#low rpm permanent magnet alternator

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Low Rpm Permanent Magnet Alternator

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Low RPM alternator

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Induction Motor Slot Pole Combinations

Induction Motor Slot Pole Combinations Diagram

Induction Motor Slot Pole Combinations List

Induction Motor Slot Pole Combinations Generator

Induction Motor Slot Pole Combinations Chart

The electromechanical characteristics of induction motors depend on the used stator and rotor slot combination. The correlation between the usage of different stator and rotor slot number combinations, magnetic flux density distributions, no-load iron losses and rated load winding over-temperatures for a specific induction motor is presented. Modulation motor is the world’s most innovative AC induction motor.Although it is basically a single-winding, two-speed squirrel cage motor, the PAM motor features one outstanding characteristic that makes it versatile in application and efficient in operation, especially where less than peak load operation is desired: the PAM motor does not. Hi There, I'm in the process of trying to design a 36 pole induction motor for one of our test beds in the factory. It'll be used to test a range of winches that we manufacture and by controlling this motor through a VSD we can perform certain tests without the primary gear box that gets fitted to the completed unit. Higher pole numbers. It is possible to find high winding factors by varying the slot pitch as studied in 2 or alternatively by finding a good combination between slot and pole numbers. This second approach is more challenging because of the high number of possible combinations when the pole number is high. It is investigated in this study.

There are many much more interesting questions related to the pole number of induction motors, e.g.: 1. Does the induction motor supplied by the main grid (say, 50 Hz) increases its torque capability in 'p' times with growing pole number 'p' since its speed decreases in 'p' time (like in a gearbox)? 2. Let's we have an induction motor with p=2 and feed it from 50 Hz grid. Then we re-connect the winding coils to arrange p=4 and feed if grow 100 Hz grid. Are performances of these two motors different or the same? Please note excluding frequency and inter-coil connections all remained the same. It depends on the required speed. n (rpm) = (60 x f) / N where:- f = frequency and N = number of pole pairs. The 60 is there to convert from revolutions per second to revolutions per minute as the frequency is in cycles per second. Pole pairs is there because that any pole must be constructed in a pairs top and bottom / left right, so with one cycle it will move half the distance. If you are using 50Hz and have a two pole motor 60 x 50 / 1 = 3000 rpm. The induction motor will run at a slight less speed due to 'slip' which is what gives the motor its torque. For example 5.5kW, 400v, 2 pole motor will run at approximately 2880 rpm. For a four pole machine, 60 x 50 / 2 = 1500 rpm so the same size motor at 5.5kW, 400v but 4 poles will have a nominal speed of 1500rpm but will run near 1455 rpm. When selecting a three phase motor, the number of poles is chosen to achieve the speed of rotation that you require. Here are two tables, one for a 50 Hz power supply and one for a 60 Hz power supply: The formula is n = 60 x f /p where n = synchronous speed; f = supply frequency & p = pairs of poles per phase. The actual running speed is the synchronous speed minus the slip speed. For a 50 Hz three phase supply:

2 poles or 1 pair of poles = 3,000 RPM (minus the slip speed = about 2,750 RPM or 6 -7% n) 4 poles or 2 pairs of poles = 1,500 RPM 6 poles or 3 pairs of poles = 1,000 RPM 8 poles or 4 pairs of poles = 750 RPM 10 poles or 5 pairs of poles = 600 RPM 12 poles or 6 pairs of poles = 500 RPM 16 poles or 8 pairs of poles = 375 RPM

For a 60 Hz three phase supply:

2 poles or 1 pair of poles = 3,600 RPM (minus the slip speed = about 2,750 RPM or 6 -7% n) 4 poles or 2 pairs of poles = 1,800 RPM 6 poles or 3 pairs of poles = 1,200 RPM 8 poles or 4 pairs of poles = 900 RPM 10 poles or 5 pairs of poles = 720 RPM 12 poles or 6 pairs of poles = 600 RPM 16 poles or 8 pairs of poles = 450 RPM

To determine the number of poles, you can read the data plate directly or calculate it from the RPM stated on the data plate or you can count the coils and divide by 3 (poles per phase) or by 6 (pairs of poles per phase). Where the power of the induction motor is constant, the torque increases at the rate that the speed decreases. With the advent of variable frequency drive (VFD), you can have any frequency / rated volts you desire. I often see name plates with things like 575VAC, 42.5 Hz etc. When these 'specials' are made I usually see 6 pole machines - but that may be just a manufacturer's preference.

Introduction

This article reviews the techniques to mitigate noise and vibrations due to magnetic forces in electrical machines (electromagnetically-excited noise and vibrations) based on EOMYS ENGINEERING consulting experience. The content of this article is taken from EOMYS technical trainings on electric motor NVH.

