#magma silles

[gg00-b]

Laios tries Utayan cuisine 👨‍🍳

[nicmares404]

The best ideas come at 3 am :) . Pretty proud of it even though it's a little jank in some places.

Misuta and GITM by @venomous-qwille

[prodineonblue]

OC avatar character - Bending Master of a new element

I did a thing - made this OC character, the anatomy and stuff based off @danicasills artwork, what do U think? I didn't trace this one as I was practicing my anatomy so I thought it was pretty good and matched up well to Danica Sills' one. So, she's an ATLA bender, maybe of a new element? Please help me decide. I'm only 14 - so don't be too harsh and keep it NOT NSFW. Also shoot me a follow on Insta if U like- @akisnahart. She'd definitely be a spirit like the painted lady but what element would she bend??

Did it on magma, on my touchscreen Chromebook haha. Also @danicasills please see this.

[travelella]

Arctic Ocean

The world's smallest and most shallow ocean. It is also the coldest and least salty ocean.

About the size of Russia.

The Arctic Ocean is divided by an underwater ocean ridge called the Lomonosov ridge

Located at the North Pole, the Arctic Ocean has polar ice. Over the years, glaciers have melted threatening sea levels to rise.

Despite the IHO recognizing it as the “Arctic Ocean”, some oceanographers still call it the “Arctic Sea”.

The Arctic Ocean is the most diverse in terms of fish species. It has a wide variety of marine species including whales, jellyfish, etc.

But because of its frigid temperatures, it has little plant life. This makes it one of the most fragile ecosystems on the planet.

Area

Total: 15.558 million sq km

Area - Comparative: Slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US

Includes: Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Kara Sea, Laptev Sea, Northwest Passage, Norwegian Sea, and other tributary water bodies

Coastline: 45,389 km

Ocean Volume: 18.75 million cu km

Percent of the World Ocean Total Volume: 1.4%

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Bathymetry

Continental Shelf: A rather flat area of the sea floor adjacent to the coast that gradually slopes down from the shore to water depths that are typically less than 200 m (660 ft). Dimensions can vary: they may be narrow or nearly nonexistent in some places or extend for hundreds of miles in others. The waters above the continental shelf are usually productive in both plant and animal life, both from sunlight and nutrients from ocean upwelling and terrestrial runoff. More than one quarter of the Arctic sea floor is continental shelf. The Eurasian shelf is very wide extending out 1,500 km (930 mi) and is the largest continental shelf in the World. 

Barents Shelf

Beaufort Shelf

Davis Sill

Chukchi Shelf

East Siberian Shelf

Kara Shelf

Laptev Shelf

Lincoln Shelf

Continental Slope: Where the ocean bottom drops off more rapidly until it meets the deep-sea floor (abyssal plain) at depths exceeding 3,000 m (9,850 ft) water depth. The deep waters of the continental slope are characterized by cold temperatures, low light conditions, and very high pressures. Sunlight does not penetrate to these depths, having been absorbed or reflected in the water above. The continental slope can be indented by submarine canyons, often associated with the outflow of major rivers. Another feature of the continental slope are alluvial fans or cones of sediments carried downstream to the ocean by major rivers and deposited down the slope. 

Litke Trough

Novaya Zemlya Trough

Svyataya Anna Trough (Saint Anna Trough)

Voronin Trough

Abyssal Plains:  At depths of over 3,000 m (10,000 ft) and covering 70% of the ocean floor, are the largest habitat on earth. Sunlight does not penetrate to the sea floor, making these deep, dark ecosystems less productive than those along the continental shelf. Despite their name, these “plains” are not uniformly flat; they are interrupted by features like hills, valleys, and seamounts.

Baffin Basin

Canada Basin

Fram/Amundsen Basin

Greenland Abyssal Plain

Iceland Basin

Makarov Basin

Molloy Deep; note - deepest point in the Arctic Ocean

Nansen Basin

Norwegian Basin

Mid-Ocean Ridge: Rising up from the abyssal plain, is an underwater mountain range, over 64,000 km (40,000 mi) long, rising to an average depth of 2,400 m (8,000 ft). Mid-ocean ridges form at divergent plate boundaries where two tectonic plates are moving apart and new crust is created by magma pushing up from the mantle. Tracing their way around the global ocean, this system of underwater volcanoes forms the longest mountain range on Earth. Fracture Zones are linear transform faults that develop perpendicular to the line of the mid-ocean ridge which can offset the ridge line and divide it into segments. 

