#miliary tuberculosis

[rockonmyfriends]

This is only an antivaxxer problem in an indirect way— stretching the public health system in general has made tuberculosis programs more difficult worldwide. We lost a lot of gains against TB during the COVID pandemic since people could not be screened and treated due to lockdowns and reallocation of resources.

For TB specifically, though, the vaccine (called BCG) is very very good at exactly one thing: preventing miliary (aka disseminated) TB in children. This is a Very Important one thing— so important that BCG is the most commonly used vaccine in the world, typically given to newborns shortly after birth. (Very few countries, including the US, Canada, and the UK, do not use BCG routinely because TB is not endemic there.)

However, BCG does NOT prevent pulmonary TB or really any TB in adults. (There is some variation between populations, but in endemic areas, long-term protection tends to be very low. It’s Complicated and I am summarizing.) A lot of people are working on a replacement for BCG, which is over 100 years old and cannot be given to anyone immunocompromised (a big problem, since TB is much worse in this population).

For now, though, detection and treatment (with 6-12 months of multiple antibiotics, often with negative side effects) are, unfortunately, our best tools.

Great work, antivaxxers.

[scrollonso]

All it takes to undo sepang 2015 is an overly researched rpf case of “Miliary Tuberculosis” amen

in miliary tuberculosis we trust!

[nursingucgconference]

NEW POSTER PRESENTOR ALERT! We are excited to announce that Prof. Rkia Eddabra will speak at the 12th World Nursing, Healthcare, and Patient Safety Conference, which is recognised by CME/CPD/CE, from July 25-27, 2023, in Dubai, UAE. At this lecture, you can discover more about nursing, healthcare, and patient safety. This is the time of yours to showcase your talent in front of worldwide attendees. Poster Title: Miliary tuberculosis: A report of 12 cases Avail Certifications by registering here: https://nursing-healthcare.universeconferences.com/registration/ Connect with us virtually: https://nursing-healthcare.universeconferences.com/virtual-registration/ WhatsApp: https://wa.me/442033222718

#NHPSUCG #Nursing #Healthcare #Healthcaremanagement #Hospitalmanagement #NursingConference #HealthcareCongress #Nursingconferenceindubai2023 #EmiratesNursingconference

[jcrmhscasereports]

Diagnostic value of pleural Fluid Adenosine deaminase in patients with Pleural Tuberculosis by Sina Parsay M.D in Journal of Clinical Case Reports Medical Images and Health Sciences  

ABSTRACT

Background and Objectives: Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis occurs in about 10-20% of patients with tuberculosis. It most commonly manifests as tuberculous lymphadenitis or pleural effusion. Pleural fluid Adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity considered as a useful biomarker for detecting pleural tuberculosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of pleural fluid adenosine deaminase level in patients with pleural tuberculosis.

Methods: In this study, 113 patients with exudative pleural effusion with unknown underlying diagnosis, were enrolled. Physical examination, chest CT, ADA level of pleural fluid, direct thoracoscopic examination, and biopsy of pleura were obtained for all individuals. ADA level and thoracoscipoc appearance of the lesions was then compaierd among the patients with regard to the pleural biopsy report as the diagnostic goldstandard.

Results: The diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy was established in 40 individuals based on the pathology reports. The mean ADA level of the TB and the non-TB group was 39.90±22.93 IU/L and 30.74±38.27 IU/L, respectively (P-value=0.167). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of ADA test were 35%, 86.30%, 58.33%, and 70.79%, respectively.

Conclusion: Based insuffiecient sensitivity and specificity of ADA, in patients with unexplained exudative pleural effusion especially in those with a high suspicion of tuberculous pleurisy, despite the low level of ADA, direct thoracoscopic pleural evaluation with obtaining multiple biopsies of pleura is highly recommended.

Keyword: Pleural Effusion, Thoracoscopy, Tuberculosis, Diagnostic Accuracy, Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, Adenosine deaminase

INTRODUCTION

Tuberculosis is a chronic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It remains a disease with a high rate of mortality in the world especially in developing and low-income countries 1. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis occurs in about 10% -20% of patients and the most common forms of involvement are tuberculous Lymphadenitis and tuberculous pleural effusion 2.