Noise and vibration control techniques of e-motors can be classified in three types:

reduction of the structural response independently of the electromagnetic excitations

reduction of the electromagnetic excitations independently of the structural response

reduction of the number of resonances occuring between electromagnetic excitations and structural modes

The most efficient acoustic noise mitigation techniques are based on the cancellation of the harmonic electromagnetic excitations responsible for vibration and noise.

All these noise control techniques can be applied at early electromagnetic design stage using MANATEE software for the fast calculation of noise and vibrations in electric motors.

Choice of the topology

There is no unique choice for a low noise & vibration machine, but some topologies are more challenging in terms of NVH. This also depends on the application constraints (e.g. power density, fixed speed or variable speed application).

Outer rotor topologies (also called outrunner motor if it is a brushless DC motor) can lead to higher noise & vibration due to rotor yoke lower stiffness compared to an outer stator topology. Fractional-slot winding or more particularly concentrated or tooth winding might lead to higher acoustic noise & vibrations compared to integral distributed winding due a higher number of wavenumbers in the armature field and the possible presence of subharmonics.

The best armature winding is the one creating the most sinusoidal mmf, so the double-layer, shorted-pitch, distributed integral winding. For permament magnet rotors, the best magnet architecture is also the one creating the most sinusoidal rotor mmf, so either Hallbach configuration for surface magnets, or multi-barriers V-shape interior magnets with bread-loaf pole shapes (also called sinusoidal field poles).

MANATEE software can be used to calculate the NVH behaviour of all types of radial flux electric machines, including interior (buried), inset and surface permanent magnet synchronous machines, squirrel cage induction machines, outer rotor and inner rotor electrical machines.New topologies can be easily implemented upon request.

Machine SPMSM_015 Topology

Asymmetries

An electric machine designed to have low harmonic distortion rate magnetomotive forces (e.g. an IPMSM with double-layer shorted-pitch distributed-winding, and V-shaped magnets) can reveal noisy due to manufacturing & assembly tolerances which introduce asymmetries.

Static and dynamic eccentricities increase the spectral density (wavenumbers & frequencies) of harmonic magnetic forces.

Mass & stiffness asymetries (and low number of teeth, introducing discrete distribution of stiffness along yoke) increase the modal density and number of resonances at variable speed.

Uneven airgap modulates magnetic forces and increases the number of different force wavenumbers, increasing the number of structural resonances.

Effect of asymmetries on electromagnetically-excited noise using MANATEE software (left: no asymmetry, right: with asymmetries)

To lower noise and vibrations the machine should be magnetically and geometrically symmetrical:

low tolerance on eccentricities and misalignments

low tolerance on lamination roundness

low tolerance on magnet magnetization dispersion

low tolerance on magnet position in slots

MANATEE software can consider the NVH effect of radial and conical eccentricities, as well as uneven airgap, demagnetization, and pole displacement.

Choice of the pole / slot / phase numbers

Generalities

Increasing the number of slot per pole per phase reduces the harmonic density of airgap flux and resulting magnetic forces.

Increasing the number of pole pairs gives a lower electromagnetic yoke height, thus higher vibration & noise. However, the lowest force wavenumber is also given by the Greatest Common Divider between stator slot and pole numbers in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines: increasing p also potentially increases GCD(Zs,2p), resulting in lower electromagnetic vibrations.

These examples show that changing the slot/pole/phase combination involves different electromagnetic and vibro-acoustic opposite effects, so numerical simulation with MANATEE software is advised.

Induction Motor Slot Pole Combinations Diagram

Case of induction machines

The number of rotor slots Zr is a key design parameter as it influences both wavenumbers and frequencies of Maxwell harmonic forces. Pole/slot interactions in induction machines create exciting forces at multiples of the rotor slot passing frequency.

Some empirical rules to choose the slot / pole combination are given in many electrical engineering books such as (1-5). However these rules are continuous, they do not reflect correctly the discrete nature of harmonic force wave and do not account for the stator natural frequencies nor the speed range of the machine. The use of such empirical rules should be avoided and numerical simulation is advised for instance with MANATEE software. An example of the discrete evolution of electromagnetically-excited noise with rotor slot number is given in this tutorial.

Effect of the rotor bar number on the maximum sound level emitted by a variable-speed induction motor (MANATEE software output)

When both stator slot and rotor slot numbers Zs & Zr are even integers, Maxwell force harmonics only contain even force wavenumbers for integral windings, thus avoiding Unbalance Magnetic Pull.

The number of rotor and stator slots should never be equal, otherwise strong pulsating radial and tangential force waves appear in the machine, creating high air-borne noise the stator breathing mode and potentially high structure-borne noise due to torque ripple.

