#official beginning of lancaster legacy

[aslamat]

John Dillinger: The infamous robber and being the public menace of the 1930s

*Early Life: Born as John Herbert Dillinger on June 22, 1903, he was an American born in Indianapolis, Indiana. John Wilson Dillinger Sr. , his father, owned a small grocery store and four houses to support his family, thus giving them a fairly decent but not extravagant life. Unfortunately, Dillinger’s mother, Mollie Lancaster died, and left her only son, Johnnie when he was just a tender three years of age.

*Criminal Beginnings: The early years of Dillinger’s teenage hood was characterised by drooling and rebellious nature. He left school and joined a machine shop and for the next few years he was a day shift machine operator. His homecoming at night was a thorn in the flesh of his disciplinarian father, who used to scold him for coming home late at night. Having realized the need to be disciplined in life, Dillinger joined the navy though his stay only lasted five months during which he deserted. In April, 12, 1924, Dillinger, aged 20, married a 16-year old Beryl Hovious, which worsened the already bitter relationship between Dillinger and his father.

*The Rise to Notoriety: Dillinger’s first encounter with the law occurred when at the age of 19, he was caught and charged with the robbery of a grocery store in the town of Mooresville, Indiana in 1924. He was given a severe punishment of a long-term imprisonment ranging from 10 years to 20 years. From his cell in October 1933, Dillinger penned a poignant letter to his father, expressing regret and bitterness: “I realize I have let you down in so many ways but I guess I did my time, for where I went in a carefree boy, I came out hating everything in general… if only you had let me off the hook the first time I offended you, then this would not have happened. "

*The FBI Pursuit and Downfall: Dillinger was officially named as as the first Public Enemy No 1 in America, on June 22, 1934 which incidentally was his 31st birthday. The federal government raised its bounty to $10,000 for his apprehension, while it offered $5,000 for anyone who could supply information that would lead to his apprehension. A month later again on the July 22 1934, Dillinger’s crime spree came to a violent end when he was shot twice and killed instantly by the Division of Investigation otherwise known as the FBI before he could successfully execute his mission outside the Biograph Theater in Chicago.

*Legacy and Impact: John Dillinger came to represent a much-loathed yet iconic figure of the Gangster Age and the spirited years of the Great Depression. It appears that for this man his sophisticated burglaries and prison escapes were painted with a positive perspective by most people who admired his acts, although his egregious acts of crime could not go unnoticed, for they were violent and destructive. Dillinger’s apprehension by the elites in FBI was a turning point in the agencies history and further expressed its intention in fighting the mafia. Through these pieces of fiction, Dillinger and his short lifetime of crime have become legendary, perpetuated as both entertaining and cautionary, a violent morality tale that depicts the ignoble end of the outlaw at the hand of justice.

[the-book-of-sims]

I can’t believe it... It’s officially been one year since these two got married!

❤️ July 27, 2016 ❤️

1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10

[lukeskywaker4ever]

Queen Philippa of Lancaster death

From the beginning of 1415, the bubonic plague invaded Lisbon and Porto. The king and queen took refuge in Sacavém, but the queen's long and frequent fasts, prayers and watches weakened and weakened her body. She was spiritually dedicated to success in the Ceuta Outlet, a venture in which her husband and children Henrique, Pedro and Duarte participated. However, with the constant inputs and outputs of messengers and contacts, the plague eventually reached Sacavém. The king took shelter in Odivelas, but the queen preferred to go later. When he arrived in July of the same year, she was already sick.

The official report of her death stated that she gave her sons some deeply symbolic gifts, jeweled swords and pieces of the True Cross, gifts that she may have been intending to give to them in the future if she had lived, "enjoining them to preserve their faith and to fulfill the duties of their rank".

Dona Filipa felt death approach, preparing for eternal travel as she performed the rites of the good death. He confessed, communed, and received the unction. According to legend she was roused by a wind which blew strongly against the house and asked what wind it was, upon hearing it was the north wind, she claimed it quite beneficial for her son's and husband's voyage to Africa, which she had coordinated. At her death she prayed with several priests and, "without any toil or suffering, gave her soul into the hands of Him who created her, a smile appearing on her mouth as though she disdained the life of this world".  