Gakkel Ridge

Mohns Ridge

Undersea Terrain Features: The Abyssal Plain is commonly interrupted by a variety of commonly named undersea terrain features including seamounts, guyots, ridges, and plateaus. Seamounts (see Figure 1) are submarine mountains at least 1,000 m (3,300 ft) high formed from individual volcanoes on the ocean floor. They are distinct from the plate-boundary volcanic system of the mid-ocean ridges, because seamounts tend to be circular or conical. A circular collapse caldera is often centered at the summit, evidence of a magma chamber within the volcano. Flat topped seamounts are known as guyots. Long chains of seamounts are often fed by "hot spots" in the deep mantle. These hot spots are associated with stationary plumes of molten rock rising from deep within the Earth's mantle. These hot spot plumes melt through the overlying tectonic plate as it moves and supplies magma to the active volcanic island at the end of the chain of volcanic islands and seamounts. An undersea ridge is an elongated elevation of varying complexity and size, generally having steep sides. An undersea plateau is a large, relatively flat elevation that is higher than the surrounding relief with one or more relatively steep sides. Although submerged, these features can reach close to sea level.

Lomonosov Ridge

Gakkel Ridge

Alpha Ridge

Mendeleev Rise

Chukchi Plateau

Ocean Trenches: note - there are no oceanic trenches on the Arctic sea floor

Atolls: note - there are no atolls found in the Arctic Ocean

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Highest Point: Sea level

Lowest Point: Molloy Deep -5,577 m

Mean Depth: -1,205 m

Ocean Zones: Composed of water and in a fluid state, the ocean is delimited differently than the solid continents. The Ocean is divided into three zones based on depth and light level. Although some sea creatures depend on light to live, others can do without it. Sunlight entering the water may travel about 1,000 m into the oceans under the right conditions, but there is rarely any significant light beyond 200 m.

The upper 200 m (656 ft) of the ocean is called the euphotic, or "sunlight," zone. This zone contains the vast majority of commercial fisheries and is home to many protected marine mammals and sea turtles. Only a small amount of light penetrates beyond this depth.

The zone between 200 m (656 ft) and 1,000 m (3,280 ft) is usually referred to as the "twilight" zone, but is officially the dysphotic zone. In this zone, the intensity of light rapidly dissipates as depth increases. Such a minuscule amount of light penetrates beyond a depth of 200 m that photosynthesis is no longer possible.

The aphotic, or "midnight," zone exists in depths below 1,000 m (3,280 ft). Sunlight does not penetrate to these depths and the zone is bathed in darkness.

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Natural Resources: Sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals and whales)

Natural Hazards: Ice islands occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; permafrost in islands; virtually ice locked from October to June; ships subject to superstructure icing from October to May

Geography - Note: Major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific Ocean via the Bering Strait); strategic location between North America and Russia; shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia; floating research stations operated by the US and Russia; maximum snow cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean; snow cover lasts about 10 months

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Environment

Environment - Current Issues: Climate change; changes in biodiversity; water pollution from use of toxic chemicals; endangered marine species include walruses and whales; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from disruptions or damage; thinning polar icepack

Climate: Polar climate characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature range; winters characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions, and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow

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Ports and Terminals

Major Seaport(s): Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)

Transportation - Note: Sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage (North America) and Northern Sea Route (Eurasia) are important seasonal waterways

[roxxywolf-multiversa]

First krita drawing!

★On my computer i installed roblox and krita and im drawing on krita but dont worry i will still do magma as well★

Im sill learning how it works😅

[awrldalone]

27th October 2023, 8.51pm

On a plane to Venice. The two seats next to me are empty: I have space for my long black coat, for my bag, and for my legs. As soon as the light for the safety belt will be turned off I will move to the window seat, to look at the dark earth, the clouds, the sky. The city looked like molten magma while departing, golden and black in the night. No matter how many flights I take, I always marvel at the physics behind it all; at times it feels as simple and mundane as taking a bus, but once I feel the wheels of the plane jumping off the asphalt I am filled of childish wonder.

On Wednesday I had my first Art History test, on Ancient Art. The course has been fairly disappointing so far, and I often have to remind myself it is just the beginning, just a first look at that part of history – but it bothers me, it always has, when things are not done well. What is the point of studying Greek ceramics for a few hours and then moving on? What is the point of barely scratching the surface on sculpture, on architecture, on iconography? I want to dive my fingers into every topic, I want to know everything, about everything.

The test was easy. We even corrected it afterwards, and I only made a few mistakes. One was calling a canthar a kylix. I knew it was not a kylix but my brain could not find the correct word, and so I went with the closest thing in terms of use. A goblet to drink is a goblet to drink. It was the last thing I wrote down before leaving and waiting outside of the class. The other was about the temples in Olympia: while I had understood that Zeus's temple had been built on top of Hera's old temple, formally replacing the cult of the goddess of marriage and family, in reality the two deities were worshipped simultaneously. 

