as well.

#used cnc machine #turning machine #Fanuc spindle motor

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cardanshaft12 · 4 years ago

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Drum Gear Coupling: High-precision Coupling

The drum gear coupling is a rigid-flexible coupling, which is composed of an internal ring gear with the same number of teeth and a flange half coupling with external teeth. The external teeth are divided into two types of straight teeth and drum teeth. The drum gear coupling can allow a larger angular displacement (relative to the straight tooth coupling), which can improve the contact conditions of the teeth and increase the torque transmission. Ability to extend service life.

Drum gear couplings have the ability to compensate for axial deviations in radial, axial, and angular directions. Compared with straight gear couplings, they have a compact structure, a small radius of gyration, a large carrying capacity, high transmission efficiency, and low noise. The advantages such as long maintenance cycle are especially suitable for low-speed and heavy-duty working conditions, such as metallurgy, mining, lifting and pulping industry, as well as the shafting transmission of various machinery such as petroleum, chemical, and general machinery.

The drum gear coupling, model DC, is consisted of seals, the outer end cover, the load-carrying ring, the hub with. crowned spur gear teeth, the flanged housing with internal gear teeth, and the inner end cover.

Selection of drum gear coupling

When selecting a coupling, the coupling should be selected based on the needs of the drive system of the shaft system, and it should be avoided to simply consider the coupling between the master and driven ends. 8 points to consider

(1) Consider the mechanical characteristics of the power machine

From the power machine to the working time, the main and driven ends are connected by one or several couplings of different varieties or different types and specifications to form a shafting transmission system. In mechanical transmission, power machines are nothing more than electric motors, internal combustion engines and steam turbines. Due to the different working principle and structure of the power machine, its mechanical characteristics are very different, and some operations are stable, and some have impacts during operation, which have unequal effects on the transmission system.

(2) Consider the load type

Due to the different structures and materials, the coupling capacity of the couplings used in the transmission systems of various mechanical products varies greatly. The load category is mainly to form different types of loads for reasons such as impact, vibration, forward and reverse, braking, and frequent starting of the working load of the working machine. In order to facilitate the selection and calculation, the load of the transmission system is divided into four categories.

(3) Consider the allowable speed of the coupling

The allowable speed range of the coupling is determined by calculation according to the maximum outer edge size of the linear velocity allowed by different materials of the coupling. The allowable speed range of the coupling is different for different materials, varieties and specifications. Changing the material of the coupling can increase the allowable speed range of the coupling. The allowable speed of steel is greater than the allowable speed of cast iron.

(4) The relative displacement of the two shafts connected by the coupling

The two shafts connected by the coupling are subject to relative displacement due to various factors such as manufacturing errors, assembly errors, installation errors, shaft loading and deformation, base deformation, bearing wear, temperature changes, and relative motion between components. Under normal circumstances, the relative displacement of the two shafts is inevitable, but the direction of the balanced displacement generated by the shafting transmission under different working conditions, that is, the axial, radial angular direction and the amount of displacement are different.

(5) Consider the transmission accuracy of the coupling

Small torque and shafting transmission based on transmission motion require couplings with high transmission accuracy. Flexible couplings with metal elastic elements should be used. High-torque and power-transmitting shafting transmissions also have requirements for transmission accuracy. At high speeds, non-metallic elastic components should be avoided. Flexible couplings with gaps between elastic couplings and movable components should be used. Diaphragm coupling with high transmission accuracy.

(6) Coupling size, installation and maintenance

The external dimensions of the coupling, that is, the maximum radial and axial dimensions, must be within the installation space allowed by the machine. Choose the coupling that is easy to assemble and disassemble, no maintenance, long maintenance period or convenient maintenance, replace the wearing parts without moving the two shafts, and easy to adjust the coupling.

(7) Consider working environment

Couplings work with various host products, and the surrounding working environment is more complicated. For the working environment of high temperature, low temperature, oil, acid and alkali medium, it is not suitable to use the flexible coupling with general rubber as the elastic element material, and the metal elastic element flexible coupling should be selected.

(8) Consider the manufacture, installation, maintenance and cost of the coupling

Under the premise of satisfying the convenience performance, the coupling that is convenient for assembly and disassembly, simple maintenance and low cost should be selected. For example, the rigid coupling is not only simple in structure, but also easy to assemble and disassemble. It can be used for low-speed, high-rigidity transmission shafts.