Philippa of Lancaster died on 19 July 1415,  and her adopted country of Portugal was plunged in to mourning. Philippa was a popular consort, known for her charity, benevolence, and for being a good influence on a court that had been viewed as being corrupt in the past. But her legacy would live on for multiple generations through her children, grandchildren, and even one particular great-granddaughter. 

Today Philippa's tomb can be seen Batalha Monastery, where she rests alongside her husband King João I 

[enigmaincrimson]

Finally decided to poke at the Medaka Box variant again...

Still debating what face to use, but... in order to properly align the notes I need to come up with a "Why" for her being there.

We could go with the "Medaka's family takes her in after her parents get killed in the Gehenna incident" concept... since it's likely that Kajiki might be more than a little eager to make a new addition... but why is a bit of a question.

On the other hand, he could have just as easily married his way into the family... and Lady Elaine Lancaster was one of his five unnamed wives. Might also roll with why her daughter wasn't raised with the other children as she might have tried raising her herself until her untimely demise.

Then there's the "Lancaster Group using their "Legacy" as a mole" idea, where she's basically being used to spy on the Flask Plan in progress but taking into account that they likely already have members involved in the Flask Plan, this concept isn't likely.

The second choice seems to be the cleanest option... as it could fill some concept holes.

_

So, let's say... play with the idea that Lady Elaine Lancaster was one of the seven suitors...

Odds are that she took her daughter home with her in order to begin her training to be the future Lancaster Group head. As such, she wouldn't have gotten to know her siblings for some time. (Unless there was an exception)

During this period, there would have likely been obsessive training from the mother in regard to her future and prepare her for what she will have to inevitably face some day.

Lady Lancaster would have perished during the Gehenna incident and as such, the care of her child would go back to Kajiki Kurokami. This would likely be the official point where she would get to know her siblings better.

Admittedly, due to differences in upbringing and the like, she probably would end up being treated as something as an oddball... especially considering that she inherited her mother's terrifying powers of prediction.

Like most class 13 students, she probably doesn't really show up for class, but it's not for a lack of effort or interest. It's more along the lines that her abilities are so insanely strong that she usually ends up submitting her class assignments before the teacher has the chance to make them. That and well... sitting in an empty room with her teacher and Medaka could be somewhat... awkward.

The other students tend to treat her as something of a seer or a bad/good luck charm... Although, despite her capability to do so, she refuses to give the other students the test results in advance... despite numerous attempts to threaten her into doing so.

So yes, even though she knows the test answers, she is using them as a study aid and not as a means to an end. After all, what good is knowing what the answers are if you lack the knowledge of knowing why those are the answers.

To put it this way... she won't give you the answers, but she's more than willing to guide you into finding the answers for yourself.

_

Hm...

[animalsoffarmsanctuary]

Farm Sanctuary Remembers Keith Mohler, a True Champion for Animals

Farm Sanctuary was founded in 1986 to combat factory farming and change how our society views and treats farm animals. We started as an all-volunteer organization that depended on the dedication of caring individuals to advance our mission and make a difference, and Keith Mohler was among the first to join our cause. In the early days, we spent untold hours investigating Lancaster Stockyards in Pennsylvania to document cruelty, and to help suffering animals, including individuals like Hilda, an incapacitated sheep we rescued off a pile of dead animals behind the stockyard in 1986. Hilda recovered from her ailments and lived with us for more than 10 years. Keith, who grew up around Lancaster, PA, was appalled by the abuses around him and became a stalwart presence in our fledgling efforts to confront the violence of animal agriculture. When Keith died in 2014, the press referred to him as “a towering figure for animal protection in Pennsylvania for a quarter century.” 

