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104: 110-32, 1995), а также Патриком Кирчем и Джоанной Эллисон в статье «Палеонтологические свидетельства человеческой колонизации отдаленных островов Океании» (Kirch Patrick, Ellison Joanna. «Palaeoenvironmental evidence for human colonization of remote Oceanic islands». Antiquity, 68: 310-21, 1994). Глава 18 Множество публикаций, посвященных темам этой главы, можно найти в разделах, относящихся к другим главам: «Глава 3» — по завоеванию инков и ацтеков, «Главы 4-10» — по одомашниванию животных и растений, «Глава 11» — по инфекционным заболеваниям, «Глава 12» — по письменности, «Глава 13» — по технологиям, «Глава 14» — по политическим институтам, «Глава 16» — по Китаю. Полезное сопоставление дат начала производства продовольствия по всему миру делает Брюс Смит в своем «Возникновении аграрного хозяйства» (Smith Bruce. The Emergence of Agriculture. New York: Scientific American Library, 1995). Помимо литературы, приведенной в остальных разделах, можно назвать еще несколько публикаций, в которых обсуждаются исторические траектории, педставленные в таблице 18.1. По Англии: «Доисторическая Британия» Тимоти Дарвилла (Darvill Timothy. Prehistoric Britain. London: Batsford, 1987). По Андам: сборник «Происхождение и развитие андского государства» (The Origins and Development of the Andean State. / eds. Haas Jonathan et al. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), «Инки и их предки» Майкла Мозли (Moseley Michael. The Incas and Their Ancestors. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992) и «Чавин и происхождение андской цивилизации» Ричарда Берджера (Burger Richard. Chavin and the Origins of Andean Civilization. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1992). По Амазонии: «Пармана» Анны Рузвельт (Roosevelt Anna. Parmana. New York: Academic Press, 1980) и ее же статья в соавторстве «Керамика VIII тысячелетия из доисторической свалки раковин в бразильской Амазонии» («Eighth millennium pottery from a prehistoric shell midden in the Brazilian Amazon». Science, 254: 1621-24, 1991). По Мезоамерике: две книги Майкла Коу: «Мексика» (Coe Michael. Mexico. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1984) и «Майя» (Coe Michael. The Maya. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1984). По востоку Соединенных Штатов: статьи Винкаса Степонайтиса «Археология доисторического периода на востоке Соединенных Штатов, 1970-1985 гг.» (Steponaitis Vincas. «Prehistoric archaeology in the southeastern United States, 1970-1985». Annual Reviews of Anthropology, 15: 363-404, 1986) и Брюса Смита «Археология на юго-востоке Соединенных Штатов: от далтонской культуры до де Сото, 10500-500 гг. до н.э.» (Smith Bruce. «The archaeology of the southeastern United States: From Dalton to de Soto, 10 500-500 B.P.». Advances in World Archaeology, 5: 1-92, 1986), сборник «Ранние огородные хозяйства в лесной зоне востока США» (Emergent Horticultural Economies of the Eastern Woodlands. / ed. Keegan William, Carbondale: Southern Illinois University, 1987), статья Брюса Смита «Происхождение аграрного хозяйства на востоке Северной Америки» (Smith Bruce. «Origins of agriculture in eastern North America». Science, 246: 1566-71, 1989) и его же книга «Миссисипский расцвет» (Smith Bruce. The Mississippian Emergence. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1990), а также книга Джудит Бенс «Археология на юго-востоке Соединенных Штатов» (Bense Judith. Archaeology of the Southeastern United States. San Diego: Academic Press, 1994). Компактное пособие по коренному населению Северной Америки — «Североамериканские индейцы до пришествия европейцев. Смитсоновский справочник» Филипа Коппера (Kopper Philip. The Smithsonian Book of North American Indians before the Coming of the Europeans. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1986). В статье Брюса Смита «Происхождение аграрного хозяйства в Америке» (Smith Bruce. «The origins of agriculture in the Americas». Evolutionary Anthropology, 3: 174-84, 1995) освещаются дебаты по вопросу датировки начала производства продовольствия в Новом Cвете. Тем, кто склонен думать, что ограниченность развития ельского хозяйства и общественных институтов в Новом Cвете была обусловлена культурными и психологическими особенностями самих коренных американцев, а не скудным набором доступных для доместикации диких видов, стоит прочитать о том, как изменились индейские общества Великих равнин после освоения лошади, в частности в книгах Фрэнка Роу «Индейцы и лошади» (Row Frank. The Indian and the Horse. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1955), Джона Юэрса «Черноногие: налетчики северо-западных равнин» (Ewers John. The Blackfeet: Raiders on the Northwestern Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958) и Эрнеста Уоллеса и Э. Адамсона Хебеля «Команчи: хозяева южных равнин» (Wallace Ernest, E. Adamson Hoebel. The Comanches: Lords of the South Plains. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1986). Из исследований, которые посвящены распространению языковых семей, спровоцированному возникновением и развитием производства продовольствия, классической работой по истории Европы нужно назвать книгу Альберта Аммермана и Л.Л. Кавалли-Сфорца «Неолитический переход и генетика популяций Европы» (Ammerman Albert, Cavalli-Sforza L.L. The Neolithic Transition and the Genetics of Populations in Europe. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984), тогда как статья Пит��ра Беллвуда «Австронезийское расселение и происхождение языков» (Bellwood Peter. «The Austronesian dispersal and the origin of languages», Scientific American, 265(I): 88-93, 1991) освещает ту же тему на австронезийском материале. На материале всемирного масштаба эта тема разбирается в уже названных в разделе «Пролог» двух книгах Л.Л. Кавалли-Сфорца и др. и одной — Меррита Рулена. Введением в сложную проблематику индоевропейской экспансии могут послужить две работы с диаметрально противоположными позициями: «Археология и язык: загадка индоевропейского происхождения» Колина Ренфру (Renfrew Colin. Archaeology and Language: The Puzzle of Indo-European Origins. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987) и «В поисках индоевропейцев» Дж.П. Мэллори (Mallory J.P. In Search of the Indo-Europeans. London: Thames and Hudson, 1989). Источники по русской экспансии в Сибири: «На восток, к империи» Джорджа Лантцеффа и Ричарда Пирса (Lantzeff George, Pierce Richard. Eastward to Empire. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1973) и «Завоевание континента» У. Брюса Линкольна (Lincoln W. Bruce. The Conquest of a Continent. New York: Random House, 1994). В отношении языков коренных американцев, позиция большинства, согласно которой эти языки разделены на множество неродственных семейств, представлена Лайлом Кэмпбеллом и Мэриэнн Митун в «Языках доколумбовой Америки» (Campbell Lyle, Mithun Marianne. The Languages of Native America. Austin: University of Texas, 1979). Противоположная позиция, объединяющая все языки коренных американцев кроме эскимосско-алеутской семьи и семьи на-дене в большую америндскую семью, представлена Джозефом Гринбергом в книге «Языки в Америке» (Greenberg Joseph. Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987) и Мерритом Руленом в «Путеводителе по языкам мира» (Ruhlen Merritt. A Guide to the World’s Languages. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987). Стандартное изложение истории происхождения и распространения колеса в Евразии: «Колесный транспорт и упряжные животные на древнем Ближнем Востоке» М.Э. Литтауэр и Й.Х. Крувела (Littauer M.A., Crouwel J.H. Wheeled Vehicles and Ridden Animals in the Ancient Near East. Leiden: Brill, 1979) и «Первый колесный транспорт» Стюарта Пигготта (Piggott Stuart. The Earliest Wheeled Transport. London: Thames and Hudson, 1983). Книги, посвященные расцвету и упадку сканд��навских колоний в Гренландии и Америке: «История Гренландии» Финна ��эда (Gad Finn. The History of Greenland. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 1971), «Покорение северной Атлантики» Дж.Дж. Маркуса (Marcus G.J. The Conquest of the North Atlantic. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981), «Скандинавская атлантическая сага» Гвина Джонса (Jones Gwyn. The Norse Atlantic Saga. