#muhammad burhanuddin Rabbani

[burhanprompt]

Positive Prompt:

Create an image of a woman’s with a highly stylized and artistic interpretation. Her hair and clothing should flow around her in smooth, wavelike patterns, featuring a harmonious blend of cool blues, greens, and warm orange tones. The texture of the patterns should be reminiscent of layered paper cut-outs, giving a sense of depth and intricacy. She should have an ethereal beauty, with delicate features, and be adorned with vibrant orange flowers that provide a striking contrast to the cool colors. The image should capture the graceful curves of her and the elegant movement of the stylized patterns, creating a serene and mesmerizing visual experience. look at viewer

Negative Prompt:

clone head, clone faces,long head, long face, multiple faces, multiple heads, double heads, double faces, big head, long neck, ugly, tiling, poorly drawn hands, poorly drawn feet, poorly drawn face, out of frame, extra limbs, disfigured, deformed, body out of frame, blurry, bad anatomy, blurred, watermark, grainy, signature, cut off, draft, amateur, multiple, gross, weird, uneven, furnishing, decorating, decoration, furniture, text, poor, low, basic, worst, juvenile, unprofessional, failure, crayon, oil, label, thousand hands, text, word,<bad-hands-5>,<negative_hand-neg>,<bad-image-v2-39000>

Seed:

3101663415

Model:

realDreamLegacySD15_1515

Width:

1152

Height:

1408

Scheduler:

ddim

VAE:

Default

Steps:

37

CFG scale:

7.5

High Resolution Fix Enabled:

true

High Resolution Fix Strength:

0.45

High Resolution Fix Method:

ESRGAN

LoRA:

avelinechrismonica-02 - 1

LoRA:

MagicBook-V1 - 0.7

[portraitowly]

Photographer and Graphic Designer

“𝕴𝖓𝖉𝖊𝖊𝖉 𝖜𝖊 𝖇𝖊𝖑𝖔𝖓𝖌 𝖙𝖔 𝕬𝖑𝖑𝖆𝖍, 𝖆𝖓𝖉 𝖎𝖓𝖉𝖊𝖊𝖉 𝖙𝖔 𝕳𝖎𝖒 𝖜𝖊 𝖜𝖎𝖑𝖑 𝖗𝖊𝖙𝖚𝖗𝖓”

😺 I'm Photographer and Graphics Designer

😺 My Gallery

#𝐁𝐔𝐑𝐇𝐀𝐍_𝐎𝐖𝐋 #Avelinechrismonica

Please Visit :

Official Websites :

https://www.burhan.web.id/

Photography :

https://owlphotography.tumblr.com/ Digital Design : https://designowly.tumblr.com/ Diary : https://burhanuddinrabbani.tumblr.com/ Idle Photo : https://owlniverse.tumblr.com/ Tumblr's Homepage : https://burhanowl.tumblr.com/ Tips and Trick : https://owltrick.tumblr.com/

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[owlphotography]

WISUDA NELLY

website:

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tag: #burhan_owl #lisablackpink #blackpink #muhammadburhanuddinrabbani #lalisamanoban #avelinechrismonica

Aveline Chrismonica

#muhammad burhanuddin rabbani #aveline chrismonica #photography #model #burhan_owl #lalisa manoban #blackpink #lisa blackpink #aveline #chrismonica #ajeng

[indiejones]

LET'S UNDERSTAND "THE AXIS OF EVIL" BETTER, SHALL WE?! .. THE STORY OF THE CAT THAT HAD NINE (9) LIVES!

LET'S UNDERSTAND "THE AXIS OF EVIL" BETTER, SHALL WE?! .. THE STORY OF THE CAT THAT HAD NINE (9) LIVES!

ALL THESE 'GREAT GLOWING TRIBUTES' ARE GETTING SO MONOTONOUS, HOW ABOUT WE CHANGE IT, TO SPEAKING FROM SOME IMAGINARY DEVIL'S MOUTH, FOR A FEW MOMENTS HENCEFORTH, AND IMAGINE WHAT HE'D SAY ABOUT 'HIS GREATEST EVER PEOPLE', SHALL WE?!

THE IMAGINARY DEVIL SAYS-

IN THE ACTUAL GOVERNING COUNCIL TODAY, GOVERNING ALL THE GODS & SUPER GODS OF THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE, TODAY, & FOR THE PAST 33 YEARS, FROM 1991-2023 & TILL TODAY, IMHO !!!! (IE FROM 10 YEARS PROR TO 9/11 !!)

AMONG THE EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY 'OLDEST' & EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY 'GREATEST' THERE'S EVER BEEN!

BOW,

AL QAEDA's 1ST SUPREMO, OSAMA BIN LADEN !

BUT FURTHER…

IN THE ACTUAL ERSTWHILE GOVERNING COUNCIL TODAY, GOVERNING ALL THE GODS & SUPER GODS OF THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE, TODAY, & FOR 37 YEARS, FROM 1931-1967, IMHO !!!!