Farm Sanctuary’s rescue efforts emerged out of our investigations at places like Lancaster Stockyards. From the beginning, it was clear that we could only rescue a very small number of animals and that we needed systemic changes in the food system, including better legal protection for farm animals. After we found Hilda on the dead pile, we contacted law enforcement officials, believing that it was a violation of humane laws for a living animal to be discarded like garbage. We were stunned when humane enforcement agents refused to prosecute Lancaster Stockyards for what seemed like an egregious case of animal cruelty. We later learned that “normal agricultural” practices, which could include leaving sick animals to suffer and die, were not covered under humane laws, and that farm animals are specifically excluded from the federal Animal Welfare Act and from many state anti-cruelty laws. We didn’t believe that such cruelty should be allowed, and if existing law enforcement agencies refused to address it, we would make it our business. Farm Sanctuary incorporated as a law enforcement agency in Pennsylvania, and Keith became our humane enforcement officer.

Lancaster Stockyards in 1987.

Keith and other volunteers continued visiting Lancaster Stockyards to document conditions, providing food and water to animals in need, and occasionally rescuing individuals. But our relationship with the stockyard was contentious, and the stockyard commonly refused to provide animals with basic humane consideration. Farm Sanctuary and our volunteers saw animals as living, feeling beings who deserved compassion, but the stockyard saw them as commodities. 

During a stockyard visit in the summer of 1992, Keith saw two very sick cows in a pen, and told stockyard workers that they needed help, but he was told that the animals were on their way to slaughter and couldn’t be given medication. The following day, Keith returned. He saw that one of the cows was still there, and her condition had worsened. She was now too sick even to stand, and she was in severe pain. Again, Keith implored stockyard workers to help, but they refused — so finally, after numerous futile efforts, he called a veterinarian to the stockyard. After witnessing the animal’s suffering, the veterinarian euthanized her, and Keith filed cruelty charges against Lancaster Stockyards for denying her needed veterinary care. In 1993, after much legal wrangling, and despite their hiring of a high-powered defense attorney who would later become the city’s mayor, Lancaster Stockyards was convicted of cruelty to animals.

Our work at Lancaster Stockyards is an important part of Farm Sanctuary’s history; it’s where our rescue, education, and advocacy efforts began. It started with the rescue of Hilda, whose story has educated millions of people, and led to advocacy efforts to combat systemic abuses. In 1986, there were no farm animal sanctuaries in existence. Today, there are hundreds of them around the world, caring for rescued farm animals, and treating them each as someone, not something. 

Farm Sanctuary President and Co-founder Gene Baur visits the Lancaster Stockyards site after the facility’s closure.

Keith played an important role in making Hilda’s legacy possible, and worked tirelessly for decades to bring about compassionate change for other farm animals just like her. As a state-authorized humane officer, Keith helped us usher in a new era —moving beyond observing and documenting horrible conditions, to taking action to stop them. In some cases, Keith was able to remove animals from abusive situations, and he also worked to prevent animal cruelty in other ways. For example, he brought charges against the notorious pigeon shoot in Hegins, PA, and played an instrumental role in shutting down that infamously cruel event. He also trained other humane officers throughout Pennsylvania over the years, and heightened their awareness of farm animals as sentient beings deserving of our consideration. Keith was a compassionate presence in an agricultural community and a vegan who encouraged others to recognize farm animals as friends, not food.

Tragically, Keith left us too early, in 2014 at the age of 62, and he continued working to protect animals until the end. A few years before his passing, Farm Sanctuary President and Co-founder Gene Baur visited a stockyard in New Holland, PA, with Keith to support his ongoing efforts and alleviate animal suffering. Gene and another volunteer helped Keith bring water to thirsty animals on that day. Keith’s unwavering commitment to winning justice for animals inspired all he touched — from his fellow humane officers who learned from his example, to the compassionate citizens who saw, as a direct result of his efforts, that farm animals deserved better. He empowered so many people to align their actions with their values and make compassionate choices each day, and we are so thankful to have shared part of his journey. We miss you, Keith, and are so grateful for all you’ve done for Farm Sanctuary and farm animals — may your legacy continue to inspire proactive change toward a compassionate world for all.

[cnasnmu]

CNAS student employee / NMU grad looks to empower impoverished communities

Finding the convergences in cultural competency and construction management

By Andrew Lorinser

MARQUETTE, Mich. -- Suzette LaCasse’s understanding of her Indigeneity was extremely limited before attending NMU. She knew about her heritage as an Ojibwe person, but never heard the word Anishinaabe before.