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986) и сборник «Скандинавские и позднейшие поселения в Cеверной Атлантике и особенности их хозяйства» (Norse and Later Settlement and Subsistence in the North Atlantic. / eds. Morris Christopher, Rackham D. James. Glasgow: University of Glasgow, 1992). Авторитетное описание ранних европейских визитов в Новый Свет дано в двух томах Сэмюэла Элиота Морисона: «Европейское открытие Америки: северные путешествия, 500-1600 гг.» (Morison Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Northern Voyages, A.D. 500-1600. New York: Oxford University Press, 1971) и «Европейское открытие Америки: южные путешествия, 1492-1616 гг.» (Morison Samuel Eliot. The European Discovery of America: The Southern Voyages, A.D. 1492-1616. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974). Первым этапам европейской морской экспансии посвящена книга Фелипе Фернандеса-Арместо «До Колумба: открытия и колонизация земель от Средиземноморья до Атлантики, 1229-1492 гг.» (Fernandez-Armesto Felipe. Before Columbus: Exploration and Colonization from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, 1229-1492. London: Macmillan Education, 1987). Заслуживают внимания и собственные ежедневные отчеты Колумба о своем знаменитом плавании, которые воспроизведены в книге Оливера Данна и Джеймса Келли-мл. «Дневник первого путешествия в Америку Христофора Колумба в 1492-1493 гг.» (Dunn Oliver, Kelley Jr. James. The Diario of Christopher Columbus’s First Voyage to America, 1492-1493. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1989). Чтобы скорректировать впечатление от моих по большей части бесстрастных упоминаний о том, как одни народы покоряли и истребляли другие народы, можно прочитать классический рассказ об уничтожении северокалифорнийского племени яхи и о его единственном уцелевшем члене по имени Иши в книге Теодоры Крибер «Иши: жизнь в двух мирах» (Kroeber Theodora. Ishi in Two Worlds. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961). Исчезновению аборигенных языков во всем мире посвящены «Вымирающие языки» Роберта Робинса и Юджиниуса Уленбека (Robins Robert, Uhlenbeck Eugenius. Endangered Languages. Providence: Berg, 1991) «Обратное движение лингвистической ассимиляции» Джошуа Фишмана (Fishman Joshua. Reversing Language Shift. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters, 1991) и статья Майкла Краусса «Кризис языков ��ира» (Krauss Michael. «The world’s languages in crisis». Language, 68: 4-10, 1992). Глава 19 Среди книг, посвященных археологии, доисторическому периоду и истории Африканского континента, заслуживают упоминания «Африка в железном веке» Роланда Оливера и Брайана Пейгана (Oliver Roland, Pagan Brian. Africa in the Iron Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), «Краткая история Африки» Роланда Оливера и Дж.Д. Фейджа (Oliver Roland, Fage J.D. A Short History of Africa. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1975) «История Африки» Дж.Д. Фейджа (Fage J.D. A History of Africa. London: Hutchinson, 1978) «Опыт Африки» Роланда Оливера (Oliver Roland. The African Experience. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1991), сборник «Археология Африки: продовольствие, металлы и города» (The Archaeology of Africa: Food, Metals, and Towns. / eds. Shaw Thurstan et al. New York: Routledge, 1993) и «Африканская археология» Дэвида Филлипсона (Phillipson David. African Archaeology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). Соответствия между лингвистическими и археологическими свидетельствами об африканском прошлом прослеживаются авторами сборника «Археологическая и лингвистическая реконструкция африканской истории» (The Archaeological and Linguistic Reconstruction of African History. / eds. Ehret Christopher, Posnansky Merrick. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982). Роли болезней посвящен сборник «Болезни в истории Африки» (Disease in African History. / eds. Hartwig Gerald, Patterson K. David. Durham: Duke University Press, 1978). Тема производства продовольствия в Африке разбирается во многих работах, перечисленных в разделе «Главы 4-10». Дополнительного внимания заслуживают статья «О возрасте аграрного хозяйства в Эфиопии» Кристофера Эрета (Ehret Christopher. «On the antiquity of agriculture in Ethiopia». Journal of African History, 20:161-77, 1979), сборники «От охотников до земледельцев: причины и последствия возникновения производства продовольствия в Африке» (From Hunters to Farmers: The Causes and Consequences of Food Production in Africa. / eds. Clark J. Desmond, Brandt Steven. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), «Пропитание в субсахарской Африке» (Food in Sub-Saharan Africa. / eds. Hansen Art, McMillan Delia. Boulder, Colo.: Rienner, 1986), статья Фреда Уэндорфа и др. «Использование растений в Сахаре за 8 тысяч лет до н.э.» (Wendorf Fred, et al. «Saharan exploitation of plants 8000 years B.C.». Nature, 359: 721-24, 1992), книга Эндрю Смита «Скотоводство в Африке» (Smith Andrew. Pastoralism in Africa. London: Hurst, 1992) и его же статья «Происхождение и распространение скотоводства в Африке» (Smith Andrew. «Origin and spread of pastoralism in Africa». Annual Reviews of Anthropology, 21: 125-41, 1992). Сведения о Мадагаскаре можно прежде всего почерпнуть в статье Роберта Дьюара и Генри Райта «Культурная история Мадагаскара» (Dewar Robert, Wright Henry. «The culture history of Madagascar». Journal of World Prehistory, 7: 417-66, 1993) и книге «Пьера Верена «История цивилизации на севере Мадагаскара» (Verin Pierre. The History of Civilization in North Madagascar. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1986). Подробное исследование лингвистических данных по источникам колонизации Мадагаскара представлено в книге Отто Даля «Миграция с Калимантана на Мадагаскар» (Dahl Otto. Migration from Kalimantan to Madagascar. Oslo: Norwegian University Press, 1991). Музыкальные инструменты Восточной Африки, как возможный след ее контактов с индонезийцами, рассматриваются в книге А.М. Джонса «Африка и Индонезия: ксилофон и другие музыкальные и культурные факторы» (Jones A.M. Africa and Indonesia: The Evidence of the Xylophone and Other Musical and Cultural Factors. Leiden: Brill, 1971). Важным свидетельством о раннем заселении Мадагаскара служат данные, полученные при исследовании костных остатков вымерших млекопитающих, обзор которых представлен в статье Роберта Дьюара «Вымершие виды Мадагаскара: исчезновение субфоссильной фауны» (Dewar Robert. Extinctions in Madagascar: The loss of the subfossil fauna. // Quaternary Extinctions. / eds. Paul Martin, Klein Richard. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1984). Последующие интересные открытия археологов описаны в статье Р.Д.Э. Макфи и Дэвида Берни «Датировка модифицированных бедренных костей вымершего карликового гиппопотама на юге Мадагаскара» (MacPhee R.D.E., Burney David. «Dating of modified femora of extinct dwarf Hippopotamus from Southern Madagascar». Journal of Archaeological Science, 18: 695-706, 1991). Первые стадии человеческой колонизации с точки зрения данных палеоботаники рассматриваются в статье Дэвида Берни «Изменения фауны центрального Мадагаскара в позднем голоцене» (Burney David. «Late Holocene vegetational change in Central Madagascar». Quaternary Research, 28: 130-43, 1987). Эпилог Связь между экологической деградацией и закатом цивилизации в Греции исследуется с работах Тжирда ван Андела и др. «Пять тысяч лет землепользования и разрушения почв в южной Арголиде» (Van Andel Tjeerd, et al. «Five thousand years of land use and abuse in the southern Argolid». Hesperia, 55: 103-28, 1986), Тжирда ван Андела и Кертиса Раннелза «Вдали от Акрополя: сельская Греция в прошлом» (Van Andel Tjeerd, Curtis Runnels. Beyond the Acropolis: A Rural Greek Past. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1987) и Кертиса Раннелза «Разрушение окружающей среды в древней Греции» (Runnels Curtis. «Environmental degradation in ancient Greece». Scientific American, 272(3): 72-75, 1995). Та же зависимость на примере упадка Петры прослеживается в статье Патрисии Фолл и др. «Ископаемые мусорные свалки даманов на Среднем Востоке: свидетельства палеовегетации и человеческого вмешательства» (Fall Patricia et al. Fossil hyrax middens from the Middle East: A record of paleovegetation and human disturbance. // Packrat Middens / eds. Julio Betancourt et al. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1990), на примере Месопотамии — в книге Роберта Адамса «Земля городов» (Adams Robert. Heartland of Cities. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981). Интересный материал для дальнейшего осмысления можно почерпнуть в книге Э.