Pleural tuberculosis (TB) which is the topic of this study, is characterized by symptoms such as chest pain, cough, and fever. Chest Radiography of these patients shows a small to moderate unilateral pleural effusion which is lymphocyte dominant in serologic evaluations. The condition also could be bilateral within the minority of cases 1, 3. The prevalence of tuberculosis among all patients with pleural effusion is between 4-22%, and pleura is involved in 3-23% of patients with tuberculosis 4, 5.

Different diagnostic methods have been used to diagnose pleural tuberculosis, including thoracentesis, measurement of serum and pleural fluid adenosine deaminase (ADA) level, pleural biopsy, and thoracoscopy assisted pleural examination and biopsy 3.

Measuring ADA activity in pleural fluid is an easy, inexpensive, fast, and useful way for diagnosing TB in endemic areas, such as South Africa, Asia, Brazil, Spain, and Eastern Europe 6-8. Based on literature a cut-off point of 40 U/L of ADA activity in a lymphocyte dominant pleural fluid is diagnostic for pleural TB. But the validity of the test is not generally accepted by consensus 9-11

With the advancement in endoscopic techniques and video equipment, thoracoscopy has been suggested as a diagnostic and therapeutic modality in patients with pleural tuberculosis, and become more popular among the physicians. Thoracoscopic findings of these patients include caseous necrosis, miliary nodules, exudative pleural effusion, and pleural adhesion or fibrotic septa 12-14.

Considering the important role of ADA in the diagnosis of pleural tuberculosis, evaluating the correlation between pleural ADA level and thoracoscopic findings of pleural tuberculosis seems necessary

15, 16.

This study aims to determine the correlation of the pleural fluid ADA activity and its diagnostic accuracy in histologically confirmed cases of pleural tuberculosis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this cross-sectional study, 113 patients from those who referred to the cardiothoracic surgery department of Tabriz University of Medical Science with unexplained exudative pleural effusion were enrolled. The study population was measured by GPOWER software with a confidence interval of 95% and a test power of 80%. All patients had a pleural effusion with unknown etiology and candidated for thoracoscopy and biopsy. Patients were excluded from the study in case of transudative pleural effusion, post-traumatic effusion, known pulmonary disorders, history of pulmonary or pleural malignancies, and history of radiotherapy on the thoracic cavity.

All patients underwent thoracoscopic study with direct evaluation of the pleural cavity. Multiple pleural biopsies and pleural fluid specimen for ADA analysis were obtained. All tissue samples were evaluated by a certain pathologist and ADA was measured using ADA Reagent Kit in an acredited laboratory of the affiliated university. The ADA level of greater than or equal to 40 U/L considered as diagnostic for TB. According to the pathologic reports, patients were divided into two TB and non-TB groups. The demographic data, examination and thoracoscopic findings, as well as ADA levels were compared between two groups.

Data were collected and analyzed by IBM SPSS statistic for windows version 23.0. (IBM Corp., Armonk, N.Y., USA). Descriptive data were reported using mean, standard deviation, relative, and absolute frequencies. Chi2, paired sample t-test, independent t-test. and repeated measure ANOVA were used for analytical comparison of the variables between the groups as needed. The p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated based on patient-level analysis of gathered data using confusion matrix and relying on pathologic results as the gold standard diagnostic test.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATION

The study was approved by the ethics committee of Tabriz University of Medical Science under the approval number of 5/d/8716-94/5-6/3. All diagnostic and therapeutic interventions were performed regarding the routine management of patients; no additional intervention or cost was imposed on participants in this study. Patients’ data were recorded as encoded variables without mentioning the name of any participant. None of the patients' personal information was included in this research.

Informed consent was obtained from each participant; nevertheless, patients were excluded from the study in cases they were reluctant to participate in the study.

