#optics photonics lenses physics

[fr33sh00tr]

ruining the already mediocre experience that is disney's haunted mansion (2023) for my family by sighing very loudly and rolling my eyes when the astrophysicist character is on screen

[zankalony]

The Wonders of Light: A High School Lesson That Illuminated the World of Optics

Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better.– Albert Einstein Unraveling the mysteries of light and its interactions with matter Introduction High school is a time of discovery, where we encounter a vast array of subjects that can leave a lasting impact on our lives. For me, that defining moment came during my sophomore year, when I was introduced to the fascinating…

[orionfabrication]

How Precision Reigns Supreme in Metal Laser Cutting

Modern metal manufacturing is presently much in debt with the process of metal laser cutting. This process is well known to transform the metal sheets into very fine parts that are utilized for a plethora of works. Now as you search by metal laser cutting service near me you can get the best companies available for the work. But you would need to know first why makes this laser metal cutting process so accurate. In this matter, we will now discuss about how this laser cutting works and makes the metal casting and fabrication works so easy. Keep reading.

The Heart of Precision: The Laser Beam The accuracy in laser cutting is actually built upon the very nature of the cutting tool—the laser beam itself. Unlike other methods of cutting that implement the use of physical tools, a laser uses a very fine beam of light. It is created by exciting atoms to emit photons, or particles of light, in an organized fashion. This organization makes for a strong, coherent beam with very little divergence—that is, the rays of light travel very nearly parallel.

Focusing Power: Lenses and Mirrors Although the raw laser beam is very powerful, even more refinement is necessary for pinpoint precision. A series of mirrors or a focusing lens can focus the beam further. These optics tweak the light path and send it to a minute point on the metal sheet. The smaller the focal point, the more accurate the cut.

Computer Control: The Guiding Hand The raw power of the laser beam needs a guiding hand to translate it into precise cuts. That's where computer numerical control comes in. Computer-aided design software programs the desired cut path into the CNC system. This digital blueprint dictates where the laser head is going across a given metal sheet, effectively making sure that the laser beam follows just the right path in order to create what needs to be created.

Minimizing Deviations: Maintaining Accuracy While the principles of laser cutting promote accuracy, there are a variety of factors that can introduce minor deviations. Machine calibration ensures all the mechanical components, including the laser head and axes, move with extreme precision.

Conclusion So as you can understand, a great many factors are responsible behind the success of laser metal cutting. Be it the properties that make the laser beams to specific to the materials used, all contribute to the accuracy and precision of the process. You need to choose the best company for laser metal cutting in this case when you are thinking about the finest metal fabrication. A search with metal laser cutting service near me will do the best in this case. Expect the best options open with the best companies now.

[labequipmentindia]

Physics Lab Equipment

The Powerful Measurers:

Physics Lab Equipment can measure length with extreme precision, down to the tenth of a millimetre, thanks to the Vernier Caliper and Micrometer Screw Gauge. For experiments requiring dimensions and tolerances, they are essential.

Measuring Tape: Although not as accurate as the previous two, a measuring tape is a useful instrument for quickly and broadly measuring length.

Bringing the Invisible to Light:

Balance: This apparatus provides highly accurate item mass determination. They are essential for studies involving mass, weight, and density, whether they be basic spring balances or complex electronic ones.

Stopwatch: In many Physics Lab Equipment investigations, time is a critical component. Stopwatches are crucial tools for documenting and examining time-dependent events because of their accuracy in measuring elapsed time.

The Thrilling Group:

Multimeter: This multipurpose instrument combines the functions of an ohmmeter, ammeter, and voltmeter to measure resistance, voltage, and current in circuits. It is essential for any electrical and electronic  Physics Lab Equipment experiment.

Battery: Batteries, as its name implies, supply the electrical energy required to run different electrical parts of circuits. They are available in a range of shapes and sizes to meet the different requirements of research.

Exposing the Light:

  Physics Lab Equipment Lenses and prisms are amazing instruments that bend and control light, enabling us to investigate subjects such as dispersion, reflection, and refraction. They open up a universe of optical phenomena, from straightforward convex lenses to complex prisms.

The Necessary Extras:

The Lab Stand and Clamp are a useful pair that offer a stable surface and assistance for positioning a range of additional equipment, guaranteeing stability and precise measurements.

Springs: The force-displacement connection in springs is distinct. They are employed in Hooke's Law, elasticity, and basic harmonic motion studies

Spectrometer: Nestled atop sturdy platforms, spectrometers stand as sentinels of light, ready to dissect and analyze the spectral fingerprints of matter. With prisms and diffraction gratings at their core, these instruments unravel the intricate dance of photons, revealing the elemental composition and   Physics Lab Equipment properties of substances with unparalleled precision.

 

Oscilloscope: Like silent watchers of the electromagnetic symphony, oscilloscopes stand vigilant, capturing the transient signals that permeate the world of electronics and wave mechanics. Their luminous screens flicker with the dance of voltage and time, offering insights into the frequency, amplitude, and phase of oscillatory phenomena with breathtaking clarity.

 

Particle Accelerator: Amidst cavernous halls and humming with energy, particle accelerators reign as behemoths of scientific exploration. With magnetic fields and radiofrequency cavities as their tools, these colossal machines propel charged particles to relativistic speeds, unlocking the secrets of the subatomic realm and recreating conditions unseen since the dawn of the cosmos.

 

Laser System: Within darkened chambers bathed in the glow of coherent light, laser systems stand as beacons of precision and control. Emitting photons with razor-sharp focus and near-monochromatic purity, these instruments manipulate matter on the atomic scale, from trapping atoms in optical lattices to probing the quantum states of individual particles with unparalleled finesse.

 

Cryogenic Equipment: Amidst clouds of vapor and the chill of liquid nitrogen, cryogenic equipment ushers physicists into the frigid realms where quantum mechanics reigns supreme. With temperatures nearing absolute zero, these devices transform ordinary materials into exotic states of matter, from superfluids to superconductors, unlocking phenomena inaccessible at higher temperatures.

[hhvadvancedtech]

Fundamentals of Thin Film Optical Coatings: A Comprehensive Overview

Thin film optical coatings represent a fascinating intersection of physics, engineering, and material science, with applications spanning from everyday consumer electronics to cutting-edge scientific instruments. In this comprehensive overview, we delve into the fundamentals of thin film optical coatings, exploring their principles, manufacturing processes, and diverse applications.

