#nitazoxanide | Explore Tumblr posts and blogs

medzsupplieronlinepharmacy · 16 days ago

Text

Is Nizonide 500mg the Right Choice for Giardiasis?

Nizonide 500mg (Nitazoxanide) is commonly prescribed for treating various parasitic and protozoal infections, including giardiasis. Let’s explore what giardiasis is, why Nizonide 500mg is often recommended, and how it works, along with potential side effects, precautions, and overall effectiveness.

Understanding Giardiasis

Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia. It is transmitted through contaminated water, food, or direct contact with infected individuals. Common symptoms of giardiasis include diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea, and fatigue. In some cases, it can lead to chronic digestive issues if left untreated.

Why Nizonide 500mg is Prescribed for Giardiasis

Nizonide 500mg contains Nitazoxanide, an antiparasitic agent that has shown effectiveness against a wide range of intestinal parasites, including Giardia lamblia. It works by disrupting the energy production of the parasites, ultimately killing them and clearing the infection.

Mechanism of Action

Nitazoxanide, the active ingredient in nizonide 500mg, interferes with the Giardia parasite’s anaerobic energy metabolism by inhibiting the pyruvate oxidoreductase enzyme pathway. By interrupting this pathway, Nitazoxanide disrupts the energy production process of the parasite, rendering it unable to survive and reproduce. This ultimately leads to the elimination of the parasite from the patient’s digestive system.

Dosage and Administration of Nizonide 500mg

For adults with giardiasis, the standard dosage is usually 500mg of Nizonide twice daily for three days. However, the dosage can vary based on factors like age, weight, and the severity of the infection. It is crucial to follow the doctor’s prescribed dosage to ensure the complete eradication of the parasite and avoid potential resistance.

How to Take Nizonide 500mg

With food: Nizonide 500mg should be taken with food to increase absorption.

Duration

A typical course lasts three days, but it’s essential to complete the entire prescribed course to avoid partial treatment, which could lead to recurring infections.

Hydration

It’s recommended to stay well-hydrated while taking Nizonide 500mg, especially if experiencing diarrhea due to giardiasis.

Efficacy of Nizonide 500mg in Treating Giardiasis

Studies indicate that Nizonide 500mg is effective in treating giardiasis, particularly in cases where other antiparasitic medications, like metronidazole, may not have been as effective or well-tolerated. Nitazoxanide has demonstrated high success rates in clearing Giardia infections with minimal side effects, making it a preferred option for many healthcare providers.

Comparing Nizonide 500mg with Other Treatments

Common alternatives to Nizonide 500mg for giardiasis include Metronidazole, Tinidazole, and Albendazole. Here’s how Nizonide 500mg compares

Efficacy

Studies have shown that Nitazoxanide is as effective as or even more effective than Metronidazole, the traditionally recommended treatment for giardiasis.

Tolerance

Patients tend to tolerate Nizonide 500mg better, experiencing fewer side effects, especially the metallic taste and gastrointestinal upset common with Metronidazole.

Shorter Course

While some medications may require longer courses, Nizonide’s typical three-day regimen is convenient and often easier to adhere to.

Advantages of Nizonide 500mg over Traditional Treatments

Fewer Side Effects: Nizonide is generally well-tolerated, with fewer gastrointestinal side effects.

Broad-Spectrum Use

Nitazoxanide also covers a wide range of parasites beyond Giardia, making it useful if co-infections are suspected.

Short Treatment Duration

The typical three-day course is shorter than many other treatments, reducing the chances of non-compliance.

Potential Side Effects of Nizonide 500mg

While Nizonide 500mg is generally well-tolerated, some side effects can occur. The most common side effects include

Nausea and vomiting

Diarrhea (though this can be hard to distinguish from symptoms of giardiasis)

Stomach pain or abdominal cramps

Headache

In rare cases, patients may experience allergic reactions, such as skin rashes or swelling. If side effects are severe or prolonged, it’s essential to seek medical advice.

Precautions When Using Nizonide 500mg for Giardiasis

Before starting Nizonide 500mg, several precautions should be considered

Allergies

Inform your healthcare provider about any allergies, especially if you’ve previously had an allergic reaction to Nitazoxanide or similar medications.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Nizonide 500mg’s safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding isn’t fully established, so consult your doctor if you’re pregnant or nursing.

Other Medications

Certain medications can interact with Nizonide, so provide your doctor with a complete list of any drugs or supplements you’re taking.

Liver or Kidney Issues

Patients with liver or kidney disorders should use Nizonide cautiously, as these conditions may alter the drug’s metabolism.

Important Tips for Managing Giardiasis Alongside Nizonide 500mg

Taking Nizonide 500mg is only part of the solution for overcoming giardiasis. Here are some additional steps to consider:

Hydration: Diarrhea can lead to dehydration, so drink plenty of fluids like water, oral rehydration solutions, or electrolyte-rich drinks.

Balanced Diet: Avoid fatty or sugary foods during recovery, as these can aggravate diarrhea.

Hand Hygiene: To prevent reinfection or transmission, wash your hands thoroughly after using the restroom and before eating.

Avoid Dairy: Lactose intolerance is common in giardiasis patients, so avoid dairy until symptoms subside.