AMONG THE EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY 'OLDEST' & EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY 'GREATEST' THERE'S EVER BEEN!

BOW,

AL QAEDA SUPREMO, OSAMA BIN LADEN'S FATHER MUHAMMAD BIN AWAD BIN LADEN !

BUT FURTHER…

IN THE ACTUAL GOVERNING COUNCIL TODAY, GOVERNING ALL THE GODS & SUPER GODS OF THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE, TODAY, & FOR PAST 13 YEARS, FROM 2011-2023, & TILL TODAY, IMHO !!!!

AMONG THE EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY 'OLDEST' & EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY 'GREATEST' THERE'S EVER BEEN!

BOW ,

OSAMA BIN LADEN'S SON HAMZA BIN LADEN !

BUT FURTHER…..

IN THE ACTUAL ERSTWHILE GOVERNING COUNCIL TODAY, GOVERNING ALL THE GODS & SUPER GODS OF THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE, TODAY, & FOR 32 YEARS, FROM 1991-2022 (DEATH), IMHO !!!! (IE, FROM 10 YEARS PRIOR TO 9/11 !!)

AMONG THE EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY 'OLDEST' & EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY 'GREATEST' THERE'S EVER BEEN!

BOW ,

OSAMA BIN LADEN'S DEPUTY, & 2ND SUPREMO OF AL QAEDA, AYMAN AL-ZAWAHIRI !

BUT FURTHER…

THE 2 PRESDIENTS AT TIME OF SEPT 2001'S 9/11 ATTACKS!

FIRST, BURHANUDDIN RABBANI, IN THE ACTUAL ERSTWHILE GOVERNING COUNCIL TODAY, GOVERNING ALL THE GODS & SUPER GODS OF THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE, FOR 40 YRS, SINCE EARLY 1970'S TILL DEATH, IMHO !!!!

AMONG THE EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY 'OLDEST' & EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY 'GREATEST' THERE'S EVER BEEN!

1 GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG PEOPLE TO THE UNKNOWN WORLD, & 1 GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG YOUNG TO VERY YOUNG PEOPLE TO OTHER PARTS OF WORLD, IN ASTONISHMENT!

BOW,

BURHANUDDIN RABBANI!

& SECOND, HAMID KARZAI, IN ACTUAL ERSTWHILE GOVERNING COUNCIL TODAY, GOVERNING ALL GODS & SUPER GODS OF THE ENTIRE UNIVERSE, FOR 43 YRS, SINCE VERY EARLY 1980'S TILL TODAY, IMHO !!!!

AMONG EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY 'OLDEST' & EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY EXTREMELY 'GREATEST' THERE'S EVER BEEN!

1 GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG PEOPLE TO THE UNKNOWN WORLD, & 1 GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG YOUNG TO VERY YOUNG PEOPLE TO OTHER PARTS OF WORLD, IN ASTONISHMENT!

BOW,

HAMID KARZAI!

NOW, WE KNOW BOTH FATHER & SON BUSH PRESIDENTS, WERE IN THE GOVERNING COUNCIL FOR 2 DECADES AT EXACTLY THE SAME TIME, TOGETHER, ALONGSIDE THE 3 BIN LADENS, AL-ZAWAHIRI & THE 2 AFGHAN PRESIDENTS, FROM EARLY 1980'S TO EARLY 2004! (AS BLOGGED BEFORE)

1.https://gab.com/PanaceaPlethora/posts/111183730244337261 2.https://gab.com/PanaceaPlethora/posts/111183784507932685

AND FINALLY, THE 9TH & FINAL MEMBER OF THIS CONSPIRING AXIS!

WALTER MONDALE, DEMOCRAT VP IN JIMMY CARTER'S PRES'Y, WHO WAS IN THE ACTUAL ERSTWHILE GOVERNING COUNCL,FULL 2 DECADES, FROM EARLY 1980'S TO 2004, MAKING UP THE '9' OF 9/11!

& TO ADD THE 2 MAKING UP THE CRITICAL 11 IN THE PUZZLE!?

JAMES D.TAICLET (FOUNDER OF US'S LARGEST ARMS MANUFACTURING CO, LOCKHEED MARTIN, WHO'S HALF ANNUAL SALES ARE TO THE US DEPT OF DEFENSE!), IN THE ACTUAL GOVERNING COUNCL, GOVERNING ALL GODS & SUPER GODS OF ENTIRE UNIVERSE, FOR PAST 42 YRS, SINCE 1982! & STEPHEN O'BRYAN, SENIOR HEAD AT LOCKHEED MARTIN TILL 2018, BEFORE NORTHTROP GRUMMAN, & IN THE GOVERNING COUNCIL, PAST 42 YRS, SINCE 1982!