Understanding Thin Film Optical Coatings

Thin film optical coatings are precisely engineered layers of materials deposited onto a substrate surface to manipulate the transmission, reflection, or polarization of light. These coatings are typically nanometers to micrometers thick, allowing for precise control over optical properties such as reflectivity, transmittance, and spectral characteristics.

Principles of Thin Film Coating

The functionality of thin film optical coatings relies on interference phenomena and the interaction of light with different materials. By carefully selecting the thickness and refractive indices of individual layers, engineers can design coatings that enhance desired optical properties while minimizing undesirable effects like glare or unwanted reflections.

Manufacturing Processes

Various techniques are employed in the fabrication of thin film optical coatings, including physical vapor deposition (PVD), chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and sputtering. These methods enable the deposition of materials such as metals, oxides, and dielectrics onto substrates with high precision and control over layer thickness and composition.

Key Applications

Thin film optical coatings find applications across diverse industries. In consumer electronics, anti-reflective coatings improve the readability of displays and enhance the performance of cameras and lenses. In telecommunications, optical filters enable the transmission of specific wavelengths of light, crucial for fiber optic communication networks. Moreover, in scientific instruments like telescopes and spectrometers, coatings are utilized to optimize light gathering and spectral analysis.

Advanced Capabilities

Modern thin film optical coatings offer advanced functionalities beyond traditional optical properties. Multifunctional coatings can combine anti-reflective, anti-scratch, and hydrophobic properties, enhancing the durability and performance of optical components in harsh environments. Additionally, emerging technologies such as meta-materials and photonic crystals hold promise for creating coatings with unprecedented optical characteristics.

Conclusion

Thin film optical coatings represent a cornerstone of modern optics, enabling the development of sophisticated optical systems with enhanced performance and functionality. As research and technology continue to advance, we can expect further innovations in thin film coating techniques and materials, unlocking new possibilities in fields ranging from consumer electronics to medical imaging and beyond.

In conclusion, the intricate design and precise fabrication of thin film optical coatings underscore their indispensable role in shaping the future of optics and photonics.

For more information, visit the website: https://hhvadvancedtech.com/

[integrating-sphere]

Physical optics -Gloss meter and Colorimeter

In the development of optical instruments, physical optics is the most fundamental theoretical basis, and both the internal results of Colorimeter and gloss meter involve physical optics. Involving physical optics can enhance customers' understanding of the instrument and help customers who have purchased color difference meters and gloss meters better use the instrument and analyze data. Corpuscular theory (Newton) In this theory, light is thought to be like a group of small elastic particles. Fluctuation Theory (Huygens) It is believed that light is a wave (mechanical wave) excited by some kind of vibration. ① The Interference Phenomenon of "A" -- Young's Double Slit Interference Experiment The two beams of light have the same frequency and constant phase difference. The phenomenon appears as a central bright strip with evenly spaced alternating light and dark stripes on both sides. Explain that when the distance difference from a certain point on the screen to a double hole (double slit) is an integer multiple of the wavelength (even multiple of a half wavelength), the two waves are superposed in phase, resulting in enhanced vibration and the generation of a bright strip; The two waves are superposed inversely, and the vibrations cancel, creating a filament. Apply inspection planes, measure thickness, and enhance the transmitted light intensity of optical lenses (antireflective films) ② The diffraction phenomenon of light - single slit diffraction (or circular aperture diffraction) The conditional slit width (or aperture) can be compared to the wavelength. The phenomenon appears as the brightest and widest bright strip in the center, and the light and dark stripes (or rings in the countryside) published at unequal intervals on both sides. The difficult problem is that it is difficult to explain the straightness of light and the inability to find the propagation medium. Electromagnetic Theory (Maxwell) Think of light as an electromagnetic wave. Generation mechanisms of various electromagnetic waves The movement of free electrons in radio waves; The outer electrons of infrared, visible, and ultraviolet atoms are excited; The electrons in the inner layer of the X-ray atom are excited; γ The nucleus of a radiation atom is excited. Spectral emission spectrum of visible light - continuous spectrum, bright line spectrum; The absorption spectrum (characteristic spectrum) is difficult to explain the photoelectric effect phenomenon. Photon theory (Einstein) It is believed that light consists of discrete parts of photons, and the energy of each photon is E=h ν。 Phenomenon ①. The incident light is almost instantaneous to the photoelectron emission; ②. The incident light frequency must be greater than the limit frequency of the photocathode metal ν； ③. When ν＞ v。 The intensity of photocurrent is proportional to the intensity of incident light; ④. The maximum initial kinetic energy of the photoelectron is independent of the incident light intensity and only increases with the increase in the human beam lamp. Interpretation ①. Photon energy can be fully absorbed by electrons without the need for an energy accumulation process; ②. The surface electrons need to do at least work (escape work) h to escape against the gravitational force of the metal atomic nucleus ν； ③. Incident light intensity. More incident photons per unit time produce more photoelectrons; ④. The energy of an incident photon is only related to its frequency, and it is incident onto a metal surface, except for the purpose of escaping work. The rest is converted into the initial kinetic energy of photoelectrons. Difficult questions cannot explain the volatility of light. Wave-particle duality of light It is believed that light is a substance with electromagnetic nature, which has both wave characteristics. It also has particle properties. The motion law of a large number of photons shows volatility, and the behavior of individual photons shows particle property. Experimental basis: interference of weak light, X-ray diffraction These physical optics have applications in real life, where the theories of physical optics are embodied in color difference meters and glossmeters. The application of these theories directly determines the instrument's optical path, internal results, and data calculation methods. Portable Colorimeter/Chroma Meter is an innovation color measuring tool with powerful configuration to make color measurement easier and more professional; It support Bluetooth to connect with Android and ISO devices, Portable Colorimeter/Chroma Meter will take you into a new world of color management; It can be widely used to measure color value, color difference value and find similar color from color cards for printing industry, paint industry, textile industry, etc. Gloss meters AGM-580 are mainly used in the surface gloss measurement for paint, plastic, metal, ceramics, building materials. It conforms to the DIN67530, ISO2813, ASTM D523, JIS Z8741, BS 3900 Part D5, JJG696 standards and so on. Lisun Instruments Limited was found by LISUN GROUP in 2003. LISUN quality system has been strictly certified by ISO9001:2015. As a CIE Membership, LISUN products are designed based on CIE, IEC and other international or national standards. All products passed CE certificate and authenticated by the third party lab. Our main products are Goniophotometer, Integrating Sphere, Spectroradiometer, Surge Generator, ESD Simulator Guns, EMI Receiver, EMC Test Equipment, Electrical Safety Tester, Environmental Chamber, Temperature Chamber, Climate Chamber, Thermal Chamber, Salt Spray Test, Dust Test Chamber, Waterproof Test, RoHS Test (EDXRF), Glow Wire Test and Needle Flame Test. Please feel free to contact us if you need any support. Tech Dep: Service@Lisungroup.com, Cell/WhatsApp:+8615317907381 Sales Dep: Sales@Lisungroup.com, Cell/WhatsApp:+8618117273997 Read the full article