RESULTS

Of the total 113 patients, 73 (58.4%) were male, and 40 (32.0%) were female, and 42 (33.6%) were smokers. The mean age of the patients was 49.77 ± 18.71 years.

The diagnosis of TB was confirmed in 40 patients according to the histopathologic reports. These patients were stratiffied as the case group (known as group A), and the other 73 with a diagnosis of nontuberculous pleural effusion were considered as the control group (known as group B).

As depicted in Table-1 dyspnea, cough, and pleuritic chest pain were the dominant symptoms of patients at the time of admission with a frequency of 66.37%, 48.67%, and 40.7% respectively. The frequency of fever and weight loss were30.97%, and 28.31%, respectively among the patients. Table-1 also demonstrates demographic data of individuals separately for each study groups.

Regarding the thoracoscopic examination, pleural effusion, pleural adhesion band, miliary nodules, and caseous necrosis were found in 100%, 67.5%, 70%, and 60%, of the group A respectively (Table-2). Among the control group (group B), pleural effusions, thickening of pleura and miliary nodules were the dominant manifestations with a frequency of 100%, 46.57%, and 30.13% respectively (Table-2). The underlying cause of pleural effusion among the patients in control group was: metastasis (23.28%), mesothelioma (5.47%), inflammation (32.87%), fibrosis (36.98%), and fungal infection (1. 36%) as depicted in Table-2.

The mean ADA level was 39.90 ± 22.13 IU/L in group A and 30.74 ± 38.27 IU/L within group B individuals which did not differ statistically significantly between the two study groups (p=0.167).

As delineated in Table-3, 35% of patients in group A has ADA level of greater than 40 (as a diagnostic cut-off for TB) compared to 13.7% in group B (p>0.05). Bar chart for these amounts is also illustrated in figure-1. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of ADA test were measured 35%, 86.30%, 58.33%, and 70.79% respectively (Table-4). Figure-2 demonstrates the ROC curve of ADA test measures.

Figure 1: Chest X-ray reveals pulmonary edema after ICU admission

Figure 1: Chest X-ray reveals pulmonary edema after ICU admission

Figure 1: Chest X-ray reveals pulmonary edema after ICU admission

After 24h of fully controlled mechanical ventilation and 6800ml of diuresis the sedation medication was terminated and the patient extubated uneventfully. No further ventilation support or vasoactive medication was required. The patient recovered in the matter of 72 hours and was discharged from the hospital on the day 7 with a mild arterial hypertension, that was treated by Hydrochlorthiazide 25mg a day.

After 24h of fully controlled mechanical ventilation and 6800ml of diuresis the sedation medication was terminated and the patient extubated uneventfully. No further ventilation support or vasoactive medication was required. The patient recovered in the matter of 72 hours and was discharged from the hospital on the day 7 with a mild arterial hypertension, that was treated by Hydrochlorthiazide 25mg a day.

DISCUSSION

In this study, 113 patients (73 males and 40 females) with unexplained pleural effusion were evaluated for probable pleural tuberculosis by using thoracoscopic examination and biopsy. Meanwhile, the ADA level was measured for all individuals regardless of pathologic findings. The diagnosis of pleural TB established only in 40 individuals according to the histopathologic reports. The ADA level among these tuberculous pleurisy patients was 39.90 ± 22.13 IU/L compared to a level of 30.74 ± 38.27 IU/L in nontuberculous individuals, which was not statistically significant. Based on our results, the ADA test yield a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 35%, 86.30%, 58.33%, and 70.79% respectively.

In a study performed by Van et al., the causes of pleural effusion were evaluated among 95 patients in Netherland. According to their results, they have found tuberculous pleurisy just in five patients, among them the high ADA activity was only detected in four individuals. On the other hand, the underlying pathologies other than TB could raise the ADA activity based on their study. The authors conclude that the high ADA activity level in a country with low tuberculosis incidence is not accurate enough to establish the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy 17.

