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bptengsu · 5 years ago

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只有3%的哺乳動物是一夫一妻制，愛出軌難道是人類天性？

人們渴望忠貞配偶，嚮往美滿婚姻，經常用一些自然界被賦予"專情"的動物來寄予對美好愛情的祝福。比如："偶居不離，向不獨宿"的鴛鴦，"為愛守節、動輒殉情"的天鵝，"極端忠誠、只認初戀"的北美土撥鼠……

然而，它們真的忠誠嗎？人，真的就那麼"不如禽獸"嗎？事實並非如此，今天我們就深扒動物"婚姻"的種種套路。

玩得這麼開？敬你是條"禽獸"

在動物社會學與行為生態學中，真正的禽獸們多姿多彩的"啪啪"行為被劃分入四大"婚��製度"（mating system）。其實就是很簡單的排列組合，按羞羞指數排序：

·單配製（monogamy），相當於一夫一妻；

·一雄多雌制（polygyny），相當於種馬后宮；

·一雌多雄制（polyandry），相當於女王眾寵；

·多雌多雄制（polygynandry），相當於群奸群宿。

日本藤素日本騰素印度必利勁萬力可

日本藤素真假日本藤素官網

藤素藥局威而鋼壯陽藥春藥持久液

後三者統稱混交制（polygamy）。

然而，單配製，就是鴛鴦於飛？混交制，難道就是狂蜂浪蝶嗎？

對不起，你單純了。

小三是燒不盡的，綠帽是吹又生的，離離海天筵，一歲幾枯榮。閒著也是閒著，不妨來"捉個姦"。鑑於一雄多雌制涉及弒嬰，一雌多雄制涉及殺夫，多雌多雄製過於驚世駭俗（鯡魚大肆群交的淺水區常呈乳白色），還有亂倫，都不能播，我們就只在人類目前也流行的單配製裡，肅清一下文明空氣吧。

鴛鴛相報何時了？

按照早年間的定義，動物界的"一夫一妻"當然是說，即使不能與子偕老，起碼在一個或多個交配季內，一頭雄禽獸與且僅與一頭雌禽獸"品嚐"愛情。

東方文化中的楷模當仁不讓，首推鴛鴦。它們陰陽雙修的形象，深深印在婚俗文化恭賀新禧常用的搪瓷盆、暖水壺、擦腳巾及一切床上用品表面，好像結婚就是投身水禽養殖業，這似乎就跟那些"專情"的動物聯繫起來了，民間嫁娶的風俗跟自然界的關係密不可分，也通過對美好的希冀表達自己對愛情婚姻忠貞的渴望。

圖片來源Veer圖庫

然而，隨著技術進步，科學家逐漸對於這一雙雙道貌岸然的禽獸產生懷疑，終於祭出了扣帽利器—— 基因親子鑑定。於是"捉姦"工作就這樣"手握實錘"地展開了。

法不責眾，當科學家驚訝於漫山遍野的"小三"和"綠帽"，不得不像道德家一樣，開始重新思考：禽獸們的社會怎��了？信仰何在？又或者，是傳統的婚配觀念已經過時，還是我們無法適應禽獸們活在當下放飛自我的生活需求？

開明的科學家們（如南伊利諾伊大學的生物人類學家Reichard），還是更新了定義，將禽獸們的一夫一妻體系細分為三種：

社會型的一夫一妻制（social monogamy）：在社會行為模式上一對一配對，比如小公母倆共享領地，合力築巢、覓食、撫養後代。此定義並不涉及性行為。

性行為的一夫一妻制（sexual monogamy）：在可觀察到的性行為上一對一配對。此定義並不涉及後代。

基因上的一夫一妻制（genetic monogamy）：在後代基因親子鑑定意義上一對一配對。換句話說，性行為的一夫一妻是：隔壁老王未見偷；而基因上的一夫一妻是：隔壁老王或曾偷，孩子還是老公的。

三者可細分，也可組合，比如社會型加一夫一妻性行為，當為楷模，和諧讚歌；而社會型加基因上一夫一妻，但性行為不，就是形婚，各玩各的，孩子無辜。

可惜，楷模畢竟稀少。在動物界，即使是心照不宣的社會型一夫一妻都相對少見。

鳥類公關功夫最到家，90%如此。哺乳類懶得洗地，只有3%如此，其中的靈長類還不錯，有15%如此。在爬行類、魚和昆蟲中，也存在。

性行為和基因上的一夫一妻就更少見了。許多社會型的一夫一妻，各自都有配偶外性行為。上面說90%的鳥類是社會型一夫一妻，可它們30%以上的孩子都不是爹的，虛偽啊！據加州洛杉磯分校的進化生物學家Gowaty估計，在180種社會型一夫一妻的鳴禽中，劈過腿的十隻有九。