[spacenutspod]

One of the first observational tests of general relativity was that the path of light bends in the presence of mass. Not only refracts the way light changes direction as it enters glass or other transparent materials, but bends along a curved bath. This effect is central to a range of physical phenomena, from black holes to gravitational lensing to observations of dark matter. But because the effect is so tiny on human scales, we can’t study it easily in the lab. That could change in the future thanks to a new discovery using distorted photonic crystals. Photonic crystals are materials with a periodic refractive index on nanometer scales. They occur naturally in things such as opals and the wings of some species of butterflies, which gives them their colorful pearlescent rippling effect. They’ve been known since the 1800s, but in the late 1980s, we began to be able to make simple photonic crystals, and research on the materials really started to take off. Fiber optics and other advanced optical materials ushered in the field of photonics, where we can now start to make photonic crystal materials with very specific properties, such as tuning them to be sensitive to specific wavelengths or focusing light more effectively. This new research focuses on a type of material known as distorted photonic crystals. Bending light with a distorted photonic crystal. Credit: K. Kitamura et.al Normally you wouldn’t want your crystal to have any distortions. The more consistent you can make your material, the more uniformly light will behave while passing through it. But in this case, the team was able to gradually deform the spacing of the crystal lattice. This meant that the periodic refractive index shifts gradually as you move through the material. For light, this means the amount of refraction gradually varies, just as it does for light passing near a massive body such as a black hole. The result is that light follows the same kind of curved path as gravitationally lensed light. The authors call this effect pseudogravity, and it could be used to simulate the effects of general relativity. You could imagine being able to create photonic crystals that simulate the lensing effects of galaxies, or even simulations of a black hole’s event horizon. If we can make distorted crystals with the right properties, we can do all kinds of pseudogravity experiments. While pseudogravity makes for great headlines, the early uses for distorted photonic crystals will be in optical communications and optical computing. The crystals can deflect light paths without any significant loss of intensity or signal, which will be a powerful tool for things such as ultra-high-speed internet and the next generation of mobile communication. This means when we do get around to doing pseudogravity experiments, we’ll be able to communicate the results with incredible speed and efficiency. Reference: Nanjyo, Kanji, et al. “Deflection of electromagnetic waves by pseudogravity in distorted photonic crystals.” Physical Review A 108.3 (2023): 033522. The post This Photonic Crystal Bends Light Like a Black Hole appeared first on Universe Today.

[colibri-spindles]

Air Bearing Spindles: Precision and Performance for Industrial Applications

Understanding the Power of Air Bearing Spindles

Air bearing spindles have revolutionized the field of industrial machinery, providing unmatched precision, performance, and reliability. With their unique design and advanced technology, these spindles have become an integral component in various manufacturing processes, offering exceptional results across diverse applications. In this article, we will explore the key features and benefits of air bearing spindles, highlighting their significance in the industrial landscape.

What Are Air Bearing Spindles?

Unveiling the Inner Workings of Air Bearing Spindles

Air bearing spindles are cutting-edge devices that utilize a thin film of compressed air to suspend and rotate a workpiece or tool. Unlike traditional spindles that rely on mechanical bearings, air bearing spindles offer several advantages, including enhanced precision, reduced friction, and increased load capacity. These spindles are designed to operate with minimal vibration and noise, making them ideal for high-speed and high-accuracy applications.

Advantages of Air Bearing Spindles:

The Superiority of Air Bearing Spindles

Unparalleled Precision:

Air bearing spindles excel in delivering exceptional precision, ensuring minimal deviation from desired specifications. The use of air cushioning eliminates mechanical contact, reducing the risk of wear, friction, and heat generation. This precise control enables the production of intricate components with tight tolerances, meeting the most demanding requirements of various industries.

High-Speed Capability:

By eliminating physical contact between the spindle and the workpiece, air bearing spindles allow for significantly higher rotational speeds. This attribute is crucial in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and electronics, where rapid and precise machining is essential. The ability to achieve superior speeds without compromising accuracy sets air bearing spindles apart from traditional alternatives.

Enhanced Durability:

Mechanical bearings are prone to wear and require regular maintenance and lubrication. Air bearing spindles eliminate these concerns, as they do not rely on physical bearings. This absence of mechanical wear extends the lifespan of the spindles, reducing downtime and increasing productivity. Furthermore, the elimination of lubrication requirements makes air bearing spindles more environmentally friendly.

Applications of Air Bearing Spindles:

 Versatility Across Industries

Semiconductor Manufacturing:

The semiconductor industry demands utmost precision during the fabrication process. Air bearing spindles play a vital role in applications such as wafer inspection, lithography, and wire bonding, ensuring precise positioning and controlled motion.

Optical Systems:

In fields like photonics and laser technology, air bearing spindles enable the production of high-quality lenses, prisms, and mirrors. Their exceptional stability and vibration-free operation guarantee optimal performance in optical systems.

Metrology and Calibration:

Air bearing spindles are instrumental in metrology and calibration processes, facilitating precise measurements and standards. The inherent accuracy of these spindles ensures reliable and repeatable results, essential in industries where precision is paramount.