[designowly]

ARTIST : DESY RIA FITRIA

website: https://www.burhan.web.id/ https://designowly.tumblr.com/ https://burhanuddinrabbani.tumblr.com/

tag: #burhan_owl #lisablackpink #blackpink #muhammadburhanuddinrabbani #lalisamanoban #avelinechrismonica  #design #lisa blackpink #burhan_owl #avelinechrismonica #ajengnurazizah #aveline chrismonica #burhan and lisa #Muhammad Burhanuddin Rabbani #PHOTOSHOP #VEXEL #VECTOR #ART

Aveline Chrismonica

[burgallery]

MUHAMMAD BURHANUDDIN RABBANI

OWL

[xtruss]

The Taliban in Afghanistan

After 18 years of war, the United States and the Taliban have a fragile peace deal. Here's how the Islamic fundamentalist group was formed, and the impact it's had on Afghanistan.

Since its ouster in 2001, the Taliban has maintained its insurgency against the U.S.-led mission in Afghanistan and the Afghan government. A new U.S.-Taliban deal could pave the way for the group’s return to power.

— By Lindsay Maizland and Zachary Laub | March 11, 2020 | CFR.ORG

Taliban fighters attend a gathering to celebrate the U.S.-Taliban deal in March 2020.

The Taliban is a predominantly Pashtun, Islamic fundamentalist group that ruled Afghanistan from 1996 until 2001, when a U.S.-led invasion toppled the regime for providing refuge to al-Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. The Taliban regrouped across the border in Pakistan and has led an insurgency against the U.S.-backed government in Kabul for more than eighteen years.

Experts say the Taliban is stronger now than at any point in recent memory, controlling dozens of Afghan districts and continuing to launch attacks against both government and civilian targets. An agreement signed by U.S. President Donald J. Trump’s administration and the Taliban in early 2020 could mark a new stage for the militant group as it starts intra-Afghan negotiations on Afghanistan’s future.

How was the Taliban formed?

The Taliban was formed in the early 1990s by Afghan mujahideen, or Islamic guerilla fighters, who had resisted the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan (1979–89) with the covert backing of the CIA and its Pakistani counterpart, the Inter-Services Intelligence directorate (ISI). They were joined by younger Pashtun tribesmen who studied in Pakistani madrassas, or seminaries; taliban is Pashto for “students.” Pashtuns comprise a plurality in Afghanistan and are the predominant ethnic group in much of the country’s south and east. They are also a major ethnic group in Pakistan’s north and west.

The movement attracted popular support in the initial post-Soviet era by promising to impose stability and rule of law after four years of conflict (1992–1996) among rival mujahideen groups. The Taliban entered Kandahar in November 1994 to pacify the crime-ridden southern city, and by September 1996 seized the capital, Kabul, from President Burhanuddin Rabbani, an ethnic Tajik whom it viewed as anti-Pashtun and corrupt. That year, the Taliban declared Afghanistan an Islamic emirate, with Mullah Mohammed Omar, a cleric and veteran of the anti-Soviet resistance, leading as amir al-mu’minin, or “commander of the faithful.” The regime controlled some 90 percent of the country before its 2001 overthrow.

The Taliban imposed a harsh brand of justice as it consolidated territorial control. Taliban jurisprudence was drawn from the Pashtuns’ pre-Islamic tribal code and interpretations of sharia colored by the austere Wahhabi doctrines of the madrassas’ Saudi benefactors. The regime neglected social services and other basic state functions even as its Ministry for the Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice enforced prohibitions on behavior the Taliban deemed un-Islamic. It required women to wear the head-to-toe burqa, or chadri; banned music and television; and jailed men whose beards it deemed too short.

How did the world respond to the Taliban’s rise?

The regime was internationally isolated from its inception. Only Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Pakistan recognized the government. Many analysts say Islamabad supported the Taliban as a force that could unify and stabilize Afghanistan while staving off Indian, Iranian, and Russian influence.

Two UN Security Council resolutions passed in 1998 urged the Taliban to end its abusive treatment of women. The following year the council imposed sanctions on the regime for harboring al-Qaeda. Omar granted al-Qaeda sanctuary on the condition that it not antagonize the United States, but bin Laden reneged on their agreement in 1998 when he orchestrated bombings of U.S. embassies in East Africa. The Taliban was further ostracized following its destruction of two giant Buddha statues in Bamiyan, Afghanistan, in March 2001. A UN General Assembly resolution called on the Taliban to protect the country’s cultural heritage.

After al-Qaeda operatives attacked the United States on September 11, 2001, Omar rejected U.S. demands that he give up bin Laden. U.S. forces invaded Afghanistan in October 2001, and the Taliban was quickly overthrown. Omar and many of his top aides escaped to the frontier territories of Pakistan. From there, the Taliban waged an insurgency against the U.S.-backed Afghan government. The group is now under investigation in the International Criminal Court for alleged abuses of Afghan civilians, including crimes against humanity, carried out since 2003. U.S. and Afghan forces are also being investigated for alleged war crimes.

