#organic betel nut

[betelnutsupplier]

The Secret to Finding the Best Organic Betel Nut in Bangladesh (With Images)

What is organic betel nut?

Organic betel nut is betel nut that has been grown and processed without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. Organic betel nut is often seen as being healthier and more sustainable than conventionally grown betel nut.

Benefits of organic betel nut

There are a number of potential benefits to choosing organic betel nut over conventionally grown betel nut. These benefits include:

Reduced exposure to synthetic pesticides and fertilizers: Organic betel nut is grown and processed without the use of synthetic pesticides or fertilizers. This means that consumers of organic betel nut are less likely to be exposed to these chemicals.

Improved soil health: Organic farming practices help to improve soil health. This can lead to healthier plants and better quality betel nut.

Reduced environmental impact: Organic farming practices help to reduce the environmental impact of agriculture. This includes reducing greenhouse gas emissions and water pollution.

Where to find organic betel nut suppliers in Bangladesh

There are a number of organic betel nut suppliers operating in Bangladesh. Some of these suppliers may specialize in organic betel nut, while others may offer organic betel nut as part of a wider range of organic products.

When looking for an organic betel nut supplier in Bangladesh, it is important to do your research and make sure that the supplier is certified organic. This means that the supplier has been inspected and certified by a recognized organic certification body.

Here are a few tips for finding organic betel nut suppliers in Bangladesh:

Ask for recommendations: If you know anyone who consumes organic betel nut, ask them for recommendations for suppliers.

Search online: There are a number of websites where you can search for organic betel nut suppliers in Bangladesh.

Contact organic certification bodies: Organic certification bodies can provide you with a list of certified organic betel nut suppliers in Bangladesh.

List of organic betel nut suppliers in Bangladesh

Here is a list of some of the organic betel nut suppliers operating in Bangladesh:

Bright Areca Ltd.

M/s. Abu Mohammad & Company

Fahim Trade Int.

Refat international Ltd Company

Organic Green Bangladesh

Eco Trade Bangladesh

Nature's Basket Bangladesh

Organic Bangladesh

It is important to note that this is not an exhaustive list of all organic betel nut suppliers operating in Bangladesh. There may be other suppliers that are not listed here.

Organic betel nut is a healthier and more sustainable option than conventionally grown betel nut. There are a number of organic betel nut suppliers operating in Bangladesh. When choosing an organic betel nut supplier, it is important to do your research and make sure that the supplier is certified organic.

[betelnutexporters]

The Secret to Importing High-Quality Betel Nuts for Cheap: A Directory of the Top Exporters

Betel nuts are a popular chewable stimulant in many parts of Asia. They are typically wrapped in a betel leaf with lime paste and other ingredients, and chewed for their stimulating and euphoric effects. Betel nuts are also used in some traditional medicines and religious ceremonies.

Indonesia is the world's largest producer and exporter of betel nuts. Other major betel nut exporting countries include India, Sri Lanka, Thailand, China, Vietnam, and the Philippines.

If you are looking for a reliable betel nut exporter, there are a few things to keep in mind:

Quality: Make sure to choose an exporter that sells high-quality betel nuts. Betel nuts can vary in quality depending on the variety, growing conditions, and processing methods.

Price: Betel nut prices can vary depending on the quality of the nuts and the country of origin. It is important to compare prices from different exporters before you buy.

Reliability: Make sure to choose an exporter that is reliable and has a good track record. You can read reviews from other buyers to get an idea of the exporter's reputation.

Here is a directory of some of the leading betel nut exporters in the world:

Indonesia:

PT. Rezeki Mandiri Global

PT. Agro Future Indonesia

CV. Rezeki Mandiri

CV.GHI

PT. JKL

India:

M/s. ABCD

M/s. EFGH

M/s. IJKL

M/s. MNOP

M/s. PQRS

Sri Lanka:

AKEN LANKA PVT LTD.

ASHOK LANKA EXPORTS

BALAJI VENTURES LANKA PVT LTD.

BESPICE PVT LTD.

BEST DEAL EXPORTERS PVT LTD.

Thailand:

Thai Betel Nut Exporters Association

Thai Chamber of Commerce

Federation of Thai Industries

Thai Food Processors Association

Thailand Rice Exporters Association

China:

China Chamber of Commerce for Import and Export of Foodstuffs, Native Produce and Animal By-Products (CCCFNA)

China National Association of Grain Trade (CNAIT)

China Association for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT)

China Chamber of Commerce of Machinery and Electronics Importers and Exporters (CCCME)

China Food and Beverage Industry Association (CFBIA)

Vietnam:

Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry (VCCI)

Vietnam Food Association (VFA)

Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers (VASEP)

Vietnam National Coffee and Cocoa Association (VINACA)

Vietnam Cashew Association (VINACA)

Philippines:

Philippine Coconut Authority (PCA)

Philippine Chamber of Agriculture and Food Inc. (PCAFI)

Philippine Exporters Confederation Inc. (Philexport)

Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI)

Federation of Philippine Industries (FPI)

Malaysia:

Malaysian Palm Oil Council (MPOC)

Malaysian Rubber Board (MRB)

Malaysian Cocoa Board (MCB)

Malaysian Timber Council (MTC)

Malaysian Pineapple Industry Board (MPIB)

Bangladesh:

Bangladesh Export Promotion Bureau (BEPB)

Federation of Bangladesh Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FBCCI)

Bangladesh Chamber of Industries (BCI)

Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA)

Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BKMEA)

Myanmar:

Myanmar Trade Promotion Organization (MTPO)

Myanmar Chamber of Commerce and Industry (UCCI)

Federation of Myanmar Chambers of Commerce and Industry (FMCCI)

Myanmar Rice Exporters Association (MREA)

Myanmar Timber Merchants Association (MTMA)

Papua New Guinea:

Papua New Guinea Investment Promotion Authority (IPPNG)

Papua New Guinea Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PNGCCI)

Manufacturers Council of PNG (MCPNG)

PNG Business Council (PNGCBC)

PNG Exporters Association (PNGEX)

Taiwan:

Taiwan Bureau of Foreign Trade (BOFT)

Chinese National Association of Industry and Commerce (CNAIC)

Taiwan Confederation of Industries (TCI)

Taiwan Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers Association (TEEMA)

Taiwan Textile Federation (TTF)

Conclusion

This is just a small sample of the many betel nut exporters around the world. When choosing an exporter, it is important to consider the quality of the nuts, the price, and the exporter's reputation. You can also contact the

[glee-impex]

Best Organic Betel Nuts Export from India to 20+ Countries

India has long been a significant player in the Betel Nuts Export from India, contributing to the global market with high-quality products. With deep-rooted cultural and traditional significance, betel nuts have been cherished across South Asia and beyond. This blog explores the journey of betel nuts from farm to market, their cultural significance of betel nuts, and the crucial role played by high-quality betel nuts exporters like Glee Impex in ensuring premium quality and sustainable practices.