Colibri Spindles: Leaders in Air Bearing Technology

When it comes to air bearing spindles, one name stands out: Colibri Spindles. With years of experience and a commitment to excellence, Colibri Spindles has established itself as a leading provider of high-performance air bearing spindles. Their innovative designs, state-of-the-art manufacturing processes, and unwavering dedication to quality have made them a trusted partner for industries seeking top-of-the-line spindle solutions.

Conclusion:

Unlocking the Potential of Air Bearing Spindles

Air bearing spindles represent a transformative breakthrough in precision machining, delivering unparalleled levels of accuracy, speed, and durability. By eliminating mechanical friction and offering high load capacity, these spindles have dramatically enhanced manufacturing capabilities across numerous industries. They have demonstrated their efficacy in diverse applications, from semiconductor production to optical systems manufacturing and metrology tasks.

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Newly Proven Physics: Smuggling Light Through Opaque Materials

Newly proven physics opens chalcogenide glasses to applications at visible and ultraviolet wavelengths.

Electrical engineers at Duke University have discovered that changing the physical shape of a class of materials commonly used in electronics and near- and mid-infrared photonics—chalcogenide glasses—can extend their use into the visible and ultraviolet parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Already commercially used in detectors, lenses and optical fibers, chalcogenide glasses may now find a home in applications such as underwater communications, environmental monitoring and biological imaging.

The results were published in the journal Nature Communications.

As the name implies, chalcogenide glasses contain one or more chalcogens—chemical elements such as sulfur, selenium and tellurium. But there’s one member of the family they leave out: oxygen. Their material properties make them a strong choice for advanced electronic applications such as optical switching, ultra-small direct laser writing (think tiny rewritable CDs) and molecular fingerprinting. But because they strongly absorb wavelengths of light in the visible and ultraviolet parts of electromagnetic spectrum, chalcogenide glasses have long been constrained to the near- and mid-infrared with respect to their applications in photonics.

Read more.

[dauntlcssly]

☾ — SCOTT SUMMERS/CYCLOPS is here! HE has found themselves wandering about new gotham attempting to find their place in this challenging world. they were once a HERO who used to be associated with THE X-MEN. hope they make it in this world. 

PINTEREST BOARD LINK.

the basics —

NAME: scott summers

ALIASES: cyclops, the first x-man, scotty, cyke, fearless leader, slim, captain commander

AGE: 34

BIRTHDAY & ZODIAC: unknown & virgo

MBTI: entj

PREFERRED PRONOUNS: he / him.

FACECLAIM: bob morley

a deeper look —

FAMILY: christopher summers (father), katherine summers (mother, deceased), jack winters (foster father), alexander summers (brother), gabriel summers (brother), jean grey (wife), nathan summers (son), rachel summers (daughter), hope summers (granddaughter)

AFFILIATION: the x-men (he’s their leader)

THREE FAVORITE THINGS: laser tag as a training exercise in the danger room, a hot bowl of soup, eighties music blasting through the speakers of his car  

THREE HATED THINGS: sentinels attacking his people, not remembering what it’s like to see the world in color outside of everything being red, living with the trauma from his abuse growing up as a child

EDUCATION: college graduate, xavier’s school for gifted youngsters

SKILLS:

EXPERT PILOT: an expert pilot of fixed-wing aircraft, a skill he shares with his father.

MASTER TACTICIAN AND STRATEGIST: has spent most of his superhero career as the leader of either the x-men and has developed exceptional leadership skills. it is notable that regardless of their general attitude towards him, all of the x-men tend to obey his orders in battle — because they know that he is usually right.

EXPERT MARTIAL ARTIST: cyclops also has extensive training in martial arts and unarmed combat, holding black belts in judo and aikido. his level of skill is sufficient to defeat six normal men with his eyes closed, and he has in the past held his own against dangerous hand-to-hand enemies.

WEAPONS: he doesn’t need one

ABILITIES: cyclops is an alpha-mutant.

OPTIC BLAST: possesses the mutant ability to project a powerful beam of concussive, ruby-colored force from his eyes. his powers come from ambient energies (such as solar radiation, photons, and cosmic rays) absorbed and metabolized by his body into concussive blasts released by his eyes.

cyclops’s mind has a particular psionic field that is attuned to the forces that maintain the apertures that have taken the place of his eyes. because his mind’s psionic field envelops his body, it automatically shunts the other-dimensional particles back into their point of origin when they collide with his body. so, his body is protected from the effects of the particles, and even the thin membrane of his eyelids is sufficient to block the emission of energy.

the width of cyclops’s eye-blasts seems to be focused by his mind’s psionic field with the same autonomic function that regulated his original eyes’ ability to focus. as cyclops focuses, the size of the aperture changes and thus act as a valve to control the flow of particles and beam’s relative power. the height of cyclops’s eye-blast is controlled by his visor’s adjustable slit.

his narrowest beam, about the diameter of a pencil at a distance of 4 feet has a force of about two pounds per square inch.

his broadest beam, about 90 feet across at a distance of fifty feet, has a force of about 10 pounds per square inch.

his most powerful eye-blast is a beam four feet across which, at a distance of 50 feet, has a force of 500 pounds per square inch.

SPATIAL AWARENESS:  possesses an uncanny sense of trigonometry, in this sense used to describe his observation of objects around himself and the angles found between surfaces of these objects. cyclops has repeatedly demonstrated the ability to cause his optic blasts to ricochet and/or reflect off those objects in a trajectory to his liking. this is commonly called a “banked shot” when applied to this talent. cyclops has been observed causing beams to reflect from over a dozen surfaces in the course of one blast, and still hit his intended target accurately.

ENERGY RESISTANCE: is resistant to the effects of his own powers. this is linked to him being capable of withstanding his brother’s ability with no ill effects, a result of their close genetics and a quirk of mutant genetics that is common among siblings.