Л. Джонса «Европейское чудо» (Jones E.L. The European Miracle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), где предпринимается попытка объяснить несходство исторических путей Китая, Инд��и, исламских стран и Европы. Луиз Ливазес в книге «Когда Китай правил морями» (Levathes Louise. When China Ruled the Seas. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994) описывает внутриполитическую борьбу, исходом которой стал конец морских экспедиций на «плавучих сокровищницах». Другую литературу по ранней китайской истории можно найти в разделе «Главы 16 и 17». Влиянию центральноазиатских кочевников-скотоводов на историю оседлых земледельческих цивилизаций Евразии посвящена статья Беннета Бронсона «Роль варваров в падении государств» (Bronson Bennett. The role of barbarians in the fall of states. // The Collapse of Ancient States and Civilizations / eds. Norman Yoffee and George Cowgill. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1988). Возможное применение теории хаоса к истории обсуждает Майкл Шермер в статье «Изгнание демона Лапласа: хаос, антихаос, история и метаистория» (Shermer Michael. «Exorcising Laplace’s demon: Chaos and antichaos, history and metahistory». History and Theory, 34: 59-83, 1995). В этой же статье приводится список источников, документирующих триумф клавиатурной раскладки QWERTY, как, впрочем, и в «Распространении изобретений» Эверета Роджерса (Rogers Everett. Diffusion of Innovations. New York: Free Press, 1983). Рассказ очевидца о дорожной аварии в 1930 г., чуть был не стоившей жизни Гитлеру, можно найти в мемуарах Отто Вагенера, еще одного пассажира той же машины. Эти мемуары в сокращенном виде были изданы Генри Тернером-мл. под названием «Гитлер: воспоминания конфидента» (Turner Jr. Henry. Hitler: Memoirs of a Confidant. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1978). Предположения Тернера о том, что могло бы случиться, если бы Гитлер погиб в 1930 г., можно найти в главе «Влияние Гитлера на историю» в сборнике «История Германии: идеи, институты и лич��ости» (Turner Jr. Henry. Hitler’s impact on history. // German History: Ideas, Institutions, and Individuals / ed. David Wetzel. New York: Praeger, 1996). Среди многих работ, авторы которых уделяют особое внимание широкомасштабной проблематике истории, следует назвать «Герой в истории» Сиднея Хука (Hook Sidney. The Hero in History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1943), сборник «Теории истории» (Theories of History. / ed. Gardiner Patrick. New York: Free Press, 1959), «Цивилизация и капитализм» и «Труды по истории» Фернана Броделя (Braudel Fernand. Civilization and Capitalism. New York: Harper and Row, 1979; Braudel Fernand. On History. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), книги Питера Новика «Благородная мечта» (Novick Peter. That Noble Dream. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) и Генри Хобхауса «Силы перемен» (Hobhouse Henry. Forces of Change. London: Sedgewick and Jackson, 1989). В нескольких сочинениях биолога Эрнста Майра рассматриваются отличия между историческими и неисторическими науками, с особым вниманием к разнице между биологией и физикой, однако многое из сказанного Майром равно применимо к гуманитарной истории. С его взглядами на эту проблему можно ознакомиться в 25-й главе «Эволюции и разнообразия жизни» (Mayr Ernst. Evolution and the Diversity of Life. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976) и 1-й и 2-й главах работы «К новой философии биологии» (Mayr Ernst. Towards a New Philosophy of Biology. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988). Методы, которыми эпидемиологи устанавливают наличие причинно-следственных зависимостей в развитии человеческих заболеваний, не прибегая к лабораторным экспериментам над людьми, описываются в стандартных эпидемиологических учебниках, в частности в «Основах эпидемиологии» А.М. и Д.Э. Лилиенфелдов (Lilienfeld A.M., Lilienfeld D.E. Foundations of Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994). Роль естественных экспериментов рассматривается с точки зрения эколога в моей главе под названием «Обзор: лабораторные эксперименты, полевые эксперименты и естественные эксперименты» сборника «Экология сообществ» (Diamond Jared. Overview: Laboratory experiments, field experiments, and natural experiments. // Community Ecology. / eds. Diamond Jared, Case Ted. New York: Harper and Row; 1986). В книге Пола Харви и Марка Пейджела «Сравнительный метод в эволюционной биологии» (Harvey Paul, Pagel Mark. The Comparative Method in Evolutionary Biology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991) рассказывается о том, как ученые делают выводы на основе сопоставления разных видов. Послесловие 2003 года В следующих публикациях обобщаются открытия последней полудюжины лет, относящиеся к проблемам одомашнивания растений и животных, распространения языков и связи между распространением языков и производством продовольствия: в моей статье «Эволюция, последствия и будущее растительной и животной доместикации» (Diamond Jared. «Evolution, consequences and the future of plant and animal domestication». Nature, 418: 34-41, 2002), в моей статье в соавторстве с Питером Беллвудом «Первые аграрные экспансии: археология, языки и народы» (Diamond Jared, Bellwood Peter. «The first agricultural expansions: archaeology, languages, and people». Science, in press) и в книге Питера Беллвуда и Колина Ренфру «Исследование гипотезы языкового / земледельческого рассеяния» (Bellwood Peter, Renfrew Colin. Examining the Language / Farming Dispersal Hypothesis. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2002). В этих трех работах также перечислены конкретные источники последнего времени по соответствующим темам. Роли сельскохозяйственной экспансии в происхождении современного японского народа посвящена книга Марка Хадсона «Разрушенная идентичность: этногенез на Японских островах» (Hudson Mark. Ruins of Identity: Ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1999). Подробный рассказ о новозеландских Мушкетных войнах можно найти в книге Р.Д. Кросби «Мушкетные войны: история внутренних конфликтов между племенами иви в 1806-1845 гг.» (Crosby R.D. The Musket Wars: a History of Inter-Iwi Conflict 1806-1845. Auckland: Reed, 1999). Более сжатое изложение истории этих войн и рассказ об их месте в более широком историческом контексте даны Джеймсом Беличем в двух книгах: «Новозеландские войны и викторианская интерпретация межрасового конфликта» (James Belich. The New Zealand Wars and the Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict. Auckland: Penguin, 1986) и «Создание народов: история новозеландцев» (James Belich. Making Peoples: A History of the New Zealanders. Auckland: Penguin, 1996). Попытка выявить непосредственные причины разрыва в развитии между Европой и Китаем с социологической точки зрения предпринята в двух недавних публикациях: статье Джека Голдстоуна «Расцвет и экономический рост в мировой истории: переосмысливая причины “возвышения Запада” и проышленной революции» (Goldstone Jack. «Efflorescences and economic growth in world history: rethinking the “rise of the West” and the Industrial Revolution». Journal of World History, 13: 323-89, 2002) и книге Кеннета Померанца «Великий разрыв: Китай, Европа и становление современной мировой экономики» (Pomeranz Kenneth. The Great Divergence: China, Europe, and the Making of the Modern World Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000). Противоположный подход, направленный на выявление исходных причин, реализован в недавней статье Грэма Лэнга «Государственные системы и происхождение современной науки: сопоставление Европы и Китая» (Lang Graeme. «State systems and the origins of modern science: a comparison of Europe and China». East-West Dialog, 2: 16-30, 1997) и книге Давида Косандье «Загадка Востока» (Cosandey David. Le Secret de l’Occident. Paris: Arléa, 1997). Цитаты в эпилоге взяты из указанных статей Голдстоуна и Лэнга. Связь между экономическими показателями богатства и темпов роста современных государств с одной стороны и долгой традицией государственности или сельского хозяйства — с другой анализируется в двух статьях: «Биогеография и долгосрочное экономические развитие» Олы Олссона и Дагласа Хиббса (Olsson Ola, Hibbs Douglas. «Biogeography and long-term economic development». In press in European Economic Review ) и «Государства и рынки: преимущество раннего старта» Валери Бокстетт, Ариндама Чанды и Луиса Паттермана (Bockstette Valerie, Chanda Areendam, Putterman Louis. «States and markets: the advantage of an early start». Journal of Economic Growth, 7: 351-73, 2002).