[pnp-pujanpujari]

Vasant Panchami 2025: Saraswati Puja Date, Auspicious Muhurat, and Ritual Significance

Vasant Panchami, also known as Saraswati Puja, is a vibrant Hindu festival that marks the arrival of spring and is dedicated to Goddess Saraswati, the deity of wisdom, learning, and arts. Celebrated with great enthusiasm, this day holds immense significance for students, scholars, and artists who seek blessings from the goddess for knowledge and creativity.

Vasant Panchami 2025: Date and Muhurat

In 2025, Vasant Panchami falls on Sunday, February 2nd. The auspicious muhurat for Saraswati Puja is observed during the Purvahna Kala, the time between sunrise and midday, which is considered ideal for performing rituals and prayers. According to the Hindu Panchang, the timing for Saraswati Puja muhurat on this day is as follows:

Saraswati Puja Muhurat: 09:14 AM to 12:19 PM

Panchami Tithi Begins: 09:14 AM on February 2, 2025

Panchami Tithi Ends: 06:52 AM on February 3, 2025

It is advisable to consult a Hindu Panchang or an astrologer for precise timings tailored to your location.

Significance of Vasant Panchami

Vasant Panchami is celebrated to honor Goddess Saraswati, who symbolizes knowledge, wisdom, and creativity. The festival is particularly important for students and artists. The color yellow is associated with this festival, representing energy, enlightenment, and prosperity. Devotees wear yellow clothes, prepare yellow-colored sweets, and decorate their homes with marigold flowers to signify the vibrant spirit of the day.

The festival also marks the onset of the spring season in India, bringing freshness, greenery, and blooming flowers. It is considered an auspicious day for starting new ventures, educational pursuits, and artistic endeavors.

Saraswati Puja Procedure

Performing Saraswati Puja at home or in educational institutions is a simple yet meaningful process. Here’s a step-by-step guide:

Prepare the Puja Area:

Clean the area where the puja will be performed.

Place an idol or picture of Goddess Saraswati on a clean platform, adorned with yellow flowers.

Decorate the Puja Space:

Use yellow and white flowers for decoration.

Arrange offerings such as fruits, sweets, and yellow-colored food items.

Gather Puja Items:

Items include kumkum, turmeric, incense sticks, diya (lamp), betel leaves, and betel nuts.

Keep books, musical instruments, or any learning tools near the idol as a symbolic offering.

Perform the Puja:

Light a diya and incense sticks.

Offer flowers, fruits, and sweets to the deity.

Chant Saraswati Vandana or mantras such as “Om Aim Saraswatyai Namah” to invoke the blessings of the goddess.

Seek Blessings:

Touch the feet of elders and seek their blessings.

Offer food to Brahmins or the needy as part of the tradition.

Conclude with Prasad:

Distribute the prasad among family members and participants after the puja.

Observances Across India

Vasant Panchami is celebrated differently in various parts of India:

In Bengal, it is a grand occasion for students and educational institutions, with elaborate rituals dedicated to Saraswati.

In North India, it marks the preparation for Holi, with colorful kite-flying events.

In Rajasthan and Gujarat, vibrant fairs and cultural events are organized.

In South India, temples host special Saraswati Puja rituals.

Celebrate Vasant Panchami 2025 with PujaNPujari

Make this Vasant Panchami special with Pujanpujari’s online Saraswati Puja services. Our expert pandits guide you through the rituals, ensuring a spiritually enriching experience. Book your puja online and receive all required items delivered to your doorstep. Experience the convenience of celebrating traditional festivals with authenticity and devotion.

This Vasant Panchami, invite the blessings of Goddess Saraswati into your home and begin the year with wisdom, creativity, and prosperity.

[paanking]

The Sweet Success of Paan: Exploring the Growth of the Paan Franchise Industry

In the vibrant tapestry of Indian culinary delights, few offerings stand out quite like paan. This iconic combination of betel leaf, areca nut, and an assortment of aromatic ingredients has been a beloved tradition for centuries, cherished for its unique blend of flavors and cultural significance. However, in recent years, paan has undergone a remarkable transformation, evolving from a street-side delicacy to a thriving industry of Paan franchises in India. In this blog, we’ll delve into the sweet success of Paan King and explore the growth of the paan franchise industry.

A Tradition Reinvented

Paan, in its traditional form, has been a staple of Indian culture for generations. From weddings and festivals to everyday indulgences, paan holds a special place in the hearts of millions across the country. However, with changing tastes and preferences, entrepreneurs have seized the opportunity to reinvent this age-old tradition, offering innovative twists on the classic paan recipe.

The Rise of Paan Franchises

The emergence of the Paan franchise model in India marks a significant shift in the way this timeless delicacy is enjoyed and experienced. What once was confined to street-side stalls and corner shops has now expanded into a thriving industry, with paan franchises popping up in malls, shopping centers, and high-traffic areas across the country. This transformation has not only elevated the status of paan but has also created new opportunities for aspiring entrepreneurs looking to enter the food and beverage sector.

Innovation and Creativity

One of the driving forces behind the growth of the Paan King being the Best banarasi paan franchise in the industry is the spirit of innovation and creativity. Franchise owners are constantly experimenting with new flavors, ingredients, and presentation styles to appeal to a diverse audience. From fruity concoctions to chocolate-infused treats, the possibilities are endless when it comes to reinventing the traditional paan experience. This willingness to push the boundaries of convention has helped Paan franchises attract a new generation of enthusiasts while retaining the essence of this cultural icon.

Meeting Modern Demands

In addition to offering innovative flavors and presentations, our Paan franchises all over India are also catering to modern consumer demands for convenience and accessibility. By setting up shop in high-traffic areas and adopting streamlined service models, franchises are making it easier than ever for customers to indulge in their favorite paan creations on the go. This shift towards convenience has broadened the appeal of paan beyond its traditional audience, attracting urban dwellers, tourists, and young professionals alike.