TELEPATHIC RESISTANCE: years of being in intimate situations with telepaths have allowed cyclops to hone his mind to the point where he can resist telepathic intrusion and withhold certain information from high level telepaths.

the questionnaire —

WHAT IS SOMETHING YOUR CHARACTER LIKES ABOUT NEW GOTHAM? SOMETHING THEY DISLIKE? DO THEY MISS THE WAY THINGS WERE - OR DO THE LIKE HOW THE WORLD IS NOW? IS IT WEIRD TO THEM TO SEE MULTIPLE TYPES OF PEOPLE AND CREATURES AROUND? OR ARE THEY USED TO IT? WERE THEY ORIGINALLY FROM ONE OF THE TWO MAIN CITIES - OR SOMEWHERE ELSE?

scott is used to being around so much diversity since he grew up as a mutant. he cares about his people a lot, willing to do anything to protect a fellow mutant. he will also stick his neck out for almost anyone that needs help, no matter where they’re from and what their genetics say. it’s more about doing the right thing. he hopes that maybe with this new world, the changes will open up for more acceptance from humankind this time around. between the sentinels and the purifiers life can be exhausting, being out through so many hate speeches, but scott is a leader. he isn’t afraid to speak up for mutants especially the children.  this of course is why he doesn’t mind seeing other creatures walking around — more open to treating them as an equal. he does miss the way everything used to be, it seems less chaotic now that he looks back on it. he‘s always been busy between leading the x-men and the geometry classes he taught back in his own reality. scott wishes to return back to his version of normal, not sure if these changes will offer the promise of hope he wants his people to have. plus he worries about the kids being left behind if they’re all showing up here. he needs to explore new gotham to figure out what’s to like it dislike necessarily. his kind has been occupied by other priorities.

WHERE WAS YOUR CHARACTER WHEN EVERYTHING CHANGED? ARE THEY SUSPICIOUS OF EVERYONE OR ARE THEY TRYING TO REMAIN UNDER THE RADAR? HAVE THEY REUNITED WITH THEIR FRIENDS OR ARE THEY LOST? WERE THEY AT HOME IN BED? OUT PATROLLING THE STREETS? IN THE MIDDLE OF A WAR? WHAT’S HAPPENED TO THEM NOW?

scott was just coming back from a mission when everything changed. he had his glasses in hand — about to change out his visor for them, but then everything was different. he should be thankful to have been transported with his uniform and his casual eyewear. he was concerned about what caused the worlds to collide like this. scott has more questions than answers right now. he’s mostly spending his time looking for his team, viewing them as the priority more than anything else.  scott is always suspicious after what happened as a child, the abuse and manipulation from sinister and his adoptive father makes him hesitant with some new faces. he’s been working on it, even if that man somehow always finds away to keep an eye on him. which he hates, but is going to try being open minded to making new alliances. the x-men would need to unite with the unknown to somehow make it home OR make a new, safe haven here in new gotham.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION —

ANYTHING YOU WANT US TO KNOW? ANY HEADCANONS?

origin —

scott summers is the oldest son of major christopher summers and katherine summers. he was born in the largest city in alaska. his father was a test pilot for the united states air force. his younger brother was born a couple years later, and his name is alex.

when the two boys were flying home from a family vacation on their father’s vintage plane, a scout ship from the alien shi’ar empire materialized suddenly — setting their plane on fire. their mother pushed scott and alex our of the plane door with the only available parachute. the parachute caught on fire, and this is when scott used his optic blasts for the first time to slow their descent. he was a mutant! the boys were completely unaware that the shi’at teleported their parents before the plane exploded. they were believed to be orphans.

one night scott woke up and destroyed the entire roof of the hospital with his optic blast. the next time waking up after that an entire year passed. once recovered he was placed into an orphanage in omaha, nebraska called the state home for foundlings. here it was that scott was forced to be subjected to batteries of tests and experiments by the owner of the orphanage — mr. milbury which was just an alias for mr. sinister. sinister placed mental blocks on scott and took on playing the role of the boy’s roommate that would bully him constantly. if anyone tried to adopt Scott sinister would intervene.

when scott was a teenager he started to suffer from severe headaches and he was sent to a specialist — also sinister in disguise. he provided the boy with lenses made of ruby quartz.

soon after his mutant power erupted from his eyes as an uncontrollable blast — demolishing a crane, causing it to drop the payload toward a terrified crowd. he uses another blast to obliterate the object, but the people believed that the teenager tries to kill them. an angry mob formed, so scott fled onto a freight train.

this is where the mutant would meet a criminal named jack winters, who would became his foster father for a short time. he would use his telepathic abilities to manipulate scott into joining up with him. he was physically abused if there was any refusal.

the use of his abilities attracted the attention of professor charles xavier. he was rescued from the clutches of jack winters, and taken in by charles to be the first member of the x-men. a team of mutants trained to use their powers for the professor’s dream for mutant equality.

the original x-men became best friends, and were tutored by professor x. he trained them to use their powers inside of the danger room. scott was provided with a special visor made of ruby quartz to help him control his powers in the field.

scott takes on the alias cyclops. he becomes the leader of the x-men, and continues to hold that position. he’s completely aware of what mister sinister did to him growing up during his traumatic experiences at the orphanage, and him playing the role of his doctor.  

he also moves on to become a professor at the school when reaching adulthood. scott taught geometry mainly, while also offering a leadership and tactics course. if the students wanted to form a small team of their own it has to be approved through him. he misses teaching now that the world has changed.

weaknesses —

POWER REGULATION DISABILITY: due to psychological trauma and physical injury at a young age, cyclops is unable to control his optic blasts. In connection, his eyes have become more reliant on the ruby quartz he uses rather than affecting change to the injury. emma frost has claimed the psychological trauma of losing his parents and being separated from his brother are primarily responsible for his inability to control his powers. sinister has also claimed that his eyes have become reliant on the ruby quartz sunglasses and visor, therefore making it hard for cyclops to control the blasts on his own. after overcoming the trauma, he was able to control his blasts and open his eyes for a period of time. however, he gradually began losing control of the blasts and had to revert back to using the sunglasses and visor again.

SURPLUS ENERGY: he needs to fire blasts frequently, because he gathers surplus energy within him if not. he apparently needs an outlet for that energy

equipment —

VISOR: to prevent random discharge it’s lined with powdered ruby quartz crystal. as a safety factor their is a constant positive closing pressure provided by springs. there is an overriding finger-operated control mechanism on either side of the mask, and normal operation is through a flat micro-switch installed in the thumb of either glove.

he also has emergency ruby quartz contacts.

X-SUIT:  current costume of cyclops is a variation of the basic costume designed by charles to their first and original x-men.