說回鴛鴦（英文就叫"中國鴨"），我們已經知道，首先，在鴦產卵後，鴛就撒手不管，夜宿它處換新衣"戴新帽"去了，孵卵和育雛，都由鴦獨立完成，渣不渣？其次，鴦平均壽命2到3年，鴛則5到6年，娘子一死，相公就準備續弦。愛情的小聖殿總是說塌就塌。

目前給鴛鴦做親子鑑定的尚少，姑且算基因上尚無出軌實錘，然而，在西方文化中，還有種與鴛鴦一樣號稱為愛守節、動輒殉情，且形象更高潔、更神聖的動物，那就是天鵝了。

用趙麗蓉老師的話說：這，"揍是蒙人"（圖片來源Veer圖庫）

2006年，據墨爾本大學動物學系的Mulder爆料，基因分析表明，6分之1的幼天鵝都不是爹生的。基於此，科學家的八卦心被深度喚醒，煞是好奇這些母天鵝是怎麼在��天化日之下，避開她們如影相隨家道極嚴的老公，紅杏出的牆？於是給它們戴上了追踪芯片，調查還在進行中。

你看，鵝毛果真浮綠水。

做一隻愚蠢的土撥鼠？

這些年，每逢七夕或214，網上就會流傳那種"相伴一生忠貞不二"的"動物眷侶貼"：帝企鵝啦、長臂猿啦……最常見的，是一種北美草原土撥鼠（the prairie vole），關於它的描述，頗為令人動容：

"公土撥鼠只與他今生歡愛的第一隻母土撥鼠歡愛。他們極端忠誠，甚至會攻擊其它企圖靠近自己的母土撥鼠。"

快成情聖的草原土撥鼠(圖片來源Veer圖庫）

的確，公草原土撥鼠特別顧家，這是因為他們在交配並撫養後代時，會分泌一種激素，讓他們感到無比欣快，於是奶爸做得樂此不疲。此即在愛情激素界主管"恆久遠永流傳"的，就是大名鼎鼎的後葉加壓素（vasopressin）了。

科學家把控制後葉加壓素的受體植入另一種比較花花公子的土撥鼠，後者也變得十分忠犬。於是就有不少正宮們建議，要給所有出軌的渣男作女都扎上一大管呢。

不幸的是，埃默里大學醫學院Young等人2005年的論文已經證明，草原土撥鼠，無論公母，只要有機會，偶爾還是會去偷個腥。

有了前文的三種分類，我們就能明白，網上流傳的"動物眷侶"貼裡，大多只是社會型的一夫一妻，離性行為和基因上的一夫一妻，還差得遠。

在地願做柯氏犬羚，在樹願做阿氏夜猴

人類愛情觀已經可憐到非要建立在禽獸身上，難道真沒有情比金堅、至死不渝的動物嗎？

答案是有。

就是名字怪一點，寫不進婚禮賀詞去。

根據德比大學的Huck等人2014年的論文，當時證明有五種動物在基因上做到了一夫一妻，不容易啊！這幾位楷模分別是：

加州鼠（the California mouse）

圖片來源維基百科

柯氏犬羚（the Kirk's dik-dik）

日本藤素日本騰素印度必利勁萬力可

日本藤素真假日本藤素官網

藤素藥局威而鋼壯陽藥春藥持久液

圖片來源維基百科

馬達加斯加大跳鼠（the Malagasy giant jumping rat）

圖片來源維基百科

群居郊狼（pack-living coyotes）

圖片來源bing.com/images

阿氏夜猴（the Araza's owl monkey）

圖片來源npr.org

看看它們的顏值，新郎新娘們，情願被比作哪一種呢？

��行的話，只能去植物界，或者微生物界找比喻了。

看不懂的套路還有很多

在草覽了禽獸們千瘡百孔的一夫一妻生活後，我們還想特別得提一下，魚類中一種獨特的行為。

我們知道，悲壯的三文魚在成熟後，會逆流洄游至其出生地產卵。繁殖過程自然由強壯、標致、有吸引力的雄魚主導。

不過，也會有小個子、銀白色的雄魚，它們並不參與求偶求婚之類的繁文縟節，只是先跟著大哥，一起洄游，然後在大哥起身高潮的瞬間（spawning rush），迅速沖入雌魚已排好卵的巢，為自己的基因延續做出貢獻。