Tian et al. found a sensitivity and specificity of 84.4% and 91.8% for ADA in diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy by evaluating 190 patients with pleural effusion. The cause of pleural effusion was TB in 141 patients of their study population 18. The difference between the results of our study compared to the recently mentioned research is explainable by the high overall incidence of TB in the country in which Tian et al., performed their study.

Valdes et al., in their study, revealed that measuring pleural ADA level is a useful parameter for the diagnosis of tuberculous pleurisy by evaluating 405 patients with pleural effusion. All 91 cases of pleural TB in their study showed an ADA level of greater than 47 IU/L, compared to the elevation just in 5% of non-tuberculous patients 15.

Zemlin et al. demonstrated that measuring the ADA2 isoenzyme is more accurate, and it is superior to ADA in diagnosing tuberculous pleurisy by performing a study on 951 pleural fluid samples, including 387 patients with TB. They suggested that measuring ADA2 level is better to use as a routine test among patients with pleural effusion in endemic areas for TB 11.

Technically, the predictive value of an indicator such as ADA does not only depend on its sensitivity and specificity, but also the incidence of the disease in the study region is also effective 8, 9, 11, 16, 19, 20. The inconsistency between the results might have happened due to the variable prevalence of TB and different sample sizes in which the mentioned studies were performed.

The strength of this study was the use of pathlogical confirmation for the diagnosis of the underlying cause of the pleural effusion in the studied patients. The patients with the diagnosis other than pleural tuberculosis was also considered as a reliable corntol group for calculating the diagnostic accuracy of the applied method. Somehow, the shortness of the study sample size was a weakness of our study. Howere, it should be considered that the overall prevalence of the TB within the population in which the study takes place may alter the results of the study; then, it should also be considered as a limitation of the study.

By comparing our results with previous studies, it can be concluded that the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of this test are not suffiecient enough; so, ADA is not utterly useful in diagnosis of pleural TB. Therefore, in patients with pleural effusion with undetermined origin and in patients with a high level of suspicion of TB infection, despite the low ADA level, thoracoscopic evaluation of pleural cavity with obtaining multiple biopsies of pleura would be more appropriate.

Also, in cases with high ADA level and lack of proper response to TB treatments, for further investigation and rule out the other diagnosis, thoracoscopy and pleural biopsy could be beneficial.

However, further studies with larger sample size are suggested.

Acknowledgments: Not applicable

Source of Funding : None

For more information: https://jmedcasereportsimages.org/about-us/

For more submission : https://jmedcasereportsimages.org/

[kirishwima]

why...why do doctors insist on comparing disease phenomena to cheeses

[newsoholic24x7]

Symptoms of Tuberculosis | Causes | Treatment | Prevention

Symptoms of Tuberculosis | Causes | Treatment | Prevention

Tuberculosis, also known as TB, is one of the top ten leading causes of death worldwide. It affects more than nine million people every year, and about eight hundred thousand people die from it annually. Although it’s curable with the right medications, many of its victims go undiagnosed and untreated because they don’t have access to proper medical facilities or healthcare professionals who can…

[historical-babes]

Vítězslava Kaprálová (1915-1940).

Czech conductor and composer.

.

In 1930-1935 she studied composition with Vilém Petrželka and conducting with Zdeněk Chalabala at the Brno Conservatory. She continued her musical education with Vítězslav Novák (1935–37) and Václav Talich (1935–36) in Prague and with Bohuslav Martinů (her teacher and mentor), Charles Munch (1937–39) and, according to some unverified accounts, with Nadia Boulanger (1940) in Paris.

.

In 1937 she conducted the Czech Philharmonic and a year later the BBC Orchestra in her composition Military Sinfonietta.

The same work had been selected by the International Society for Contemporary Music (ISCM) committee as one of the works to represent Czechoslovak contemporary music at the 1938 festival in London.

As the political situation under Nazi occupation in the Czech lands continued to worsen, Kaprálová was inspired to compose works that expressed her feelings of loss for her homeland. Some of these works, often dedicated to her parents, were recorded in Western Europe and rebroadcast in Czechoslovakia.