Contrary to Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines where some global rules on slot / pole combination can be relevant, the case of induction machines is more complex. Ideally one should avoid the presence of high magnitude (due to first rank of permeance), 'low' wavenumber so in particular one should avoid

(Zr-Zs|=0, 2 or 4

|Zr-Zs-2p|=0, 2 or 4

|Zr-Zs+2p|=0, 2 or 4

Relying only these rules of thumbs for the design of an electric machine is suboptimal and risky. Again variable speed calculation of electromagnetically-excited noise is advised using MANATEE software.

Case of synchronous machines

When stator slot is an even integers, Maxwell force harmonics only contain even force wavenumbers for integral windings, thus avoiding Unbalance Magnetic Pull. More precisely UMP only exists if |Zs-2p|=1.

Maximization of LCM(Zs,2p) increases the frequency of open-circuit pulsating (wavenumber r=0) radial and tangential force harmonics (in particular cogging torque and average radial force).

Minimization of GCD(Zs,2p) reduces the magnitude of open-circuit pulsating (wavenumber r=0) radial and tangential force harmonics (in particular cogging torque and average radial force).

Maximization of GCD(Zs,2p) increases the non-zero wavenumbers of open-circuit (and probably also partial load) magnetic forces, thus potentially reducing noise and vibration levels.

Simiarly to induction machines, one should avoid the presence of high magnitude (due to first rank of permeance), 'low' wavenumber so in particular one should avoid

(2p-Zs|=0, 2

The 12s10p PMSM machine is known to be prone to high vibration and noise because |2p-Zs|=2: in open-circuit and under commutation, many force harmonics have a wavenumber 2 and can resonate with the stator elliptical mode.

As you can see some of these rules of thumb are contradictory and changing the slot number also changes the magnitude of permeance harmonics, so full NVH variable speed simulation is recommended with MANATEE software.

Choice of the winding

The ideal winding gives a sinusoidal mmf, it has an infinite number of phases ( no « belt harmonics »), an infinite number of slots (no « slot harmonics » or preferably no « step harmonics ») or no slot at all ('airgap winding').

To avoid Unbalanced Magnetic Pull the winding-induced mmf should never have two harmonics separated of 1.

Concentrated winding / tooth-winding / fractional winding have the largest mmf distortion factor, however if properly designed they do not generate noise & vibrations.

Shorted-pitch distributed windings gives the smoothest magnetomotive force.Short-pitching or chording technique consists in having several winding layers and shifting the winding pattern in each layer. The chording cannot reduce the largest mmf step harmonics at Zs-p and Zs+p space harmonics.The coil pitch Y (in slots, between 0 and Zs/(2p)-1) can be chosen as (5/6) Zs/(2p) to reduce the stator mmf space harmonics 5p and 7p.

This MANATEE software tutorial explores the effect of short pitch on magnetic noise of an induction motor.

Example of an AC winding distribution (MANATEE output)

All winding types can be modelled in MANATEE software, using automated winding algorithms, winding connection matrix or Koil winding freeware. Dedicated post-processing allow to analyze the armature field harmonic content are available (see for instance plot_smmf_space).

Skewing

Skewing consists in rotating a 2D slice of the electrical machine along its rotation axis in order to smoothen the average field and cancel out some specific harmonics. Skewing can be applied to stator, rotor or both.

Stator skew is generally linear, and rotor skew depends on machine topology (linear for squirrel cages, stepped-skew or linear for permanent magnets).

Skewing can cancel a given force harmonics when considering its average longitudinal value (DC component). However, it also introduces an axial magnetic force variation and can therefore excite longitudinal structural modes of the stator and rotor structures. It can also create an additional axial thrust.

The skewing angle and the part to be skewed (rotor or stator) depends on the magnetic force harmonic to be cancelled.

The best skewing angle might be different when trying to minimize torque harmonics or radial force harmonics, and the best skewing angle might depend on the load condition.

This task can be carried using MANATEE simulation environment where all types of skew shape can be modelled. This tutorial of MANATEE shows how to calculate the effect of rotor skew on torque ripple and acoustic noise.

Effect of the rotor skew rate on the maximum sound power level radiated by a variable-speed PMSM (MANATEE software output)

Pole magnetization

Playing on the magnetization pattern allows to tune the rotor mmf harmonic content and thereof influence the vibroacoustic behaviour of the electric motor.Hallbach pattern lowers the spatial harmonic content of mmf but is expensive to manufacture.Shaping the magnetization pattern and optimizing the pole dimensions to minimize some specifics harmonics involved in noise generation is not sufficient to obtain a low vibration and noise design, as some other harmonics may increase during this process, creating new resonances.