Who leads the Taliban?

Analysts believe that the Taliban leadership, primarily based outside the country, continues to maintain control over its fighters and officials throughout Afghanistan. In its 2019 report [PDF], the UN Taliban monitoring team said that “the Taliban leadership has managed to maintain the group’s overall unity,” despite Washington’s targeted killing of some senior leaders and the start of negotiations with the United States.

The leadership council is called the Rahbari Shura and is better known as the Quetta Shura, named for the city in Pakistan where Omar and top aides are believed to have taken refuge after the U.S. invasion. The council makes decisions for all “political and military affairs of the Emirate,” according to the UN monitor. It is currently led by Mawlawi Haibatullah Akhundzada. (Omar died in 2013 and was succeeded by Mullah Akhtar Mohammad Mansour, who was killed in a 2016 U.S. air strike in Pakistan.) The leader is supported by deputies, currently Mullah Muhammad Yaqoub, Omar’s son, and Sirajuddin Haqqani, who is also acting head of the Haqqani Network, a militant group in Afghanistan’s southeast and Pakistan’s northwest with close ties to the Taliban, al-Qaeda, and Pakistan’s ISI.

The leadership council oversees nine commissions, similar to the ministries in place prior to the Taliban’s overthrow, and three administrative organs through which the Taliban operates a shadow government. The commissions focus on areas including economics, education, health, and outreach. The military commission appoints shadow governors and battlefield commanders for each of Afghanistan’s thirty-four provinces. The political commission, headed by Taliban cofounder Mullah Abdul Ghani Baradar, has been leading negotiations with the United States and is based in Doha, Qatar.

How strong is the Taliban?

The Taliban has withstood counterinsurgency operations from three U.S. administrations in a war that has killed more than 2,400 Americans [PDF] and 1,100 NATO troops. More than 43,000 civilians have died, and an estimated 45,000 Afghan troops and police officers were killed just in the past five years.

Despite the Taliban’s own losses, estimated to be in the tens of thousands, experts say the group is stronger now than at any point in the last eighteen years. With an estimated sixty thousand full-time fighters, it controls many of the country’s 398 districts. In early 2020, the Taliban controlled an estimated 18 percent of districts, while the government controlled 33 percent, according to the Foundation for Defense of Democracies Long War Journal, a U.S.-based publication that has covered the U.S. fight against al-Qaeda and other militant groups since 2007. The rest of the country was contested by both groups.

The UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA) documented 10,392 civilian deaths and injuries [PDF] in 2019. In July of that year, more civilians died than in any other month since UN reporting began in 2009. UNAMA attributed a majority of these casualties to insurgents, including the Taliban, who deliberately targeted civilians or used such indiscriminate tactics as improvised explosive devices; other civilians were caught in the crossfire between insurgents and government forces. Air strikes, a majority by international military forces, also caused civilian casualties.

What is the state of the Taliban’s finances and international support?

The Taliban’s primary sources of revenue are opium poppy cultivation and narcotics, with a UN report [PDF] estimating that it earned $400 million in 2018 from the illegal drug trade. It also levies taxes on commercial activities in its territories, such as farming and mining. It has supplemented its income with illicit mining, the extortion of local businesses, and donations from abroad, despite strict UN sanctions.

Many experts say the Pakistani security establishment continues to provide Taliban militants sanctuary in the country’s western tribal areas to try to counter India’s influence in Afghanistan. Islamabad dismisses these charges. (At the same time, Pakistan has battled its own insurgency group, Tehrik-e-Taliban Pakistan, commonly known as the Pakistani Taliban, which is distinct from the Afghan group.)

The Taliban is believed to still have strong ties with al-Qaeda, according to a 2020 UN report. The Taliban provides al-Qaeda with protection in exchange for resources and training. Al-Qaeda has up to six hundred fighters in Afghanistan, mostly in several eastern provinces, according to the UN report. But its central leaders, including Ayman al-Zawahiri, are believed to be hiding in Pakistan. The Taliban has also fought the self-proclaimed Islamic State, which is a rival of al-Qaeda and has an estimated 2,500 members in Afghanistan.

Do Afghans support the Taliban?

For years after its fall from power, the Taliban enjoyed support. The U.S.-based nonprofit organization Asia Foundation found in 2009 [PDF] that half of Afghans—mostly Pashtuns and rural Afghans—had sympathy for armed opposition groups, primarily the Taliban. Afghan support for the Taliban and allied groups stemmed in part from grievances against public institutions.

But in 2019, a response to the same survey found only 13.4 percent of Afghans had sympathy for the Taliban [PDF]. As U.S.-Taliban peace talks gained momentum, a vast majority of Afghans said they supported a peace process and 64 percent believed reconciliation with the Taliban was possible.

What’s next for the Taliban?