.

Her husband was the Czech writer Jiří Mucha, whom she married two months before she died. Despite her untimely death, from what was misdiagnosed as miliary tuberculosis, in Montpellier, France at the age of 25, Kaprálová created an impressive body of work.

.

In 1946, in appreciation of her distinctive contribution, the foremost academic institution in the country - the Czech Academy of Sciences and the Arts - awarded Kaprálová membership in memoriam. By 1948 this honour was bestowed on only 10 women, out of 648 members of the Academy.

.

Famous works:

April Preludes

Waving Farewell

Military Sinfonietta

[Submission]

Credits goes to "The Kapralova Society" on Facebook for some of the pictures.

[mcatmemoranda]

Reviewing questions:

Bronchioalveolar carcinoma is a tumor found in the periphery of the lungs. It's a type of adenocarcinoma. It is found along the walls of the alveoli (septae) and doesn't invade the blood vessels. It looks like a consolidation on CXR.

Pulmonary hamartomas are benign lesions that are coin-shaped and can appear in the lungs of pts age 50 to 60. They're made of cartilage, adipose tissue, and fibrous tissue. They're the most common benign lung tumor. Hamartoma in the lungs = pulmonary chondroma. It's usually an incidentaloma--a tumor found incidentally on CXR. It has popcorn calcifications. I remember from pathology that a hamartoma is a benign tumor made of the same types of tissues where it's found. If you biopsy a pulmonary chondroma, you will see cartilage on histology.

Primary TB: Ghon focus in the middle/lower lungs; Ghon complex = M. tuberculosis spreads to hilar lymph nodes. So I guess the Ghon complex is the Ghon lesion in the middle/lower lungs plus the infection of the hilar lymphatics. Yes, the Ghon complex is infection of the lower lungs + hilar lymph nodes on the same side. This is what occurs in primary TB. The Ghon complex can heal, in which case, it leaves behind a calcified Ranke complex (which does not go on to cause secondary TB). Or, the Ghon complex can reactivate-> secondary TB. If the infection doesn't clear, you can eventually get secondary (reactivation) TB. This occurs mainly in immunosuppressed pts. Secondary TB = cavitary lesions in apical lungs. It invades the pulmonary vasculature and causes hemoptysis. If it goes to different organs through the blood, you get miliary TB (TB outside of the lungs), which includes tuberculous meningitis and Pott's disease (TB in the spine).

M. tuberculosis has a virulence factor called "cord factor," which allows it to grow in a serpentine pattern and prevents macrophages from killing it.

All mycoplasma bacteria do not have peptidoglycan in the cell wall--they don't have cell walls at all--so drugs that target the cell wall (penicillin, vancomycin, carbapenems, cephalosporins) don't affect these bacteria. You need anti-ribosomal antibiotics such as tetracyclines and macrolides to kill mycoplasma.

[thisdayinwwi]

On December 18 1919 only one member of the Canadian military died:

32-year-old Corporal Roger Aytown Whyte Couper, S/4571, of Canadian Infantry, Canadian Expeditionary Force, No. 2 District Depot dies at the Dominion O Hospital 3:45 PM Dec 18 1919 of Miliary Tuberculosis. Son of Mr. and Mrs. William Couper, of Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland. Husband of Catherine Lily Couper, of Toronto, Ontario

[authorgraves]

Thomas Wolfe

(Oct. 3rd 1900 - Sept. 15th 1938)

Brief Bio:

Wolfe was born in Asheville, NC, the youngest of eight children.  At age fifteen he attended UNC at Chapel Hill, went on to get his master's at Harvard, and then became a teacher at NYU, all the while writing plays.  After several forays through Europe, he wrote his first novel, which caused a great scandal in Asheville with its thinly veiled representations of real people.  He spent the next many years writing in Brooklyn, publishing novels, and traveling through Europe.  One of his short stories about antisemitism got him exiled from Germany.  While touring and lecturing through the western United States, he was diagnosed with miliary tuberculosis.  He was rushed to Baltimore for surgery, but the disease was too far advanced, and he died 18 days shy of his 38th birthday.  More than half of his works were published posthumously.

