#mutualisms of the brazil nut tree

[mercerspoems]

Caturday Special: The Kodkod, Leopardus guigna

#Caturday Special: The Kodkod, Leopardus guigna - We continue our #tradition with the #kodkod, the #smallest #cat in the #americas - a #beautiful spotted #hunter seemingly #endemic to #Chile. #Cats #CatLovers #CaturdaySpecial

Oh my days! I want to squish it until it makes funny noises and turns me into a bloody mess! What a cute and gorgeous cat! Those incredible spotted markings, the perfect dappling to breakup your form in the shadowy undergrowth, its magnificent! (Credit: Mauro Tammone CC-BY-3.0) Much like the cat itself this post is likely to be quite small but very sweet. You see the Kodkod is the smallest cat…

[yourarchiesmith01-blog]

Allergic Risk When Eating Peanuts During Pregnancy

Allergic Risk When Eating Peanuts During Pregnancy. Women who consume peanuts during pregnancy may be putting their babies at increased peril for peanut allergy, a new swot suggests. US researchers looked at 503 infants, aged 3 months to 15 months, with suspected egg or bleed allergies, or with the skin disorder eczema and positive allergy tests to drain or egg orviax. These factors are associated with increased risk of peanut allergy, but none of the infants in the inspect had been diagnosed with peanut allergy. Blood tests revealed that 140 of the infants had sizeable sensitivity to peanuts. Mothers' consumption of peanuts during pregnancy was a strong predictor of peanut acuteness in the infants, the researchers reported in the Nov 1, 2010 issue of the Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology nind ki goli ke side effect hindhi me. "Researchers in new years have been uncertain about the role of peanut consumption during pregnancy on the imperil of peanut allergy in infants. While our study does not definitively indicate that pregnant women should not eat peanut products during pregnancy, it highlights the straits for further research in order to make recommendations about dietary restrictions," cramming leader Dr Scott H Sicherer, a professor of pediatrics at Jaffe Food Allergy Institute at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City, said in a paper low-down release homepage. Sicherer and his colleagues recommended controlled, interventional studies to further explore their findings. "Peanut allergy is serious, customarily persistent, potentially fatal, and appears to be increasing in prevalence". Peanuts are among the most common allergy-causing foods. But because a peanut allergy is less likely to be outgrown than allergies to other foods, it becomes more mutual among older kids and adults. It's likely that more Americans are allergic to peanuts than any other food. Peanuts are in fact not a true nut, but a legume (in the same family as peas and lentils). When someone with a peanut allergy is exposed to peanuts, the vaccinated system mistakenly believes that proteins (or allergens) in the peanut are baleful to the body. The immune system produces antibodies called immunoglobulin E (IgE) that then cause allergy cells in the body (called mast cells) to launch chemicals into the bloodstream, one of which is histamine. The histamine then acts on a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs, skin, or gastrointestinal tract, and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Peanut reactions can be very severe, even with very unsatisfactory amounts of exposure. This might be because the untouched system recognizes peanut proteins easier than other rations proteins. The allergens in peanuts are similar in structure to allergens in tree nuts. This may delineate why almost half of people who are allergic to peanuts are also allergic to tree nuts, such as almonds, Brazil nuts, walnuts, hazelnuts, macadamias, pistachios, pecans, and cashews. People who are allergic to one tree nut are often allergic to at least one or two other tree nuts. As with peanuts, tree nut reactions can be very severe, even with selfish exposures going here. Research has shown that peanuts are the #1 malefactor of catastrophic comestibles allergy reactions, followed by tree nuts.

[nunoxaviermoreira]