When to Seek Medical Attention

If symptoms persist after completing a course of Nizonide 500mg, or if there are severe side effects, you should follow up with your healthcare provider. Recurring symptoms may indicate either resistance to treatment or reinfection. In such cases, further investigation and possibly a different treatment approach may be necessary.

Final Thoughts Is Nizonide 500mg the Right Choice for Giardiasis?

Nizonide 500mg is generally an effective and well-tolerated treatment option for giardiasis. It offers several advantages over traditional medications, including fewer side effects, a short treatment course, and broad-spectrum efficacy against various intestinal parasites. However, treatment success depends on taking the medication as prescribed and following good hygiene practices to prevent reinfection. Always consult a healthcare professional for tailored medical advice on giardiasis treatment, particularly if you have underlying health conditions or other complicating factors.

#nizonide 500 #Giardiasis

1 note · View note

inquisitorcroaker · 4 months ago

Note

Can I offer you some Nitazoxanide to help with this? ❤️ ~Laura

Where. I need buckets. I don't know how to get rid of the worm homunculus baby but I can at least purge their filth from my colon.... Hurry....

#inquisitorcroaker #tapeworm meltdown

1 note · View note

unifiedcitationjournals · 6 months ago

Text

Understanding Giardiasis and Pancreatitis: Causes, Symptoms, and Prevention

Introduction

Health and wellness are critical to our everyday lives, but sometimes, despite our best efforts, we can fall victim to various ailments. Two such conditions that affect different parts of our digestive system are Giardiasis and Pancreatitis. Although they impact different organs and have distinct causes, symptoms, and treatments, understanding them is key to prevention and effective management.

What is Giardiasis ?

Giardiasis is an intestinal infection caused by the protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis). This infection is one of the most common causes of waterborne disease and can affect both humans and animals.

Hurry up and register yourself at the CME/CPD accredited 14th World Gastroenterology, IBD & Hepatology Conference from December 17-19, 2024, in Dubai, UAE & Virtual. Register here: https://gastroenterology.universeconferences.com/registration/ Register here for virtual attendance: https://gastroenterology.universeconferences.com/virtual-registration/

Symptoms

Symptoms of giardiasis typically appear 1 to 3 weeks after infection and may include:

Diarrhea

Gas

Greasy stools that tend to float

Stomach cramps or pain

Upset stomach or nausea

Dehydration

In some cases, the infection can cause weight loss and failure to absorb fat, lactose, vitamin A, and vitamin B12. However, some people may be asymptomatic and not show any symptoms despite being infected.

Transmission

Giardia is found in soil, food, or water that has been contaminated with feces from infected humans or animals. The most common mode of transmission is through consuming contaminated water, including:

Drinking untreated or inadequately treated water from lakes, rivers, springs, ponds, or streams.

Swallowing water while swimming or playing in contaminated recreational water (such as pools, hot tubs, lakes, rivers, etc.).

Eating uncooked food contaminated with Giardia.

Having contact with someone who is infected with Giardia, such as through diaper-changing or sexual practices.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Diagnosis of giardiasis is typically made by testing stool samples for the presence of Giardia parasites or antigens. This can involve multiple stool samples collected over several days.

Treatment for giardiasis often involves a course of prescription medications, such as:

Metronidazole

Tinidazole

Nitazoxanide

These medications are effective in eliminating the parasite from the body. In addition to medication, maintaining good hygiene and avoiding contaminated food and water are crucial to preventing reinfection.

Prevention

Preventing giardiasis involves several measures, including:

Drinking water from safe sources and using water filters when necessary.

Practicing good hygiene, such as regular handwashing with soap and water.

Washing fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating.

Avoiding swallowing water from lakes, rivers, or pools.

Avoiding close contact with infected individuals, especially in settings such as daycares.

By following these preventive measures, the risk of contracting giardiasis can be significantly reduced.

Avoiding Giardiasis

Giardiasis is primarily caused by ingesting the Giardia parasite, often through contaminated water or food. Here’s how you can minimize your risk:

Water Safety

Drink Treated Water: Always drink water from a safe, treated source. Use filtered or bottled water if you are unsure of the water quality.

Boil Water in High-Risk Areas: When traveling to areas with uncertain water quality, boil water for at least one minute before drinking.

Use Water Filters: If you’re camping or in a location without treated water, use a water filter that is certified to remove Giardia.

Food Safety

Wash Fruits and Vegetables: Thoroughly wash all fruits and vegetables before eating, even if they have a peel or rind.

Avoid Raw Food in High-Risk Areas: In areas with poor sanitation, avoid eating raw fruits and vegetables unless they can be peeled.

Personal Hygiene

Handwashing: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before eating or preparing food.

Safe Practices in Childcare Settings: Ensure proper hygiene practices in childcare settings, such as regular handwashing and disinfecting surfaces.

Recreational Water Safety

Avoid Swallowing Water: Do not swallow water while swimming in pools, lakes, rivers, or hot tubs.

Use Swim Diapers: For infants and toddlers, use swim diapers to prevent contamination of pool water.

What is Pancreatitis?

Pancreatitis is an inflammation of the pancreas, a gland located behind the stomach that plays a crucial role in digestion and blood sugar regulation. Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic, each with different causes, symptoms, and treatment approaches.

Types of Pancreatitis

Acute Pancreatitis

Description: Sudden inflammation that lasts for a short period.