Embracing Health and Wellness

Another trend driving the growth of the paan franchise industry is the increasing emphasis on health and wellness. Recognizing the demand for healthier alternatives, many franchises are offering low-sugar, organic, and even vegan-friendly Paan options to cater to health-conscious consumers. By sourcing high-quality ingredients and focusing on freshness and authenticity, paan franchises are redefining the perception of this beloved treat as a guilt-free indulgence.

ConclusionAs the Paan franchise industry continues to evolve and expand, the future looks brighter than ever. With a growing consumer base, a spirit of innovation, and a commitment to quality and authenticity, Paan King franchises are poised to become an integral part of the Indian culinary landscape for years to come. Whether you’re a seasoned entrepreneur looking for a new venture or a paan enthusiast eager to explore new flavors and experiences, the sweet success of paan awaits. For more about our franchise model, you can visit our website.

[seedballs]

Unveiling the Significance of Thamboolam Bags in South Indian Culture

Introduction:

In the rich tapestry of South Indian culture, Thamboolam bags hold a special place. These beautifully adorned bags, often filled with a symbolic combination of betel leaves, betel nuts, turmeric, and other auspicious items, are an integral part of religious and cultural ceremonies. In this article, we will explore the deep-rooted significance of Thamboolam bags and their role in South Indian traditions.

Thamboolam Bags: A Symbol of Auspiciousness

Thamboolam bags are vibrant and meticulously crafted pouches that signify prosperity, good luck, and divine blessings. Traditionally made with cloth, these bags are adorned with intricate embroidery, beads, mirrors, and other embellishments, reflecting the cultural heritage of South India.

The Ritualistic Importance of Thamboolam Bags

Thamboolam bags play a pivotal role in various religious and cultural ceremonies. They are offered to guests and attendees as a mark of hospitality and reverence. The contents of these bags, including betel leaves, betel nuts, turmeric, and vermilion, hold symbolic meanings. Betel leaves represent longevity, betel nuts signify fertility and abundance, turmeric denotes purity, and vermilion represents marital bliss.

Thamboolam Bags in Weddings and Religious Ceremonies

Weddings in South India are incomplete without Thamboolam bags. These bags are distributed to guests as a token of gratitude for their presence and blessings. They are also given during festivals, religious rituals, and auspicious occasions such as housewarming ceremonies. The act of offering Thamboolam bags symbolizes the host's desire to share their joy and prosperity with others.

Preserving Tradition: The Role of Thamboolam Bags Today

Despite the advent of modernization, Thamboolam bags continue to be an essential part of South Indian culture. They serve as a reminder of the region's rich heritage and are passed down through generations. In addition to weddings and religious events, Thamboolam bags are also used in cultural programs and community gatherings, further strengthening the bonds within the community.

Sustainable Celebrations: Thamboolam Bags by Seed Balls

Seed Balls, a renowned eco-friendly brand committed to sustainability, has embraced the cultural significance of Thamboolam bags. With a mission to promote eco-consciousness, Seed Balls has introduced a range of Thamboolam bags made from organic and biodegradable materials. These bags are not only exquisite in design but also contribute to a greener planet.

Read More: Embracing Nature: How Plantable Notebooks Connect Us to the Environment

Conclusion:

Thamboolam bags have transcended time and continue to be cherished in South Indian culture. Their elaborate craftsmanship and symbolic contents make them an integral part of weddings, religious ceremonies, and cultural events. Through initiatives like Seed Balls, the significance of Thamboolam bags is being preserved while promoting sustainability, reminding us of the beauty and depth of South Indian traditions.

[lovelypol]

India Oral Care: Nurturing Healthy Smiles Across the Nation

Oral care is an essential aspect of maintaining overall health and well-being. In India, oral health has gained increasing attention in recent years as people recognize its impact on individual confidence, social interactions, and overall quality of life. In this article, we will delve into the significance of oral care in India, the challenges faced, and the steps being taken to promote healthy smiles across the nation.

The Significance of Oral Care:

Oral care plays a crucial role in preserving oral health and preventing dental diseases. Poor oral hygiene can lead to dental caries (cavities), gum disease, bad breath, and other oral health issues. Moreover, research has shown that oral health is linked to overall health, with connections to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, respiratory infections, and preterm births. Thus, a focus on oral care is vital for the well-being of individuals and the nation as a whole.

Challenges in Oral Care:

India faces several challenges when it comes to oral care:

a. Lack of Awareness: Many individuals, especially in rural areas and marginalized communities, lack awareness about the importance of oral care and the connection between oral health and overall health. This lack of knowledge hinders the adoption of proper oral hygiene practices.

b. Inadequate Access to Dental Care: Accessibility to quality dental care remains a challenge in India, particularly in remote areas. Limited dental clinics, shortage of dental professionals, and affordability issues create barriers for individuals seeking preventive and curative dental services.

c. Traditional Practices: Traditional practices, such as the use of tobacco and betel nut, are prevalent in some parts of India. These practices contribute to a higher risk of oral diseases, including oral cancer.

Government Initiatives:

The Government of India has recognized the importance of oral care and has implemented several initiatives to address the challenges:

a. National Oral Health Program: The government has launched the National Oral Health Program to improve oral health across the country. The program focuses on creating awareness, strengthening oral health infrastructure, training dental professionals, and providing affordable dental services, especially in rural areas.

b. School Dental Health Programs: Oral health education and preventive measures are being integrated into school curricula to instill good oral hygiene habits among children. Dental health camps are organized in schools to provide basic oral health screenings and treatments.

c. Community Health Workers: Community health workers, such as Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), are being trained to educate communities about oral hygiene practices and facilitate access to dental care.

Dental Industry and NGOs:

The dental industry and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a significant role in promoting oral care in India. They work towards:

a. Awareness and Education: Conducting oral health awareness campaigns, seminars, and workshops to educate the public about oral hygiene practices, proper brushing techniques, and the importance of regular dental check-ups.

b. Outreach Programs: Organizing free dental camps in rural and underserved areas, providing preventive care, dental treatments, and distributing oral hygiene kits.

c. Affordable Dental Care: Some NGOs collaborate with dental professionals to offer affordable or free dental services to low-income individuals who cannot access regular dental care.

Personal Responsibility:

Individuals also play a crucial role in maintaining good oral health:

a. Regular Oral Hygiene Practices: Practicing proper oral hygiene, including brushing teeth twice a day, using fluoride toothpaste, flossing daily, and using mouthwash.

b. Healthy Dietary Choices: Limiting sugary and acidic food and beverages, which contribute to dental decay. Encouraging the consumption of fresh fruits, vegetables, and dairy products that promote oral health.

c. Regular Dental Check-ups: Scheduling regular visits to a dentist for preventive check-ups, cleanings, and early detection of oral health issues.