“Every NAS class I took made me more and more excited and grateful to learn more,” says LaCasse. “I remember sitting in my first NAS class with Grace Chaillier (NAS 204: The Native American Experience), and just crying. Sometimes from joy, sometimes from sadness that I had group with this knowledge and understanding.” Mostly, she was excited to take all the knowledge back to her family.

LaCasse’s biggest challenge to overcome is being a white-passing Indian, and what that means.

“What it means to connect with culture, spirituality, language, and community as a non-tribal member [has been challenging]. It's been empowering and encouraging to reconnect with traditional knowledge and spirituality. It's been the most healing journey I've ever undergone.”

LaCasse graduated Spring of 2019 with a Construction Management major and was a valued member of the Center for Native American Studies (CNAS) student staff.

When LaCasse was hired at CNAS back in 2016, her job was officially Student Office Assistant. During her final semesters she was hired as the Serving Native Survivors Circle Student Coordinator. LaCasse worked directly with NMU’s Department of Social Work head, Dr. Abigail Wyche and the CNAS director April Lindala on a project funded by the Office of Victim of Crime (OVC). LaCasse helped to coordinate a professional development training called ‘Privileging American Indian Ways of Knowing in Victim Services’ for any professional working with Tribal communities and Tribal citizens in the victims services/social work fields.

Working at CNAS, LaCasse says the community in the office — between the CNAS and the student organizations — is tight-knit, caring, empowering, encouraging, and sometimes critical… “all of the adjectives that could describe a family.”

“We talk our issues out with each other,” says LaCasse. “We problem solve together. We seek each other's guidance and wisdom. We laugh and have fun together. We stick together no matter what. We're there for each other through loss and illness. We lift each other up and we ground each other.”

She notes the CNAS family is distinct from anywhere else on campus. Her most memorable moment was the Morning Thunder drum feast in the spring of 2017. Besides the powwow, it was her first time attending a traditional feast. Here were all the people she knows and loves with a sacred fire and Mishomis [the grandfather drum]. It was empowering.

“There were a lot of serious moments of prayer and offering, but no shortage of fun and laughter,” says LaCasse. “The food was amazing. The Earth was just coming to life again after the long winter. I also remember this being the first time I learned/sang Minidoo Makwa, the Spirit Bear song. Since I am Bear Clan, this song and its teaching have stayed close to my heart ever since. It’s one of my fondest memories.”

Among all the courses offered in Native American Studies, LaCasse’s favorite was NAS 315 History of Indian Board School Education. “It’s heartbreaking and interesting at the same time,” says LaCasse. Her grandparents, like many Indigenous grandparents, were thrown into Western school systems during their childhoods and were intentionally stripped of their Native identities.

“Now, many of us begin our journey back to the Indigeneity in Western higher education systems like this one. Bittersweet. But, I’m grateful to people like April Lindala, Grace Chaillier, Leora Lancaster, Marty Reinhardt, Tina Moses and everyone here at the CNAS for their generosity in incorporating Indigenous knowledge systems and the old ways into a Western education setting.”

LaCasse encourages incoming freshmen to get involved at CNAS. She says you won't regret becoming a part of the CNAS family. LaCasse thinks that the family she has grown into here [at the CNAS] will continue to impact her life long after graduation. 

“Because I believe the spirit of Indigeneity in all its empowering and challenging forms, it gives us all a sense of closeness that we don't find elsewhere. I've made so many lifelong connections and learned so much from the folks here, that I think I will continue to gather knowledge, love, and power from forever.”

Her experience with the student organization, Native American Student Association (NASA), was also empowering. “College campuses can be a lonely place as a Native student, without your family from home there,” says LaCasse. “NASA gave me a sense of belonging in a community of like-minded students with shared visions and respect for each other... We took care of ourselves and each other, and we spent time together as friends. I would encourage people to join NASA for the community and friendship, as well as to fight for Indigenous justice on campus and in the global community.”