#энциклопедии

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laresearchette · 2 years ago

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Monday, August 15,2022 Canadian TV Listings (Times Eastern)

WHERE CAN I FIND THOSE PREMIERES?: LEGACY: THE TRUE STORY OF THE L.A. LAKERS (Disney + Star)

WHAT IS NOT PREMIERING IN CANADA TONIGHT?: DELICIOUSNESS (Premiering on August 16 on MTV Canada at 8:00pm) INSIDE THE FACTORY (TBD - Smithsonian)

NEW TO AMAZON PRIME CANADA/CBC GEM/CRAVE TV/DISNEY + STAR/NETFLIX CANADA:

DISNEY + STAR LEGACY: THE TRUE STORY OF THE LA LAKERS (Season 1, two-episode premiere)

NETFLIX CANADA DEEPA & ANOOP WONDER WOMAN 1984

IIHF WORLD JUNIOR CHAMPIONSHIP (TSN3/TSN5) 2:00pm: Switzerland vs. Austria (TSN3/TSN5) 6:00pm: Canada vs. Finland (TSN3/TSN5) 10:00pm: Sweden vs. Germany

MLB BASEBALL (SN) 7:00pm: Orioles vs. Jays (SN1) 7:00pm: Rays vs. Yankees (SN Now) 9:30pm: Mariners vs. Angels

FLOODED TOMBS OF THE NILE (Nat Geo Canada) 8:00pm: Archaeologists dive into a flooded pyramid near the Nile to search for a king's burial that could reveal clues about the ancient kingdom of Kush.

KYLE BROWNRIGG: INTRODUCING LYLE (Crave) 9:00pm: Kyle Brownrigg takes the stage in this stand-up special where he laments gender reveal parties, talks about his Irish boyfriend, and introduces the world to his drunk persona, Lyle.

A CUT ABOVE (Discovery Canada) 10:00pm: The contestants make bowling balls and pins in addition to a new sculpture.

#cdntv #cancon #canadian tv #canadian tv listings #kyle brownrigg #a cut above #iihf world juniors #mlb baseball

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mdsc951 · 3 years ago

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Countless black children and teachers received high quality educations because of the determination of white abolitionist and educator Myrtilla Miner who established The Miner School for Colored Girls in 1851. After the Civil War, the school reopened as the Institution for the Education of Colored Youth in 1863 and from 1871 until 1876 it was associated with Howard University as the Miner Normal School. In 1929 it became accredited by the U.S. Congress as Miner Teachers College and today it survives as the University of the District of Columbia. In her interview for The HistoryMakers, educator Barbara Dodson Walker told of her mother, Naomi Althea Neal and how she then used her Minor Normal School education to educate others: “She went on to teach in the South. She went to North Carolina to Greensboro to teach... and then she taught at Lyles-Crouch School in Alexandria and she came back to Washington and she taught at Mrs. Howard's Nursery School which was a private nursery school where she taught grades one to three. When children came out of nursery school, they were just tops because they had one on one education.” Image: First graders from Miner Normal School, ca. 1910 (at Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture) https://www.instagram.com/p/CdZMwVVvJsm/?igshid=NGJjMDIxMWI=

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alexanderrogge · 6 years ago

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The 2018 Northern Virginia Astronomy Club Star Gaze at C.M. Crockett Park featured speakers Lyle Mars, Jim Zimbelman from the Smithsonian Air & Space Museum, and Jennifer Wiseman from the NASA Hubble Space Telescope along with some outdoor activities for children under a cloudy sky.

#Astronomy #NOVAC #StarGaze #Hubble #HST

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domuspopuli · 9 months ago

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happy late Valentine’s Day 😂

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slashingdisneypasta · 3 years ago

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Character List + Rules (Revised)

“It’s not a crime to love what you cannot explain.”

- Klaus Michaelson, The Vampire Diaries

Contents:

o Creepypastas

o Disney Villains

o Gotham Villains

o Miscellaneous Villains

o Slasher’s / Horror Villains

~~~

Key: So this should let you know which asks I would answer first! XD

(Priority No. 1 For me) Blue- Characters I really really want to write for more often and explore.

(Priority No. 2 For me) Green- Characters I always enjoy talking about/writing for.

(Priority No. 3 For me) Orange- Basically blue except a little less.

Black: Everyone else. I love them all but Blue, Green and Orange are my favourites ^^

Creepypasta

BEN Drowned

Bloody Painter / Helen Otis

Candy Cane

Candy Pop

Clockwork / Natalie Ouellette

Dark Link

Eyeless Jack

Grinny Cat

Hobo Heart

Hoodie / Brian

Jane the Killer / Jane Richardson

Jason the Toymaker

Jeff the Killer / Jeffry Woods

Kagekao

Laughing Jack

Laughing Jill

Masky / Tim

Nathan the Nobody / Nathan Lux

Nina the Killer / Nina Hopkins

Nurse Ann / Ann Lusen Mia

Offenderman

Puppeteer / Jonathan Blake

Sally Williams

Seadeater

Slenderman

Smile Dog

Sonic. Exe

Splenderman

Ticci Toby / Toby Erin Rogers

Trenderman

Zalgo

Disney and Dreamworks Villains

Alameda Slim || Home On The Range (2004)

Bill Cipher || Gravity Falls (2012)

Captain James Bartholomew Hook || Peter Pan (1953), Return To Neverland (2002)

Clayton || Tarzan (1999)

Charles F. Muntz || Up (2009)

Chick Hicks || Cars (2006)

Cruella DeVill || 101 Dalmatians (1961)

Don Karnage || Ducktales (2017)

Dr Facilier || The Princess And The Frog (2009)

Emperor Zurg || Toy Story Franchise (1995-2019)

Evil Queen Grimhilde || Snow White (1937)

Gaston || Beauty And The Beast (1991 or 2017)

Goob || Meet The Robinsons (2007)

Governor Ratcliff || Pocahontas (1993)

Hades || Hercules (1997)

Hans || Frozen (2013)

Henry J. Waternoose || Monsters Inc (2001)

Horned King || The Black Cauldron (1985)

Hopper || A Bug’s Life (1998)

Jafar || Aladdin (1992)

Judge Claude Frollo || The Hunchback Of Notre Dame (1996)

Judge Doom || Who Framed Roger Rabbit? (1988)

Lady Tremaine || Cinderella (1950), Cinderella II: Dreams Come True (2002), Cinderella III: A Twist in Time (2007)

Long John Silver || Treasure Planet (2002)

Lots-o-Huggin’ Bear || Toy Story 3 (2010)

Lyle Rourke || Atlantis: The Lost Empire (2001)

Maleficent || Sleeping Beauty (1959)

Mother Gothel || Tangled (2010)

Negaduck / Jim Starling || Ducktales (2017)

Oogie Boogie || The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)

Prince John || Robin Hood (1973)

Professor Ratigan || The Great House Detective (1986)

Queen Narissa || Enchanted (2007)

Queen of Hearts || Alice In Wonderland (1951 and 2010), Through The Looking Glass (2016)

Randall Boggs || Monster’s Inc (2001), Monster’s University (2013)

Scar || The Lion King (1994)

Shan Yu || Mulan (1998)

Shere Khan || The Jungle Book (1967 or 2016), The Jungle Book 2 (2003)

Stabbington Brothers (Sideburns and/or Patchy XD) || Tangled (2010)

Steelbeak || Ducktales (2017)

Sykes || Oliver & Company (1988)

Syndrome || Incredibles (2004)

Toon Patrol || Who Framed Roger Rabbit? (1988)

- Greasy

- Psycho

- Smartass

- Stupid

- Wheezy

Turbo/King Candy || Wreck It Ralph (2012)

Ursula || The Little Mermaid (1989)

Yzma || The Emperors New Groove (2000), Kronk’s New Groove (2005)

Gotham Villains (2014-2019)

Barbara Kean

Butch Gilzean / Cyrus Gold / Solomon Grundy

Headhunter / Wendell

Jerome Valeska

Mad Hatter / Jervis Tetch

Mr Freeze / Victor Fries

Penguin / Oswald Cobblepot

Professor Pyg / Lazlo Valentin

Riddler / Edward Nygma

Scarecrow / Jonathon Crane

Tabitha Galavan

Victor Zsasz

Miscellaneous / Anti-Hero’s

Al Capone || Night at the Museum: Battle Of The Smithsonian (2009)

(Dark) Alaric Saltzman || The Vampire Diaries (Season 3- 2012)

Alex Drake || Pretty Little Liars (2010-2017)

Beetlejuice || Beetlejuice (1988)

Black Hat || Villainous (2017)

Captain James Bartholomew Hook || Peter Pan (2003)

Catherine De Medici || Reign (2013-2017)

Cecil / CJ Fredericks || Night At The Museum (2006)

Classic Heavy / Cheavy || Team Fortress 2 (2011)

Charlotte Dilaurentis / Cece Drake || Pretty Little Liars (2010-2017)

Chris McLean || Total Drama (2005)

Damien Dalgaard || Gossip Girl (2007-2012)

Danny / Danial Dickens || Angels of Death (2018)

Detective Darren Wilden || Pretty Little Liars (2010-2017)

Deucalion || Teen Wolf (2011-2017)

Diana Payne || Gossip Girl (2007-2012)

Don Falcone || The Batman (2021)

Eddie / Edward Mason || Angels of Death (2018)

Eric || Divergent and Insurgent (2014-2015)

Eris || Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Sea’s (2003)

Gilderoy Lockheart || Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002)

Georgina Sparks || Gossip Girl (2007-2012)

Heather || Total Drama Island (2005)

Ian Esko || Zombie Strippers (2008)

Ivan The Terrible || Night At The Museum: Battle Of The Smithsonian (2009)

Jack Bass || Gossip Girl (2007-2012)

Jo || Total Drama; Revenge of The Island and All Stars (2012-2014)

Kahmunrah || Night At The Museum: Battle Of The Smithsonian (2009)

Katerina Petrova / Katherine Pierce || The Vampire Diaries (2009-2017)

Kurt Kelly || Heathers

Lucius Malfoy || Harry Potter franchise (2001-2011)

Mal (Mike) || Total Drama All Stars (2014)

Merle Dixon || The Walking Death (2010)

Mona Vanderwaal || Pretty Little Liars (2010-2017)

Napoleon Bonaparte || Night At The Museum: Battle Of The Smithsonian (2009)

Narcissa Malfoy || Harry Potter franchise (2001-2011)

Owen || The Walking Dead (2010)

Peter Hale || Teen Wolf (2011-2017) *Keep in mind I’m only on Season 5*

Peter Hayes || Divergent, Insurgent, Allegiant (2014-2016)

Ram Sweeney || Heathers

Rand Ridley || Inside Job (2021)

Rothbart || The Swan Princess (1994)

Rustyrose || Fairy Tail (2011-2016)

Severus Snape || Harry Potter franchise (2001-2011)

Scott || Total Drama; Revenge of The Island and All Stars (2012-2014)

Spike / William Pratt || Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997-2002)

Stephene Narcisse || Reign (2013-2017)

SQUIP / Super Quantum Unit Intel Processor || Be More Chill (2015)

Zancrow || Fairy Tail (2011-2016)

Ultear Milkovich || Fairy Tail (2011-2016)

Once Upon A Time Villains

The Blind Witch

Cruella De Vil

Evil Queen / Regina Mills

Hades

Maleficent

Prince James / James Nolan

Sir Gaston LeGume

Sydney Glass / Magic Mirror / Genie of Agrabah

Ursula

The Wicked Witch / Zelena Mills

Slashers / Horror Villains

Animal The Cannibal / Jeffrey Ramses || The Funhouse Massacre (2015)

Baby Firefly || The Devil’s Rejects (2003)

Billy Loomis || Scream (1996)

Bo Sinclair || House of Wax (2005)

Bubba Sawyer || The Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise (1974-1986)

Candyman / Daniel Robitaille || Candyman (1992)

Captain Spaulding || The Devil’s Rejects (2003)

Carrie White || Carrie (1976)

Chucky / Charles Lee Ray || Childs Play franchise (1988-2017)

Chop Top Sawyer || The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 (1986)

Drayton Sawyer || The Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise (1974-1986)

Debbie Loomis || Scream 2 (1997)

Dr Suave / Bradford Young || The Funhouse Massacre (2015)

Freddy Krueger || A Nightmare on Elm Street franchise (1984-2003)

Granny Boone || 2001 Maniacs (2005)

Harper Alexander || 2001 Maniacs (2005)

Inkubus || Inkubus (2011)

Jason Voorhees || Friday the 13th franchise (1980-2003)

Jedidiah Sawyer || Texas Chainsaw 3D (2013)

Jennifer Check || Jennifer’s Body (2009)

Jerry Dandridge || Fright Night (1985)

Jill Roberts || Scream 4 (2011)

Kieran Wilcox || MTV Scream (2015)

Leslie Vernon || Behind The Mask: Rise of Leslie Vernon(2006)

Lester Sinclair || House of Wax (2005)

Luda Mae Hewitt || The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003), The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning (2006) (REMAKE #1)

Max Grief || Roadman (2010)

Mayor Buckman || 2001 Maniacs (2005)

Mental Manny / Manuel Dyer || The Funhouse Massacre (2015)

Michael Myers || Halloween franchise (2007-2009) (REMAKE)

Mickey Altieri || Scream 2 (1997)

Midnight Man || The Midnight Man (2016)

Otis B Driftwood || The Devil’s Rejects (2003)

Pamela Voorhees || Friday the 13th franchise (1980-2003)

Patrick Bateman || American Psycho (2000)

Pennywise || It (1990)

Pennywise || It (2017)

Piper Shaw || MTV Scream (2015)

Rocco The Clown || The Funhouse Massacre (2015)

Roman Bridges || Scream 3 (2000)

Sheriff Hoyt / Charlie Hewitt || The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003), The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning (2006)

Stuart Lloyd || The Last Showing (2014)

Stu Macher || Scream (1996)

The Clown / Jeffry Hawk / Kenneth Chase || Dead By Daylight

The Deathslinger / Caleb Quinn || Dead By Daylight

The Djinn || Wishmaster (1997)

The Huntress / Anna || Dead By Daylight

The Man || Hush (2016)

The Taxidermist / Walter Harris || The Funhouse Massacre (2015)

Thomas Hewitt || The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (2003), The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning (2006) (REMAKE #1)

Vincent Sinclair || House of Wax (2005)

#Character List #Horror Villains #Slashers #Misc #Misc Villains #Night At The Museum 2 Villains #Disney Villains #Creepypasta

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anniekoh · 7 years ago

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national museum of african american history and culture