Notable Works:

Look Homeward, Angel (1929)  

Of Time And The River (1935)  

The Lost Boy (1937)  

Chickamauga (1937 short story)  

The Web And The Rock (1939 posthumous)  

You Can't Go Home Again (1940 posthumous)

The Grave:

Wolfe is buried in Riverside Cemetery in Asheville, NC.  Maps at the front gate give directions to his grave, and a sign by the road points the way.  A neighbor of his in the graveyard is O. Henry.

Riverside Cemetery

53 Birch St.

Asheville, NC 28801

Surrounding Area:

Riverside Cemetery is about a mile's walk from downtown Asheville.  The Thomas Wolfe Memorial, which was formerly a boarding house owned by his mother, is at 48 Spruce Street.  A stage adaptation of Look Homeward, Angel has been frequently staged there on Wolfe's birthday.  The Thomas Wolfe Cabin, where he stayed on his very last visit to Asheville, is near Azalea Road.  The Pack Memorial Library holds the Thomas Wolfe Collection.

Further Reading:

Thomas Wolfe Society site  

Thomas Wolfe Memorial site  

Thomas Wolfe Cabin site  

A Wolfe Family Album  

Thomas Wolfe Project Gutenberg Australia

"You can't go home again."

[chest-specialist-jhansi]

What is tuberculosis & its different types?

Tuberculosis is a powerful ailment that can cause pollution in your lungs or various tissues. It normally influences your lungs, however it can likewise influence different organs like your spine, mind or kidneys. "Tuberculosis" comes from a Latin word for "knob" or something that sticks out.

Tuberculosis is otherwise called TB as already told by a Pulmonologist in Jhansi. Not every person who becomes tainted with TB becomes ill, yet assuming that you really do become ill you should be dealt with.

On the off chance that you're contaminated with the bacterium, however don't have side effects, you have idle tuberculosis or dormant tuberculosis disease (likewise called inert TB). It might seem like TB has disappeared, yet it's torpid (resting) inside your body.

On the off chance that you're contaminated, foster side effects and are infectious, you have dynamic tuberculosis or tuberculosis illness (TB sickness).

The three phases of TB are:

Essential disease.

Idle TB disease.

Dynamic TB illness.

How normal is tuberculosis?

Around 10 million individuals turned out to be sick with TB all throughout the world, and around 1.5 million individuals passed on from the illness in 2021 as studied by sleep apnea doctor Jhansi. TB was once the main source of death in the U.S. be that as it may, the quantity of cases fell quickly during the 1940s and 1950s after scientists tracked down medicines.

Measurements show that there were 7,860 tuberculosis cases detailed in the U.S. in 2021. The public occurrence rate is 2.4 cases per 100,000 individuals.

Are there various types of tuberculosis?

Notwithstanding dynamic or latent, you could find out about various types of TB, including the most well-known, pneumonia (lung) tuberculosis. Be that as it may, the bacterium can likewise influence different pieces of your body other than the lungs, causing extrapulmonary tuberculosis (or TB beyond the lung). You could likewise catch wind of foundational miliary tuberculosis, which can spread all through your body and have different cause as per Chest Specialist in Jhansi :

Meningitis, an irritation of your mind.

Sterile pyuria, or elevated degrees of white platelets in your pee.

Pott's illness, additionally called spinal tuberculosis or tuberculosis spondylitis.

Addison's illness, an adrenal organ condition.

Hepatitis, a liver disease.

Lymphadenitis in your neck, likewise called scrofula or TB lymphadenitis.