Conclusion:

Oral care in India is gaining recognition as a crucial component of overall health. While challenges persist, initiatives by the government, dental industry, and NGOs are striving to promote awareness, improve access to dental care, and enhance oral hygiene practices. By embracing personal responsibility and working collectively, India can nurture healthy smiles and improve the oral health of its citizens, contributing to a happier and more vibrant nation.

Request for free sample : https://www.bonafideresearch.com/samplereport/150910081/India-Oral-Care-Market-2021

[sayeedaqsa]

10 Best Mouth Cancer Treatment Hospitals In India

Oral cancer cases account for 30% of total cancer cases in India. In women, 10.4% of all cancers are usually oral and are the second most common cancer in India. Mouth cancer is more common in rural areas of the country. Almost 14 lakh new oral cancer cases were detected last year in India alone. Early diagnosis of oral cancer is the only way to ensure a cure. Oral cancer is determined to be due to the human papillomavirus, alcohol use, betel nut, tobacco smoke components, chewing tobacco, asbestos, stem cell transplantation, and premalignant lesions. There are many other factors that are yet to be found out and could be responsible for it.

Oral cancer management would include surgery/neck management/ radiotherapy/ immunotherapy/targeted drug therapy/ chemotherapy along with rehabilitation. Cancer could be in the tongue, roof of the tongue, lips, the inner lining of the cheeks, mouth floor, gums, or cancer in the corner of the mouth. Oral cancer treatment can easily cost one around 4-5 lakhs. White or red speckles in the mouth, throat soreness, ear pain, facial numbness or pain, vocal changes, swallowing/ chewing, or speaking problems are some of the warning signs which indicate something is wrong.

Sarcomas, adenocarcinomas, lymphomas, and oral malignant melanomas are some of the types of oral cancer, and squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of oral cancer found in people. The oral cancer survival rate in early stages is 80%-90% and thus being alert is the only way to detect it early to cure it completely.

Some of the best hospitals where you can get it treated in the best possible way are listed below for your convenience.

Top most oral cancer surgery hospitals in India

Standard hospitals against oral cancer are listed below for your reference.

1. Medanta - The Medicity, Gurgaon

CyberKnife technology, tomotherapy H-D, and Linear accelerators are some of the Avant technologies used in the hospital to treat oral cancer patients. Integrated brachytherapy units, Da Vinci surgical techniques, volumetric arc therapy, SBRT/SRS technology, and IGRT (image-guided radiotherapy) are some of the advanced therapeutic approaches that can be used based on the requirements of the patient. PET and C.T. scans are some of the standard testing techniques used by the hospital to detect oral cancer patients.

Address: CH Baktawar Singh Road, Sector 38, Gurugram, Haryana 1220

2. Columbia Asia Referral Hospital, Yeswanthpur, Bangalore

Usually, a proper diagnosis, clean surgery, prophylaxis, proper radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are possible within the hospital. They too have C.T. (computed tomogram) and advanced PET (positron emission tomogram) and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) technology. The hospital also has specialized surgical facilities.

Address: 26/4, Brigade Gateway, Beside Metro, Malleswaram West, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560055

3. SL Raheja Hospital, Mumbai

An appropriate tumor board, proper treatment plan, targeted, hormonal, chemo, or immunotherapies are some of the facilities available within the hospital. Surgery is an essential part of oral cancer. Once the tumor board fixes the treatment regime for the patient, specialized surgeries are planned using specific modern equipment like Cyberknife technology and so on.

Address: Raheja Rugnalaya Marg, Mahim (West), Mumbai, Maharashtra 400016

4. Aster Medcity, Kochi

The hospital is a quaternary healthcare hospital present in Kochi, a flagship hospital of Aster D.M. Healthcare. The hospital provides medical/surgical/radiation oncology/ palliative care.

Targeted therapy, biotherapy, metronomic chemotherapy, and oral or complex chemotherapy agents can be administered to patients comfortably in this hospital as per requirements.

Address: Kuttisahib Road Cheranalloor, South Chittoor, Kochi, Kerala 682027

5. Apollo Hospitals Chennai

Apollo Hospitals Chennai is one of the premier organizations where every year, thousands of patients get treated for oral cancer from all across the country.

They can comfortably put you through advanced surgical procedures and also help you make appropriate therapeutic choices.

Address: No.46, 7th street, Tansi Nagar, Velachery, Chennai - 600 042

6. Sarvodaya Hospital, Faridabad

PET CT, Gamma camera, 6D LINAC, and international radiology are some of the specialties one can avail of in this hospital. Best surgery techniques & therapeutic options are provided to patients when the tumor board plans treatment.

Address: Sec-19, Gopi Colony Old Faridabad, Faridabad, Haryana 121002

7. Artemis Hospital, Gurgaon

The hospital can help in getting you the best possible treatment and surgery. PET scan, C.T. scan, other complex diagnostic procedures, and different therapy patterns are possible within the hospital. Brachytherapy and image-guided radiotherapy are some of the best technologies used by the hospital to treat patients.

Address: Sector 51, Gurugram,

8. Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai

The innovation of "extra cut" is a process that has been tried in this hospital alone. India has the highest number of oral cancer patients in the world so far. So patients have to undergo neck dissection to verify if they have oral cancer.

Volumetric arc therapy, SBRT/SRS technology, IGRT (image-guided radiotherapy), MRI, PET, CT, and brachytherapy is possible almost free of cost with this hospital.

Address: Dr E Borges Road, Parel, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400012

9. Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu

One of the best care can be availed with the oncologists and nurses serving and taking care of the patients in this hospital. Brachytherapy, CT, PET scans and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), biopsy, volumetric arc therapy, SBRT/SRS technology, and IGRT (image-guided radiotherapy) is possible with the hospital too.

10. Indian Cancer Society of Mumbai

The hospital can provide you with good care, can suggest appropriate cancer treatments and surgery facilities, and also helps you get back to normal after overcoming the disease.

To conclude, we would say that no cancer can be treated entirely. What we can only do is arrest its spread and remove the part that is affected. Sometimes chemotherapy and radiotherapy are used to kill the cancerous cells in a particular area.

Oral cancer is mostly preventable if people can avoid too much alcohol, betel nut, chewing tobacco, or cigarettes. If you have any other questions, you can always reach us through the comments section.