Symptoms:

Severe abdominal pain that may radiate to the back

Nausea and vomiting

Fever

Rapid pulse

Swollen and tender abdomen

Chronic Pancreatitis

Description: Long-lasting inflammation that can lead to permanent damage.

Symptoms:

Persistent abdominal pain

Unintentional weight loss

Oily, smelly stools (steatorrhea) due to malabsorption of fats

Diabetes may develop as the pancreas becomes less able to produce insulin

Causes

Gallstones: Can block the pancreatic duct, leading to acute pancreatitis.

Alcohol Abuse: Chronic consumption is a common cause of chronic pancreatitis.

Medications: Certain drugs can induce pancreatitis.

High Triglyceride Levels: Hypertriglyceridemia can lead to inflammation.

Genetic Factors: Inherited conditions such as cystic fibrosis.

Infections: Viral infections like mumps can cause pancreatitis.

Autoimmune Conditions: The body’s immune system attacks the pancreas.

Diagnosis

Diagnosis typically involves a combination of:

Medical History and Physical Examination: To identify symptoms and risk factors.

Blood Tests: To check levels of pancreatic enzymes (amylase and lipase).

Imaging Tests: Such as abdominal ultrasound, CT scan, or MRI to visualize the pancreas and surrounding structures.

Stool Tests: In chronic cases, to check for fat malabsorption.

Treatment

Acute Pancreatitis

Hospitalization: Most cases require hospitalization.

Fasting: Giving the pancreas a break by not eating for a few days.

IV Fluids: To maintain hydration.

Pain Relief: Medications to manage pain.

Treating Underlying Causes: For example, removing gallstones.

Chronic Pancreatitis

Pain Management: Using medications and sometimes nerve blocks.

Dietary Changes: Low-fat diet and pancreatic enzyme supplements to aid digestion.

Treatment of Diabetes: If it develops as a complication.

Surgery: In severe cases, to remove part of the pancreas or drain fluid collections.

Prevention

Limit Alcohol Consumption: To reduce the risk of chronic pancreatitis.

Healthy Diet: Low in fat and high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Regular Exercise: To maintain healthy triglyceride levels.

Avoid Smoking: As it increases the risk of pancreatitis.

By managing risk factors and leading a healthy lifestyle, the likelihood of developing pancreatitis can be minimized. If you suspect pancreatitis, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly to prevent complications.

Avoiding Pancreatitis

Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic and is influenced by lifestyle factors, medications, and underlying health conditions. Here are steps to reduce your risk:

Alcohol Consumption

Limit Alcohol Intake: Excessive alcohol consumption is a major risk factor for pancreatitis. Limiting or avoiding alcohol can significantly reduce your risk.

Seek Help for Alcohol Abuse: If you struggle with alcohol use, seek professional help to manage and reduce consumption.

Dietary Habits

Healthy Diet: Follow a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Avoid high-fat and highly processed foods.

Maintain Healthy Weight: Obesity increases the risk of gallstones and, subsequently, pancreatitis. Maintain a healthy weight through diet and exercise.

Medication and Health Monitoring

Monitor Triglyceride Levels: High triglycerides can cause pancreatitis. Regularly monitor your lipid levels and manage them through diet, exercise, and medications if necessary.

Review Medications: Some medications can cause pancreatitis. Discuss with your doctor about the potential side effects of your medications.

Avoid Smoking

Quit Smoking: Smoking increases the risk of pancreatitis. If you smoke, seek resources and support to quit.

Managing Underlying Health Conditions

Treat Gallstones: If you have gallstones or a history of gallbladder issues, discuss treatment options with your healthcare provider.

Control Diabetes: Properly manage diabetes as it can impact pancreatic health.

General Health Practices

Regular Medical Check-Ups: Regular health check-ups can help identify and manage risk factors for both giardiasis and pancreatitis.

Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids to support overall health, but ensure your water is safe and clean.

Conclusion

Both Giardiasis and Pancreatitis can significantly impact your health and quality of life. By understanding their causes, symptoms, and preventive measures, you can take proactive steps to protect yourself and your loved ones. Whether it's through good hygiene and safe drinking water practices to prevent Giardiasis or lifestyle changes to reduce the risk of Pancreatitis, being informed is the first step toward better health. If you suspect you have either condition, seeking prompt medical attention is crucial for effective treatment and recovery.

0 notes

spookysaladchaos · 7 months ago

Text

Global Top 3 Companies Accounted for 42.6% of total Alinia (nitazoxanide) market (QYResearch, 2021)

Nitazoxanide, sold under the brand name Alinia among others, Nitazoxanide is an antiprotozoal medicine that treats infections caused by protozoa (single-cell parasites that live in moist places such as lakes, streams, and soil).

Nitazoxanide is used to treat diarrhea caused by Giardia or Cryptosporidium. These conditions are sometimes called "Traveler's diarrhea." Nitazoxanide is used in adults and children who are at least 1 year old.

In this report, we study all drugs based Nitazoxanide API. One unit is a box (6 pcs).

According to the new market research report “Global Alinia (nitazoxanide) Market Report 2023-2029”, published by QYResearch, the global Alinia (nitazoxanide) market size is projected to reach USD 0.23 billion by 2029, at a CAGR of 3.1% during the forecast period.