A full electromagnetic and NVH simulation is recommended with MANATEE software. MANATEE software includes radial, parallel and Hallbach magnetization patterns in both subdomain magnetic models and finite element models.

Pole shaping

Magnet / pole shoe shaping allows to « tune » the rotor mmf harmonic content and thereof the vibroacoustic behaviour of the electric machine.

As both constructive and destructive interference occurs, cancelling a given magnet mmf space harmonic responsible for acoustic noise does not necessarily reduce noise as it can increase other force harmonics.For wound rotor synchronous machines the pole arc curvature has large influence on noise.Due to the combined effect of radial and tangential forces on radial vibrations and noise, simulation with MANATEE software is recommended.MANATEE sensitivity tools and optimization tools can be used for instance to find the best magnet pole arc to pole pitch ratio minimizing both torque ripple and acoustic noise.

Pole width and position

The pole widths or pole positions (pole shifting technique) of a synchronous machine can also be modulated to tune the rotor magnetimotive force spectrum content. Other pole displacement techniques to reduce cogging torque and zero-th average radial force include axial and radial pole-pairing technique (association of two different pole shapes to cancel a given harmonic).

Pole displacement techniques should be applied very carefully and should not focus only on the minimization of torque ripple / cogging torque, as noise and vibrations are also produced by higher wavenumber tangential and radial force harmonics. Simulation with MANATEE software is recommended.

Slot and tooth shape / position

Stator slot shapes or positions can be modulated to spread the permeance spatial spectrum or reduce / cancel a specific harmonic involved in noise and vibration generation.Slot-pairing (teeth pairing) techniques can reduce cogging and average radial forces by cancelling the first component only at LCM(Zs,2p)fR.

Notches

Notches (sometimes called circumferential slits, auxiliary slots, dummy slots, or grooves) consists in removing some part of the magnetic sheet material to modulate the airgap reluctance.If properly sized, notching can artificially increase the permeance wavenumber, as if the slot number was increased.The average airgap is increased due to notches (increase of Carter coefficient) so it may slightly reduce the electromagnetic performances.The introduction of notches can also increase the local saturation level.Similarly to skewing, the effect of notches can strongly depend on the operating point.

Simulation with MANATEE software is recommended. This MANATEE tutorial demonstrates how to use rotor notches to reduce the acoustic noise of an induction machine.

FEMM submodel to calculate a rotor notch effect

Stator slot opening optimization

The permeance harmonics are due to reluctance variation along the airgap, and slotting effects are a source of permeance harmonics at multiples of slot number. Slot to tooth opening ratio can reduce some of the permeance harmonics (similarly to pole pitch to pole arc ratio for the rotor mmf), but it is influenced by saturation and sometimes several slotting harmonics are involved in noise generationIf the first stator slot harmonic (ks=1) is responsible for a force wave in a machine - ex: PMSM with Zs=12 and p=5, a harmonic force exists with r=(1*Zs-1*p)-(0+1*p)=2 - closing the slot will cancel the permeance harmonic.

In practice slots cannot be geometrically closed due to winding process (a minimum slot opening is often required to pass needle and strand, or to use tooth tip as a support for winding) and magnetically closed due to saturation.

Optimal slot design can be carried using MANATEE software for the prediction of electromagnetic noise and vibraitons.

Magnetic wedges

Magnetic wedges allow to reduce the magnetic reluctance change in the slot opening, reducing flux density slotting harmonics and therefore cogging torque and all magnetic force harmonics related to permeance harmonics.Due to low relative permeability of commercial wedges (max 10) the effect on noise is limited (max 3 dB).The impact of magnetic wedges on e-motor vibroacoustics can be studied within MANATEE e-NVH software.

Airgap increase

Electromagnetic performances (e.g. efficiency) is directly affected by airgap width so one must check that the impact on performance and control does not worsen the noise (e.g. due to higher current).Airgap increase can affect differently magnetic force harmonics, and the effect on magnetic noise is quite limited.The effect of airgap width can be easily studied using MANATEE software parameter sweep environment.

Flux barriers

Flux barriers or pockets in stator yoke and teeth, or rotor yoke and teeth can modify the airgap flux harmonic content and magnetic force magnitude due to local saturation effects.It generally significantly affects the machine performances (increase of leakage inductance, reduction of torque) so it must be used carefully.

Effects of flux barrier dimensions on the harmonic content of airgap flux obtained with MANATEE software

MANATEE software can be used to size the flux barriers as shown in this validation article.

Control

Case of induction machines

Magnetic noise is linked to magnetizing flux and not to torque, it is possible to increase torque with constant flux and noise.MANATEE software simulation allows to find the trade-offs between vibroacoustic and electrical performances.