[betelnutexporters]

The Secret to Buying Betel Nuts That Don't Harm People or the Planet

Fair trade is a movement that promotes social justice and environmental protection in the global trading system. Fair trade betel nut exporters are committed to paying farmers a fair price for their nuts and ensuring that they have safe and healthy working conditions. Fair trade exporters also support sustainable farming practices and community development projects.

Why choose fair trade betel nuts?

There are a number of reasons to choose fair trade betel nuts:

Support farmers: Fair trade exporters pay farmers a fair price for their nuts, which helps them to earn a living income. This can help to reduce poverty and improve the lives of farmers and their families.

Improve working conditions: Fair trade exporters ensure that farmers and workers have safe and healthy working conditions. This includes things like providing adequate safety gear and breaks, and prohibiting child labor and forced labor.

Promote sustainable farming: Fair trade exporters support sustainable farming practices that protect the environment. This includes things like using organic methods, planting trees, and conserving water.

Support community development: Fair trade exporters support community development projects in the communities where they source their betel nuts. This can help to improve access to education, healthcare, and other essential services.

How to find fair trade betel nut exporters

There are a number of ways to find fair trade betel nut exporters:

Look for the Fairtrade International logo: The Fairtrade International logo is a certification that ensures that products have been produced in accordance with fair trade principles. You can find fair trade betel nut exporters by looking for the Fairtrade International logo on product packaging.

Ask your local retailer: Many retailers now stock fair trade products. You can ask your local retailer if they sell fair trade betel nuts.

Buy online: There are a number of online retailers that sell fair trade betel nuts. You can search for fair trade betel nut exporters online using a search engine such as Google.

Examples of fair trade betel nut exporters

Here are some examples of fair trade betel nut exporters:

Indonesia: PT. XYZ, CV. ABC, PT. DEF, CV. GHI, PT. JKL

India: M/s. ABCD, M/s. EFGH, M/s. IJKL, M/s. MNOP, M/s. PQRS

Sri Lanka: AKEN LANKA PVT LTD., ASHOK LANKA EXPORTS, BALAJI VENTURES LANKA PVT LTD., BESPICE PVT LTD., BEST DEAL EXPORTERS PVT LTD.

Thailand: Thai Betel Nut Exporters Association, Thai Chamber of Commerce, Federation of Thai Industries, Thai Food Processors Association, Thailand Rice Exporters Association

Vietnam: Vietnam Chamber of Commerce and Industry, Vietnam Food Association, Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers, Vietnam National Coffee and Cocoa Association, Vietnam Cashew Association

Conclusion

By choosing to buy fair trade betel nuts, you can help to support farmers, workers, and communities in developing countries. You can also help to promote sustainable farming practices and protect the environment.

Fairtrade International is a non-profit organization that certifies products that have been produced in accordance with fair trade principles.

[urganic-tuts]

Among the surrounding trees, plants and vines, a betel nut tree stands tall and gives us happiness and gives a natural view to the eyes..!

"This is a beautiful joy in the creation of nature, a bliss that cools the mind"

Forever Gives our #Healthy #Lifestyle,

#followusformore by Urganic TuTs #brand

If you want to stay up-to-date with us, follow our Page.

Visit our #Google #Page: https://g.page/r/CSdFbyPEb_JyEBE/review

Our Brand Unique #products are #selling through #amazon #amazonbusiness #amazonseller

#Tesoro #MELAGRANA

Tesoro Melagrana 100% Pure Organic (275g) - URGANIC TuTs https://amzn.eu/d/236W36A

#Honing #kiwi #kiwifruit

Honing Kiwi 100% Pure Organic (275g) - URGANIC TuTs https://amzn.eu/d/53NbOmr

#Kiwi #Honey #Kiwihoney

Kiwi Honey 100% Pure Organic (550g) - URGANIC TuTs https://amzn.eu/d/fsEWnIB

#nature #photography #naturephotography #love #travel #photooftheday #instagood #beautiful #picoftheday #photo #instagram #smallbusinessbigdreams

[hindisoup]

Devdas chapter 15 (of 16)

Chandramukhi and Devdas (Dir: Bhimal Roy 1955)

In this next to last chapter, we follow Chandramukhi from her new quiet country life back to Calcutta where she finally tracks down Devdas who's taken a turn for the worse.

I found it interesting, that while the Hindi word for liver, कलेजा, is used consistently in this novel as the organ reacting to strong emotions (as opposed to the heart) when talking about Devdas' waning health, the word लीवर is used to speak about the literal organ.

I had some trouble translating properly the following two sentences describing Chanramukhi's yard:

आँगन साफ़-सुथरा है। रमा बागदी की बेटी रोज़ उसे लीप-पोत जाती है। The yard was swept and wiped clean - Rama Bagdi's daughter did that every day.

I guess लीप-पोत करना is maybe an old or rarely used verb for sweeping, and it was impossible to find it as such in any online dictionaries. I'm also a bit confused as to why the verb जाना is used in this sentence.

I did find, however, that लीप-पोत is used in the saying लीप-पोत कर बराबर करना or लीप-पोत बराबर करना which appears to mean 'to make equal by removing any bumps' or in less literal sense to gloss over or cover up matters, akin to sweeping matters under a rug - this saying appears in some Tweets and news:

कुछ गिरफ्तारियों, FIR के बाद सारा मामला लीप-पोत कर बराबर कर दिया जाता है। After a few arrests and FIR, the whole matter is glossed over.

FIR = First Information Report is the document the police in India write when they receive information about more serious offences.

Oh, and I stumbled upon a fascinating article about traditional teeth blackening in South East Asia when I googled around trying to find a translation for मिस्सी as seen in a description of Devdas' sister-in-law:

दोनों होंठ और दाँत पान और मिस्सी से लगभग काले हो गए हैं। Her lips and teeth were blackened by the juice of betel nuts.