Visit- https://shwaasclinic.com/

Medium - https://medium.com/@chest.specialist.jhansi/what-is-tuberculosis-its-different-types-a2bb54526448

Blogger - https://chestdoctorjhansi.blogspot.com/2022/11/what-is-tuberculosis-its-different-types.html

[nursingucgconference]

NEW POSTER PRESENTOR ALERT! We are excited to announce that Prof. Rkia Eddabra will speak at the 12th World Nursing, Healthcare, and Patient Safety Conference, which is recognised by CME/CPD/CE, from July 25-27, 2023, in Dubai, UAE. At this lecture, you can discover more about nursing, healthcare, and patient safety. This is the time of yours to showcase your talent in front of worldwide attendees. Poster Title: Miliary tuberculosis: A report of 12 cases Avail Certifications by registering here: https://nursing-healthcare.universeconferences.com/registration/ Connect with us virtually: https://nursing-healthcare.universeconferences.com/virtual-registration/ WhatsApp: https://wa.me/442033222718

#NHPSUCG #Nursing #Healthcare #Healthcaremanagement #Hospitalmanagement #NursingConference #HealthcareCongress #Nursingconferenceindubai2023 #EmiratesNursingconference

[trysecondopinion123]

BCG VACCINE

The BCG vaccine is used to protect against tuberculosis infection. In many countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis, BCG is used to prevent tuberculosis meningitis and miliary illness in children.

The vaccine’s effectiveness against adult pulmonary tuberculosis varies depending on other factors, such as the vaccine’s propensity to interfere with tuberculin skin test reactivity.

This vaccine should only be considered for a small number of persons who meet specified requirements and have had extensive consultation with a tuberculosis expert.

Try Second Opinion provides best health care services. it helps the customers to provide any type of second opinion to your medical services.

[potent-massage-blog]

Precautions when using foot massager

Foot massager is a popular modern massage equipment, which can massage the soles of the human body. There are many acupoints on the soles of the human body. The foot massager massages the soles of the feet according to the acupuncture points on the soles of the feet.

1. Precautions for foot massage

(1) The nails must be cut short and washed before massage. In order to avoid damage to the skin, an ointment should be applied to the skin to lubricate, and then, depending on the situation of the massaged point, circular rubbing or up and down massage should be adopted. Massage by squeezing. And for most of the massage parts, it is necessary to pay attention to massage in the direction of the heart, the intensity of stimulation should be from light to heavy, and the pressure should be gradually increased.

(2) The room should be insulated, ventilated and kept fresh. During summer treatment, do not use a fan to blow the patient's feet.

(3) If the patient is nervous, physically fatigued or is in a state of emotional agitation, let the patient rest for a while, and then start treatment after the patient calms down.

(4) After massage, within half an hour, drink 500 ml of warm water (do not exceed 150 ml for kidney disease patients). To facilitate the excretion of metabolic waste from the body.

(5) Avoid compressing the bone parts to prevent inflammation of the periosteum or bleeding and swelling (thrombocytopenia is prone to bruising lumps, which should be noted).

(6) If the foot is injured, avoid applying pressure on the injured part of the foot, and find the pain points in the relevant reflex areas of the upper and lower limbs to massage.

(7) After receiving foot massage for a long time, the feeling of foot pain will be dull. At this time, you can soak your feet in salt water for half an hour, the sensitivity of the feet will be enhanced, and the treatment effect will be greatly improved.

 2, the taboo of foot massage

 (1) Foot massage should be avoided during menstruation or pregnancy to avoid excessive uterine bleeding or affect fetal health.

(2) Because foot massage has the effect of promoting blood circulation, it should not be used in patients with severe hemorrhagic diseases caused by cerebral hemorrhage, visceral hemorrhage and other reasons, so as not to cause greater hemorrhage.

(3) For those critically ill patients with severe renal failure, heart failure, liver necrosis, etc., the stimulation of foot massage can cause a strong reaction or even worsen the condition, so it must be used with caution.

(4) For patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis, it should not be used to avoid the spread of tuberculosis in the blood, resulting in serious consequences of diffuse and miliary tuberculosis.

(5) For patients with frequent angina pectoris, the patient should be instructed to stay in bed absolutely, and should be sent to the hospital for medical treatment as much as possible, and foot massage should not be abused.