這種典型的進化穩定策略（evolutionarily stable strategy），在魚類中並不少見。

小個子的藍鰓太陽魚也常採用此策略（圖片來源：維基百科）

看，我們說的沒錯吧，動物界的婚配，有著一百種套路，種種你都看不懂。

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aootle-blog · 7 years ago

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11 Best Family Vacation Destinations For A Perfect Family Time

11 Best Family Vacation Destinations For A Perfect Family Time Enjoy a family holiday to make unforgettable memories! Choosing a destination that suits everyone while respecting the budget is often complicated.Whether you're traveling with a baby or teenagers, let yourself be inspired by these 11 family vacation destinations. They are perfect, whatever the age or the desires! The Keys, FL, USA Beaches and coconut trees - the perfect backdrop for recharging teens' batteries. One hour from Miami, Key Largo, the diving capital of the world, welcomes you with open arms, as does its underwater statue of Christ. On the way, stop on some of the beautiful beaches in the area, to refresh yourself or taste the crocodile, the local specialty. For families of explorers, it is possible to go swimming with dolphins or to board a boat whose bottom is glass, ideal for watching the creatures of the sea. Finally, if there is any one thing you should not miss on a trip to Key West is the famous Key Lime Pie, a delicious local dessert. Do not hesitate to question the locals to find out where to find the best place to enjoy it. And before you leave, gather together for a photo around the famous buoy located at the southernmost point of the United States. Snowdonia National Park, Wales Will your family survive the ascent of Mount Snowdon? Climbing Mount Snowdon is accessible to all hikers. By taking the Llanberis Path, you embark for a 5-hour walk and family solidarity, rewarded by breath-taking views of Lake Lyn Padarn, pastures, and sheep. And if you have the chance to walk one of those rare days of beautiful Welsh weather, you might even see Ireland and the Isle of Man. Part of the way can be done by train, but it will surely not be to the taste of your family of adventurers! And to continue the discoveries, you can visit the old slate mines of Blaenau Ffestiniog, converted into giant underground trampoline! Paphos, Cyprus Paphos is history, beaches, and delicious gastronomy! Located off the Turkish coast, Cyprus, with its warm winds, clean beaches, and historic sites, is not really boring and is an ideal destination for a family holiday. The island is not only known for being the birthplace of Aphrodite, but it is also famous for the halloumi, a local cheese, and the commandaria, a high-quality sweet wine. The taverns serving this cheese and wine said to be the oldest in the world are legion in the old town of Paphos. Immerse yourself in history while discovering the landscape that surrounds Paphos, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Start with the archaeological park, admire the ruins of Roman villas or go outside the city, to the Tomb of the Kings. If your family is dying to dive a toe in the turquoise waters, join Coral Bay in Peyia, a 23-minute drive from Paphos. The beach is peaceful and properly equipped, it also benefits from the Blue Flag which guarantees the quality and safety of the water. Toronto, Canada Culture is the watchword in Toronto; there is something for everyone! Although we recommended it as a destination to travel alone, Toronto is a city that will also be ideal for a family trip. The first place to see, impossible to miss, the CN Tower. Climb and enjoy the view from the top of its 346 meters. From there, you will see the object of your next visit: the Royal Ontario Museum and the architectural Michael Lee-Chin Crystal After learning about the history and culture of the world, it's time to discover Ontario's good food. Toronto is one of the most culturally diverse cities, making it a true culinary melting pot. Once your swallowed Poutine (fries covered with cheese sauce), go relax and digest family before an improvised show of the Bad Dog Theater Company. Nuremberg, Germany Walking Weissgerbergasse is like going into a fairy tale. Great tribes, rejoice! Everything is huge in Nuremberg, the second largest city in Bavaria after Munich. When in most of Germany, the bratwurst portion has three sausages, here you will have twice that. When you have finished exploring the Bier Garten and enjoying your huge share of sauerkraut, take your band to Nuremberg's CineCittà, the largest IMAX cinema in Europe. To move is simple. Groups can benefit from the TagesTicket Plus system - two adults and up to four children can travel with the same transit card. Visit the buildings that survived the war, such as the 13th-century wall and its five gates encircling the Old Town, or Fuell Street with its typical wooden frame houses. Gozo, Malta Immerse yourself in the "Blue Hole" in Gozo. What kind of vacation organize with teens who are more than afraid to be bored? A safe bet is to leave for a getaway in Gozo. A quick flight to Malta, followed by a 25-minute ferry ride, and you've arrived on the beautiful island of Gozo. On this small rustic island, all roads lead to Victoria, also known as Rabat, the fortified citadel that overlooks the city. Recently renovated, there is a multitude of small silver jewelry shops and other local treasures. Your children will enjoy a horseback ride around Qala, or dive on the wreck of the Karwela, or