Case of synchronous machines

Current angle or load angle has a strong influence on average magnetic force magnitude.The load angle can influence the magnitude of higher time harmonics of wavenumber r=0 tangential & radial forces. The load angle evolution of force harmonics depends on their frequency and spatial order. Iq changes both pulsating radial and tangential force harmonics (torque), while Id mainly changes pulsating radial force harmonics. NField weakening (negative Id ) may reduce pulsating radial force ripple while increasing tangential force ripple.

A detailed sensitivity analysis including structure-borne and air-borne noise under MANATEE software is advised to study the tradeoffs between optimal control for efficiency and optimal control for noise reduction.

Harmonic current injection

Generalities

A given vibration harmonic can be compensated by injecting additional harmonic currents, depending on the magnetic force wavenumber to be cancelled.As the current modulates the spatial harmonics of mmf winding functions, the current injection cannot create new wavenumbers than those already present in the magnetic forces. Current injection introduces new time harmonics and therefore new force harmonics (cf PWM lines), one must check that this does not worsen the vibration or noise level nor torque ripple.

High frequency noise is more difficult to damp with current injection (requires higher controller bandwith & higher reactance can induce higher DC bus voltage)Harmonic injection at 6f in DQH frame can damp r=0 pulsating harmonic force at 6f.

Synchronous machines

For synchronous machines, pulsating radial / tangential force waves magnitude at frequencies proportional to LCM(Zs,2p)fs/p can be damped using current injection. For radial force damping either Id or Iq harmonic injection theoretically works.

Induction machines

Radial force harmonics of wavenumbers 0 and 2p can be damped using current injection. For other wavenumbers, a detailed study must be carried.MANATEE software includes a special e-NVH mitigation environment to optimize harmonic current injection with respect to acoustic noise and torque ripple.

Switching strategies

Induction Motor Slot Pole Combinations List

Generalities

Induction Motor Slot Pole Combinations Generator

Voltage inverter switching strategies determine phase voltage harmonic content and resulting phase current spectrum. Supply voltage harmonics contain harmonics linked to the inverter Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching frequency (ex: fswi, 2fswi) and harmonics linked to fundamental (ex: 5f, 7f). The largest voltage, current, forces, vibration and noise harmonics can occur around once or twice the switching frequency depending on the PWM strategy and torque/speed operating point of the machine.

A voltage harmonic f creates a harmonic current f which in turn generates magnetic forces and vibration waves f+fs, 2p and f-fs, 0 where fs is the fundamental electrical frequency.

Increasing the switching frequency generally reduces the acoustic noise (dBA reduction above 2.5 kHz), in some cases it can be chosen out from human’s ear sensitivity. However, it significantly increases inverter losses so again tradeoffs between efficiency and NVH must be analyzed, which can be carried under MANATEE software.

Spread spectrum strategies

Spread spectrum principle is already used in aerodynamic noise (uneven blade spacing of fans). The same principle is used in randomized switching strategies.Such strategies may lower the maximum dBA level, but they result in a wider excitation spectrum which can lead to new resonances depending on damping and natural frequency position with respect to exciting forces. Finally, random strategies can significantly affect sound perception and a detailed sound quality study is advised.MANATEE software includes some sound quality metrics to study this effect.

PWM strategies

There exist a number of PWM strategies such as SPWM, SVPWM, DPWM0, DPWM1, DPWM2, DWPM3, DPWMmin, DPWMmax, GDPWM.These commutations strategies have been developed to maximize converter output and efficiency, and they change the excitation voltage spectra and resulting sound power level as well as sound quality metrics.All these PWM strategies are already implemented in MANATEE e-NVH software, which also includes sound quality metrics to optimize power electronics switching strategy.

Structural response

Lower noise & vibration can be achieved by putting natural frequencies further away from magnetic excitations.Stator yoke can be stiffened to reduce vibration and noise levels ; in this case one must check that the natural frequency change due to the yoke geometry change does not compensate noise and vibration reduction due to yoke stiffening.

Induction Motor Slot Pole Combinations Chart

MANATEE software can be used to automatically study the effect of lamination shape on acoustic noise.

Other techniques to play on both air-borne and structure-borne noise include

optimize yoke geometry

optimize coupling between lamination and housing

optimize slot stiffness (winding material, spacers)

optimize stator fixation method in casing

MANATEE software coupled to FEA can be used to optimize these couplings and find a way to reduce the overall noise levels considering all transfer paths.

Damping

Increasing damping is one of the most efficient techniques to reduce noise and vibration of electric machines. It includes:

optimization of impregnation process (VPI, potting, dipping): materials, curing process, operating temperature

use of higher damping magnetic sheets

use of interlamination damping

use of viscoelastic materials

References

(1) J.F. Gieras, C. Wang and J.C. Lai, Noise of polyphase electric motors, CRC Press, 2005.