We went to the National Museum of African American History and Culture a few days ago. It’s been open since September 2016, and drawing such huge crowds that they instituted an online ticketing system (free entry, but you have to make reservations). As I’ve been on my archive kick for a while, I was intrigued by the process of creating a collection “from scratch” as the museum sought artifacts and documents that could evoke lives, commemorate events (Team USA warm-up suit worn by Tommie Smith at 1968 Olympics), and serve as entry points into centuries of resilience and resistance.

[Image: Flier for the Black Community Survival Conference]

I also was intrigued by the exhibition gallery Power of Place

In the Power of Place, visitors explore stories of place from across the wide expanse of the nation and the African American experience.

In the exhibition, visitors learn that place is about geography—but also about memory and imagination. People make places even as places change people. Places are secured by individual and collective struggle and spirit. Place is about movement and migration and dis-placement.

The Defender: Making a Black Metropolis in Chicago, Illinois a place story of the great migration and the black press

Mae Reeves’s Millinery, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, a place story of creativity, community and entrepreneurship

Angola, The Louisiana State Penitentiary, a place story of the plantation prison system in the Deep South

Family, Farms and Land in Lyles Station, Indiana, a place story of free black pioneers and farmers in the Midwest

Black Routes West, place stories from the long black presence in the American West

Oak Bluffs, a place story of African American leisure in Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts

Riot and Resilience in Tulsa, Oklahoma a place story of a race riot’s enduring legacies

Rice Fields in the Low Country of South Carolina a place story about enslavement and the transformation of an American landscape

H.C. Anderson’s Greenville, MS, an insider’s photographic portrait of black Mississippi during segregation

Park Jam, a place story of the birth of Hip Hop in the Bronx, New York

[Photo: Jill Freedman, Resurrection City, Poor Peoples Campaign, Washington, D.C., 1968.]

The museum also organized a #CityOfHope1968 exhibition for a Smithsonian sister museum, the National Museum of American History, that opened earlier this month on December 15th.

Resurrection City & the 1968 Poor People's Campaign

In 1968, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference launched The Poor People's Campaign — a national, multiethnic, multicultural movement to demand equal access to economic opportunities and security for all people. Although President Lyndon B. Johnson had declared a “war on poverty” in 1964, social inequalities and unequal access to opportunities left many Americans struggling.

In response, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, led by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and Ralph David Abernathy, organized a Poor People’s Campaign to confront poverty as a national human rights issue. As a multiethnic movement, the six-week, live-in demonstration in Washington, D.C., attracted protesters nationwide to mark a new era in American history.

Mobilizing Communities - The nationwide tour to recruit participants to campaign for an “Economic Bill of Rights.”

Life at Resurrection City - Creating communal spaces was key to helping protesters develop a shared sense of purpose.

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Other resources that I had queued up following the Charlottesville neo-Nazi rally.

Facing History is here to help. Our teaching resources on the era of U.S. Reconstruction and its aftermath provide tools that link history to the events happening now. And our newly revised core resource, Holocaust and Human Behavior, gives powerful context to the resurgence of Nazi-era references, while also giving perspectives that allow students to avoid facile and false equivalencies and deepen their critical thinking.

The Zinn Education Project promotes and supports the teaching of people’s history in middle and high school classrooms across the country. Based on the lens of history highlighted in Howard Zinn’s best-selling book A People’s History of the United States, the website offers free, downloadable lessons and articles organized by theme, time period, and reading level. The Zinn Education Project is coordinated by two non-profit organizations, Rethinking Schools and Teaching for Change.

California’s new public school history standards reflect state’s diversity

#american history #archives #african american studies #black history

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onett199x · 8 years ago

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Pat Metheny | Bright Size Life

Pat Metheny’s debut album as bandleader came out on ECM in 1976 with bassist Jaco Pastorius and drummer Bob Moses. Even on his debut album, Pat Metheny had star power - the title track of this album was chosen for the Smithsonian’s anthology of jazz music, and Metheny had already made a name for himself with artists like Gary Burton (who wrote the liner notes to this album). For his debut, Metheny performs a set of mostly originals with one Ornette Coleman cover (an artist he would frequently pay tribute to and eventually perform alongside). Metheny’s originals pay tribute to his home in the American Heartland, with titles like Missouri Uncompromised, Midwestern Night’s Dream, and Omaha Celebration. While he isn’t yet with longtime collaborator Lyle Mays here, the Metheny sound is already distinct and individual. I don’t personally think this album stands out quite as much as some of his later recordings, but it’s a rare opportunity to hear him with Jaco Pastorius, who works together with him very well.

#pat metheny #jaco pastorius #bob moses #jazz #guitar #ecm #music #now playing

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placetobenation · 4 years ago

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Atlantis: The Lost Empire

Release Date: June 3rd, 2001 (released June 15th nationwide)

Inspiration: The legend of the lost city of Atlantis

Budget: $90-120 million

Domestic Gross: $84 million

Worldwide Gross: $186 million

Rotten Tomatoes Score: 49%

IMDB Score: 6.9/10

Storyline (per IMDB): 1914: Milo Thatch, grandson of the great Thaddeus Thatch works in the boiler room of a museum. He knows that Atlantis was real, and he can get there if he has the mysterious Shephards journal, which can guide him to Atlantis. But he needs someone to fund a voyage. His employer thinks he’s dotty, and refuses to fund any crazy idea. He returns home to his apartment and finds a woman there. She takes him to Preston B. Whitmore, an old friend of his Grandfathers. He gives him the shepherds journal, a submarine and a 5 star crew. They travel through the Atlantic ocean, face a large lobster called the Leviathan, and finally get to Atlantis. But does the Atlantis crew have a lust for discovery, or something else?

Pre-Watching Thoughts: We continue on through the 2000s with a film that I believe has slipped through the cracks and I wouldn’t be surprised if anyone actually remembers that this film exists. However, there are some that do believe that this is film is slightly underrated and that it doesn’t get the credit that it deserves, and I will be the judge of that as I have never seen it before and am hoping that it pleasantly surprises me.

Voice Cast: After the last film which had probably one of the biggest casts of any of the Disney films, we go back to having a moderately sized cast though it does consist mostly of newcomers. We did have a few returning actors as well as we have the return of David Ogden Stiers who voices Fenton Q. Harcourt in a minor role and Corey Burton who voices Gaetan “Mole” Moliere in a memorable role. We now move onto the newcomers as we have star Michael J. Fox who voices Milo Thatch as he was hitting the peak of his career by this point, and then we have James Garner who voices Commander Lyle Rourke as he was nearing the end of his career. We then have Cree Summer who voices Princess Kida as well as her mother though she is better remembered for voicing Kida, and I will of course all give a mention to Natalie Storm who voices Kida as a child. Next, we have Don Novello who voices Vinny Santorini and in a fun note, all of his dialogue was improvised which is pretty impressive, and then we have Phil Morris who voices Joshua Sweet as he was in the prime of his career at this point. We then have Claudia Christian who voices Helga Sinclair in one of her only animated film roles, and then we have Jacqueline Obradors who voices Audrey Ramirez though she was more known at this time for being on numerous TV shows. Next, we have Florence Stanley who voices Wilhelmina Packard in what would be one of her final roles, and then we have John Mahoney who voices Preston Whitmore as he was starting to wind down his career by this point. We then have, Jim Varney who voices Jebidiah Farnsworth in his final film role as he sadly passed away a year before the film released, and finally we have the legendary Leonard Nimoy who voices King Nedakh though he will forever be known to the world as Mr. Spock of “Star Trek”. It is always interesting seeing a mix of actors who mainly work in film with those that are better known for their TV careers, but they usually mix very well and help bring these characters to life.