Ca. and I went to the library to work on our presentation on Caravaggio's the Cardsharps. It was too warm in there, so I took off my sweater while flipping through the pages of multiple monographies on the artist. There's not much literature surrounding the Cardsharps, because the original was discovered very recently, and because there is not much to say about it. Its material history is just as interesting as the painting itself, but it is longer and more obscure, and therefore scholars have often opted to gloss over what the eyes can see in favor of figuring out how the painting got in the hands of its last owner. What I find particularly interesting is the amount of copies of it that exist, a bit over twenty, all extremely accurate and all old. 

I found the first known description of the painting by checking the bibliography of a book I was reading. It dates a couple of decades after the death of Caravaggio, when the painting was no longer in the hands of its first owner. I translated it in French, slowly. 

The library was packed, so I ended up having to stand next to a window, my laptop on the sill to be able to charge it. Ca. was sitting behind me, our backs facing each other's. 

We were supposed to have another course afterwards, but once we got to the lecture hall someone told us the professor would not be coming. A., T., L., and I decided we would go thrifting, but we ended up going to 59 Rivoli because it was open. I always see its bright door when walking past it, but I did not know what it was until my friends decided we should go in. It's a squatted building where, cyclically, artists set up their atelier and work on their paintings or sculptures in public. You're allowed to quietly walk and observe, to support the artist or just watch respectfully. The walls are covered in modern-day frescos, and each floor looks different. My favorites were the works of Cynthia Pedrosa, squared, cubic, bedlams of saturated but dark colors. The size of some of the paintings covered half of the wall. 

We ended up having dinner at a crêperie near our university, fifteen minutes or so from the Pantheon. It's small, with a tiny room up some narrow stairs with the walls covered in pictures, portraits and magazines. There's only a few tables, and we took up the last one, in the corner. I got a galette ratatouille gruyere, with some cider; T. got ham and gruyere; L. went for spinach and gruyere. We also had dessert – a simple crêpe with sugar and cinnamon – all for five euros fifty. 

For some reason we ended up talking about love. T. had confessed to L. and me that thing are not going great with his boyfriend. The long distance thing is not working as well as it used to for them, and as he was talking I understood what he was saying. We were on the metro, the only ones talking in front of the sliding doors. 

Last year I would have not understood T. and his problems. I would have said that a few seconds with M. justified a week, a month, two months apart. Now I am not so sure about it, I am doubting everything, but the only moment when I release my tension and let my muscles relax is when I'm in his arms, and the only place where I sleep peacefully is his bed, with him next to me. Yesterday I wrote down, in order not to forget it, "stiffening love". We asked ourselves if love lasts. I don't think so anymore. It transforms in different things. It can turn sour, or it can acquire a better, richer taste. I doubt my grandparents feel anything similar to the way they did when they first met: love starts as a bud, it blooms in a flower and matures into fruit. You either make jam out of it or you let it fall to the ground, like my parents. 

I'm not sure where M. and I stand. I don't know where T. and his boyfriend stand. Perhaps it is not that simple.

After paying, we took the metro again and we went to A.'s place. It's a big apartment, with wooden floors, a metal fireplace, crown moulding. A. lives there with her sister, they each have their own room, a separate kitchen and a proper living room. It was the second time I went there, and this time it was clean, in order. There were no boxes lying around, no clothes piled up or shoes thrown around. They bought a beautiful round table, a silver lamp, they organize their books. 

Le. and H. joined us a few minutes after we arrived. I'm still on the fence about them, I still cannot make up my mind about them, H. especially. I do not like the people he hangs out with. Le. on the other hand is always so bitter when we are in a group, but every time we talk alone we always have such good conversations. The first time we went home together I ended up talking about my parents for half of the bus ride, and he ended up talking about his for the rest of it.

Le. and I ended up leaving at around two, and I got home at around three. I told myself there would be no use sleeping if I had to wake up at six, and so I started packing my suitcase, folding clothes, cleaning. I made myself some toast and a coffee. And then I fell asleep at five, on top of my comforter, still wearing my clothes. I woke up at ten with the sun in my eyes. I missed class.

Last night I went to a Black Country New Road concert. It was insanely amazing; they're the only ones capable of finding rhythm in cacophonies, the only ones able to make such a mess sound good. 

I made a friend. I was there alone, and I saw a guy looking around, avoiding everyone's eyes. I asked myself if he was alone or waiting for someone, and I walked near him. I stopped myself at first, but then I told him - I know it's weird, but are you alone here too? - and he said yes and I felt the knot in my chest dissolve. I am not scared of being alone, but I was scared of his reaction. We ended up exchanging instagram handles, singing and jumping together at times, and watching quietly at others. The band played a new song, they said it was a work in progress and asked us not to sing.

After the concert he had a friend waiting for him. I only had the rain and L.'s address. 