(2) P.L. Timar, Noise and vibration of electrical machines, Elsevier, 1989.

(3) S.J. Yang, Low noise electrical motors, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1981.

(4) PYRHONEN Juha, Tapani Jokinen, Valéria Hrabovcova, Design of Rotating Electrical Machines (2nd Ed.), Wiley, 2013

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Testing Video of 11KW 1500RPM 5000VAC Three Phase Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) In this video, we are testing this Three Phase Permanent Magnet Generator (PMG) step by step according to RPM from 100RPM to 1500RPM.

For any queries, please Call or WhatsApp at +919289311243, +919582345931, +918826634990, or +919999467601. Email:- sales@pmsgen.com

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EUR 5.61

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EUR 5.55

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Faulhaber Brushed DC Motor, 1.72 W, 6 V dc, 2.9 mNm, 3860 rpm, 1.5mm Shaft Diame

EUR 162.27

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From United Kingdom

Sanyo Denki Step-Syn Motor Model 103-7500-5110. 1.82V DC, 1.3A, 0.72° step >

EUR 50.69

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DC 6V 12V 18V 24V RS-775/795/895 Motor High Speed Large Torque Dual Ball Bearing

EUR 20.88

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60/64/72V 1000W Electric Bicycle E-bike Scooter Brushless Motor Speed Controller

EUR 29.92

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Nidec, 12 V dc, 0.98 Nm, Brushed DC Geared Motor, Output Speed 52.3 rpm

EUR 119.54

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EUR 18.93

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EUR 5.61

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EUR 30.37

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Parvalux 90BB-5501 Meditek 24V DC permanent magnet motor gearbox high torque

EUR 66.39

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DC24V 200RPM Electric Micro High Torque Geared Motor for Spotlight

EUR 15.74

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EUR 22.49

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EUR 78.71

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775 DC 24V Large Torque Low Noise High Speed Motor Gear Bearing 20000RPM

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EUR 15.74

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Brushless Motor Speed Controller

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[vaccoat]

Learn more about Turbomolecular Pumps

One of the most commonly used pumps for high vacuum pressure is the turbomolecular pump. These pumps are easy to use and require less care and maintenance than diffusion pumps. The small foot print, the lack of need to cool with water, the speed to reach the desired vacuum, the high purity of these pumps are other advantages compared to diffusion pumps. Using these pumps, the pumping speed can be constant with a good accuracy(One of the disadvantages of these pumps is their high price). Turbomolecular pumps can be used in the range of rough vacuum, high vacuum and ultra-high vacuum(UHV) with a constant pumping speed of up to 4000 liters per second.

Turbomolecular pumps are kinetic vacuum pumps that operate using a very fast rotor(usually between 24,000 and 90,000 rpm). One of the advantages of using turbomolecular pumps is that they do not return oil and steam to the vacuum chamber. This is critical in processes that require a completely clean vacuum environment. These features mean that turbomolecular pumps are suitable for a wide range of applications, from electron microscopes to semiconductor processing. Most of the vacuum coating systems manufactured by the VacCoat Ltd. as a designer and manufacturer of the vacuum systems are equipped with turbomolecular pumps such as DTT, DST1, DST3, PLD, DCT and etc. This makes these systems widely used in the microelectronics and semiconductor industry, optics and lasers, solar cells, and etc.

Turbomolecular Pumps

The turbomolecular pump was invented in 1958 by W. Baker based on old molecular traction pumps invented by Wolfgang Guide in 1913. Turbomolecular pumps work on the principle that by repeatedly colliding with a moving metal blade, gas molecules can be guided in the desired direction. In a turbomolecular pump, a rapidly rotating fan collide the gas molecules to create or maintain a vacuum, directing them from the pump inlet to the exhaust. Most turbomolecular pumps have several stages, each of which includes a rotating rotor and a pair of stator that is constant.

https://bit.ly/2A76Lw4

The system works like a compressor that puts kinetic energy into the gas, rather than taking it out. The gas is transferred to the lower stages by the upper steps and is compressed successively to the vacuum pressure level of the backing pump. As gas molecules enter the input, the rotor, which has a number of angular blades, collides with the molecules. Therefore, the mechanical energy of the blades is transferred to the gas molecules. With this new energy, the gas molecules enter the gas transfer holes in the stator. This leads them to the next stage, where they collide with the surface of the rotor again, and this process continues, and eventually the gas molecules are driven out by the exhaust.