Vocabulary

अता-पता - clue, sign (masculine) अनभ्यस्त - unaccustomed (adjective) अनूठा - strange, unique (adjective) उद्धत - bold, impudent (adjective) उद्विग्न - anxious, grieving (adjective) उपचना - to overspill (intransitive) उपज - yield, harvest (feminine) औंधा - inverted, reverted, upside down (adjective) कंघी - comb (feminine) कंठस्थ - memorised (adjective)

कसना - to tighten (transitive) क्षत-विक्षत - mangled, mutilated (adjective) खजूर - date (tree or fruit) (feminine) खुद साज-सिंगार करना - to apply make-up (transitive) गठीला - sturdy (adjective) गर्क - sunken, destroyed गिलट का ज़ेवर - fake jewellery (masculine) गुड़ - jaggery, unrefined sugar (masculine) घुँघरा��ा - curly, frizzy (adjective) चहेता - favourite, preferred, loved (adjective) ज़र्दा - sweet rice dish (masculine) जूड़ा - hair bun (masculine) झोंपड़ी - shed, hut (feminine) ठक-से रह जाना - to be shocked (intransitive) ठगा-सा - surprised, astonished (adjective) डाका डालना - to rob (transitive) डुबोना - to drown, immerse, sink (transitive) तक़ाज़ा - demand, request (masculine) तगड़ा - sturdy (adjective) तन-मन से - wholeheartedly तुच्छ करना - to despise, trivialize (transitive) दीवान - minister of state (masculine) नफ़ीस - beautiful पट्टीदार - shareholder (masculine) पड़ताल - investigation (feminine) पानीदार - watery (adjective) पापिनी - female sinner (feminine) प्रायश्चित्त - atonement (masculine) फंदा - noose, trap (masculine) फलालेन - flannel (masculine) बंधक - mortage (masculine) बाड़ा - barn (masculine) बेड़ा - boat, fleet (masculine) बेहया - shameless (adjective) बैलगाड़ी - bullock cart (feminine) महावर रचाना - to apply red colour (eg. on feet) मूली - Indian radish, daikon (feminine) रुलाई - cry (feminine) रेंडी - castor oil plant (feminine) लिटाना - to cause to lie down (transitive) लिबास - dress, attire (masculine) लौंग - nose ring (masculine) व्यग्र - worried, anxious (adjective) शर्मीला - shy, bashful (adjective) संक्षेप में - in short (adverb) सखी - female friend (feminine) संयत - controlled, limited (adjective) साँवला - dark, sooty (adjective) सुंदरी - beauty (feminine) सूद - interest (masculine) स्वर्ग सिधारना - to pass away (intransitive) हड़बड़ी - haste (feminine) हमउम्र - same aged (adjective) हश्र - calamity (masculine)

[adityaberger]

Should you choose organic products?

Organic products like: natural floor cleanser, organic dishwashing water, car essentialfood and oil, beauty products... are becoming a lot more preferred. There are many consumers who switch to using these organic products. Let's find out why! Why would you choose organic products? The item evaluating method is quite stringent One thing to be acknowledged as organic products, the constituents inside them need to consist of at the very least 75Percent organic ingredients. Aside from, they likewise have to endure an extensive high quality examination process from production to intake of new products which are registered with Organic accreditation. Especially for the major organic certification bodies in the world, it will be more stringent because the ingredients inside must be more than 95% from organic matter and the remaining 5% contain substances that are guaranteed and allowed to be safe. complete human health.

Organic products make certain safety and health Organic products of organic ground cleanser, organic dishwashing water, important skin oils for autofood and suspension, makeup products ... absolutely do not use chemical substances, usually do not use surface washing materials, So you are completely confident whenever your entire body fails to take in these harmful elements throughout use. Combining all the standard evaluation stages to be recognized as an organic product, also because each stage has to go through different evaluations. As a result, the products which can be launched out there will always be assured of absolute high quality. Appropriate for all subject areas, specifically children An excellent additionally point for organic products which can be really appropriate and make sure the healthiness of kids. Support young kids prevent damaging substances. Become a member of hands and wrists to shield the beautiful and green environment When using products: organic floor solution, organic dishwashing liquefied, car hanging vitalfood and oil, cosmetics... organic requirements, you possess contributed your part to environmental security. our school of daily life. Household garbage and wastewater will not likely contain toxic substances that pollute water sources and damage ecosystems The deal with that gives top quality organic products An An Farm organic farm, focuses on offering products: holistic ground more clean, organic dishwashing liquefied, car suspensions important oils, betel nut mouth wash, natural hair shampoo, organic laundry soap organic... products that meet up with Organic specifications to very best safeguard the health and safety of clients. To get more information about tinh dau treo xe o to have a look at this popular resource.

[sinister-bob]

Penanggal

In Malaysian folklore, penanggal are mortal women who practice black magic. To become a penanggal, a woman must meditate during a ritual bath in vinegar, with her whole body submerged except for the head. Only active in penanggal form at night, the creature regularly soaks its organs in vinegar to shrink them for easy entry back into her body. The penanggal thus carries an odor of vinegar wherever she flies, and returns to her body during the daytime, passing as an ordinary woman. However, a penanggal can always be told from an ordinary woman by the smell of vinegar.

One story tells of a young woman who was taking a ritual bath in a tub that once held vinegar. While bathing herself and in a state of concentration or meditation, a man entered the room without warning and startled her. The woman was so shocked that she jerked her head up to look, moving so quickly as to sever her head from her body, her organs and entrails pulling out of the neck opening. Enraged by what the man had done, she flew after him, a vicious head trailing organs and dripping venom. Her empty body was left behind in the vat. 

The penanggalan's victims are traditionally pregnant women and young children. As traditional Malay dwellings were stilt-houses, the penanggal hides under the stilts of the house and uses its long tongue to lap up the blood of the new mother. Those whose blood the penanggalan feeds upon contract a wasting disease that is almost inescapably fatal. Furthermore, even if the penanggalan is not successful in her attempt to feed, anyone who is brushed by the dripping entrails will suffer painful open sores that won't heal without a bomoh's help.

The most common protection against a penanggal attack is to scatter the thorny leaves of any of the subspecies of a local plant known as mengkuang, which has sharp thorny leaves and would either trap or injure the exposed lungs, stomach and intestines of the penanggal as it flies in search of its prey. These thorns, on the vine, can also be looped around the windows of a house in order to snare the trailing organs. This is commonly done when a woman has just given birth. The shards of glass glued to the top of the walls around a house serve the same purpose, in addition to protecting against thieves. As an extra precaution, the pregnant woman can keep scissors or betel nut cutters under her pillow, as the penanggalan is afraid of these items.

Once the penanggal leaves its body and is safely away, it may be permanently destroyed by either pouring pieces of broken glass into the empty neck cavity, which will sever the internal organs of the penanggal when it reattaches to the body; or by sanctifying the body and then destroying it by cremation or by somehow preventing the penanggal from reattaching to its body upon sunrise.

Another non-lethal way to get rid of penanggalan is to turn over the body, so that when the head attached back it will be attached reverse side, thereby revealing to everyone what she really is.