In February 2020, the United States and the Taliban signed an agreement [PDF] to set a path to peace after more than eighteen years of war. The agreement includes a significant withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan and guarantees that the Taliban will not provide a safe haven for terrorists. It also calls for the start of negotiations on Afghanistan’s future between the Taliban and the Afghan government, which was largely sidelined during U.S.-Taliban talks.

Many issues would need to be resolved during intra-Afghan discussions, including how power will be shared with the Taliban, what will happen to Afghanistan’s democratic institutions and constitution, and how women’s rights will be protected. Questions also remain over whether Taliban fighters will be disarmed and reintegrated [PDF] into society and who will lead the country’s army. The Taliban wants to establish an Islamic government in Afghanistan, ideally as an emirate, which would be led by a religious leader and draw its legitimacy from clerics. Afghanistan is currently an Islamic republic, which is led by a president and draws legitimacy from universal suffrage and accordance with international laws and norms.

Analysts disagree on the Taliban’s motives and what the group seeks from intra-Afghan negotiations. Some experts and Afghans fear that the U.S.-Taliban agreement was just an attempt to remove U.S. forces from Afghanistan and that it could spark a new conflict that would eventually allow the Taliban to regain control. For the Taliban, “peace doesn’t mean an end to the fighting, it means an end to the U.S. occupation,” says Bill Roggio, an editor for Long War Journal. “After the United States is gone, the Taliban will work to settle its scores and reestablish the Islamic emirate.”

[whittlebaggett8]

Afghanistan’s ‘China Card’ Approach to Pakistan, Part 1: 1991-2014

With the establishment of Afghan Countrywide Unity Govt (NUG), the Afghan authorities has been trying to get Chinese enable in jumpstarting moribund peace talks with the Afghan Taliban. Kabul hopes to entice China to use its leverage on Pakistan, which hosts the Afghan Taliban leadership.

Having said that, this is not the initially time that an Afghan authorities turned to China for assistance in a determined situation. There have been at the very least 3 other makes an attempt in the past three decades all of them went in vain. The piece will talk about the current historical qualifications of this kind of makes an attempt Portion 2 will aim on the NUG’s tilt towards China and its outcomes.

There are two major explanations behind Afghanistan’s use of the “China card” to strategy Pakistan in excess of peace and security in Afghanistan. Initially, China has excellent neighbor relations with Afghanistan, but also strategic ties with Islamabad. 2nd, China has major problems over the “three evils” of terrorism, separatism and extremism not only in the area but in China as properly. Having said that, the previously lack of distinct Chinese passions in the area (compared to the driving force of the Belt and Street Initiative right now) built Beijing mainly unresponsive to Afghan outreach.

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Najibullah, the 1st ‘China Card’ Participant

Soon after the failure of Jalalabad functions, the Afghan Mujahideen grew to become much better united to attack and besiege the city of Khost in 1991. The Mujahideen had been preventing versus the military services forces of previous President of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Mohammad Najibullah. The Mujahideen forces ended up underneath the management of Commander Jalaluddin Haqqani, an influential commander and a native of the location, who was connected to Hezb-e Islami (Khales), a single of the 7 main jihadi militant teams based mostly in Pakistan.

All through the siege of Khost in 1991, Afghan Mujahideen attacked the town from 3 distinctive instructions. Inside of two months, they had captured not only the town of Khost but also the army posts and the airport, and they also cut the provide routes of the Afghan military from Kabul via Gardez. Najibullah experienced only one particular solution to offer his adult men and struggle in opposition to the Mujahideen: airlifts and airstrikes. However, the undesirable weather made this unachievable.

To escape this condition, Najibullah tried out to play the “China card” to impact the ongoing siege to his gain. He hoped that, as a result of China, he could influence Pakistan, which Najibullah believed to be mostly accountable for the continued siege of Khost. This was a very last vacation resort — Najibullah viewed as China along with the United States, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia to be liable for jolting his authorities for the duration of the Soviet invasion. Even so, irrespective of this reality, he framed his request as a humanitarian one particular.

Therefore, on April 4, 1991, Najibullah wrote a letter to Chinese President Yang Shangkun, describing the circumstance as currently being induced “by the immediate and blatant interference of the Pakistani military and militia.” The Afghan president complained that, although he experienced “extended palms of friendship in the direction of Pakistan, Pakistan experienced dismissed our sincere attitudes, and the Pakistani Junta had as soon as again put us in entrance of a armed forces obstacle.” He added that his authorities “has [already] educated the Secretary-Normal of the UN [about this].” Najibullah’s letter finishes by asking China to support, as it has “influence in the region and can participate in an crucial function in restoring peace and reduce regional tensions.” He notes high anticipations that China will “prevent serious Pakistani violations over Afghan land, in particular in the province of Khost, and cease Pakistani aggression in opposition to Afghanistan.”

There is no evidence of Beijing’s reaction — it was silent. Najibullah possibly understood China was unlikely to respond. That’s why he gave his ask for more a humanitarian touch. In his letter, he said that “due to 1000’s of Pakistani rockets, several innocent little ones, gals, and elderly had died.”