In NASA, she helped with the annual powwow, the First Nations Food Taster, and other meaningful events on campus. One of them was Letters of Love in which the group got together in one of the lecture rooms in Jamrich Hall to create cards of love and encouragement for Indigenous youth on a reserve in Canada. The reserve was in a state of emergency due to the amount of teen suicides taking place. 

“The little acts of kindness count just as much as the big ones.” says LaCasse. “Yes, we raised money and supplies for protesters at Standing Rock, but we also planned a haunted hay ride for ourselves to connect as a community and as a NASA family.”

HER FUTURE

Suzette LaCasse’s grew up the daughter of an iron worker and jack-of-all-trades, who inspired LaCasse to work her first real job at a local hardware store. Studying in Construction Management made sense. She comments that at the time she chose her major “There was a huge boom in the nation in terms of understanding the scope and scale of the homelessness crisis.”

Simultaneously LaCasse was pursuing a NAS minor. “My NAS classes inspired me to dig into the status of infrastructure and homelessness in Indian country. What I found was astronomical. Basically, if we're living on 20th century infrastructure, reservation communities are living on 19th century infrastructure or worse. And homelessness? Forget about it. The housing shortage in reservation communities is staggering across the U.S. and Canada.”

LaCasse’s major inspired her to work towards an end to homelessness in Indian Country, as well as address ongoing infrastructure needs. In the NAS 404 Research and Engagement in Native American Studies class, LaCasse’s primary project focused on researching what it would take to design and construct an Ojibwe-inclusive elder care facility for a local tribal nation. Her work also included aspects of sustainability from an Indigenous lens. Her goals now include empowering impoverished communities by braiding building-management expertise with cultural competency skills.

“I'd like to leave behind a legacy of healing, power, and a return to tradition with the people I know and meet,” says LaCasse. “The best advice I can give the world? Embrace respect, truth, honesty, wisdom, bravery, humility, and love in all things.”

[minervacasterly]

Welcome to the Tudor Age: The First Tudor King of England's Coronation, his Marriage to Elizabeth of York & his Legacy.

On the 30th of October 1485, Henry Tudor, former Earl of Richmond, was crowned at Westminster Abbey. His uncle Jasper had the honor of holding the crown while his stepfather, Thomas Stanley, carried the sword of state. The two men had been amply rewarded days before when they’d been created duke of Bedford and Earl of Derby respectively.

The ceremony was performed by the John Shirwood (Bishop of Durham) and Robert Stillington (Bishop of Bath and Wells), supported by Courtenay (Bishop Exeter) and John Morton (Bishop Ely). Although the Archbishop of Canterbury didn’t play a prominent role, as the head of the church in England, it still fell on him to anoint the King and place the crown on his head.

As with every monarch, when he was formally proclaimed as King of England, the ministry asked the crowd if they accepted him as their new monarch, to which everyone chanted: “Yea, yea!”

It was an expensive ceremony fit for a king, especially one who was doing everything in his power to convince his new people that he, and no other, was chosen by God to rule England.

“Accounts of the coronation were drawn up by Sir Robert Willoughby, and they spoke of a flurry of activity among the goldsmith, cloth merchants, embroiders, silkwomen, tailors, laborers, boatmen and saddlers of London. Instruction went out for yards of velvet and silk in royal purple, crimson and black, which were then run up into beautiful jackets, hose, hats, robes, wall hangings, cushions and curtains. Henry’s henchmen were ordered hats plumed with ostrich feathers, boots made from fine Spanish leather and striking costumes of black and crimson.” (Jones, Wars of the Roses: The Fall of the Plantagenets and the Rise of the Tudors)

As for the King himself, his mother was determined that he would outshone his Yorkist and Plantagenet predecessors. And he certainly did. Not only were the courtiers dressed for the occasion (as was their new King), but the Abbey itself was filled with splendor. Margaret’s confessor wrote that upon seeing her con crowned “she wept marvelously.” And she a lot to be happy for, but her tears weren’t of joy but of fear. Margaret had lived through a tumultuous time we now know as the wars of the roses. Kings and Queens were humiliated, deposed, and it had turn everyone against each other. Henry, for all she knew, could be just another passing King. Historians such as Norton and Lisle make a point, that Margaret did become a force to be reckoned with, in her son’s reign. “What power she would have” Lisle writes, “would be behind the throne.” But in the meantime, all their worries were left behind, as Henry enjoyed this moment of triumph.