Advantages of drum gear coupling(Compared with the straight-tooth coupling)

1. Strong carrying capacity. Under the same outer diameter of the inner gear sleeve and the large outer diameter of the coupling, the load-bearing capacity of the drum gear coupling is increased by 15-20% on average than that of the straight gear coupling;

2. Large amount of angular displacement compensation. At the same modulus, number of teeth, and tooth width, the angular displacement of the drum-shaped tooth is greater than that of the straight tooth;

3. The drum-shaped tooth surface improves the contact conditions of the internal and external teeth, avoiding the disadvantages of edge tooth extrusion and stress concentration under the condition of angular displacement, while improving the friction and wear of the tooth surface and reducing Noise and long maintenance cycle;

4. Because the side of the drum-shaped tooth is drum-shaped, the axis is inclined at a certain angle, and the contact force is improved for the contact between the drum-shaped tooth surface and the internal tooth surface. The contact condition is improved, the contact stress is reduced, and the ordinary straight tooth gear coupling is changed. The end of the external teeth of the shaft is carried, eliminating edge compression.

5. The tooth end of the outer tooth sleeve is in the shape of a horn, which makes it very convenient to assemble and disassemble the inner and outer teeth.

Because the tooth surface of the outer teeth is a drum-shaped surface, the gap between the inner and outer teeth is reduced, the impact of the inner and outer teeth is small during work, and the service life is extended.

Inspection method of drum gear coupling

1. Check the meshing of the tooth surface of the drum gear coupling. The contact area is not less than 50% along the tooth height and not less than 70% along the tooth width. The tooth surface must not have severe pitting, wear and cracks.

2. The full circle runout of the outer ring gear of the drum gear coupling is not greater than 0.03mm, and the end face round runout is not greater than 0.02mm.

3. If you need to remove the ring gear, you must use special tools, not to beat, so as not to bend or damage the shaft. When reinstalling, the ring gear should be heated to about 200°C and then installed on the shaft. The interference between the outer ring gear and the shaft is generally 0.01~0.03mm.

4. When reloading the indirect tube or other parts, it should be assembled according to the original mark and data.

5. Use a torque wrench to tighten the bolts evenly.

Common failures of drum gear couplings

Regardless of the many advantages of the toothed coupling itself, it is difficult to avoid various size failures in long-term work and use. Some common obstacles in use of the drum gear coupling introduced to you below

1. The tooth surface of the coupling is seriously damaged, caused by poor materials and low hardness of the tooth surface.

2. The axial displacement of the gear ring of the coupling is large, and it can't even mesh. The tooth shape design is not reasonable enough, the tooth tip interference or the machining accuracy is not high.

3. The coupling has broken teeth.

4. The coupling bolt breaks.

5. The over-installation and over-installation cause the tooth clearance to disappear.

6. Unclean oil, insufficient lubrication or dry grinding

Measures to solve the fault of drum gear couplings

1. The oil quantity of the lifting parts coupling is insufficient or lacks oil

Treatment method: As long as the new grease is replaced, qualified grease oil is injected regularly to prevent oil leakage and the amount of oil is sufficient to avoid

2. The horizontal and coaxial errors of the two shafts are too large, which exceeds the range of the coupling, which can make the shaft teeth and internal teeth mesh inaccurately, causing local contact and causing additional torque.

Treatment method: The horizontal and concentricity errors of the two shafts are large, which causes the coupling to be uncomfortable when rolling. This kind of failure is difficult to handle and needs to be discontinued. That is, re-align, or re-align the reducer side, or re-align the reel side. First find out the position where the offset error is large, so first measure the coupling is offset to that side, that is, measure the horizontality and coaxiality of the main shaft and the horizontality and coaxiality of the main shaft of the reducer. Scale leveling to correct, you can eliminate the fault.

Development of drum gear coupling

The reason for the wear of the coupling gear of the above lifting accessories is basically similar. In addition to the normal force, the connecting bolt is also subjected to additional bending moments, which causes it to break, which is the main reason. This kind of reason mostly occurs when the level difference between the reducer main shaft and the horizontal is large. Furthermore, the bolt diameter is small, the strength is not enough or the bolt material is poor, it can also cause the bolt to break.