Figure. Global Alinia (nitazoxanide) Market Size (US$ Million), 2018-2029

Based on or includes research from QYResearch: Global Alinia (nitazoxanide) Market Report 2023-2029.

Figure. Global Alinia (nitazoxanide) Top 3 Players Ranking and Market Share（Continually updated）

Based on or includes research from QYResearch: Global Alinia (nitazoxanide) Market Report 2023-2029.

The global key manufacturers of Alinia (nitazoxanide) include Romark Laboratories, Chugai Pharmaceutical, etc. In 2021, the global top three players had a share approximately 44.0% in terms of revenue.

About QYResearch

QYResearch founded in California, USA in 2007.It is a leading global market research and consulting company. With over 16 years’ experience and professional research team in various cities over the world QY Research focuses on management consulting, database and seminar services, IPO consulting, industry chain research and customized research to help our clients in providing non-linear revenue model and make them successful. We are globally recognized for our expansive portfolio of services, good corporate citizenship, and our strong commitment to sustainability. Up to now, we have cooperated with more than 60,000 clients across five continents. Let’s work closely with you and build a bold and better future.

QYResearch is a world-renowned large-scale consulting company. The industry covers various high-tech industry chain market segments, spanning the semiconductor industry chain (semiconductor equipment and parts, semiconductor materials, ICs, Foundry, packaging and testing, discrete devices, sensors, optoelectronic devices), photovoltaic industry chain (equipment, cells, modules, auxiliary material brackets, inverters, power station terminals), new energy automobile industry chain (batteries and materials, auto parts, batteries, motors, electronic control, automotive semiconductors, etc.), communication industry chain (communication system equipment, terminal equipment, electronic components, RF front-end, optical modules, 4G/5G/6G, broadband, IoT, digital economy, AI), advanced materials industry Chain (metal materials, polymer materials, ceramic materials, nano materials, etc.), machinery manufacturing industry chain (CNC machine tools, construction machinery, electrical machinery, 3C automation, industrial robots, lasers, industrial control, drones), food, beverages and pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, agriculture, etc.

#report

0 notes

tumimmtxpapers · 1 year ago

Text

Bladder cancer immunomodulatory effects of intravesical Nitazoxanide, Rapamycin, Thalidomide and Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)

CONCLUSION: Intravesical BCG combination treatment seems to effectively prevent BC development in an immunecompetent clinically relevant animal model, introducing Thalidomide, Nitazoxanide, and specially Rapamycin as candidates in the intravesical immunotherapy advancement. Our study contributes in understanding the mechanism of cancer immunotherapy. http://dlvr.it/SsTfN3

0 notes

jhavelikes · 1 year ago

Quote

The present invention relates to an agent for use in selectively killing one or more senescent cells, wherein said agent is selected from the following: a cardiac glycoside or alglycone, a focal adhesion kinase (FAK) inhibitor, an HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, JFD00244, Cyclosporine, Tyrphostin AG879, Cantharidin, Diphenyleneiodonium chloride, Rottlerin, 2,3-Dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, LY-367,265, Rotenone, Idarubicin, Dequalintum chloride, Vincristine, Nitazoxanide, Nitrofurazone, Temsirolimus, Eltrombopag, Adapalene, Azacyclonol, Enoxacin and Raltegravir, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Another aspect relates to compounds for use in treating or preventing a senescence- associated disease or disorder, and methods relating thereto.

WO2018215795A3 - Senolytic compounds - Google Patents

0 notes

nicoleshop · 1 year ago

Text

Nitazoxanide 55981-09-4

Detail production

Customized on demand

Cindy

Whatsapp/Telegram: +86 15915823121

Our Advantage:

1,High quality with competitive price

1)Standard: Enterprise Standard

2)All Purity≥99%

3)We are manufacturer and can provide high quality products with factory price.

2,Fast and safe delivery

1)Parcel can be sent out in 24 hours after payment. Tracking number available

2)Secure and discreet shipment. Various transportation methods for your choice.

3)Customs pass rate ≥99%

4) We have our own agent/re-mailer/distributor who can help us ship our products very fast and safe, and we have stock in there for transferring.

3,We have clients throughout the world.

1)Professional service and rich experience make customers feel at ease, adequate stock and fast delivery meet their desire.

2)Market feedback and goods feedback will be appreciated, meeting customers's requirement is our responsibility.

3)High quality,competitive price,fast delivery ,first-class service gain the trust and praise from the customers.

0 notes

yanguna462917 · 2 years ago

Text

Nitazoxanide CAS 55981-09-4

0 notes

medicineonline · 2 years ago

Text

Antiparasitic and Antiviral Medication for Gastrointestinal Infections and Viral Diseases

Nitazoxanide is an antiparasitic and antiviral medication used to treat a variety of gastrointestinal infections caused by protozoa and helminths, as well as viral infections such as influenza and COVID-19. The 500 mg dose is a common strength for the medication and is typically taken orally. It works by interfering with the metabolism of the parasites or viruses, ultimately leading to their death or elimination from the body. Nitazoxanide is generally well-tolerated and has a low risk of side effects. However, it should only be used as directed by a healthcare provider.

Nitazoxanide 500 mg: An Effective Antiparasitic and Antiviral Medication

Nitazoxanide is a medication that has been shown to be effective in treating a variety of gastrointestinal infections caused by protozoa and helminths, as well as viral infections such as influenza and COVID-19. Nitazoxanide 500 mg is a common strength for the medication and is typically taken orally.