simply breathe the fresh sea air during a walk in the marshes of Marsalforn. Keep the best for the end, with the discovery of Game of Thrones sets or the latest Brangelina movie, By the Sea. Sovata, Romania The impressive saline of Praid in Sovata in Romania. Nestled in the forest, a pretty hut borders the Ursu lake in whose waters float bathers, carried by their very high salinity and their characteristic solar thermal. Supervised bathing areas, water activities and various spa facilities make the site ideal for family holidays. The virtues of the spa and mud baths are world renowned, so do not be shy and dive your way. You will not be the only one! But the most surprising is perhaps 120 meters underground, with the Saline de Praid whose ionized air would be beneficial for people suffering from respiratory diseases. Follow marble walls and shiny floors through endless underground corridors. Some lead to a playground, a 3D cinema and a library, but the most beautiful remains the ecumenical chapel. Services are sometimes held there, echoing in the giant alcove humbly decorated with benches and wooden crosses. St Mawes, United Kingdom Enjoy the calm of the port before leaving for the sea. Water sports are a must-see in St Mawes. This small fishing village in Cornwall enjoys a warm microclimate, making it an ideal destination for year-round boating enthusiasts. Boat fan? Head to the shipyards with sailboats and gigantic yachts. The fishing fleet provides superb fish and shellfish throughout the year, serving hotels and restaurants along the harbor. You can explore the estuary by renting a kayak or taking a water taxi. If you prefer to keep your feet on the ground, the region is perfect for hiking. Choose from walks such as the 16th century St Mawes Castle or the one that crosses the Bottoms, the wet valleys of the area. Taking the St Austell Row Trail, you'll come across some of the oldest cottages in the area. Do you want to have fun? Book a table at the Michelin-starred restaurant, Driftwood. Along, Ecuador Explore the cloud forest of Bomboli guided by the Oswaldo anecdotes Your children have their heads in the clouds, but you would like them to keep their feet on the ground? This is the paradox that Ecuadorians have had to deal with. Quito is among the highest capitals in the world, and the country has the largest tropical forest in the world, the Amazon. Start your Ecuadorian discovery by getting to know the soil and all things related to it at Hacienda La Alegria, a family ranch specialized in ecotourism in Aloag, along the avenue of volcanoes. The mountainous region is characterized by some of the highest peaks in the country. Here, children of all ages can learn to care for farm animals and vegetable gardens. Meet the Chagras (Ecuadorian cowboys) who master equestrian techniques like no one else. They will guide you through the Corazon to the Bombolí Cloud Forest, a reserve preserved by Oswaldo and Marina for over 30 years. Take a tour of the Orchid Center to learn more about conservation efforts to safeguard the local ecosystem, especially wild orchids. Entering this little paradise, the thick fog that surrounds the forest suddenly seems to dissipate, revealing some of the country's most fragile biodiversity. A range of wild orchids hides shyly under large shrubs that protect them. Kirindy Mitea National Park, Madagascar Enlace a baobab on the Avenue des Baobabs in Morondava. Plan a family safari in Kirindy Mitea National Park, a dry hardwood forest protected by reasonable logging. You will walk through the habitat of seven species of lemurs, as well as that of the fossa (a mammal that looks a bit like a mongoose) and brookésie, a tiny chameleon. The park can be visited accompanied by a guide, day and night, to observe the largest Malagasy rodent, the giant jumping rat. Equally impressive are the giant baobabs, some up to 30 m tall, the size of a 10-storey building. The best place to see these legendary trees is the Avenue des Baobabs in Morondava, 60 km further north. Local legends consider the baobab sacred; it is said to be one of the first trees planted by the gods, a bit awkwardly, so that the peaks look like roots that would grow to the sky. Sine-Saloum, Senegal Embark the whole family on a dugout canoe and go discover the exceptional fauna and flora that are hidden in the mangroves of the Saloum Delta. The Saloum Delta, located north of the Gambia-Senegal border, is where the Saloum River flows into the North Atlantic Ocean. The amount of salt water flowing slowly is accompanied by a rich biodiversity, unique in this part of the country and protected by UNESCO. Start your trip to Djiffer, a fishing village at the far end of Sangomar, at the entrance to the delta. The locals are busy around the colorful boats that return with the catch of the day, on the lookout for the best pieces of shells and fish. Take a family stroll through the streets to discover the small houses built under the shade of baobabs and coconut palms swaying to the rhythm of the canoes. Stay in Toubacouta, where you will have the choice between hotels like Keur Saloum or Domaine Les Paletuviers. Admire the spectacle of the birds as they return to their nest at sunset. So, guys start planning your vacation now, and make your 2018 memorable. https://aootle.com/luxurious-cruises/ Read the full article

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