With the rapid development of modern industrial technology, the technical and economic indicators such as the bearing capacity, reliability, efficiency, circumferential speed, volume and weight of drum gear couplings are increasingly demanding. Mainly reflected in the following aspects:

1. Among the full range of couplings, the drum-shaped gear coupling has small size, large transmission torque, strong ability to absorb connection errors, and the well has excellent performance characteristics;

2. In the medium and heavy machinery industry, the drum gear coupling is a common component that connects the two transmission shafts;

3. Drum gear coupling is developed on the basis of straight-tooth gear coupling to meet the performance and other technologies;

4. Drum gear coupling also plays an important role in production practice, it can compensate the angular error, axial and radial installation errors caused by the misalignment of the two coupling shafts, allowing the two shafts There is a certain displacement

5. With the development of economy and the rise of heavy machinery and equipment, the requirements for the use of high-precision drum-type gear couplings for its main transmission are also increasing.

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bestboataccessories-blog · 5 years ago

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Benefits of Cutlass Bearing

The propeller makes a thousand revolutions in a single minute, with the seawater being the only lubricant. The propeller therefore makes thousands of turns in the number of hours that you travel throughout the journey that you are in. This means that you have to make sure that you have the best bearing that will make sure that the helps more in making sure that the propeller works right in the right way. The best bearing to use is the cutlass bearing, which is a fluted rubber tube that holds the propeller shaft in place, making it spin smoothly. The coupling that is connected to the transmission, while the other end is held in between the cutlass bearing in a stern tube mount holds the shaft. The following are some of the benefits of the cutlass bearings that you need to know.

The first thing that you have to know is that the cutlass bearings are always more long lasting as compared to the other types of bearings. The rubber that surrounds the propeller shaft is one 0f the things that make the propeller bearing to be more durable and serve you for the longest period possible without requesting for any form of replacement or servicing. For professionalism, these bearings have passed all the tests that they are required to be passed by the laws to make sure that all is well and is qualified to be used in any type of propeller shaft.

The quality of the materials also matters. The cutlass bearings are manufactured using the best grinding techniques. When doing the finishing, these techniques do not put into consideration most of the things as the diameter of the bearing, since the inner and the outer diameter at times may not be the same. Therefore, at first the cutlass bearings are bore with the inner diameter, from which the outer diameter is machined into the right measurements. This makes sure that the bearings are well concentrated and have the enough power to enable proper working. Visit Propeller Depot to get cutlass bearings.

Before being put into use, the bearings are put into the gauges, which makes sure that they have the right measurements as required. Apart from the size, they are also checked for imperfections such as the cracks or such things. When all that is confirmed to be fine, the bond between the rubber and the shell is also checked to make sure that it is strong enough cope with the rotation of the propeller shaft. Read more about bearings here: https://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/technology/technology-terms-and-concepts/bearing.

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saltyexpertinfluencer · 4 years ago

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A Complete Guide for Conveyor Pulley Lagging Installation

The Conveyor pulley lagging is a very important part of the belt conveying the transportation system. It can reduce belt slippage, improve tracking, and extends the life of the belt, bearing & other components. It’s widely used in many industries, such as Power, coal mine, cement plant, steel, metallurgy, coal, chemical fertilizer, grain depot, port, and other industries.

Here is a complete guide for conveyor pulley lagging operation.

1. Pulley Lagging Early-stage Preparations

1) Measuring temperature

You can use the object thermometer or infrared thermometer to measure the temperature, including the environment and steel body surface of the roller.

2) Measure the humidity

Use the hygronom to measure the humidity of the environment.

3) Check the Dew point value

The dew point value is the lowest temperature on the surface of the roller steel body. You need to find the dew point value according to the “Dew point value query table”.

Note: When the lowest temperature on the steel body surface is lower than the dew point value, a drop of water will be formed. The site shouldn’t be constructed.

4) Check the space for the roller working

The space for the roller working will directly decide the rolled is removed or not.

Requirement:

The upper space distance from the roller is more than 1000mm,

The lower space distance is more than 300mm;

The left and right distance is more than 1000m

Time: Calculate by 0.5 square hours per person, if the space is large enough, and the technicians are skilled, two people can work at the same time.

5) Fixed the roller types and specification

The roller can be divided into drive roller, reversing roller, and surface-increasing roller.

The driving roller is driven by a motor or other power equipment, by which the power is transferred to the conveyor belt.

Reversing roller can change the initial running direction of the conveyor belt, which does not transmit power to the belt.

The surface-increasing roller is used to increase the contact area between the driving roller and the reversing roller and the conveyor belt.

You should confirm the conveyor belt speed, site environment, load-bearing conditions, fixed the shape and thickness of the wear-resistant rubber plate. Measure the length and diameter of the roller and calculate the amount of material.