I spent the night with my friends again. We wanted to go clubbing but there was nothing near, and the only bar that looked promising was boring. We went bak to L.'s place and played a French card game, mixing vodka with violet syrup. I find it too sweet, but the color is gorgeous, like an amethyst.

This time I got home alone. I misse day stop and got off at the one afterwards, but it was not that big of a deal because I had to walk anyway.

And now the plane is about to land, and I am back in Venice, and it's already been almost two months since I left. 

-c.

[lilpippo]

This is Tephra!! She is roommates with Amp. She has the element of fire, which causes their apartment to constantly smell of smoke. She loves to cook, and often invites others over for dinner without telling Amp beforehand. She is far more outgoing than Amp, and tends to overwhelm her without realising it.

In Amp's opinion, fire dragons tend to have overbearing personalities in contrast to her thunder dragon kin, whom are often more reserved. Amp moved to the fire-dominated city to learn more about the other elemental cultures, but has found it difficult to find her place amongst the boisterous flame-wielders. Fire plays a large part in their day-to-day life; their scales and horns glow like embers to indicate good health, and they light their own way around at night, which leaves Amp appearing sickly and feeling vulnerable in the dark.

The thunder element presents differently to fire in that it is not always available to be wielded by its users. A thunder dragon is only charged during storms, which energise them and grant them a huge influx of power. When storm clouds gather, thunder dragons flock to the skies to charge themselves, revitalising their bodies. Without storms, they gradually become lethargic and develop strong cravings for sugar or honey so that they'll have just enough energy to fly into a storm once one comes.

In the fire dragon city, storms are few and far between, often lacking any lightning. The few times Amp has tried to charge, she has been choked out by the smog, and instead settled for some sweet fruit juice at a nearby cafe, leaving her without her element for some months. She takes vitamins and eats a very calorie-dense diet in an attempt to make up for this, but it has taken its toll, and she knows that she needs to return to the thunder city in the near future, if only for a visit during the storm season.

Fire dragons draw their power from the magma they consume regularly. Below the city runs a volcanic sill, where the dragons will gather each week or so to feed. The fire energy drawn from one feeding can last up to a month, depending on how much energy the dragon exerts, but most prefer to keep their energy high so their horns glow brightly, which is seen as an attractive trait to other fire dragons.

[gaetaniu]

Lo sciame sismico delle Hawaii è causato dal magma che si muove attraverso le camere laviche

Lo sciame sismico delle Hawaii è causato dal magma che si muove attraverso le camere laviche

Illustrazione che riassume le osservazioni. Le eruzioni e le intrusioni a Kīlauea causano gradienti di pressione che si propagano rapidamente attraverso la struttura di trasporto di Kīlauea fino al complesso dei sill di Pāhala. Il magma viene iniettato nel complesso dei sill di Pāhala dal volume magmatico sottostante; i sill si trovano in prossimità del confine di fase plagioclasio-spinello,…

[eunoiareview]

Hardwood

my grandfather was born into frostbitten             fingertips, steaming from a charred pocket of magma and glaciers for cutting the cord. his first steps were slick. he found his rhythm in the             crackling cadence of Lake Michigan’s mercy and the subtle taunts of Chicago spring. before he learned to read the hands, time was             the amount of ice on the window sill. when the…

[earthstory]

The Geology of Cemetery Ridge

156 years ago today a small hill in rural Pennsylvania was the scene of a battle that would change the course of American history. This is a page on Earth science, and every good geologist (and military commander) knows that the geomorphology can be your best friend. Ridges don’t just exist by chance; their existence says something about the bedrock and evolution of the area.

The small ridge seen in the background of this image, rising less than a hundred feet above the surrounding plains and marked by military memorials is known as Cemetery Ridge. It sits just outside of the small Pennsylvania town of Gettysburg. On July 1, 1863, a battle began in this area. Union forces retreated from several surrounding locations and gathered their armies on this ridge. On July 2, 1863, Confederate forces attempted several attacks on hills to the south of Cemetery Ridge, attempting to take positions which would make the Union defenses on Cemetery ridge untenable.

On this day, July 3, 1863, Confederate forces under General Pickett charged directly at the Union lines on Cemetery ridge and were almost totally destroyed.

Cemetery ridge is actually not a very good place to put a defensive position. It isn’t just high ground, it’s also very rocky; whatever the rocks are, there is very little soil developed on them, making it very difficult to dig fortified positions or trenches. The only defense on Cemetery ridge comes from fences and any other fortifications built on top of the rocks; soldiers just can’t dig in.