Following the Mass, Henry returned to the Tower of London for the coronation banquet. Jasper took precedence over the other nobles, riding ahead of them, his horse trapped with cloth of gold trimmed ermine. After the first course, Henry’s champion, Sir Robert Dynmock came in, issuing the customary challenge, demanding who would challenge the King’s authority. There were more performances to be found that day, among them the iconic representation of the royal arms of England and France along with those of their new king emphasized his Welsh ancestry. But more prominent among them was the Tudor rose. Henry Tudor was a religious man, and as those that came before him, he chose a rose because of its religious significance. The red rose was a symbol of Christ’s passion, while the five petals corresponded to the five wounds Christ had suffered on the cross. Roses were ones of the most notable symbols on the Abbey, and on the courtier’s clothing.

But it wasn’t just the red rose, it was the white one as well which became representative of the late House of York. The York dynasty had relied on other symbols to represent their dynasty. Although it was a preferred symbol of Edward IV, he had also used the Sun in Splendor, to commemorate one of his victories, and his youngest brother, Richard III had opted for the white boar. Henry used this because it was simple and because it represented a new era –one in which Lancaster and York would be united and were there would be no cause for war.

While this wasn’t entirely true, it still worked because for many people, centuries afterwards, the Tudors would come to represent the union of these two warring houses, and become one of the most famous dynasties in world history. Ironically, before Henry became King of England, when he was just a child, the bards sang songs in honor of his late father (Edmund Tudor) and predicted that great things awaited his son. When he landed on Milford Haven in Pembrokeshire, Wales, the bards sang louder, praising now his uncle as well, saying “Jasper will breed us a dragon” claiming that Henry was the chosen one, the prince that was promised of an ancient Welsh prophecy. Never forgetting who was responsible for his rise, Henry VII rewarded many of his Welsh supporters with lands, titles and offices.

Henry VII would go on to reign twenty five years. Less than a year after his victory at Bosworth, he married the beautiful Elizabeth of York. There is a not a lot of information regarding the wedding ceremony. Henry VII had swore he would marry Elizabeth when he had been in exile in Brittany, at Vannes Cathedral, three years prior. A lot had happened since then though. The papal dispensation that their mothers had secretly plotted to get had to be reissued. The papal dispensation covered the Earl of Richmond and the natural daughter of Elizabeth of York (meaning the Lady Elizabeth, not the legitimate daughter and heiress of Edward IV). It was vital that the couple married under the good eyes of the church. The fifteenth century had descended into chaos when two branches of the Plantagenet House had annihilated each other, their descendants had married off to other noble houses and as a result (after Bosworth), Henry claimed the crown. But he was not blind, conquering and ruling were two different things. He needed stability or at the very least, give the illusion of it to the people to put down civil unrest. Therefore he needed to marry Elizabeth who was the eldest living descendant of the first Yorkist King. The papal dispensation took time, and meanwhile Henry had to establish himself as the realm’s ruler. He established his claim to the throne through his “right of conquest” and his mother, Margaret Beaufort whose family descended from John of Gaunt via his third marriage to his mistress, Katherine Swynford. Nevertheless, his claim to the throne was still seen as weak, which was why parliament asked him on December 1485, two months after he had been crowned, to keep his promise to marry the Princess Elizabeth, and strengthen the claim of his descendants.

The pope had finally granted the dispensation at the beginning of the year, and it was confirmed in England by the papal legate, the Bishop of Imola on 16 January, two days later the coupe were married.