Note: The driving roller needs to be carved on the black surface of the wear-resistant rubber board, it should be finished before entering the site. the carving depth should be half of the thickness of the plastic board, if there are several pieces of plastic board, the board grain should be consistent.

The thickness details:

　Roller DiameterPulley Lagging Thickness

　Diameter ≥600mm Thickness：8-10mm

　Diameter ≥800mmThickness：10-12mm

　Diameter ≥1000mmThickness：15-20mm

Note: Please strictly follow the actual design standards.

6) Fixed the distance and the hoisting ways

We should confirm the distance between the conveyor belt and the roller, make sure there is enough space to work.

Requirement: The lifting height shall be to let people stand in front of the roller normally and have a certain amount of space to back up. When lifting all the adhesive tape from the roller, it cannot contact the roller.

7) Confirm power supply for tools

Requirement: Voltage: 220v，Power: 4kw. If you need to do the down-hole operation, please make sure that all the tools are not explosion-proof, and your clients need to do the special downhole operation procedures. The electrician should be there all the time.

8) Fixed the material and transportation

Essential tools: measuring calipers, tape, folding rule, marking powder cord, rubber marking pen, Dan Carcross knife, layering knife, layering stripping hook, cleaning brush;

Personal protective equipment: helmet, work clothes, helmet shoes, gloves, flashlight, protective glasses, earplugs, work notebook, work permit.

9) Space available for Glue board cleaning and brushing

A place should be available on the site to clean the glue board and brush the glue. The place should be as flat as possible, keep drying, no dust. Because the water and dust will affect the glue bonding effect.

10) Prepare four iodine tungsten lamps or halogen lamps

The iodine tungsten lamps are used to raise ambient temperature, it should be placed in front and rear of the roller. at least 30cm from the roller.

11) Material recommendations

A diamond slotted rubber plate is recommended for the drive roller wheel. And for the guide wheel, tailwheel, and tensioning wheel: it is recommended to use a flat plastic plate with no slotted surface.

2. Pulley Lagging Operation Process

1) Disconnect the power supply and hang the safety warning board.

We shovel glue according to the status of residual glue on the roller surface. If the residual glue exceeds 0.5m, a shoveling glue machine must be used to remove the residual glue.

Before shoveling the glue, the roller must be rotated by humans. If it cannot be rotated, the connecting pin between the roller and the reducer must be removed. If the residual adhesive area is less than 0.5m, then there is no need to shovel the adhesive.

Note: When shoveling the glue, the angle between flat chisel and roller surface should be 15-30 degrees, or it will shovel off the steel body, damage the flat chisel.

2) Polishing

There are many dirt, dust, grease, water, rust, and other organic or inorganic contaminants on the surface of the metal, which affect the wetting of the glue.

In order to improve the bonding strength, it is necessary to adopt mechanical, physical, chemical, and other methods to rough, clean, activate the surface of the adhesive, change the surface properties.

It can facilitate the glue infiltration, make the glue has a firm binding, and finally improve the durability and service life of the bonding.

After the surface treatment, the metal surface can be changed into a kind of adhesive surface with high activity and high effective area.

There are two ways that can solve the problem, mechanical grinding and sandblasting. They can provide the surface with appropriate roughness, increase the effective bonding area, improve the glue to the surface of the adhesive infiltration, and the adhesion performance.

For the metal surface treatment of the roller, we usually use the steel brush or grinding machine to brush the loose oxide layer.

At present, the angle grinder with tungsten steel grinding plate to do the grinding treatment, it not only can improve the grinding efficiency but also can prevent the aging phenomenon on the surface of the roller.

3) Cleaning

After polishing the surface, there is a lot of dirt, dust, grease, water, rust, and other organic or inorganic pollutants, which affecting the glue adhesive effect.

We should use the cleaning agent to clean the surface. The cleaning agent should have a good quality, which can protect the metal surface from corrosion.

You can clean it several times to make sure the surface is totally clean. After the cleaning, dry it some time, it can guarantee a good adhesive effect for glue.

4) Transition

Brush a layer of metal primer SK363 evenly on the metal surface. Waiting an hour to let it dry completely.

The metal primer can not only prevent surface pollution but also prolong the storage life of the treated metal. It’s a great way to guarantee the wetting performance of the adhesive, and increase its adhesive strength and durability.

5) Gumming

Evenly brush the prepared cold vulcanized glue on the metal surface, and let it dry completely. The drying time is about 15-45 minutes.

Brush the second layer of cold vulcanized glue after the first glue dries completely.　After the second glue can slightly stick to the hand, you can do the final surface bonding.