The rocks of Cemetery ridge played a key role, therefore, in this fight. The area around Gettysburg is made up of sedimentary rocks formed during the Triassic. At this time, the mountain ranges to the east were growing due to collisions between North America, Africa, and Europe. Those collisions built mountains that were shedding sediments into basins to the west. The plains around Gettysburg are made of these rocks; layers of sandstone and shale that are easily eroded and do not form high ground.

The high ground in the Gettysburg area comes in the form of long, linear ridges like Cemetery Ridge. To the south of Cemetery Ridge sits other high ground, including features such as Round Top and Little Round Top which sit on the same line as Cemetery Ridge.

These features are made of a type of igneous rock known as diabase. Diabase is a term for a rock that has a composition like basalt or a gabbro, but has a grain size in-between those 2. There can be some crystals large enough to see, but not many. The rocks are made up of solidly-intergrown, small crystals with little space for water to intrude. The tight packing of these crystals makes the rocks difficult to erode, leading to the formation of high-ground and thin soils.

The diabase in the Gettysburg area forms a type of structure called a sill. A sill forms when magma rises up through the crust but reaches a level of neutral buoyancy – the magma is too dense to rise through the lighter rocks above and instead pushes its way into the rocks. The magma forms a sheet in-between other layers of rock, becoming part of the stratigraphy.

This magma was formed nearly 200 million years ago, during the Jurassic period. It formed as a consequence of the end of Pangaea; as North America and Europe tore apart, cracks formed throughout the Eastern U.S. and magma flowed up into those cracks. One of those cracks formed the sill which created Cemetery Ridge and the other high-ground in the Gettysburg area.

Finally, the rocks in the area were tilted some as the continent continued to evolve, and erosion exposed the rocks seen today.

Several hundred million years ago, a normal series of geologic processes, including deposition of sedimentary rocks and intrusion by ordinary magmas, created the ground on which the American Civil War’s key battle was fought.

-JBB

Image Credit: National Park Service found here: http://npsgnmp.wordpress.com/2012/05/10/the-cavada-brothers-two-soldiers-two-wars/

Geology and the Gettysburg Campaign: http://www.dcnr.state.pa.us/cs/groups/public/documents/document/dcnr_014596.pdf

Volcanic Rocks of Pennsylvania: http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/LivingWith/VolcanicPast/Places/volcanic_past_pennsylvania.html

[sarah-sandwich]

🌹

Thank you 🥰 Here's me going overboard again with a big ole excerpt from Lemon Boy

Coffee mug in hand, Peter steps into the front room with deep purple bags under his eyes, his hair a wild mass on his head, and yesterday’s clothes askew on his frame. If Harley didn’t know better he’d think he just got in from a wild night on the town. Actually, he has no way of knowing that’s not what happened except that Peter doesn’t strike him as the type. He judges him silently for a long moment, then goes back to enjoying his own mug of coffee as he scrolls aimlessly on his phone.

Peter sags against the wall with his nose in his mug and closes his eyes against the mid-morning sun as it glares off of parked cars and the shinier mailboxes. He doesn’t speak until Harley finishes his coffee and stands from the loveseat. “Was that you mowing at like 5am?”

“Heat wave is about to hit,” he says as he brushes past him. It needed done and the air conditioner can barely keep up with moderate temperatures. There’s no way he’s going to kill himself mowing in 105 degree heat only to come inside and not find any relief.

Peter follows him to the kitchen. “The neighbors are gonna hate you.”

“Nothin’ I can do about it.”

Mrs. O’Flareghty is the early to bed, early to rise type so as long as he doesn’t send her back to scowling at him every time they cross paths, he doesn’t care what the rest of the neighborhood thinks. They already think he’s crazy for mowing at the start of that thunderstorm last month. There wasn’t even any lightning yet and it was totally worth it to get to mow in the cool breezy storm rather than the awful muggy heat that followed. It is what it is.

Peter hops onto the counter and watches him scrub out his mug. “You could try not mowing before the sun is properly up. That’s something you could do.”

He sets his mug on the window sill and crosses his arms to face Peter. “The sun not being up was the whole point. Did you need something?”

“It’s Saturday. Any plans?”

“The usual. Why?”

Peter shrugs. “Just making conversation.”

“Why?” he repeats.

Peter flaps his hands in exasperation. “Because I like talking to you?”

Harley snorts hard. Yeah, right. “I thought you were done pretending around me.”

“It’s the truth!” Peter insists. “We get a good banter going when you’re not being all broody and mean.”

“You mean when you’re not pretending to be someone you’re not?”

Peter’s expression darkens and his easy tone turns hard. “Would you back off? I’m not doing anything wrong.”

“Make me, tough guy,” he says, straightening to his full height. “You get into all those fights but you let me walk all over you. Put me in my place. Speak your mind for once.”

Peter slips to the floor, face like thunder, and meets him in the middle of the kitchen so they’re toe to toe, eye to eye. Then he leans in and says, “No.”