Hero/Prince: We have a very unique hero to talk about here as he seems like a nobody that everyone thinks they can step on, but he is a lot more than what he appears to be and that is Milo James Thatcher. He is the grandson of a famous explorer and he firmly believes that Atlantis is real, but no one takes him seriously as he is left doing minimum work at the Smithsonian including linguistics and cartography. He is summoned by Preston Whitmore who reveals that Milo’s grandfather found the Shepherd’s Journal and is asked to join an expedition to find Atlantis, and the expedition would eventually make its way through a volcano and reaches Atlantis though Milo is still treated like dirt by Rourke and his mercenaries. Milo meets Princess Kida and she learns that he can speak Atlantean so she has him decipher old writings long forgotten, and they find their way to the Heart of Atlantis only for Rourke to turn on Milo and they capture Kida who has merged with the crystal. Milo is tasked by the King to save Kida and the crew turn on Rourke by siding with Milo, and with the help of the Atlanteans they defeat Rourke and his crew while recovering Kida and escape the volcano which awakens. Kida is separated from the crystal and Atlantis is saved as the crew return to the surface while Milo stays in Atlantis to be with Kida. Milo is a classic example of someone who is extremely passionate about his love and desire to fulfill his family’s legacy, but he is ridiculed by people who believe he is simply chasing a fairy tale and no one takes him seriously until they do find Atlantis. He has plenty of traits that make him endearing to people which leads to the crew joining his side to save Atlantis, and he elects to stay in Atlantis and help the people there so while he might not rank too high amongst the other princes and heroes, he is a fine hero for this film.

Princess: On the surface, it first seemed like this film would not have a princess in it, but surprisingly enough it does and that is Princess Kidagakash Nedakh or Kida for short as we first meet her as a child when a tidal wave threatens Atlantis. Her mother is consumed by the Heart of Atlantis which creates a dome around the city to protect it from the water, but in the process it is sunk to the bottom of the ocean and becomes legend as well as just a myth. We meet her again when Milo and the crew arrive at Atlantis and she befriends Milo as they tell each other about their different cultures, but when Rourke betrays them she is forced to lead them to the Heart of Atlantis where she becomes merged with the crystal. They kidnap her and intend to sell it though they are stopped by Milo and the crew, and they return her to the city where she creates a shield to protect the city from the lava of the volcano. She is restored and becomes the new Queen of Atlantis as Milo stays with her as they rebuild the city. Kida reminds me a lot of Princess Eilonwy from “The Black Cauldron” though I believe she is more important than Eilonwy because we see her in her kingdom and she is a central figure of the story, and while she is fine in the film she will more than likely not rank too highly when compared to the other princesses in the canon.

Villain: You would think for a film like this that we would have a pretty unique villain to talk about and to really stand out amongst some of the other villains, but we instead have a fairly generic villain and that is Commander Lyle Tiberius Rourke. He leads the first expedition to retrieve the Shepherd’s Journal and then he leads the expedition to Atlantis, and he looks down on Milo and makes it seem that he is generally interested in finding Atlantis. In reality, he reveals that he intends to capture the Heart of Atlantis and sell it to the highest bidder, and after Kida is consumed by the crystal he has her locked up and they head towards the volcano though the crew leave his side and join Milo. Milo, the crew, and the Atlanteans attack Rourke and the mercenaries as they attempt to escape the volcano, and Rourke easily overpowers Milo who then slashes him with a shard of the crystal which turns Rourke into a stone and he is destroyed by a propeller. As mentioned, Rourke is pretty much as basic a villain that you can get as he is solely motivated by money and will do anything to get what he wants, and at this point you need more to help you stand out amongst the other villains in the canon so he will most likely not rank very high.

Other Characters: So much like the last film, we do see a lot of characters throughout the course of this film but we only have a handful of them to talk about as most of them play a pivotal role in the film. First, we have the King of Atlantis Kashekim Nedakh who is ruling when Atlantis sinks to the bottom of the sea, and he is weary of Milo and the crew when they arrive though Kida warms up to Milo and his friends, but when Rourke betrays them he mortally wounds the King to find the Heart of Atlantis and the King entrusts Milo to save Kida and Atlantis before passing away. We then have millionaire Preston B. Whitmore who finances the expedition to Atlantis to repay a favor to Milo’s grandfather, and when the crew returns and lies about what really happened he is skeptical until he reads a note from Milo that convinces him that Milo is ok and that Atlantis is real. Next, we have Helga Sinclair who is Rourke’s lieutenant and second-in-command as she is just as greedy as Rourke is and stands by his side for the most part, but in the Rourke attempts to sacrifice her to escape the volcano though she survives long enough to bring his aircraft down before succumbing to her injuries. We then have the rest of the crew which includes demolitions expert Vinny Santorini, Dr. Joshua Sweet, mechanic Audrey Ramirez, radio operator Wilhelmina Packard, chef Jebidiah “Cookie” Fansworth, and geologist Gaetan “Mole” Moliere. They are initially cold to Milo though they end up befriending him as they tell him their personal goals, and they at first side with Rourke due to the money they might receive though they ultimately turn on Rourke and stand with Milo. They help him defeat Rourke and his mercenaries while also saving Kida as well as Atlantis, and they return to the surface with a large amount of treasure to fund their goals though they tell Whitmore that Milo, Rourke, and the others went missing. Finally, we have Fenton Q. Harcourt who works on the board of the Smithsonian Institute and he dismisses Milo’s claims that Atlantis is real though we don’t see him after denying Milo the funds needed to do an expedition. It’s never a problem when there aren’t a lot of characters as it puts more focus on the main ones and helps move the film along, and having big groups in the background helps fill out the scene.

Songs: N/A

Plot: Going into this film, I’m sure that many were familiar with the story of Atlantis and there were some that believed that it was a real place that had been swallowed up by the sea, and while to this day it still hasn’t been proved if Atlantis existed or not it is interesting to see if still be considered a real place. Having said that, you knew that if anyone could make a story about Atlantis and the finding of it, it would be Disney and that’s what we get here as the film starts with the city being swallowed up by the sea thanks to a tidal wave. Thousands of years later, linguistic teacher Milo is ridiculed for his belief that Atlantis was real and a friend of his grandfather finances an expedition. Joined by Rourke and a full crew, they traverse the sea and an underground dormant volcano where they finally find the hidden city, and they are welcomed by the princess of the city Kida though her father the King is skeptical of them. Milo befriends Kida and she shows him the ways of the city until they are betrayed by Rourke who desires the Heart of Atlantis which he plans to sell and become rich, and Kida leads them to the Heart where she is encapsulated by the crystal. Rourke imprisons her and leaves for the surface though the crew sides with Milo who is tasked by the dying King to save Kida and Atlantis, and Milo is joined by the crew and the Atlanteans as they battle Rourke and his mercenaries. Rourke is turned into a stone after being slashed by the crystal and he is chopped to pieces as the rest of the mercenaries are defeated, and they bring Kida back to Atlantis as the volcano comes to life and erupts. Kida creates a barrier that protects the city from the lava and she is restored to her old self, and she is crowned Queen as Milo stays by her side and the rest of the crew return to the surface. It is fairly obvious that we have seen this storyline done many other times in other films and I wouldn’t be surprised if there was a film like this set in Atlantis in a live-action setting, and while it would’ve been nice to do something different it never hurts to do something familiar as long as it’s done right.