The bonding surface of the common glue board should be polished and cleaned first, then brush the glue twice. The RIT glue board only needs to brush once, and there is no need to polish and clean.

6) Bonding

You should fix the bonding reference line on the roller surface first. After the second glue brushing, it’s easy to find the reference line for the bonding board.

Here is the line drawing method:

Take the two sides of the roller as the reference, draw the reference line with a square, steel ruler and knife.

Cover the semi-vulcanized layer of the glue sheet with a clean plastic film.

Using the reference line found on the roller as a reference, tear the plastic film about 50mm wide and start to paste the rubber sheet on the surface of the roller.

After confirming the correct position, start to tear off the plastic film. While tearing it off, wipe it down with your hands. Note: Don’t tear it too much, or it will be very firm after being glued and cannot be torn off

If the sticking is skewed and the sticking area is not large, you can drop the cleaning agent between the rubber sheet and the steel body of the roller and slowly tear it off. Then brush cold vulcanized glue to the area where the rubber sheet and the roller are pasted, and then paste it after it dries slightly.

7) Sealing

Use a knife to cut out the V-shaped opening at the seam of the rubber sheet. The width of the outer opening is 15mm. Polish the V-shaped opening with a steel wire polishing brush, then brush off the rubber powder.

Next, you should brush the T2 adhesive to the V-shaped opening twice. Then use the T2 glue gun to fill the T2 glue, at the same time, keep pressing down with a compacting roller.

8) Trimming

Use a rubber knife to cut off the excess rubber at the edge of the roller. Keep the angle of the rubber knife at an angle of 45° with the surface. While rotating the roller, remove the excess rubber.

Pulley Lagging Notes:　　

1. Temperature above 10℃, relative humidity less 90%, no water, control the dust.

Polish and polish thoroughly, make sure there is no residual glue, rust spots, pits, and flaps.

Brush the metal primer or metal treating agent evenly, dry thoroughly. You can use a hot air dryer or other dry tools.

Brush the glue evenly twice, brush it from one direction to another, it can avoid the failure of glue wrapping caused by bubbles. Brush the glue twice only when it is dry, and brush the glue only when it is dry for the second time.

Roll and knock from the middle to both sides during gluing, so as not to produce bubbles and lead to failure of gluing.

Sealing, the size should be calculated, and no gaps or blobs should be allowed.

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heydenblog · 5 years ago

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How to change the hydraulic pump table

The original specification of the commodity, assuming the replacement of another brand, should consult the hydraulic pump experienced personnel look up the table exchange, the intention is to adhere to the accuracy and load capacity of the bearing.

3 three pairs of friction inspection and marking 3.1 piston rod and cylinder hole

Replacement specifications for hydraulic pump components, listed in a variety of vacancies, can be corrected by the following method:

(1) If the cylinder body is inset with copper sleeve, the method of replacing copper sleeve can be chosen for correction. Trim the diameter of a set of plunger rods together, then polish the outer diameter with sandpaper above 1000#. There are three methods of copper sleeve for cylinder equipment: (a) Heating cylinder or cold kneading and interference equipment for copper sleeve; (b) There is a letai adhesive equipment, this way begged copper jacket outside diameter appearance groove; (c) Cylinder hole tapping, copper sleeve outer diameter processing thread, after tu Le Thai glue, screw into the equipment.

(2) The cylinder block and copper sleeve of the melting contact method shall be marked as follows: (a) Grinding rod shall be selected, and the cylinder hole shall be marked by manual or mechanical means; (b) Select a coordinate boring machine and bore cylinder body holes from the beginning; (c) Use reamer to correct cylinder hole.

(3) Select "exterior engineering skills" as follows: (a) Plating skills: plating a layer of hard chromium on the exterior surface of the plunger; (b) Brush plating skills: brush plating information on the plunger surface; (c) Thermal or arc spraying or electrospraying: spraying high-carbon martensite data; (d) Deposition: High hardness alloy powder is deposited on the outer surface of the plunger.

(4) The cylinder bore without copper sleeve data is mostly ductile iron, in the cylinder wall to prepare amorphous film or coating. Because the cylinder bore wall has this particular material, so just adjust to form a hard - hard pair of friction. Assume that blindly grinding cylinder hole, the cylinder hole inner wall of this layer of external data grind out, the construction of friction function will change. The friction pair that has been removed, assuming forced use, will increase the friction surface temperature, plunger rod and cylinder hole attack gluing.