Harley watches him go, his coffee forgotten on the counter as he returns upstairs, hands in fists, shoulders tight. He doesn’t stomp. He doesn’t stalk off. He’s measured, controlled, deliberate, and then gone.

A strange combination of satisfaction and disappointment coalesce in him. He wanted to push him until he snapped. He expected a show. He expected fireworks. Instead what he got was a glimpse of magma, contained and hidden, but bubbling steadily under a cracked surface.

Absently, he dumps the dregs of Peter’s coffee down the sink and washes the mug.

He expected shouting, dirty looks, and door slamming. He didn’t expect him to refuse to be pushed. He didn’t expect him to get angry and let him see that he was angry, but refuse to release it.

He sets Peter’s mug on the window sill beside his and dries his hands. He knows he’s being an ass but he can’t stop picking at him, testing him, trying to find his limit. Trying to find out, who is Peter Parker?

Send me a 🌹 and I'll respond with an excerpt from a WIP

[plokoonsdisapprovingeyebrows]

ok i'm back with another LIP-related Transformers question. In the event that there are LIPs on Cybertron, what kind of structures do you think they'll form? also, tangential but related, how do you see the weathering of LIPs on a Cybertron with radically different weathering ...i cant remember the word but the things that make it do that. Like, iirc there's no water on cybertron, so water-based weathering Just Wouldn't Happen, etc. How do you think that would change the way it looked?

also djfhlg sorry for presenting this like a high school essay question but genuinely i am SO curious and i love hearing about LIPs

[rubs dirty fly hands together]

In the event that there are LIPs on Cybertron, what kind of structures do you think they'll form?

There are a lot of options! :D

Dikes & sills - magma gets into cracks within the crust and solidifies into a sheet-like layer. If the magma follows the plane of existing strata, squeezing between layers, it forms a sill. If the magma cuts across layers, it forms a dike/dyke (US vs Brit spelling strikes again). Often you'll find lots of them associated with a single magmatic event - that's called a dyke swarm or a sill complex.

Lopoliths and laccoliths - like sills, but bulgy.

Batholiths - intrusive masses of igneous rock larger than 100 square km in area. Sometimes they're much bigger.

Cybertron's planetary interior, per Aligned, has a lot of hollow structures that go very deep. I think these are a natural conduit for rising magma to get to the surface. Depending on magmatic composition you might end up with an interesting thing where the tunnels are flooded but the surrounding metallic crust doesn't melt, so you end up with a magmatic cast of the tunnel network.

On the surface, if you have nice liquid magma, more mafic in composition, you'd get the layered flows that build up thick plateaus and weather into stepped terraces. Columnar jointing is a distinct possibility. If your magma is more viscous, you might get lava domes. If you have large-volume explosive eruptions, chances are you'll get tephras from ashfall and ignimbrite sheets from pyroclastic density currents.

how do you see the weathering of LIPs on a Cybertron with radically different weathering ...i cant remember the word but the things that make it do that. Like, iirc there's no water on cybertron, so water-based weathering Just Wouldn't Happen, etc. How do you think that would change the way it looked?

Water is the major driver of erosion on earth, so if you take that out of the equation, you immediately slow things down a lot. Water causes both physical and chemical weathering - for example, feldspars break down to clay. Snow and ice break rocks and grind them down to flour. Liquid water is also good at transporting and sorting eroded material. If Cybertron has no water, it probably has very little in the way of sandstones and mudstones.

(I tend to go with Cybertron having some water in my headcanons, but not nearly as much as earth. Mainly because I fuckin love dramatic erosional landscapes lmao.)

Aeolian (wind) erosion does account for some weathering, it's just not as good at it. Heating and cooling cycles can cause fracturing in rocks, as can simply unburying them - if a rock is formed under certain pressure conditions and then the pressure gets way lower, it's probably going to expand a little. That can cause interestingly geometric jointing. :D Gravity itself also imposes a limit - create a slope too steep for the ground to hold itself together and some of it is just gonna collapse.

In general, all of this is going to be as true for any igneous provinces as anything else on Cybertron. If there's oxygen, there'll be oxidation eventually. At some point I'll look up my silicate weathering notes and think about how Cybertron's shitty pseudotectonics fucks that up lol.

[azvolrien]

Hello, it’s time for Rock Facts.

What you’re looking at in these photos is called Hutton’s Section, after the 18th-century scientist James Hutton. It’s a smallish stretch of exposed rock at the foot of Salisbury Crags, and as my sister mentioned in her video earlier, it’s actually a pretty important site in the development of the science of geology.