For Beijing, it was not possible to help Najibullah out of a determined condition. Chinese leaders knew that shortly their allies or allies of their allies (the Mujahideen) would get electrical power, and therefore, there was no strategic explanation to strain Pakistan, who was China’s sole strategic lover in the area — in particular for the sake of the Soviet-backed Najibullah. Aiding Najibullah may incur great prices as opposed to any advantages attained. Therefore, China had minimum amount contacts with Kabul, besides for a couple lower-amount exchanges where Afghan and Chinese delegations visited China and Kabul for conferences and seminars. From 1989 to 1992, there ended up no exchanges of higher-degree bilateral visits, no bulletins of assist, no signing of MoUs, and no congratulatory messages despatched on anniversary instances — all typical techniques in bilateral ties prior to the Soviet invasion.

Thus, the first Afghan attempt to enjoy a “China card” to influence the protection situation in the nation fell flat, with no response from Beijing.

Rabbani’s Distress Phone calls to Beijing

A next endeavor to involve China to stop army conflict in Afghanistan happened throughout the Afghan Civil War, when the Taliban had been climbing and becoming a real menace to President Burhanuddin Rabbani’s govt. When the Taliban gave Rabbani in ultimatum in November of 1995, demanding that he hand around Kabul to them, Rabbani — like Najibullah just before him — tried out to participate in the “China card.” He despatched a letter to Chinese President Jiang Zemin on January 18, 1996, just prior to Kabul fell into the Taliban’s hand. Rabbani mentioned that the country confronted many complications thanks to Pakistan and expressed his hope that China will perform an energetic and constructive position in fixing the Afghan challenge and avoiding overseas intervention.

Even though Rabbani’s diplomatic initiative did not deliver the wished-for result, it did persuade Chinese Vice Overseas Minister Tang Jiaxuan to invite Afghan Deputy Foreign Minister Abdur Rahim Ghaforzai to China on January 22-26, 1996. The two sides achieved on January 24 in China. According to Afghan diplomat Ghulam Muhammad Sokhanyar, who was a part of this meeting and later on recalled the situations in his e-book, the Afghan delegation explained the developments associated to the Afghan peace method, significantly the UN-led course of action and the willingness of the Afghans to get Chinese aid in this regard. Sokhanyar recounts that for the duration of the conference, the Chinese side emphasized its common international plan and supported the UN initiatives to solve the Afghan issue.

Karzai’s Ask for for China to Bring Peace

Following the U.S.-led overthrow of the Taliban in 2001, China was “sleeping” on relations with Afghanistan, in accordance to a former Afghan minister and a near aide to then-Afghan President Hamid Karzai who spoke to The Diplomat. It was Karzai who approached China to initiate Beijing’s proactive position in Afghanistan, primarily all through his second term. On the other hand, 1 simply cannot forget the point that Chinese engagement in the Afghan peace system would not grow to be really proactive right until the roll-out of the BRI in 2013. Prior to then, China adopted a deliberate “hands-off” method.

Karzai, like his predecessors, experimented with to engage China in Afghanistan in the hopes of employing Beijing’s leverage over Islamabad to safe peace in Afghanistan, and thus affect the Afghan economic and stability landscape.

It is in this regard that Karzai proposed a trilateral dialogue in between Afghanistan, China, and Pakistan to concentration on safety cooperation in between these a few international locations in 2010. Dependent on the proposal, the initial Afghanistan-China-Pakistan trilateral dialogue at the director normal level was held in Beijing on February 28, 2012. These dialogues were being performed with the purpose to enhance cooperation between the 3 nations, maintain peace and security in the area, and triumph over worries, such as the Afghan peace method. Importantly, officers at these talks expressed their aid for an Afghan-led and Afghan-owned peace approach.

Through Karzai’s 2012 formal visit to Beijing, in which he signed a strategic agreement with China, he also talked about the “China card” in a speech at China Foreign Affairs College. According to Karzai: “We have been of the watch that China can participate in a very substantial function in bringing Afghanistan and Pakistan collectively toward a cooperative ecosystem in the war on terror and radicalism. So no person in this location would truly feel that a person or the other would want to rely on the use of radicalism as an instrument of coverage. There China can enjoy a sizeable part.”

A lot of trilateral dialogues in between Afghanistan-China-Pakistan have been held one particular right after a different afterwards these tripartite talks distribute to Keep track of II triangular diplomacy. In 2015, beneath the new NUG, the 1st round of trilateral Afghanistan-China-Pakistan strategic dialogue was initiated.

Karzai’s tilt towards China was extra delicate than those people in the previous. He needed Beijing to participate in a mediator role concerning Kabul and Islamabad, and hoped that general Chinese involvement in Afghanistan would assistance boost the protection landscape. It can be much better comprehended in his very own terms. Four a long time right after leaving the presidency, Karzai claimed that “China is a incredibly close and strategic close friend of Pakistan and Chinese terms with the Pakistani federal government carry weight… China getting a great mate of Pakistan is an asset for us we imagine that China can use that asset in a way that provides about very good relations concerning us and Pakistan and also leads to peace in Afghanistan.”