(6) Patients with high fever, extreme fatigue, weakness, long-term use of hormones, foot lesions, etc. are not suitable for massage.

[digileapsudipta16]

HOW THE BCG VACCINE CAN HELP PREVENT TYPE 1 DIABETES?

The BCG vaccine is used to protect against tuberculosis infection. In many countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis, BCG is used to prevent tuberculosis meningitis and miliary illness in children. The vaccine’s effectiveness against adult pulmonary tuberculosis varies depending on other factors, such as the vaccine’s propensity to interfere with tuberculin skin test reactivity. This vaccine should only be considered for a small number of persons who meet specified requirements and have had extensive consultation with a tuberculosis expert Or a second opinion.

[healthcare-market]

BCG Vaccines Market Estimated to Record Highest CAGR by 2030

BCG Vaccines Market: Introduction

· Currently, BCG vaccine is the only available vaccine for tuberculosis (TB). It helps prevent tuberculosis (TB) in adults and children who have tested negative for a tuberculin skin test. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria known as nontuberculous mycobacteria. Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) are a type of blood test used to detect the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB).

· In several countries with a high prevalence of tuberculosis, BCG is used to prevent tuberculous meningitis and miliary disease in children. Unlike most other vaccines, the BCG vaccine does not require the use of a needle and syringe. Instead, the BCG vaccine is a liquid that is applied directly to the skin on the upper arm. The vaccine is subsequently delivered into the shallow layers of the skin using a multi-pronged needle system that pricks the skin through the liquid.

Read Report Overview: https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/bcg-vaccines-market.html

Key Drivers, Restrains, and Opportunities of Global BCG Vaccines Market

· The BCG vaccine market is expanding due to an increase in the number of TB cases worldwide, rapid advancements in technology in the field of medical research on vaccines, and favorable government policies with increased funding. Several online and offline campaigns, aimed at informing the masses about proper vaccination, have come to the fore in the last few years. This is a key factor that has been boosting the global BCG vaccine market for the last few years.

· Newborns are highly susceptible to several infections and viruses. Therefore, numerous newborns suffer from tuberculosis and other similar diseases. This has propelled the global BCG vaccine market. Moreover, the presence of a separate domain for vaccination within healthcare has also boosted the global market. Consequently, the global BCG vaccines market is estimated to expand significantly in the near future.

Request a PDF Brochure - https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=B&rep_id=82329

· However, the demand is projected to be restrained by vaccine side-effects and a global shortage of BCG vaccines. Furthermore, several companies are focusing on promoting immunization programs in order to gain a competitive edge over others. This factor is expected to fuel the global BCG vaccine market in the next few years.

· The outbreak of COVID-19 worldwide has impacted all sectors, including healthcare. The BCG vaccine market is impacted by the outbreak of COVID-19, which includes a significant decline in demand due to a lack of visits to healthcare facilities such as hospitals and clinics. The spread of the coronavirus also affects workforce and staff shortages as well as procedural prioritization. This has an negative effect on the BCG vaccine market since planned primary care visits at hospitals are canceled, indicating patients' concerns about infection.

Request for Analysis of COVID19 Impact on BCG Vaccines Market- https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/sample/sample.php?flag=covid19&rep_id=82329

North America to Capture Major Share of Global BCG Vaccines Market

· North America is anticipated to account for a major share of the global BCG vaccines market during the forecast period owing to government policies and an increase in focus on immunization programs

· Moreover, the prevalence of bladder cancer is growing in this region, resulting in an increase in demand for BCG vaccine in the treatment of bladder cancer. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), bladder cancer affects about 57,000 men and 18,000 women in the U.S. each year, with around 12,000 men and 5,000 women dying from the disease.

· The BCG vaccines market in Asia Pacific is likely to expand at a rapid pace during the forecast period. This is attributed to an increase in expenditure on healthcare coupled with advancements in vaccines.

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Key Players Operating in Global BCG Vaccines Market

The global BCG vaccines market is highly concentrated, with the presence of large number of key players. These players hold major share in their respective regions.

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