The wedding ceremony was officiated by the archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Bourchier. Given the statement that Henry wanted to make, as it was mentioned earlier, about their union; the Abbey would have been filled with Tudor imagery that Henry had created that gave a new interpretation of the dynastic conflict that is now known as the wars of the roses. By intertwining the white rose of York (Edward IV’s favorite symbol besides the sun in splendor) with the red rose, Henry VII’s union with Elizabeth meant to give a powerful message of peace. Illusory as this was, its impression lasted and their descendants continued to use this device and celebrate the union of their ancestors, Henry and Elizabeth. The building would have been decorated by royal colors such as “purple and gold, silk, ermine and delicate cloths of tissue.” The bride, Licence adds: “would have been splendidly dressed and adorned with jewels, lace, brocade and ribbons.” She would not have worn white, given that white was not a color worn for wedding dresses.(The first royal bride who did was in fact her daughter-in-law, Katherine of Aragon, when she married Prince Arthur). Elizabeth would have likely worn purple as it symbolized royalty, or taken one of her many new gowns.

After the archbishop placed the golden ring on Elizabeth, the couple said their vows. Following royal custom, Elizabeth promised to take Henry as her husband “for fairer, for fouler, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness and in health, to be blithe and amiable, and obliging in bed and at board” till death do them part.

In recent fiction the two have been portrayed as an unhappy couple, pushed into the marriage by their shrewish mothers, but this is an interpretation based on secondary sources that have come many years (more than a century in fact) after the even took place. Francis Bacon writes very colorfully of Henry, and negatively of his mother but Francis was writing a century after the events took place and the two George Bucks themselves wrote even later. It is very easy to believe these sources, but if we want to look at the couple, we just have to look at their actions, at what they faced and what moral attitudes people had in this period.

A young woman such as Elizabeth would not have missed the opportunity to regain her status as Princess, and much less to be Queen. After being bastardized, and forced into hiding at Westminster, then in the midst of intrigue in the Ricardian court (with rumors -whether they are true or not, we will never know- that her uncle wanted to marry her shortly after his wife’s passing and he later recanted after people protested at such an idea that he began to look elsewhere for a bride, and a spouse for Elizabeth); she would have no doubt welcome this new change in status. Elizabeth was a Princess-born, she had at one point been betrothed to the heir to the French Crown. She could not accept no better offer than to be a Queen, as it would also bolster her family’s position as well and it did. Henry VII rewarded the Woodvilles. Richard Woodville as the third Earl of Rivers lived comfortably, Elizabeth Woodville kept some of her dower properties and when she was present, she always took precedence. Even Margaret Beaufort had to walk behind her as the older woman was Queen Dowager whereas Margaret was just a Countess -a Countess in her own right but a Countess nonetheless. Sir Edward Woodville, Elizabeth of York’s uncle who took after his late eldest brother, was a highly pious and adventurous individual who proved his loyalty many times and was favored. The Catholic Kings themselves spoke very finely of him after his death. The set of ordinances that Edward IV had made for princes and that Anthony Woodville had supervise for Elizabeth’s brother, Prince Edward, was kept and used for Arthur’s upbringing. And Elizabeth herself was not left behind.

“For women of all social classes in the late fifteenth century, becoming a wife marked a significant change in status … As the wife of the King, although not yet crowned in her own right, Elizabeth was the highest-ranking female in the land but still subject to her husband’s rule” (Licence, Elizabeth of York: The Forgotten Tudor Queen)

“Like her parents, Elizabeth was a patron of William Caxton and his successor at the Westminster printing press, Wynkyn de Worde.” (Weir, Elizabeth of York: A Tudor Queen and her World)

Furthermore, as Queen, she ruled over her own court and her own properties (some of which had previously belonged to her aunt, Isabel, Duchess of Clarence). As for Henry, this was also a personal triumph. Born to Margaret when she was thirteen (a birth that scarred her immensely. She would have no more children). Given as a ward to William Herbert who was given his uncle Jasper’s earldom of Pembroke, and raised to be the perfect Yorkist to neutralize the threat he might pose in the future, he was then sent into exile after the Lancastrian Readetion failed and every member of the royal house was eliminated. Henry lived in a period of uncertainty, danger, and now it was all over. He was King. And he could also boast of having one important advantage. Many royal couples did not have the luxury of getting to know one another. They were married to this person or that, and whether or not they liked each other, they were expected to fulfill their duties.

Fortunately, Henry did no have this problem. In the five month period that they waited for the dispensation to come, the two got to know each other. So when they walked down the aisle, they were not complete strangers.