Due to the relative motion of the rotor and stator and special angles to each other, the molecules preferably hit the bottom surface of the blades. A blade for high pressure operation must be strong and stable and as thin as possible to be slightly bent for maximum compression. Because the compression of each step is approximately 10 times, each step closer to the output is significantly smaller than the previous input steps. The performance of the turbomolecular pump is strongly related to the rotor frequency. As the speed increases, the rotor blades become more deflected. To increase speed and reduce deformation, stronger materials and different designs are considered for blades.

Mechanical Bearing

Some models of turbomolecular vacuum pumps use mechanical bearing rotors(Normally in a so-called cantilevered design with bearings at the lower end of the shaft and in the area of the lower rotor stages). Turbomolecular pumps must operate at very high speeds, and the heat generated by friction limits the design. The high rotational speed of the turbo pump(some small diameter units operate at 60,000 rpm) puts serious pressure on the shaft bearings. The pumps involved in this method require lubrication, and the pump life depends on the bearing life. Since replacing the bearing is a specialized job, it must be done by opening the pump and sending it to the factory.

The grease and lubricant used in this method should not evaporate under the working pressure of the pump and cause the vacuum destruction. In addition, mechanical bearings make the rotor less dynamic than other types of bearings. Despite all the problems, mechanical bearings have high resistance to external shocks or sudden ventilation and also have small foot print.

Magnetic Levitated Bearing

One of the alternatives for mechanical bearings is active five-axis magnetic bearings(2X, 2Y, Z) located at both ends of the rotor shaft with position sensors and variable magnetic field control(Magnetic levitated bearings). In these magnetic bearings, which either use a permanent magnet for small pumps or a combination of permanent and dynamic magnetic fields, the shaft is contactless. Magnetic pumps include non-contact bearings in which the oil vapor is zero and the bearings do not wear out. Compared to mechanical bearings, these pumps do not require lubrication, causes a process free of hydrocarbons, the pump life is not limited to bearing wear out, and have very low vibration.

Due to the lack of mechanical bearings, corrosive gases can be used in environments evacuated by these pumps, which typically eliminate oil bearings in a short period of time. Pumps that use magnetic bearings are more vulnerable to external shocks compared to turbomolecular pumps that have mechanical bearings. In addition, they are larger and more expensive than pumps that use other types of bearings.

Hybrid Bearing

Another type of bearings used in turbomolecular pumps is hybrid bearings. Hybrid bearings have mechanical bearings located at the “bottom” end of the shaft rotor and a pair of passive magnetic bearings located at the “top” end of the shaft. Unlike systems with two mechanical bearings, the lifespan of these units is mainly limited to the life of one mechanical bearing, and they also have less vibration due to the lack of a second mechanical bearing. Like all-magnetic turbomolecular pumps, hybrid-bearing pumps are less tolerant of external shocks and are slightly larger than systems with two mechanical bearings. The design of the hybrid bearing is such that it causes the desired dynamics of the rotor and also allows the bearing to be replaced on-site. For more information, refer to the following links.

https://bit.ly/2A76Lw4

https://www.linkedin.com/posts/vac-coat-4504b2187_nanotechnology-microscopy-nano-activity-6674948511311663104-cuJU

[mykarenbaird]

Hydroelectric Generator: How to Build a Small One In a recent trip to Hoover Dam I realized how simple it would to build your own hydroelectric generator. The basic principles of a dam gave me some valuable insight how to design my own system. However, by no means is a dam like Hoover simple, or was it easy to construct, but some great ideas can be adapted for anyone living next to a river or stream. First of all a dam uses a large concrete structure which holds back a river and forms a holding basin or lake. Deep below the waters surface are inlets or pipes which are redirected towards fins of the turbines. The water flows through these pipes at very high pressure which turns the electric producing turbines. Speed is controlled by adjusting the fins either slowing down the turbines or speeding them up, depending on the electrical demand at the time. This principle can be applied to a home application where you would divert the water to a dc motor with paddle wheel type fins on it. You could either make your own small dam provided you own the land or if you live on a free flowing waterway make a through way to your motor. One thing which is great about a hydroelectric system you are returning the water back to the original waterway. This is truly a good example of using an alternative source of energy that being water. The only problem I see using this type of system would be if you had flooding, but I believe if you used some thought about this you could design your system to compensate for this. Next, let us look at what would be best for your motor and storage system. The only difference between a hydroelectric dam would be energy storage. Since dams are producing ac electrical energy by a constant rotation of a turbine the energy is available at that time and date where if you are generating energy using a dc permanent magnet motor at say 12 or 24 volts the you need to store that energy in batteries and convert it to 120 volts ac. You definitely want a low rpm motor around 400 rpm for peak voltage output at around 14-18 volts which will enable batteries to be charged. If you need to speed up the motor then it would be advisable to use some sort of pulley system with a drive ratio equal to the water flow speed. One thing about your water drive system, it will be better regulated for a more constant speed than a wind turbine that varies with wind speed. As you can see using the same principles of large dams on a smaller scale can be very effective for generating your own electricity. To build your own hydroelectric generator you must do some research before hand. You can find many different websites about dams and how they are designed. Producing your own electricity can be hazardous if you do not know what you are doing. Always seek professional help and follow safety guidelines. Check out more helpful video in my channel Basic Survival Skills You Need For Bugging Out: https://bit.ly/3foo23I Pet Ownership & Pet Care Tips For Cats and Dogs: https://bit.ly/3djzJXn Mastering Motivation - Lessons in Creating Forever Change: https://bit.ly/2Wz1jsT Marriage Relationship Advice - Marriage Advice For a Better Relationship: https://bit.ly/2SVW3in Going Green - Getting Started, Lifestyle and What to Look for When Buying Green Products: https://bit.ly/3c4kK3s Parent Education Is the Key to Increased Enrollment: https://bit.ly/2zaIgNQ The Art of Self-Defense for Self-Survival: https://bit.ly/3drxwtj Looking for Great Dating Guides - Look No Further Than This Review: https://bit.ly/35A6ehv