Random Watching Thoughts: I do like how they incorporate the logo into whatever the background is; “…in a single day and night of misfortune, the island of Atlantis disappeared into the depths of the sea.” – Plato, 360 B.C.; Looks like something landed on Earth to cause that large of a tidal wave; It will forever be a mystery as to how Atlantis was able to be so technologically advanced in the time when it disappeared; In a fun fact, Disney brought in Marc Okrand to create the Atlantean language due to his creating of the Klingon language for “Star Trek”; If she had just let Kida go get her bear, she probably wouldn’t have been captured by the light; It was clear they were very ill-prepared for something like this as a lot of people wound up dying due to being left out; We never do learn when exactly in 1914 the film took place because of how casual everyone was being, it means that World War I must not have started yet; In another fun fact, Michael J. Fox was also offered a chance to be in the film “Titan A.E.” and he let his son choose which film he did and that’s why he’s in this film; The way Milo had things set up, you really thought he was talking to actual people and not just dummies; That is quite the mistranslation to get Ireland and Iceland mixed up; That was perfect how the chalk ended up on his vest without getting any smudges; He kept the hat all this time and went as far as to make a shrine out of it; They move his meeting up on such late notice and they act surprised that he didn’t show up on time; Did he really think he could hide behind that small plant and not be seen?; He either didn’t care that Milo was quitting or he just assumed he was bluffing; Helga laying the sex appeal on strong to draw Milo to her; She never bothers to put her shoulder strap back on her shoulder; Whitmore able to do all those yoga poses even at his age; So if his grandfather had the journal the whole time, why was it never revealed at any point?; Whitmore sounded like Milo’s grandfather was crazy though he genuinely cared about him and wants to see his reputation restored; Whitmore really went the extra mile to make sure Milo was taken care of; “Our lives are remembered by the gifts we leave our children”; He says he’s so excited he can barely hold it in, and then he literally can’t hold it in on the ship; We’ve all had that moment where we got sick and see something that we don’t remember eating; Motor Poo; The four food groups according to Cookie: Beans, Bacon, Whiskey, and Lard; Only a demolitionist would consider items like dynamite and gunpowder as office supplies; I get that Whitmore is a millionaire, but still how much money was he able to spend in 1914?; Mole literally brings patches of dirt from around the world with him on any expedition; Mole’s archenemy, a bar of soap; That picture of Milo on the beach could certainly scare away even the toughest Navy man; I can’t say that I even remember the Bible mentioning a creature called the Leviathan; Clearly, they aren’t the first ones to attempt to find Atlantis; They realize it is a giant lobster attacking them and Rourke wants him dead so he can eat him; They are under attack and all Packard wants to do is read a magazine; All that work to build that huge submarine and it gets destroyed before they even get to Atlantis; Clearly Milo has never driven a stick shift before; How many trucks were they able to fit on that tiny ship?; He was so confident they had to go left only for that monster to force them back; I would think if Milo drank nitroglycerin, he would’ve died immediately; I think it would be best to ask how all of this was able to survive under water and how close they were to the core of the Earth; So Milo’s knowledge of boilers actually comes in handy; Milo should’ve suspected something was up when everyone pretty much admitted they were in it for the money; Audrey’s dad jinxed himself asking for sons only to get two daughters instead; Literal fireflies; Even though the volcano is dormant, it’s still probably not a good idea to fire off a flare in it; Classic example of foreshadowing with the volcano; Atlantis feels like a whole other world hidden deep in the Earth; If they smell fear just by looking at you, why would you be quiet?; I can only imagine how long it took the cast to have to learn a made up language; I don’t know what Mole said to Kida, but it sounds like he deserved to get punched in the face; It’s amazing that those trucks were able to get across that rickety bridge; It is a bit fitting that not only did they have the man who created the Klingon language involved in the film, but that they also got Mr. Spock himself to be in the film; Clearly Kida’s father is content where his people are and Kida wants to bring them back to their former glory; Mole so desperately wanted to get close to Kida and was upset when he wasn’t picked; So Milo is a scholar because of his lackluster physique and large forehead according to Kida; So it seems like the Atlanteans are very similar to the Greeks in that they had multiple Gods; Kida looks great for being 8,500 years old; Milo knows more Atlantean than Kida who is an actual Atlantean; Yeah, I think that can go really fast; Kidagakash is quite the mouthful, it’s a good thing most just know her as Kida; You know Milo is thinking that his grandfather should be here with him to see this; So Cookie was off because by 1914, there were 48 states and not 38; So they’ve been in Atlantis for a while and know the air is not toxic, yet they put on gas masks anyway; So they have an underwater cavern under the ocean; They swam quite a long way and Milo was able to hold his breath for a long time; Considering that Plato is a famous philosopher and wrote a lot about Atlantis, you would think people would take it more seriously and not consider it a legend; Considering Milo knew that there was a missing page and that Rourke led the expedition to find the journal, you’d think he would put two and two together that maybe he had a hand in the page missing; Adventure Capitalist; Of course Rourke wouldn’t count to 10 fully before pulling the trigger; Clearly, these people are so driven by money that they don’t care if they start a World War; Milo knew exactly what she was saying, but lied to Rourke by saying he wasn’t sure; The crystal knows it’s in trouble so it merges with Kida to protect itself though it ends up causing trouble; Milo basically causes everyone to feel guilty for putting money over their morals; Packard says that they are going to die yet she still leaves and sides with Milo; What was P.T. Barnum right about?; The King foolishly thought he could use the crystal as a weapon and paid the price for it; As the old saying goes, “Those who forget history are condemned to repeat it”; If Rourke did end up selling the crystal to Germany, who knows how World War I would’ve turned out; So a tuna is sporty to Vinny; A little premature of Rourke to declare victory when he hasn’t gotten out of the volcano yet; How often do you see a dogfight in the base of a volcano; The saw can cut through a femur in 28 seconds, but we’re talking about chains here and not bones; Boy, Rourke wasted no time in throwing Helga away like she was nothing; She was able to survive that long fall just enough to shoot the balloon down; So he was turned to stone yet somehow came back to life only to be broken to bits by the propeller; Remember the foreshadowing from Mole earlier, well sure enough the volcano has become active once again; I don’t think Milo should be able to walk on a cracking ground that is about to erupt in just simple shoes without burning himself; So apparently she can summon giant beings to create a barrier to protect them from the lava; This reminds me of Legend of Zelda: Majora’s Mask where the four giant creatures are able to keep the moon from crashing down and destroying the world; So the barrier not only protected them, but cooled down the lava quick enough to make it break apart; Considering what she just went through, you’d think Kida would either be much weaker than she is; Where did all that treasure come from?; So all this time, they were able to get pictures yet not once did we see anyone with a camera; They all cleaned up well; Did Whitmore know they were lying before he opened the package and received the crystal, or was he in it all along and was just having them go over the alibi?; Milo quickly integrated himself into being an Atlantean really quickly; Even though there were no songs in the film, I will make mention of the single from the soundtrack we hear during credits “Where the Dream Takes You” performed by Mya.

Overall Thoughts: Overall, this was a perfectly fine film that wasn’t anything really special, but it wasn’t the worst thing in the world either as it was in essence just average. Having never seen any of the films in this stretch, I have heard that they are considered by many amongst the worst in the canon and I always like to be very optimistic before I watch them. But to be honest, these last few films have not done much to change the perception that I had going in which is upsetting given how much the films from the 1990s were extremely enjoyable. I can hope that it does get a bit better going forward and that something from this decade ends up being better than expected and perhaps that will start with the next film. As for this film, it is about as average as you can get and that is pretty much all I can say about it.

Final Grade: 5.5/10

#IFTTT #Place to Be Nation

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