After the ceremonies ended, came the consummation. Elizabeth proved herself an exemplary Queen, living by the virtues of the day and this, as well as her fertility, made her well-remembered and loved. She would not be crowned until the following year, after “she proved herself” by giving Henry a male heir that autumn, less than nine months after their marriage. Given the speed in which they conceived, it is possible that the marriage could have been consummated before (since being betrothed was as good as being married. And the pope had given his approval, they knew it was only a matter of time before the bull came). But there is also the possibility that Arthur could have been premature.

Henry and Elizabeth’s marriage would remain strong, and the two would later rely on each other when tragedy struck many of their offspring.

Following Elizabeth of York's death, Henry VII became a recluse, appearing only for state occasions. Elizabeth of York's death was the result of puerperal fever, also known as childbed fever, something that Henry VIII's third consort, Jane Seymour and his last, Catherine Parr, would also die of. To make matters worse, their baby daughter, Princess Katherine, also died. Elizabeth of York was buried in the Lady Chapel at Westminster Abbey. Henry VII was laid beside her when he joined her six years later. Henry VII died on the 21st of April 1509 at Richmond Palace. He was buried at the Lady Chapel he built for himself and his descendants at Westminster Abbey on the 11th of May alongside his late wife. Their effigies are a beautiful marker of their tomb that many visitors can appreciate today.

“The reality of Henry Tudor’s ascent to the throne –his narrow escapes from death, his failures and anxieties, complete with constant uncertainty of his situation, and the compromises that he had been forced to make, including the support from France and hiss former Yorkist enemies in gaining the crown- was a far less welcome tale. It remains nonetheless nonetheless just as remarkable; against all the odds, at Bosworth Henry achieved victory that he should have not on” (Skidmore, The Rise of the Tudors)

As his coffin was lowered down to be placed next to his wife, the choir sang ‘Libera me’: “Deliver me, O Lord, from death eternal on that fearful day … When thou shalt come to judge the world by fire.”

Despite his miserly attitude after the death of his son and wife, he kept corresponding with his eldest daughter whose affection for her was clearly evident as he consoled her in one of their first letters when she told him that she was feeling homesick. On his deathbed, Henry had made provisions so 10,000 masses would be said to aid his soul’s journey into the afterlife, and the other half to religious gifts and charities. When his son ascended to the throne he posed an important question which perhaps still resonates today when we hear debates about which Tudor King (of the first two) mattered most. In the Dynasty portrait made in the last decade of his reign, Henry VIII has Holbein put him and his father on their right with their respective and favored wives, Elizabeth of York and Jane Seymour on the left. Separating them is this huge monument where it reads “The former often overcame his enemies and the fires of his country and finally gave peace to its citizens but the son, born indeed for greater tasks, drives the unworthy from the altars and brings in men of integrity. The presumption of popes has yielded to unerring virtue and with Henry VIII bearing, the scepter in his hand, religion has been restored.” The message is clear, ‘my dad was great but I am greater.’

There is no doubt that Henry VIII did change the course of English history by separating from the Roman Catholic Church and commissioned a new bible in English by Miles Coverdale which made it easier for people to have access to; but his father (a man who triumphed against all odds) was just as great.

Sources: 1. The Wars of the Roses: The Fall of the Plantagents and the Rise of the Tudors by Dan Jones 2. Elizabeth of York: The Forgotten Tudor Queen by Amy Licence 3. Margaret Beaufort by Elizabeth Norton 4. Tudor Treasury by Elizabeth Norton 5. Tudor by Leanda de Lisle 6. Tudors vs Stewarts: The Fatal Inheritance of Mary, Queen of Scots by Linda Porter 7. Blood Sisters by Sarah Gristwood 8. The Woodvilles by Susan Higginbotham 9. The Winter King by Thomas Penn 10. Henry VII by SB Chrimes 11. Elizabeth of York: A Tudor Queen and her World by Alison Weir 12. The Rise of the Tudors by Chris Skidmore

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Gordon Becomes First Citizen Chose Official To Reveal Personal.

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