Série com o Macaco Prego (Cebus apella) - Series with the Capuchin monkey - 24-08-2008 - IMG_20080824_9999_237 by Flávio Cruvinel Brandão Todos os macacos estão livres na natureza. Os macacos desta série estavam na mata que fica atrás do lago do Jardim Zoológico de Brasília. Macaco-prego Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre. Macaco-prego Classificação científica Reino: Animalia Filo: Chordata Classe: Mammalia Ordem: Primates Subordem: Haplorrhini Infra-ordem: Simiiformes (sem classificação): Platyrrhini Família: Cebidae Subfamília: Cebinae Género: Cebus Espécie: C. apella Nomenclatura binominal Cebus apella Linnaeus, 1758 Wikispecies A Wikispecies tem informações sobre: Macaco-prego O macaco-prego (Cebus apella) é um macaco da família dos cebídeos, de hábito diurno e arborícola, que é encontrado em grande parte das florestas tropicais da América do Sul. A espécie possui pelagem marrom-escura com alto da cabeça e pernas negros, cauda negra, preênsil e geralmente com a ponta enrolada. Alimentam-se de frutos, nozes, sementes, flores, insetos, ovos e pequenos vertebrados. Costuma viver em bandos de até dez indivíduos. Também é conhecido pelo nome de mico-preto. Ocorre uma vez ao ano, com uma única cria, cujo período de gestação é de cerca de 6 meses. Os adultos pesam entre 1,1 Kg e 3,3 Kg, enquanto os filhotes têm peso de cerca de 260 gr. A text in english: All of these monkeys are free in nature (In the wild). The monkeys of this series were on trees behind the zoo´s lagoon at the Brasília's Zoo. Capuchin monkey From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Cebus" redirects here; for the communication hardware protocol, see CEBus. Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Cebidae Subfamily: Cebinae Bonaparte, 1831 Genus: Cebus Erxleben, 1777 Type species Simia capucina Linnaeus, 1758 Species Cebus capucinus Cebus albifrons Weeper uolivaceus Cebus kaapori Cebus apella Cebus libidinosus Cebus nigritus Cebus xanthosternos Cebus queirozi Tufted Capuchin (Cebus apella) Tufted Capuchin (Cebus apella) The capuchins are the group of New World monkeys classified as genus Cebus. Their name comes from their coloration, which resembles the cowls worn by the Capuchin order of Roman Catholic friars. Cebus is the only genus in subfamily Cebinae. The range of the capuchin monkeys includes Central America (Honduras) and middle South America (middle Brazil, eastern Peru, Paraguay). Capuchins generally resemble the friars of their namesake. Their body, arms, legs and tail are all darkly (black or brown) colored, while the face, throat and chest are white colored, and their head has a black cap. They reach a length of 30 to 56 cm (12 - 22 inches), with tails that are just as long as the body. They weigh up to 1.3 kg (2 lb, 13 oz). Like most New World monkeys, capuchins are diurnal and arboreal. With the exception of a midday nap, they spend their entire day searching for food. At night they sleep in the trees, wedged between branches. They are undemanding regarding their habitat and can thus be found in many differing areas. Among the natural enemies of the capuchins are large falcons, cats and snakes. The diet of the capuchins is more varied than other monkeys in the family Cebidae. They are omnivores, eating not only fruits, nuts, seeds and buds, but also insects, spiders, bird eggs and small vertebrate. Capuchins living near water will also eat crabs and shellfish by cracking their shells with stones. Easily recognized as the "organ grinder" monkeys, capuchins are sometimes kept as pets. They are also sometimes used as service animals. Sometimes they plunder fields and crops and are seen as troublesome by nearby human populations.[citation needed] In some regions they have become rare due to the destruction of their habitat. Social structure Capuchins live together in groups of six to 40 members. These groups consist of related females and their offspring, as well as several males. Usually groups are dominated by a single male, who has primary rights to mate with the females of the group. Mutual grooming as well as vocalization serves as communication and stabilization of the group dynamics. These primates are territorial animals, distinctly marking a central area of their territory with urine and defending it against intruders, though outer zones of these areas may overlap. Females bear young every two years following a 160 to 180 day gestation. The young cling to their mother's chest until they are larger, when they move to her back. Adult male capuchins rarely take part in caring for the young. Within four years for females and eight years for males, juveniles become fully mature. In captivity, individuals have reached an age of 45 years, although life expectancy in nature is only 15 to 25 years. Capuchins are considered the most intelligent New World monkeys and are often used in laboratories. The Tufted Capuchin is especially noted for its long-term tool usage, one of the few examples of primate tool use other than by apes. Upon seeing macaws eating palm nuts, cracking them open with their beaks, these capuchins will select a few of the ripest fruits, nip off the tip of the fruit and drink down the juice, then seemingly discard the rest of the fruit with the nut inside. When these discarded fruits have