How Nitazoxanide Works

Nitazoxanide works by interfering with the metabolism of the parasites or viruses, ultimately leading to their death or elimination from the body. It has been shown to be effective against a wide range of parasites, including Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum, Entamoeba histolytica, and Helicobacter pylori.

In addition to its antiparasitic effects, nitazoxanide also has antiviral properties. It has been shown to be effective against a variety of viruses, including influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial virus, and rotavirus. It has also been studied as a potential treatment for COVID-19, with some promising results.

Safety and Side Effects

Nitazoxanide is generally well-tolerated and has a low risk of side effects. The most common side effects include gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. These side effects are usually mild and go away on their own.

However, nitazoxanide should only be used as directed by a healthcare provider. It may interact with other medications, and it may not be safe for everyone to take. For example, it may not be recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women or people with certain medical conditions.

Conclusion

Nitazoxanide 500 mg is a potent medication that can be effective in treating a variety of gastrointestinal infections and viral diseases. It works by interfering with the metabolism of parasites and viruses, leading to their elimination from the body. While generally well-tolerated, it should only be used under the guidance of a healthcare provider.

0 notes

monica-bing1920 · 2 years ago

Text

What is Nizonide?

Nizonide 500 is a revolutionary new drug that has been developed by the pharmaceutical company Nizonide. It is an antibiotic that has been designed to treat a wide range of bacterial infections. The drug works by inhibiting the growth of bacteria and preventing them from multiplying. It is also effective against multi-drug resistant bacteria, making it a powerful tool in the fight against antibiotic resistance.

Nizonide 500 has been proven to be safe and effective in clinical trials and is now available for use by healthcare professionals worldwide. This new drug promises to revolutionize the treatment of bacterial infections, providing patients with an effective and safe alternative to traditional antibiotics.

To know more: https://www.gnhindia.com/products/nitazoxanide-tablets-nizonide/

0 notes

rajaas · 2 years ago

Text

0 notes

unifiedcitationjournals · 6 months ago

Text

Living with Giardiasis: Managing Symptoms and Recovery Strategies

Introduction

Have you ever wondered about the microscopic world teeming in our water and food? One of the lesser-known inhabitants of this realm is Giardia lamblia, a protozoan parasite responsible for the intestinal infection known as giardiasis. Though it's one of the most common waterborne diseases globally, giardiasis often goes under the radar, overshadowed by more notorious infectious diseases. Let's dive into the world of giardiasis, exploring its causes, symptoms, treatments, and prevention strategies.

What is Giardiasis?

Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis or Giardia duodenalis). This tiny parasite can wreak havoc on your digestive system, leading to a range of uncomfortable and sometimes debilitating symptoms.

Call for Paper/Poster/Case Studies/Abstract: Track 24 : Gastrointestinal Immunology We look forward to receiving your abstracts and your participation in the 14th World Gastroenterology, IBD & Hepatology Conference from December 17-19, 2024, in Dubai, UAE & Virtual. Submit your abstract/papers here: https://gastroenterology.universeconferences.com/submit-abstract/

How is Giardiasis Transmitted?

The primary mode of transmission for Giardia is through ingesting the parasite's cysts, which can survive in the environment for extended periods, especially in water. Here are the main ways giardiasis spreads:

Contaminated Water: Drinking or recreational water contaminated with Giardia cysts is the most common transmission route. The cysts are resistant to chlorine, making them difficult to eliminate from treated water sources.

Contaminated Food: Consuming food washed with contaminated water or prepared in unsanitary conditions can also lead to infection.

Call for Speaker/Poster We are inviting speaker/poster for a Gastroenterology conference, to attend the 14th World Gastroenterology, IBD & Hepatology Conference, scheduled to be held from December 17-19, 2024 in Holiday Inn Dubai, UAE & Virtual. There are several ways you can approach it. WhatsApp us: https://wa.me/442033222718?text= Register here: https://gastroenterology.universeconferences.com/registration/

Person-to-Person Contact: Close contact with an infected person, especially in settings like daycares or nursing homes, can facilitate the spread of Giardia.

Fecal-Oral Route: Poor hygiene practices, such as inadequate handwashing after using the bathroom or handling diapers, can lead to ingestion of the parasite.

Recognizing the Symptoms

Symptoms of giardiasis usually appear 1-3 weeks after exposure and can range from mild to severe. They include:

Diarrhea

Abdominal cramps

Bloating and gas

Nausea

Fatigue

Weight loss

Greasy stools that may float

Interestingly, some people infected with Giardia may not show any symptoms at all, yet they can still spread the parasite to others.

Diagnosing Giardiasis

If you suspect you have giardiasis, it's essential to seek medical advice. Diagnosis typically involves:

Stool Tests: Microscopic examination of stool samples to detect Giardia cysts or trophozoites.

Antigen Tests: Detecting Giardia proteins or antigens in stool samples, which can confirm the presence of the parasite more quickly than traditional microscopic methods.

Treatment Options

The good news is that giardiasis is treatable. Common medications prescribed to eradicate Giardia include:

Metronidazole

Tinidazole

Nitazoxanide

These medications are effective, but they can have side effects, so it's crucial to follow your healthcare provider's instructions carefully.