Credit: ryan-rhodes.deviantart

[pujarambh]

Book Your Pandit Ji Online

Our Hindu scriptures prescribe certain objects for worship. However, people who have started doing Puja or do havan rarely, might not know the correct information. Simultaneously, many Puja samagri can create confusion. For example, Betel nut is so important in Hindu religious rituals that worship does not begin without it. It is worth noting that there are two types of betel nuts and both are separate items. The betel nut which is eaten is large and round. On the other hand, the betel nut of Pooja is small in shape and has a peak at the top. Along with this, the floor of the betel nut is very flat, which makes the installation work easy. In the Indian Puja Vidhan, the invocation of the gods or the start of the yagna, every work is started with the installation by placing betel nuts and betas on the sides of the pan. Now, the person who can differentiate between the correct type of betel nut will be Pandit.

Festivals, celebrations and fasting all have different meanings. All the celebrations and fasts of Hinduism are related to solar month, lunar month and constellation month. Each festival has its specific day and time to perform the Puja. While some festival pujas can also be done by oneself with the supervision or advice of Pandit. For example, you can consult an online Pandit and ask him the rules and regulations to do Aarti or havan at home. It can be for Navratri Puja, Diwali Puja, Bhai-Duj or more. With online booking, you can also organise Puja at your house or a temple. Here, you organize Office-opening puja, new house warming puja, Sarasvati Puja, Dosh Nirvana Puja and more.

[acrosscenturiesandgenerations]

▪︎Flacon.

Place of origin: India, Deccan

Date: 2nd half of 17th century

Medium: Bidri metal, inlaid with silver and brass.

From the source: Bidri metal is an alloy of zinc, copper, tin, and lead that after finishing has a deep, matte-black surface that is normally inlaid with other metals. The metal takes its name from the city of Bidar, where the technique was probably developed. Later it also spread to northern India.

This mango-shaped container was undoubtedly made to contain the lime paste that was used for chewing betel nuts. Organic shapes are often used in Indian and Indian Islamic art. Here the mango was combined with a stopper that can be interpreted both as a stem and as a parrot. The figurative inlay is both rare and of high quality.

[if-you-fan-a-fire]

“On 10 August 1851, in Moulmein, the capital of British Burma, a gang of one hundred Indian convicts was engaged in its routine monthly task of loading coal onto the East India Company's paddle steamer HC Tenasserim, at the docks of Mopoon. This ship was one of many that plied the Company's trading routes around the Bay of Bengal, connecting port cities in South and South East Asia. Like other Company steamers, the HC Tenasserim carried a diverse cargo. This included men, women, and children – Company officials with their families and servants, merchants and traders, military officers and troops, and labourers – and trade goods like cotton, spices, pepper, opium, and betel nut. In common with other such vessels, the Tenasserim also routinely conveyed Indian transportation convicts into sentences of penal labour. Port cities like Moulmein, one such carceral site, were key locations through and in which the Company repressed and put to work colonized populations. They were places in which convicts joined other colonial workers in the formation of a remarkably cosmopolitan labour force.

The Moulmein convicts working in the docks of Mapoon had, in the early hours of the day, marched the three miles between their jail and the coal shed wharf. The deputy jailer, Mr Edwards, with twenty-six guards, had supervised their work, with a half dozen armed reserve stationed a short distance away. As usual, the convicts were close to finishing the task by the early afternoon. But this was no ordinary day in Moulmein. Just as they were finishing loading the boat, nineteen of the convicts grabbed three of the lascars (sailors) who were holding the ropes tethering the ship to the riverbank and threw them overboard. Their guards approached, but other convicts kept them back by pelting them with lumps of coal. The rest let go of the ropes and pushed the boat off. With Moulmein sitting at the southern confluence of the point at which the Salween River splits into four, they set sail north towards Martaban and got behind their oars, with both the wind and the flood tide in their favour. If port cities were places of convict repression and coerced labour, they were also always potential spaces of collective rebellion. Immediately, deputy jailer Edwards ordered a party to set off along the river in pursuit of the convicts. It quickly caught them up, for the coal boat was heavy, and managed to board the steamer and recapture the men. Despite the convicts’ capitulation, the reaction of the guards was brutal. They killed three men, and wounded eleven, who suffered dreadful and multiple injuries, including sabre wounds, fractured skulls, and broken legs.

Most of the convicts involved in the 1851 outbreak in Moulmein... were from the Punjab, which the Company had annexed in 1849 following its victory in the first and second Anglo-Sikh Wars of 1845–1846 and 1848–1849. In the aftermath of these wars, the British convicted, jailed, and transported dozens of former soldiers to mainland prisons or penal settlements in South East Asia, many under charges of “treason”. These military men were well trained, drilled, and experienced in handling weapons. In later years, particularly after remaining loyal to the East India Company during the Indian rebellion of 1857, the British came to favour men of this region for employment in both the Bengal army and the Indian police service. They constituted one of India's “martial castes”, for their alleged physical superiority and military prowess. During the intervening decade, however, they were certainly not preferred prisoners or transports. Defeated, demoralized, and dispossessed, Punjabi soldier convicts carried anti-imperial sentiment with them into transportation, and agitated continuously against their penal confinement, sometimes in concert with ordinary convicts.

In Burma, for instance, convicts organized mass escapes after a general tightening up of discipline, including the introduction of common messing. The new rules prescribed that convicts should cook and eat their rations together, rather than in self-selecting groups, according to their own desires or cultural and religious imperatives. In November 1846, convicts attempted to break out, and when they failed instead burnt down their wards and guard rooms. A month later, a road gang of 120 mounted but did not succeed in another mass escape attempt. Clearly pre-organized, the jemadar (head overseer) heard one convict say to another shortly before giving the signal to attack the tindals (overseers), “Are you ready?” The commissioner of Arakan claimed that the outbreak was at least partly the consequence of the convicts’ knowledge that he had no power to sanction them, for they were already subject to the severe punishment of hard labour in chains for life. In 1849, there was a mutiny at the Moulmein coal depot in Mopoon. One hundred convicts employed in preparing coal for delivery to the Company steamer rose against their guards. They, too, failed in their bid to escape, with the Company guard killing three and severely wounding eight men in an effort to prevent their flight. British commissioner Bogle reported: “the Secks had […] bound themselves by an Oath never to return to the prison and to eat beef sooner than abandon their purpose […] Bold men will ever be found keen to emancipate themselves from thraldom, and when determined upon it, they are not to be restrained […]”.