About 325mya, a subterranean magma intrusion forced its way through the existing sedimentary rocks; you can clearly see in the photos where the layers of sediment meet the more solid, relatively uniform material of the dolerite, the rock that that long-ago magma sill solidified into, and also where the layers have been variously sheared off or bent out of shape by this, like someone prising up a recalcitrant floorboard. What we can also see is that the sedimentary rock must have been much colder than the magma: looking closely at the border where the rock types meet (fourth picture) reveals what’s called a ‘chilled margin’, where the rock is very fine-grained. This shows that the magma cooled rapidly on meeting the sedimentary rock, effectively forming a volcanic glass now much broken up by erosion over the millions of years since.

[glaciernps]

Does lava or magma come to mind when you think of Glacier? Probably not. That's because while nearby Yellowstone National Park is famous for its magma-heated geysers and volcanic history, Glacier's rock has humble beginnings. Almost all of the rock found in Glacier's mountains is sedimentary, meaning it formed over time as layer after layer of debris collected, compacted, and cemented into rock. But even though the park is mostly sedimentary, magma is to thank for one of the most striking features of the high-country: a dark black stripe in the mountains, sandwiched by white like a massive inverted Oreo. This band (measuring up to 130 feet thick) is called a sill. A sill is a horizontal intrusion of magma, meaning molten rock forced its way through existing rock layers. In this case, 750 million years ago, into layers of limestone. The heat from the magma was so extreme it changed the surrounding limestone into a low-grade type of marble, turning it almost white. The magma has long-since cooled, leaving behind a dark-grey igneous rock called diabase. Thanks to later mountain-building, the diabase sill today is found up high, alongside alpine glaciers like Sexton Glacier, pictured here from the Siyeh Pass Trail. For more information on the geology of Glacier National Park, check out the park's geology page here: https://www.nps.gov/glac/learn/education/geology.htm This photo of the dark-grey diabase sill in a mountainside above Sexton Glacier was taken on the traditional land of the Amskapi Piikuni, Kootenai, Selis, and Qlispe People in 2017.

[Image description: A mountain with a glacier on its side and wildflowers in the foreground.]

[lupinepublishers]

Lupine Publishers| Untold story of Deccan Traps: Role of silicate Liquid Immiscibility

Lupine Publishers| Journal of Oceanography and petrochemical sciences

Mini Review

Role of liquid immiscibility has immense importance in petro genesis of basaltic magmas. Roedder, Weiblen [1,2] postulated that high silica and high iron glasses of the lunar basaltic rocks have widespread petro genetic significance. In lunar basalts, generally, the globules of dark brown glass appear to have composition equivalent to Pyroxene + Iron ore. On the contrary, it is significant that Washington [3] initially recognized that the residual glass in the Deccan Trap basalts should be composition corresponding to a mixture of augite and magnetite. The role of liquid immiscibility in basaltic magmas had been graphically depicted by Roedder [4] in terms of SiO2-(FeO+MgO+CaO)-(K2O+Na2O+Al2O3) diagram; characteristically the liquid immiscibility field in Roedder's ternary plot assumes an elongated elliptical geometry relatively away from SiO2-rich corner. The compositions of terrestrial basalts like Deccan Trap [3] Palisade diabase sill [5] etc. fall close to the demarcated liquid immiscibility field of Roedder [4]. The samples of lunar basalt obtained from Apollo 11 and 12 expeditions were also plotted in the ternary plot proposed by Roedder [4].

However, plots of those lunar rocks are slightly away (from SiO2) from the designated immiscibility field. It is an interesting point to note that basaltic magma parental to the Skaergaard layered igneous complex [6] (representative of Large Igneous Province) also plots close to the immiscibility field boundary with minor staggering. Again from Duluth complex, Minnesota (a representative of Large Igneous Province) Ripley [7] documented existence of sulfide and Fe - Ti -P rich liquid immiscibility, which occurred in continuum. Liquid immiscibility has been described elsewhere (related to plume controlled rift magmatic activity as for example in Panzhihua SW China) where two stage immiscible liquid separations was found to be a valid mechanism with contrasting liquid composition: one with extremely Fe - Ti rich gabbroic composition and the other one is normal syenitic composition. De [8] aptly discussed the role of liquid immiscibility in cases of lunar basalts and Deccan Trap basalts. De [8] was of the opinion that the role of liquid immiscibility during Deccan Trap magma differentiation is a widespread petro genetic process analogous to mechanism suffered by lunar basalts [9].