Preventing Giardiasis

Preventing giardiasis largely revolves around good hygiene and safe food and water practices. Here are some tips:

Drink Safe Water: Ensure your drinking water is from a safe, treated source. Use water filters that can remove Giardia or boil water if you are unsure of its safety.

Practice Good Hygiene: Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after using the bathroom, changing diapers, and before preparing or eating food.

Be Cautious with Food: Wash fruits and vegetables with safe water, and be mindful of food safety practices when traveling.

Avoid Swallowing Water While Swimming: Lakes, rivers, and even swimming pools can be contaminated with Giardia. Try to avoid swallowing water when swimming.

The Global Impact of Giardiasis

Giardiasis is prevalent worldwide, but it's particularly common in regions with poor sanitation and water treatment infrastructure. It's also a leading cause of travelers' diarrhea, affecting those visiting areas where the parasite is endemic.

Conclusion

While giardiasis may not always be a household name, its impact on public health is significant. By understanding how this parasite spreads and taking steps to prevent infection, we can protect ourselves and our communities from this uncomfortable and sometimes debilitating disease. Remember, good hygiene and safe food and water practices are your best defense against giardiasis. Stay informed, stay healthy, and help spread awareness about giardiasis!

0 notes

medchemexpressinhibitor-blog · 2 years ago

Text

COVID-19 Treatments: Antiviral and Anti-inflammation

COVID-19

Treatments: Antiviral and Anti-inflammation

Antiviral

•Remdesivir and Nucleoside Analogues

•Chloroquine and its Family Members

Anti-inflammation

Antiviral Natural Products

COVID-19 Related Compound Libraries

The pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread all over the world and has been a great threat to humans for absence of specific effective anti-viral treatments. It is urgent to identify effective, safe, and available treatment strategy for COVID-19.

As COVID-19 is a viral infectious disease with major symptoms of fever and pneumonia, antiviral and anti-inflammation related supportive therapies are important treatments for severe cases.

Schematic of SARS-CoV-2 infection[1-3]

COVID-19 in caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 belongs to coronavirus (CoV) who have four main structural proteins: spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins.

After primed by a protease called TMPRSS2 (transmembrane protease, serine 2), the S protein mediates the CoV entry into host cells by attaching to a cellular receptor named ACE2, followed by fusion between virus and host cell membranes. Genome replication and subgenomic RNA transcription after entry carry on with the participation of many nonstructural proteins such as Mpro (main protease or 3CLpro), PLpro (papain-like protease) and RdRp (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). Then the structural proteins are translated, assembled into mature virions, and released via vesicles by exocytosis.

What’s worth mentioning, the vast release of cytokines (such as IL-1β, GM-CSF, IL-6, IL-10) by the immune system in response to severe infection of SARS-CoV-2 called cytokine storm contributes largely to the mortality of COVID-19.

Antiviral

All the proteins and subcellular structures participated in the life cycle of CoVs are promising targets for treatment of disease caused by CoVs. It is inspiring that numbers of promising agents with potential of antiviral have been reported to deal with COVID-19.

GroupCompoundMechanism of action

Inhibitors of viral protein synthesis

Lopinavir

[4]

Ritonavir

[4]

Protease inhibitor.

Inhibitors of viral RNA

polymerase/RNA synthesis

Remdesivir

[5]

GS-443902

[6]

GS-443902 trisodium

[6]

Favipiravir

[7]

Ribavirin

[8]

Nucleoside analogue, prodrug, RdRp inhibitor.

Inhibitors of viral entry

Chloroquine

[5]

Chloroquine phosphate

[5]

Hydroxychloroquine sulfate

[5]

Increasing endosomal pH required for virus/cell fusion, as well as interfering with the glycosylation of ACE2.

Camostat mesylate

[9]

Nafamostat mesylate

[10]

Inhibiting Sprotein priming and S protein-driven cell entry of SARS-CoV-2 mediating by TMPRSS2.

Umifenovir hydrochloride

[11]

Might inhibit the fusion process.

Inhibitors of Mpro

Ebselen

[12]

Carmofur

[12]

PX-12

[12]

SARS-CoV-2-IN-1

[13]

Binding with Mpro of SARS-CoV-2.

Inhibitor of viral proteins trafficking

Ivermectin

[14]

Inhibit importin α/β-mediated nuclear transport, which in turn blocks the nuclear trafficking of viral proteins.

Enhance antiviral immune response

Nitazoxanide

[15]

Interferon-beta 1

[16]

Regulates inflammation pathways.

Remdesivir and Nucleoside Analogues

Remdesivir is an adenosine analogue, which incorporates into nascent viral RNA chains and function as inhibitor of RdRp. Remdesivir has been reported to inhibit numbers of RNA viruses (including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2) infection in cultured cells and showed effects for treating COVID-19 in clinical. Except for remdesivir, its metabolites and several nucleoside analogues are also reported to have the antiviral ability.