hardened and become slightly brittle, the capuchins will gather them up again and take them to a large flat boulder where they have previously gathered a few river stones from up to a mile away. They will then use these stones, some of them weighing as much as the monkeys, to crack open the fruit to get to the nut inside. Young capuchins will watch this process to learn from the older, more experienced adults. During the mosquito season, they crush up millipedes and rub the remains on their backs. This acts as a natural insect repellent. Self-awareness When presented with a reflection, capuchin monkeys react in a way that indicates an intermediate state between seeing the mirror as another individual and recognizing the image as self. Most animals react to seeing their reflection as if encountering another individual they don't recognize. An experiment with capuchins shows that they react to a reflection as a strange phenomenon, but not as if seeing a strange capuchin. In the experiment, capuchins were presented with three different scenarios: 1. Seeing an unfamiliar, same-sex monkey on the other side of a clear barrier 2. Seeing a familiar, same-sex monkey on the other side of a clear barrier 3. A mirror showing a reflection of the monkey With scenario 1, females appeared anxious and avoided eye-contact. Males made threatening gestures. In scenario 2, there was little reaction by either males or females. When presented with a reflection, females gazed into their own eyes and made friendly gestures such as lip-smacking and swaying. Males made more eye contact than with strangers or familiar monkeys but reacted with signs of confusion or distress, such as squealing, curling up on the floor or trying to escape from the test room. Leia a seguir uma interessante matéria sobre os macacos-pregos, publicada na Folha de São paulo, no endereçohttp://www1.folha.uol.com.br/folha/ciencia/ult306u411970.shtml : Macaco-prego entende valor do dinheiro RICARDO BONALUME NETO da Folha de S.Paulo Mesmo separado do homem por 35 milhões de anos de evolução biológica, o macaco-prego demonstrou em experimentos na Itália possuir uma capacidade demasiado humana: o bicho entendeu o valor simbólico do "dinheiro". Foi a primeira evidência clara de que macacos também conseguem raciocinar com símbolos. A equipe de cinco pesquisadores da Itália e dos EUA testou cinco desses pequenos macacos brasileiros com opções de comida e de objetos usados para simbolizá-la, que serviam como uma espécie de "dinheiro" que os animais podiam trocar por um lanche. Experimento com macacos que envolvia escolha entre alimento e fichas de pôquer mostrou que primata raciocina usando símbolos Experimento com macacos que envolvia escolha entre alimento e fichas de pôquer mostrou que primata raciocina usando símbolos O ser humano já foi definido como a "espécie simbólica", dizem os autores do estudo, liderado por Elisa Addessi e Elisabetta Visalberghi, do Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias Cognitivas, de Roma. A compreensão de símbolos "transformou drasticamente nossos ancestrais hominídeos ao longo da evolução", escreveram os cientistas em artigo na revista "PLoS One" (www.plosone.org). A capacidade culminou numa linguagem complexa que auxilia acumulação e transmissão de cultura entre gerações. O aprendizado de símbolos já foi observado antes em experimentos com chimpanzés, "parentes" mais próximos do ser humano. Mas que isso fosse possível com animais bem mais distantes evolutivamente, como o macaco-prego (nome científico Cebus apella), foi a grande surpresa agora. Cinco macacos foram testados em gaiolas nas quais tinham a possibilidade de puxar uma entre duas gavetas com comida ou com o "dinheiro" --objetos não-comestíveis, como fichas de pôquer, que as representassem. Os macacos já tinham previamente aprendido a trocar o "dinheiro" por comida; agora o objetivo era testar se isso derivava de um mero condicionamento ou se de fato raciocinavam usando o objeto como símbolo da comida. Primeiro, os pesquisadores testaram suas preferências entre três tipos de alimentos, ordenados como "A", "B" e "C". A idéia era checar um importante traço do processo de decisão, a chamada "transitividade": se prefiro comer "A" a comer "B", e prefiro "B" a "C", certamente vou preferir "A" em relação a "C". Depois, os macacos eram testados com quantidades diferentes tanto de comida quanto de objetos. Os resultados mostraram que os macacos-pregos de fato se comportavam de acordo com a transitividade. Fosse com a comida, fosse com o "dinheiro", eles preferiam "A" a "B", "B" a "C" e "A" a "C". Simbólico e concreto "É um resultado muito interessante", afirma o pesquisador brasileiro Eduardo Ottoni, do Instituto de Psicologia da USP, comentando o estudo. Ottoni colabora com os italianos em pesquisas de campo com macacos-pregos no Piauí. "Ainda que com algum viés ou dificuldade, os macacos conseguiram lidar com o problema simbólico de maneira comparável à maneira com que lidaram com o problema concreto --o ranking qualitativo de preferências e a transitividade se mantém", diz Ottoni. Ou, nas palavras dos autores, "no geral, os resultados sugerem que os macacos-pregos usam mecanismos cognitivos similares quando avaliam opções em ambos os contextos, real e simbólico". http://ift.tt/2kYtrUD