[sharpeh7-blog]

Colour Glass Filters for CMOS sensors

CMOS sensors are used within commercial grade Digital SLR cameras as a replacement for the more expensive CCD. These CMOS sensors are extremely sensitive to IR light, which can lead to discolouration. IR cut filters are used to block the IR light, meaning that photographs are taken with life-like colours. Colour Glass Filters can be used in variations of Bandpass, Long pass and Short pass, depending on which wavelengths of light need to be blocked resulting in different key areas being more easily distinguished.

Knight Optical offers Colour Glass and IR cut filters for such an application, with a wide range of band widths and cut on/off wavelengths. As above these are available as Bandpass, Long pass or Short pass filters and we can also offer customised filters with coatings specific to the wavelength of your choice.

We hold a massive inventory of IR cut, Bandpass, Long Pass and Short Pass filters:

·         Stock sizes of 5-50mm diameter or 5-50mm length/width and 1mm thick

·         Custom shapes and sizes available

·         Alternative thickness substrates available.

Typical specs:

Material:                             Colour Glass and Borosilicate/D263T or equivalent

Diameter:                           +0.0 / -0.20 mm

Length/width:                 ± 0.20 mm

Thickness:                           ± 0.20 mm

Surface quality:               <60-40 scratch/dig or <20:10 for HD cameras

Parallelism:                        <3 arcmin

Note:

Wavelength cut-on listed in table is transition cut-on wavelength (T=Tmax/2)

Wavelength cut-off listed in table is transition cut-off wavelength (T=Tmax/2)

Wavelength peak is centre wavelength (specific to Bandpass Filters)

 All our Colour Glass Filters are checked for quality in our state-of-the-art Metrology laboratory using our Varian Cary 5000 spectrophotomer’s fitted with UMA, allowing us to work to the highest QA standards and meet the tolerance specifications on these precision components.

Contact our technical sales team to discover how Knight Optical’s high quality Colour Glass Filters and superior service can improve your instrumentation and supply chain experience.

Tel +44(0)1622 859444 | Email contact@knightoptical.co.uk

Tel +(001) 401 583 7846 | Email usasales@knightoptical.com

·                     View our QA and metrology information

·                     Watch our Corporate Video

·                     View Our Corporate Brochure

http://bit.ly/2yZQxjb

[wonders-of-the-cosmos]

☪⚛

Here are some posts about cosmology, astrophysics and physics. I separated some of the main posts about space. Follow the list below ↓

Space-Time Fabric

What are Gravitational Waves?

What is Dark Energy?

What is Dark Matter?

What is Gravitational Lensing?

What are white holes?  

Interacting galaxy

Quark epoch

Cosmic microwave background

The collision of two black holes holes

Galaxies

What is a wormhole?

Big Bang

String Theory

What is a Quasar?

What are Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs)?

What are Pulsars?

What is a Supernova?

What are white dwarfs?

What are brown dwarfs?

How did a solar eclipse prove the theory of relativity?

Black hole vs star

Millisecond Pulsar with Magnetic Field Structure

Some intriguing exoplanets

Cepheid star

UY Scuti

TRAPPIST-1 planets

Extremely Large Telescope (ELT) 

Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART)

Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA)

Very Large Telescope (VLT)

What is the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA)?

ESO Telescopes Observe First Light from Gravitational Wave Source

Keck Observatory

Coronal mass ejection

Stars

Interesting facts about stars

Stellar parallax

Edwin Hubble

Interstellar asteroid Oumuamua

The most distant supermassive black hole ever observed

X-ray binary

Black holes

What is an Exoplanet?

Smith's Cloud

Type Ia supernova

Protoplanetary disk

Magellanic Clouds

Herbig–Haro

Hot Jupiter

Red dwarf stars

Constellations

Solar system: Formation

Comets

Sunspot

Plasma Sun

Mercury

Venus

Mars

Ceres

Jupiter

Saturn

Uranus

Neptune

Pluto

67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko

Zodiacal Light

Excitation of atom by photon

String Theory

Quantum Entanglement

Quantum Particles

What are the four fundamental forces of nature?

Nine weird facts about neutrinos

IceCube ( IceCube Neutrino Observatory)

What are Quarks?

Quantum Vacuum

Fermions and Bosons

30 years after the detection of SN1987A neutrinos

The Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO)

The Large Hadron Collider

Vampire squid

This Photo of a Single Trapped Atom Is Absolutely Breathtaking

Halo (optical phenomenon)

Dirty thunderstorm

Bioluminescent Plankton

Where Your Elements Came From 

Instagram: astronomy.blog

[fumpkins]

Going gentle on mechanical quantum systems

Optical microscopic lense picture of the acoustic resonator seen from above (2 bigger disks, the inner of which is the piezoelectric transducer) and of the antenna linked to the superconducting qubit (white structure). Credit: Adapted from von Lüpke et al, Nature Physics (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41567-​022-01591-2.

When thinking of quantum mechanical systems, single photons and well-isolated ions and atoms might come to mind, or electrons spreading out through a crystal. More unique in the context of quantum mechanics are truly mechanical quantum systems; that is, huge items in which mechanical movement such as vibration is quantized. In a series of influential experiments, essential quantum-mechanical functions have actually been observed in mechanical systems, consisting of energy quantization and entanglement.

However, with a view to putting such systems to utilize in basic research studies and technological applications, observing quantum homes is however a primary step. The next one is to master the handling of mechanical quantum items, so that their quantum states can be managed, determined, and ultimately made use of in device-like structures. The group of Yiwen Chu in the Departement of Physics at ETH Zurich has actually now made significant development because instructions. Writing in Nature Physics, they report the extraction of details from a mechanical quantum system without damaging the valuable quantum state. This advance paves the course to applications such as quantum mistake correction, and beyond.

Massive quantum mechanics

The ETH physicists use as their mechanical system a piece of premium sapphire, a little under half a millimeter thick. On its leading sits a thin piezoelectrical transducer that can thrill acoustic waves, which are shown at the bottom and hence extend throughout a distinct volume inside the piece. These excitations are the cumulative movement of a a great deal of atoms, yet they are quantized (in energy systems called phonons) and can be subjected, in concept a minimum of, to quantum operations in quite the very same methods as the quantum states of atoms, photons and electrons can be.