ConditionCompoundMechanismStatus

Anticancer

Nucleoside & Nucleotide

Analogues

Gemcitabine

Targets DNA polymeraseApproved

5-Azacytidine

Traps DNA methyltransferaseApproved

Cytarabine

Targets DNA polymeraseApproved

Antiviral

Nucleoside & Nucleotide

Analogues

Remdesivir

[5]

GS-443902

[6]

GS-443902 trisodium

[5]

Remdesivir nucleoside monophosphate

Remdesivir and its metabolites, inhibitors of RdRp.Phase III

Favipiravir

Targets RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp)Approved

Tenofovir

Targets nucleotide reverse transcriptaseApproved

Asunaprevir

Targets NS3 proteaseApproved

Antibacterial

Nucleoside & Nucleotide

Analogues

Linezolid

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesisApproved

Nitrofurantoin

Inhibits bacterial DNA, RNA and protein synthesisApproved

Isoniazid

Acts on the mycobacterial cell wallApproved

Chloroquine and Its Family Members

Chloroquine is a widely-used anti-malarial and autoimmune disease drug, has recently been reported as a potential broad spectrum antiviral drug. Chloroquine is known to block virus infection by inhibiting the fusion of virus and host cell by increasing endosomal pH and interfering the function of ACE2. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are proposed to be used to treat COVID-19 in clinical trials.

Subfamily Members

Relationship

Mechanism of Action

Clinical Status and Indication

Chloroquine Subfamily

Chloroquine

Representative DrugAutophagy, RNA-dependent

RNA polymerase, TLR

Approved:

Malaria, Tumor, Rheumatoid Arthritis,

COVID-19, etc

Preclinical Research:

Chikungunya Virus

Didesethyl Chloroquine

Major Metabolite of

ChloroquineAutophagy, RNA-dependent

RNA polymerase

Preclinical Research:

Malaria, Chikungunya Virus

Hydroxychloroquine

Less Toxic Metabolite of

ChloroquineAutophagy, RNA-dependent

RNA polymerase, TLR

Approved:

Malaria, Tumor, Rheumatoid Arthritis,

COVID-19, etc

Preclinical Research:

Chikungunya Virus

Cletoquine

Major Active Metabolite of

HydroxychloroquineAutophagy, RNA-dependent

RNA polymerase

Preclinical Research:

Chikungunya Virus,

Antirheumatic

Ferroquine Subfamily

Ferroquine

Chloroquine AnalogAutophagy, Ferroptosis

Phase II:

Malaria

Preclinical Research:

Tumor, Virus

Desmethyl Ferroquine

Major Metabolite of

FerroquineAutophagy, RNA-dependent

RNA polymerase

Preclinical Research:

Malaria, Virus

SARS-CoV-IN 1

SARS-CoV-IN 2

SARS-CoV-IN 3

Derivative of Ferroquine

Preclinical Research:

Malaria, SARS-CoV

Other Subfamily

Primaquine

Chloroquine AnalogROS

Approved:

Malaria, HIV

Mefloquine

Chloroquine AnalogHeme polymerase

Approved:

Malaria

Preclinical Research:

Osteoporosis

Amodiaquine

Chloroquine AnalogHeme polymerase

Approved:

Malaria

Preclinical Research:

Ebola Virus

N-Desethyl amodiaquine

Major Active Metabolite of

Amodiaquine

Preclinical Research:

Malaria

Anti-inflammation

Current management for COVID-19 is supportive therapy as there is still no effective cure.

Respiratory failure from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is reported to be the leading cause of mortality of COVID-19. The primary cause of ARDS is cytokine storm characterized by excessive and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-6, IL-1, IL-17, IL-2, GM-CSF) after infection. So anti-inflammation are the most important supportive therapy for patients with severe COVID-19.

Therapeutic options for anti-inflammation in patients with COVID-19 include steroids, selective cytokine blockade, JAK inhibition, and intravenous immunoglobulin.

CompoundMechanism of action

Methylprednisolone

[17]

Glucocorticoids suppress cytokine storm manifestations in patients with COVID-19.

Dexamethasone

[18]

A glucocorticoid receptor agonist and the first drug save lives by one-third among patients critically ill with COVID-19.

Anakinra

[19]

An interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R) antagonist may be beneficial for treating severe COVID-19 patients.

Tocilizumab

[20]

Sarilumab

[21]

Recombinant human IL-6 monoclonal antibody thus blocking IL-6 signaling and its mediated inflammatory response, as a therapeutic option against COVID-19.

Baricitinib

[22]

A dual inhibitor of JAK and AAK1 (AP2-associated protein kinase 1, a regulator ofendocytosis) as the possible candidate for treatment of COVID-19 because of its relative safety and high affinity.

Chloroquine

Hydroxychloroquine

[5]

CQ and HCQ can regulate immune system by affecting cell signaling and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Melatonin

[23]

Plays a role of adjuvant medication in the regulation of immune system, inflammation and oxidation stress.

Antiviral Natural Products

Many natural products have broad-spectrum antiviral effects by inhibiting various steps in viral infection and replication. Natural products can also function as immunomodulators, suppressing inflammatory reaction. Some of them are reported to have the potential of inhibiting coronavirus and may be promising candidate agents for COVID-19. Take emodin as an example, it has been shown to inhibit the interaction of SARS-CoV S protein with its receptor ACE2[24].

Forsythia suspensa

Lonicera japonica Thunb

Ephedra

Semen Armeniacae amarum

Isatis indigotica L

Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai

Houttuynia cordata

Pogostemon cablin

Rheum

Rhodiola rosea

Glycyrrhiza uralensis

Menthol

COVID-19 Related Compound Libraries

It is urgent to develop drugs to treat COVID-19 quickly. The drug repurposing using visual screening technology in clinical and approved compounds can greatly shorten timeline and improve the efficiency of the development of anti-COVID-19 drugs.