Karzai’s outreach resulted in much more Chinese financial engagement in Afghanistan, and the laid the groundwork for trilateral cooperation among Afghanistan, China, and Pakistan. Later on, with the introduction of the BRI, it paved the way for extra strategic bilateral ties amongst Afghanistan and China. But there have been no noteworthy developments in the Afghan peace method for the duration of this time.

The following posting will explore the NUG’s solution to China and its effects on the peace course of action.

The creator is thankful to Halimullah Kousary, the acting director of Conflict and Peace Scientific tests, and Borhan Osman of Worldwide Crisis Team, for studying the first draft and furnishing remarks.

Ahmad Bilal Khalil is a Kabul-based mostly Afghan researcher and has lately posted a book on “Afghanistan and China: The Bilateral Ties (1955-2015)” in Pashto. He follows Afghan foreign policy, Islamists, regional geopolitical and geo-economic matters, and Kabul’s relations with its neighbors (specifically China, Pakistan, and India), and tweets at @abilalkhalil.

The post Afghanistan’s ‘China Card’ Approach to Pakistan, Part 1: 1991-2014 appeared first on Defence Online.

from WordPress https://defenceonline.com/2019/04/11/afghanistans-china-card-approach-to-pakistan-part-1-1991-2014/

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 12.22

AD 69 – Emperor Vitellius is captured and murdered at the Gemonian stairs in Rome. 401 – Pope Innocent I is elected. 609 – Muhammad claims to receive his first revelation. 856 – Damghan earthquake: An earthquake near the Persian city of Damghan kills an estimated 200,000 people, the sixth deadliest earthquake in recorded history. 880 – Luoyang, eastern capital of the Tang dynasty, is captured by rebel leader Huang Chao during the reign of Emperor Xizong. 1135 – Stephen of Blois becomes King of England 1216 – Pope Honorius III approves the Dominican Order through the papal bull of confirmation Religiosam vitam. 1622 – Bucaramanga, Colombia is founded. 1769 – Sino-Burmese War: The war ends with an uneasy truce. 1788 – Nguyễn Huệ proclaims himself Emperor Quang Trung, in effect abolishing on his own the Lê dynasty. 1790 – The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Alexander Suvorov and his Russian armies. 1807 – The Embargo Act, forbidding trade with all foreign countries, is passed by the U.S. Congress, at the urging of President Thomas Jefferson. 1808 – Ludwig van Beethoven conducts and performs in concert at the Theater an der Wien, Vienna, with the premiere of his Fifth Symphony, Sixth Symphony, Fourth Piano Concerto (performed by Beethoven himself) and Choral Fantasy (with Beethoven at the piano). 1851 – India's first freight train is operated in Roorkee, India. 1864 – Savannah, Georgia falls to the forces of General Sherman. 1885 – Itō Hirobumi, a samurai, became the first Prime Minister of Japan. 1888 – The Christmas Meeting of 1888, considered to be the official start of the Faroese independence movement. 1890 – Cornwallis Valley Railway begins operation between Kentville and Kingsport, Nova Scotia. 1891 – Asteroid 323 Brucia becomes the first asteroid discovered using photography. 1894 – The Dreyfus affair begins in France, when Alfred Dreyfus is wrongly convicted of treason. 1920 – The GOELRO economic development plan is adopted by the 8th Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR. 1921 – Opening of Visva-Bharati College, also known as Santiniketan College, now Visva Bharati University, India. 1937 – The Lincoln Tunnel opens to traffic in New York City. 1939 – Indian Muslims observe a "Day of Deliverance" to celebrate the resignations of members of the Indian National Congress over their not having been consulted over the decision to enter World War II with the United Kingdom. 1940 – World War II: Himara is captured by the Greek army. 1942 – World War II: Adolf Hitler signs the order to develop the V-2 rocket as a weapon. 1944 – World War II: Battle of the Bulge: German troops demand the surrender of United States troops at Bastogne, Belgium, prompting the famous one word reply by General Anthony McAuliffe: "Nuts!" 1944 – World War II: The Vietnam People's Army is formed to resist Japanese occupation of Indochina, now Vietnam. 1948 – Sjafruddin Prawiranegara established the Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (Pemerintah Darurat Republik Indonesia, PDRI) in West Sumatra. 1951 – The Selangor Labour Party is founded in Selangor, Malaya. 1963 – The cruise ship Lakonia burns 180 miles (290 km) north of Madeira, Portugal with the loss of 128 lives. 1964 – The first test flight of the SR-71 (Blackbird) took place at Air Force Plant 42 in Palmdale, California. 1965 – In the United Kingdom, a 70 mph speed limit is applied to all rural roads including motorways for the first time. 1968 – Cultural Revolution: People's Daily posted the instructions of Mao Zedong that "The intellectual youth must go to the country, and will be educated from living in rural poverty." 1974 – Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli vote to become the independent nation of Comoros. Mayotte remains under French administration. 1974 – The house of former British Prime Minister Edward Heath is attacked by members of the Provisional IRA. 1978 – The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for Chinese economic reform. 1984 – Bernhard Goetz shoots four would-be muggers on an express train in Manhattan section of New York, New York. 1987 – In Zimbabwe, the political parties ZANU and ZAPU reach an agreement that ends the violence in the Matabeleland region known as the Gukurahundi. 1989 – Communist President of Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu is overthrown by Ion Iliescu after days of bloody confrontations. The deposed dictator and his wife flee Bucharest in a helicopter as protesters erupt in cheers. 1989 – Berlin's Brandenburg Gate re-opens after nearly 30 years, effectively ending the division of East and West Germany. 1990 – Lech Wałęsa is elected President of Poland. 1990 – Final independence of Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia after termination of trusteeship. 1997 – Acteal massacre: Attendees at a prayer meeting of Roman Catholic activists for indigenous causes in the small village of Acteal in the Mexican state of Chiapas are massacred by paramilitary forces. 1997 – Hussein Farrah Aidid relinquishes the disputed title of President of Somalia by signing the Cairo Declaration, in Cairo, Egypt. It is the first major step towards reconciliation in Somalia since 1991. 2001 – Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai. 2001 – Richard Reid attempts to destroy a passenger airliner by igniting explosives hidden in his shoes aboard American Airlines Flight 63. 2008 – An ash dike ruptured at a solid waste containment area in Roane County, Tennessee, releasing 1.1 billion US gallons (4,200,000 m3) of coal fly ash slurry. 2010 – The repeal of the Don't ask, don't tell policy, the 17-year-old policy banning homosexuals serving openly in the United States military, is signed into law by President Barack Obama. 2016 – A study finds the VSV-EBOV vaccine against the Ebola virus between 70-100% effective, and thus making it the first proven vaccine against the disease. 2017 – The UN Security Council votes 15–0 in favor of additional sanctions on North Korea, including measures to slash the country's petroleum imports by up to 90%.