Intriguingly, it is possible to user interface the mechanical resonator with other quantum systems, and with superconducting qubits in specific. The latter are small electronic circuits in which electro-magnetic energy states are quantized, and they are presently among the leading platforms for constructing scalable quantum computer systems. The electro-magnetic fields connected with the superconducting circuit make it possible for the coupling of the qubit to the piezoelectrical transducer of the acoustic resonator, and therefore to its mechanical quantum states.

In such hybrid qubit–resonator gadgets, the very best of 2 worlds can be integrated. Specifically, the extremely established computational abilities of superconducting qubits can be utilized in synchrony with the effectiveness and long life time of acoustical modes, which can work as quantum memories or transducers. For such applications, nevertheless, simply coupling qubit and resonator states will be inadequate. For example, a simple measurement of the quantum state in the resonator damages it, making duplicated measurements difficult. What is required rather is the ability to draw out details about the mechanical quantum state in a more gentle, well-controlled way.

The flip-chip bonded hybrid gadget, with the acoustical-resonator chip on top of the superconducting-qubit chip. The bottom chip is 7 mm in length. Credit: Adapted from von Lüpke et al, Nature Physics (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41567-022-01591-2.

The non-destructive course

Demonstrating a procedure for such so-called quantum non-demolition measurements is what Chu’s doctoral trainees Uwe von Lüpke, Yu Yang and Marius Bild, dealing with Branco Weiss fellow Matteo Fadel and with assistance from term task trainee Laurent Michaud, have actually now accomplished. In their experiments there is no direct energy exchange in between the superconducting qubit and the acoustic resonator throughout the measurement. Instead, the homes of the qubit are made to depend on the variety of phonons in the acoustic resonator, without any requirement to straight “touch” the mechanical quantum state—think of a theremin, the musical instrument in which the pitch depends on the position of the artist’s hand without making physical contact with the instrument.

Creating a hybrid system in which the state of the resonator is shown in the spectrum of the qubit is extremely tough. There are strict needs on the length of time the quantum states can be sustained both in the qubit and in the resonator, prior to they vanish due to flaws and perturbations from the exterior. So the job for the group was to press the life times of both the qubit and the resonator quantum states. And they was successful, by making a series of enhancements, consisting of a mindful option of the kind of superconducting qubit utilized and encapsulating the hybrid gadget in a superconducting aluminum cavity to guarantee tight electro-magnetic protecting.

Quantum details on a need-to-know basis

Having effectively pressed their system into the preferred functional program (called the “strong dispersive regime”), the group had the ability to carefully draw out the phonon-number circulation in their acoustic resonator after amazing it with various amplitudes. Moreover, they showed a method to identify in one single measurement whether the variety of phonons in the resonator is even or odd—a so-called parity measurement—without discovering anything else about the circulation of phonons. Obtaining such really particular details, however no other, is important in a variety of quantum-technological applications. For circumstances, a modification in parity (a shift from an odd to an even number or vice versa) can indicate that a mistake has actually impacted the quantum state which fixing is required. Here it is important, naturally, that the to-be-corrected state is not ruined.

Before an execution of such error-correction plans is possible, nevertheless, additional improvement of the hybrid system is required, in specific to enhance the fidelity of the operations. But quantum mistake correction is without a doubt not the only usage on the horizon. There is an abundance of amazing theoretical propositions in the clinical literature for quantum-details procedures along with for basic research studies that take advantage of the truth that the acoustic quantum states live in huge items. These supply, for instance, special chances for checking out the scope of quantum mechanics in the limitation of big systems and for utilizing the mechanical quantum systems as a sensing unit.

How to check the limitations of quantum mechanics

More details: Uwe von Lüpke et al, Parity measurement in the strong dispersive program of circuit quantum acoustodynamics, Nature Physics (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41567-022-01591-2

Citation: Going gentle on mechanical quantum systems (2022, May 13) obtained 13 May 2022 from https://phys.org/news/2022-05-gentle-mechanical-quantum.html

This file goes through copyright. Apart from any reasonable dealing for the function of personal research study or research study, no part might be replicated without the composed authorization. The material is attended to details functions just.

New post published on: https://livescience.tech/2022/05/14/going-gentle-on-mechanical-quantum-systems/

[latenightprojects]

Citations

Balzan, R. (n.d.). Diagram of Overhead Projector. Images Hive. Retrieved May 26, 2022, from https://images.hive.blog/DQmbfcLbrUv2mL6dT5fFcYKVs7tvY5YfFdDHDmfECXMbo2v/Figure_1.JPG.

Khan Academy. (2017). Thin Lens sign conventions (article). Thin lens sign conventions. Retrieved May 26, 2022, from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/in-in-class-12th-physics-india/in-in-ray-optics-and-optical-instruments/in-in-refraction-in-thin-lenses/a/thin-lens-sign-conventions

Tech-Faq. (2019, April 6). How overhead projectors work - tech-FAQ. How Overhead Projectors Work. Retrieved May 26, 2022, from https://www.tech-faq.com/how-overhead-projectors-work.html

Wonderopolis. (n.d.). How do mirrors work? How do Mirrors Work? Retrieved May 26, 2022, from https://wonderopolis.org/wonder/how-do-mirrors-work#:~:text=The%20key%20factor%20is%20a,photons%20as%20a%20mirror%20image.

[deleted]. (2014). R/DIY - DIY smartphone video projector - but how to make it brighter? Reddit. Retrieved May 26, 2022, from https://www.reddit.com/r/DIY/comments/2aurzo/diy_smartphone_video_projector_but_how_to_make_it/

[yaorong]

3 steps to ensure the efficient growth of plants through 1000wLED plant lights

Purchasing 1000w LED plant lights is a long-term investment project. Due to the low energy consumption, low heat radiation and spectrum optimized for effective plant growth, it will inevitably be rewarded over time. However, if the arrangement is unreasonable, all these investments may prove to be wasted. Today, Yaorong Technology will teach you 3 ways to ensure the efficient growth of plants through 1000w LED plant lights.

The first step: determine the plant's supplementary light needs

First of all, we determine how to use 1000wLED plant lights to best provide light for plants. So let's take a look at what issues need to be paid attention to?