As mentioned above, the reported candidate drugs for COVID-19 include agents targeting viruses (such as HIV and SARS-CoV) and inflammation. It indicates that all the antiviral, anti-infection and anti-inflammation related chemicals may have the potential to be effective in treatment of COVID-19.

Compound libraryDescription

Anti-COVID-19 Compound Library

Chemicals with potential anti-COVID-19 activity targeted 3CL protease, Spike protein, NSP15, RdRp, PLpro and

ACE2 collected by visual screening in

Drug Repurposing Compound Library (HY-L035)

Anti-Virus Compound Library

Compound library containing all kinds of molecules with anti-virus activity.

Anti-Infection Compound Library

Antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic compound library.

Immunology/Inflammation Compound Library

Antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic compound library.

Anti-infection:

Antibiotic

Arenavirus

Bacterial

CMV

EBV

Enterovirus

Filovirus

Fungal

HBV

HCV

HCV Protease

HIV

HIV Protease

HPV

HSV

Influenza Virus

Orthopoxvirus

Parasite

Reverse Transcriptase

RSV

SARS-CoV

TMV

Virus Protease

VSV

References:

[1]. Azkur, A.K., et al., Immune response to SARS‐CoV‐2 and mechanisms of immunopathological changes in COVID‐19. Allergy, 2020.

[2]. Strope, J.D., C.H.C. PharmD and W.D. Figg, TMPRSS2: Potential Biomarker for COVID‐19 Outcomes. The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020. 60(7): p. 801-807.

[3]. Tay, M.Z., et al., The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention. Nature reviews. Immunology, 2020. 20(6): p. 363-374.

[4]. Lim, J., et al., Case of the Index Patient Who Caused Tertiary Transmission of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Korea: the Application of Lopinavir/Ritonavir for the Treatment of COVID-19 Pneumonia Monitored by Quantitative RT-PCR. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 2020. 35(6).

[5]. Wang, M., et al., Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Research, 2020. 30(3): p. 269-271.

[6]. Yang, K., What do we know about remdesivir drug interactions? Clinical and Translational Science, 2020.

[7]. Cai, Q., et al., Experimental Treatment with Favipiravir for COVID-19: An Open-Label Control Study. Engineering, 2020.

[8]. Elfiky, A.A., Anti-HCV, nucleotide inhibitors, repurposing against COVID-19. Life Sciences, 2020. 248: p. 117477-117477.

[9]. Hoffmann, M., et al., SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell, 2020. 181(2): p. 271-280.e8.

[10]. Hoffmann, M., et al., Nafamostat Mesylate Blocks Activation of SARS-CoV-2: New Treatment Option for COVID-19. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2020. 64(6).

[11]. Deng, L., et al., Arbidol combined with LPV/r versus LPV/r alone against Corona Virus Disease 2019: A retrospective cohort study. Journal of Infection, 2020. 81(1): p. e1-e5.

[12]. Jin, Z., et al., Structure of Mpro from SARS-CoV-2 and discovery of its inhibitors. Nature, 2020.

[13]. Zhang, L., et al., Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease provides a basis for design of improved α-ketoamide inhibitors. Science (American Association for the Advancement of Science), 2020. 368(6489): p. 409.

[14]. Sharun, K., et al., Ivermectin, a new candidate therapeutic against SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Annals of Clinical Microbiology and Antimicrobials, 2020. 19(1).

[15]. Toby Pepperrell, V.P.A.O., Review of safety and minimum pricing of nitazoxanide for potential treatment of COVID-19. Journal of Virus Eradication, 2020. 6: p. 52-60.

[16]. Hung, I.F., et al., Triple combination of interferon beta-1b, lopinavir–ritonavir, and ribavirin in the treatment of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19: an open-label, randomised, phase 2 trial. The Lancet (British edition), 2020. 395(10238): p. 1695-1704.

[17]. Wang, Y., et al., A retrospective cohort study of methylprednisolone therapy in severe patients with COVID-19 pneumonia. Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, 2020. 5(1).

[18]. Ledford, H., Coronavirus Breakthrough: Dexamethasone Is First Drug Shown to Save Lives. NATURE, 2020.

[19]. Dimopoulos, G., et al., FAVORABLE ANAKINRA RESPONSES IN SEVERE COVID-19 PATIENTS WITH SECONDARY HEMOPHAGOCYTIC LYMPHOHISTIOCYTOSIS. Cell host & microbe, 2020.

[20]. Luo, P., et al., Tocilizumab treatment in COVID‐19: A single center experience. Journal of Medical Virology, 2020. 92(7): p. 814-818.

[21]. Benucci, M., et al., COVID‐19 pneumonia treated with Sarilumab: A clinical series of eight patients. Journal of Medical Virology, 2020.

[22]. Cantini, F., et al., Baricitinib therapy in COVID-19: A pilot study on safety and clinical impact. The Journal of infection, 2020.

[23]. Rui Zhang, X.W.L.N., COVID-19: Melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment. Life Sciences, 2020. 250(117583).

[24]. Ho, T., et al., Emodin blocks the SARS coronavirus spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 interaction. Antiviral Research, 2007. 74(2): p. 92-101.

0 notes