[burhanprompt]

Positive Prompt:

a woman of victory, wings, wax figure, glowing eyes, volumetric lights, red and cyan theme, art nouveau botanicals, intricate, highly detailed, digital painting, artstation, concept art, smooth, sharp focus, cinematic, illustration, beautiful face,

Negative Prompt:

naked,clone head, clone faces,long head, long face, multiple faces, multiple heads, double heads, double faces, big head, long neck, ugly, tiling, poorly drawn hands, poorly drawn feet, poorly drawn face, out of frame, extra limbs, disfigured, deformed, body out of frame, blurry, bad anatomy, blurred, watermark, grainy, signature, cut off, draft, amateur, multiple, gross, weird, uneven, furnishing, decorating, decoration, furniture, text, poor, low, basic, worst, juvenile, unprofessional, failure, crayon, oil, label, thousand hands, text, word,<bad-hands-5>,<negative_hand-neg>,<bad-image-v2-39000>

Seed:

3121070813

Model:

realDreamLegacySD15_1515

Width:

1152

Height:

1408

Scheduler:

ddim

VAE:

Default

Steps:

37

CFG scale:

7.5

High Resolution Fix Enabled:

true

High Resolution Fix Strength:

0.45

High Resolution Fix Method:

ESRGAN

LoRA:

avelinechrismonica-02 - 1

LoRA:

MagicBook-V1 - 0.65

[portraitowly]

Photographer and Graphic Designer

“𝕴𝖓𝖉𝖊𝖊𝖉 𝖜𝖊 𝖇𝖊𝖑𝖔𝖓𝖌 𝖙𝖔 𝕬𝖑𝖑𝖆𝖍, 𝖆𝖓𝖉 𝖎𝖓𝖉𝖊𝖊𝖉 𝖙𝖔 𝕳𝖎𝖒 𝖜𝖊 𝖜𝖎𝖑𝖑 𝖗𝖊𝖙𝖚𝖗𝖓”

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[owlphotography]

website:

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tag: #burhan_owl #lisablackpink #blackpink #muhammadburhanuddinrabbani #lalisamanoban #avelinechrismonica

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[live4burhan]

Mirna Astriyani from Rembang 02 on Flickr.

Mirna Astriyani

[burhanuddinrabbani]

Namanya Tsabita

kalau yang ini CANTIK + Tinggi anaknya

Edisi Ramadhan !!! ^_^

[designowly]

BURHAN AND LISA - JAPAN ART

#BURHANANDLISA #LISABLACKPINK #BURHANLISA #AVELINECHRISMONICA

MUHAMMAD BURHANUDDIN RABBANI AND LALISA MANOBAN

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[burgallery]

MUHAMMAD BURHANUDDIN RABBANI