For the daily photoperiod of plants, we need to know how long it takes for plants to supplement light every day. It is impossible to supplement light 24 hours a day, because plants also need to rest. We can do this:

1. Determined according to the degree of light-loving of the plant

For plants that are more light-loving, you need to use 1000w LED plant lights to supplement the light for the plants at 6:00-10:00 and 17:00-00:00, because 10:00-17:00 is the sunlight to meet their growth needs Time, so it takes about 11 hours for the plants to fill in the light.

For normal light-loving plants, their growth needs can be met when there is sunlight. If not, the time of supplementing light with 1000w LED plant lights only needs to be set according to the local sunrise and sunset time, and the supplementary light time should avoid plant rest as much as possible. Time.

2. Set according to the planting environment

The planting environment mentioned here includes the difference between the north and the south, the difference between spring, summer, autumn and winter, and the difference between indoor and outdoor sunlight. Regional and seasonal differences can be set according to the light law, the closer to the equator, the stronger it is to set the lighting time with 1000wLED plant lights. Or strong in summer and weak in winter, set the lighting time with 1000w LED plant lights according to local conditions. There is a big difference in the light that can be received by indoor and outdoor plants. Indoors need 16-18 hours of full-time supplement light, and outdoor plants need to supplement light according to the difference in sunlight illuminance.

The light intensity, how many photons "supply" the plant, is usually measured in µmol/m 2 /s, and the correct spectrum, that is, the combination of wavelengths, is determined for each growth stage.

What makes this task challenging are the different requirements for each plant species and each growth stage. Good artificial lighting is very close to sunlight, but artificial lighting can go a step further and provide wavelengths for plants. Compared with growing in the sun, plants grow faster and have more nutrients. Regarding how many photons are used to "supply" a plant, we can give an example: a lettuce needs ~80 µmol/m 2 /s in the seedling stage, and needs ~150 µmol/m 2 /s and 200 µmol/m 2 in the vegetative stage. Above/s when it starts to bloom. The understanding of its light intensity requirements comes from multiple experiments in which its behavior is observed under different types of light sources and intensity levels.

The second step: the choice of LED plant light

Knowing how much light the plants need in each growth stage can be used in various aspects such as how many LED plant lights should be used, what type of LED plant lights, and their power. How many LED plant lights to use can be calculated and selected according to your planting area; there are three types of LED plant lights: tube, strip and box lights, which are selected according to the planting space area and the installation method; finally It is the power choice of LED plant light. We suggest that if it is planting in a large area, then choose high-power LED plant light. For example, Yaorong Technology 1000w LED plant light is good. If it is family planting or small area planting, choose small The power LED plant light does not waste cost and is more cost-effective.

The third step: 1000wLED plant light supplement light skills

1. Uniform illumination

The chip distribution is based on the light-filling plant characteristics of the 1000w LED plant light. After the lamp bead ratio is obtained, how to intersect between the chips is calculated, and finally distributed on the plant light package and COB panel according to a certain rule, so that each LED plant The light illuminates the main area with uniform light quality and light intensity distribution.

The arrangement of the spacing between each 1000w LED plant light is calculated according to the planting space area to obtain the distance distribution between each 1000w LED plant light, so as to ensure the uniformity of the large-area planting light.

2. Illumination distance

The illumination distance of 1000wLED plant lights is very important. You need to adjust the points for different plants at different stages, and the distance should be unified to make the illumination more uniform. If the distance is not well controlled, it may harm the growth of plants. The general recommendation is that the germination stage distance: 60 cm, the seedling stage distance: 75 cm, the growth stage distance: 45 cm, and the flowering stage distance: 30 cm.

3. Efficient use of light

The 1000w LED plant light can also achieve efficient use of light under the condition of uniform illumination. The main physical principles used are light reflection and light refraction.

The 1000w LED hemp plant light uses the reflection and refraction of light to not only make the light more uniform, but also achieve high luminous efficiency. It mainly uses the reflector and the metal substrate used by the COB. The principle of the reflector reflects the light emitted by the light source into a beam to increase the local light intensity. , The reflective effect of the metal substrate is also to maximize the light energy emitted by the 1000wLED plant lamp beads to be used by plants, and the reflected part is auxiliary light, which also has the function of fixing the lamp beads and heat dissipation.

The principle of light refraction used by 1000wLED plant lights is mainly to use optical lenses. The principle changes the propagation trajectory of light. Generally, single lenses and retest lenses are used, which can very accurately control the distribution of light.

4. Humidity, temperature

Photosynthesis and transpiration rate are directly affected by temperature, humidity and airflow. Find the best temperature and humidity for your plants between 75*-85*F and 50%-70% humidity, and have sufficient airflow to replenish carbon dioxide.

Nowadays, more and more plants need 1000wLED plant lights to supplement light. 1000wLED plant lights can control the plant's supplementary light growth environment and give plants better growth in all stages. Not only has the output increased, but the harvest time has also been advanced. It can be produced at any time throughout the year. It is no longer affected by environmental seasons, seasons and geographical restrictions. LED plant lights and agriculture will definitely undergo tremendous changes in the future. Let us look forward to it together.

[materialsscienceandengineering]

Seeing stable topology using instabilities

We are most familiar with the four conventional phases of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. Changes between two phases, known as phase transitions, are marked by abrupt changes in material properties such as density. In recent decades a wide body of physics research has been devoted to discovering new unconventional phases of matter, which typically emerge at ultra-low temperatures or in specially-structured materials. Exotic "topological" phases exhibit properties that can only change in a quantized (stepwise) manner, making them intrinsically robust against impurities and defects.

In addition to topological states of matter, topological phases of light can emerge in certain optical systems such as photonic crystals and optical waveguide arrays. Topological states of light are of interest as they can form the basis for future energy-efficient light-based communication technologies such as lasers and integrated optical circuits.

However, at high intensities light can modify the properties of the underlying material. One example of such a phenomenon is the damage that the high-power lasers can inflict on the mirrors and lenses. This in turn affects the propagation of the light, forming a nonlinear feedback loop. Nonlinear optical effects are essential for the operation of certain devices such as lasers, but they can lead to the emergence of disorder from order in a process known as modulational instability, as is shown in Figure 1. Understanding the interplay between topology and nonlinearity is a fascinating subject of ongoing research.

Read more.