However, during last three decades unfortunately the role of liquid immiscibility in Deccan petro genesis has not been properly evaluated with adequate emphasis as they had demanded to. Such liquid immiscibility- based studies were adequately thrashed upon with field and phase chemical studies in other Flood basalt province of the world. As for example in Siberian Traps, magma chamber scale liquid immiscibility has been elucidated by Kamenetsky et al. [10]. These natural immiscible melts as found in Siberian Traps correspond extremely well to the conjugate liquids experimentally produced in common basaltic compositions at less than 1025°C. In recent years, however, role of distinct presence of liquid immiscibility has been envisaged from part of Eastern Deccan Province [11]. According to Ganguly et al. [11], the parts of the Eastern Deccan Volcanic Province (based on mineralogical, petrological and geochemical signature) presence of three distinct flows is clearly discernable, which are controlled by fractional crystallization of phenocrystal phases, closely followed by liquid immiscibility. In fact, Ganguly et al. [11] have critically mapped distinct domains of immiscible liquid pods (with geochemical grounds) in each of the three lava flows from parts of Eastern Deccan. Therefore the challenge of the day is to identify the potential sectors within Deccan Traps showing prominent role of liquid immiscibility during magma generation and extrusion. Such proposed future studies will definitely unravel intricacies and variation in the style of liquid immiscibility in Deccan petro genesis.

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[mcm-curiosity]

Curiosity of the Week: Obsidian!

Obsidiïus, Latin is a written error for Obsinus pertaining to Obsius, the discoverer of a similar mineral in Ethiopia - Obsidian. The Middle English version is obsianus which later evolves into our modern word.

Obsidian is usually an extrusive rock - one that solidifies above Earth's surface.  However, it can form in a variety of cooling environments:

along the edges of a lava flow (extrusive)

along the edges of a volcanic dome (extrusive)

around the edges of a sill or a dike (intrusive)

where lava  contacts water (extrusive)

where lava cools  while airborne (extrusive)

sources of it are often felsic, referring to igneous rocks that are relatively rich in elements that form feldspar and quartz. Rocks rich in silicate minerals, magma, and rocks which are enriched in the lighter elements such as silicon, oxygen, aluminium, sodium, and potassium.

Black is the most common color of obsidian., however; it can also be brown, tan, green, or even purple.  Rarely, obsidian can be blue, red, orange, or yellow.  The colors are thought to be caused mainly by trace elements or inclusions.

Occasionally two colors of obsidian will be swirled together in a single specimen.  The most common color combination is black and brown obsidian swirled together - that's called "mahogany obsidian"

Obsidian can have an iridescent or metallic sheen to it, but it is very rare. This metallic sheen is caused by light reflecting from minute inclusions of crystals, rock debris, or  gas embedded in the black rock. These are known as rainbow, golden and silver obsidian depending upon the specific color of the sheen or iridescence. These are the most desirable for the manufacture of jewelry.

Pure obsidian is usually dark in appearance and luster, though the color varies depending on the presence of impurities. Iron and magnesium typically give the obsidian a dark brown to black color, such is the case in mahogany and red obsidian.

In some stones, the inclusion of small, white, radially clustered crystals of quartz like cristobalite in the black glass produce a blotchy or snowflake pattern known aptly as snowflake obsidian. It may contain patterns of gas bubbles remaining from the lava flow, aligned along layers created as the molten rock was flowing before being cooled. this is also common in other types of obsidian rock too. These bubbles can produce interesting effects such as a golden sheen or an iridescent rainbow-like effect.

For those of you interested in rock hounding, Obsidian can be found found in many geological locations worldwide.  It is confined to areas of relatively recent volcanic activity. Finding sources that are older than a few million years is rare because the glass is rapidly destroyed or altered by weathering, heat, or other natural processes.

Significant deposits of obsidian are found in Argentina, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Kenya, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Russia, United States, and many other locations.

In the United States it is not found east of the Mississippi River, as there is no geologically recent volcanic activity there.  In the western US it is found at many locations in Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, and Wyoming. Most obsidian used in the jewelry trade is produced in the United States.

Mahogany Obsidian is found in a specific collection in Central Oregon called Glass Butte. To find more locations for special deposits in the US check out this book by the National Audubon Society.  

Some other cool examples of Obsidian include: Pumpkin obsidian   -- also a Mahogany type.

Fireworks Obsidian or Firecracker Obsidian or fire cracker orbicular mexican obsidian. This usually comes from Mexico It takes a really good polish and cuts easily but is not suitable for knapping.

Similar to Fireworks Obsidian, Starry Night Obsidian has wonderful white spot patterns on a stark black background. The surface of Starry Night Obsidian is a little crackly, but it polishes really well. Additionally it cuts easily and polishes well with diamond wheel finishing.

Velvet Peacock Obsidian, Sea foam Obsidian, or Pearl Obsidian is commonly found in Mexico has a blend of iridescent pinks, lavanders, and green colors mixed into it.

Obsidian often gets mixed in with other minerals such as Jaspers and they can be incredible finds. This rock with intrusions of other minerals might be called Jasper Obsidian or any of the other combinations out there.