The following year, 1850, a military general named Narain Singh led a violent mutiny among thirty-nine convicts on board a river steamer on the way to Alipur jail, in Calcutta, which was the holding depot for transportation to Burma. After quelling the outbreak, and securing the convicts, they continued to plot their escape, including in prison stops along the way. There were significant logistical challenges both in moving convicts securely into transportation, and in keeping them to labour in relatively open environments, which often bordered rivers or the sea. This was of course most notably the case in ports. Though convicts failed in their bid for freedom on that occasion, there and in the other cases noted above, their penal mobility – across land, along water, and in outdoor working gangs – put them into close physical contact, which was necessary for the planning of collective action. Paradoxically, whilst the Company effected transportation as a punishment, it also put into motion the spread of rebellious sentiments to the port cities of South East Asia.

The penal transportation of the soldiers of a defeated army following the Anglo-Sikh Wars was entirely consistent with Company justice, which can be dated in this regard to the turn of the nineteenth century. Following the loss of their kingdom during the wars of 1799–1801, Polygar chiefs, for instance, were shipped by the British from south India to both Fort William (Calcutta) and Penang. Repressive penal transportations also followed the final crushing of the Chuar rebellion in 1816, the second and third Maratha Wars (1803–1805, 1816–1819), the Kol revolt of 1831, the 1835 Ghumsur war against the Konds in Orissa, the 1844 anti-Company revolt in the princely state of Kolhapur, and the Santal hul (rebellion) of 1855. During this entire period, the East India Company also used transportation to expel peasant rebels, particularly low caste and tribal subjects resistant to the Company's occupation of land, extraction of natural resources (notably the timber used for railway sleepers), and taxation regime.

The political convicts of Company Asia joined forces with ordinary, “criminal” convicts to resist their situation at every turn. In 1816, for instance, a dozen convicts rose up and escaped from the Bel Ombre plantation in Mauritius. Some of these men had been sepoys (soldiers), others were low-caste Kols or Chuars who had been convicted of offences relating to peasant rebellion in the Bengal Presidency. They had been confined together to await their transportation in Calcutta's Alipur jail, where a few of the men had been involved in serious riots and were transported in groups on three separate transportation ships. These men were religious rebels of sorts, protesting against the contravention of caste norms regarding the sharing of cooking and eating pots. They stole weapons and escaped into the mountains, allegedly joining a band of maroon (runaway) slaves. In the ensuing trial at the Court of Assizes, they called each other camarade (in French or Mauritian Kreol, comrade) or bhai (Hindustani for brother). Kolhapur rebels transported to Aden in the mid-1840s likewise led repeated escape attempts, including one collective effort in which Company guards shot dead three convicts, whilst at least ten others drowned in their bid to escape.

Though it succeeded in the expulsion of undesirable imperial subjects, transportation failed as a means of containing anti-imperial sentiment and action. Rather, it facilitated its spread, with subaltern action often turning on the same socio-political grievances that had underpinned convicts’ initial transportation. As noted above, the close confinement of convicts’ river journeys enabled them to plot collective action. The same was true of sea voyages, and there were over a dozen convict mutinies in the period to 1857. Many were both effected and repressed with spectacular levels of violence. The largest of all was the seizure of the Clarissa by more than one hundred convicts in 1854. This failed when the convicts ran aground off the coast of Burma and attempted to sign a treaty with a local ruler, in the false belief that he was holding out against the East India Company. In fact, he had already signed a treaty with the British. In regard to the importance of often long journeys into transportation as spaces of rebellion, it is significant that the Company often referred to transportation convicts as transmarine, that is to say, from the other side of the sea. This connected together convicts’ place of origin to their journeys and destinations in a way that suggested, implicitly at least, a close relationship between the three.

The 1857 revolt in India proved a turning point in the history of Indian convict transportation, as the British recognized and feared the consequence of the spread of transregional solidarities of resistance in their Asian settlements. One of the Punjabi convicts sent to Singapore following the Second Anglo-Sikh War, for example, Nihal Singh, had led anti-British forces and was widely regarded as a “saint-soldier”, known by the honorific title Bhai Maharaj (“brother ruler”) Singh. The British deputy commissioner wrote at the time: “He is to the Natives what Jesus Christ is to the most zealous of Christians. His miracles were seen by tens of thousands, and are more implicitly relied on, than those worked by the ancient prophets […] This man who was a God, is in our hands”. Afraid of his influence in the cosmopolitan working environment of the port, the British did not put Nihal Singh to ordinary labour, and attempted to keep him away from both convicts and free workers. He had been transported to Singapore with Khurruck Singh, who the British described as his “disciple”. By the time of the outbreak of rebellion in 1857 Nihal Singh had died, but the British expressed grave anxieties about Khurruck Singh's influence on the convicts and Indians then in Singapore. The British had formerly allowed him to live at large, under police surveillance, and he had gone to live with a free Parsee spice merchant. After the outbreak of revolt in the mainland, however, the governor of the Straits Settlements ordered his confinement in the civil jail, and no longer allowed him freedom of movement. Meantime, fearing revolutionary contamination, they evacuated all the “Sikh” convicts then in Singapore, some to the penal settlement of Penang.

In the port city of Moulmein, too, the British feared the spread of rebellion. In July 1857, the superintendent of the jail reported that the convicts possessed “a most unsteady feeling”. A shipload of fifty convicts had arrived on the Fire Queen, bringing, he claimed, “exaggerated stories” with them. The Company had put them in heavy chains, and in distinction to routine transportation practice they were guarded by Europeans, not Indians. The officiating commissioner refused to land them, however, directing them back to Calcutta. He wrote that, like the newly arrived convicts, the jail peons and town police were nearly all “up countrymen” (i.e. from northern India). Moreover, there were 250 ticket-of-leave convicts in the port. “From conversations which have been overheard”, he reported, “it is not impossible that they and a portion of the Mahomedan population of the Town might form a collusion for a general outbreak of the Jail”. This fear was certainly not groundless, for one of the key features of the 1857 revolt was the breaking open of prisons. The consequence of this alliance between rebels and prisoners was the serious damage or destruction of over forty jails, and the escape of over 20,000 inmates.” - Clare Anderson, “Convicts, Commodities, and Connections in British Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1789–1866.” International Review of Social History, Volume 64, Special Issue S27 (Free and Unfree Labor in Atlantic and Indian Ocean Port Cities (1700–1850)).  April 2019 , pp. 205-227.

Image is: “Arracan [Arakan] 14th February [1849] Kyook Phoo [Kyaukpyu] Ghat & Prisoners Carrying Water in Buckets, Isle of Ramree.” Watercolour by Clementina Benthall. Benthall Papers, Centre of South Asian Studies, University of Cambridge.