[batjayashreerathod-blog]

India Automotive Brushless DC Motors Market BLDC is projected to reach US$ XX Mn in 2026, and grow at CAGR of over XX% during forecast period.

An Increasing production of automobiles and preference for energy efficient system will drive the brushless DC motors during the forecast period.

In most of the Indian automotive companies, latest technologies are significantly being used, a growth of the brushless DC motors Market can be attributed to the increased usage of brushless DC motors across major industries, continued growth in automobile production, the transition towards energy-efficient motors and high maintenance cost for brushed DC motors.

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors are increasingly replacing induction motor and brushed DC motors due to their larger efficiency, long life, smooth torque delivery, and high-speed operation. However, in the past, their application has been limited due to the additional cost of the complex motor controller necessary to operate these motors. Also, controller costs have been trending downward in recent years such that application of brushless dc motors is on rising and expected to grow.

 With the passage of time and new technology, it has become possible to reduce the brushes from DC motors. In a BLDC motor, permanent magnets are put on the rotor that moves around the stator. A controller/sensor is used to charge the stator coils as the shaft turns. BLDC motors are customized to meet customer's special requirements. Using cutting-edge materials and sensorless technology, these motors provide high performance with features and solution for an individual as well as industrial applications.

 Electric rickshaws are recently becoming more popular in India since 2008 as an alternative to auto rickshaws and pulled rickshaw because of their low fuel cost, and less human effort compared to pulled rickshaws. These are being widely accepted as an alternative to Petrol/Diesel/CNG auto rickshaws. 3 wheels pulled by an electric motor ranging from 650-1400 Watts. These are being widely used in India, but those are being mostly manufactured in China, only a few other countries manufacture these vehicles.

Maxon motor is one of the leading players operated in India for brushless DC motor, they develop and build electric drives that pack some real power. Maxon’s DC motors are leading the industry worldwide. They are used wherever the requirements are high and engineers cannot afford compromises: maxon motors drive NASA's Mars rovers. They are established in high-precision industrial applications, race cars.

By Geography, Asia Pacific acquired the largest market share growth by North America due to increasing demand for consumer electronics and automotive product in China, India, Taiwan, South Korea, and Japan during the forecast period. India is being one from the rapidly developed country.

Key players operated in the market include johnson Electric (China), Ametek (U.S.), Nidec Corporation (Japan), Minebea (France), Allied Motion Technologies Inc. (U.S.), and Maxon Motor AG. COMPAGE automation system Pvt Ltd.

The scope of India Automotive Brushless DC Motors Market BLDC:

India Automotive Brushless DC Motors Market BLDC by Type:

 • Inner Rotor Brushless DC Motors

• Outer Rotor Brushless DC Motors

India Automotive Brushless DC Motors Market BLDC by Speed:

• <500 RPM • 501 – 2000 RPM • 2001 – 10000 RPM • >10000 RPM

India Automotive Brushless DC Motors Market BLDC by End-User:

• Automotive

Key players operated in India Automotive Brushless DC Motors Market BLDC:

• johnson Electric

• Ametek

• Nidec Corporation

• Minebea

• Allied Motion Technologies Inc.

• Maxon Motor

• COMPAGE automation system pvt. Ltd

This Report Is Submitted By : Maximize Market Research Company

Customization of the report:

Maximize Market Research provides free personalized of reports as per your demand. This report can be personalized to meet your requirements. Get in touch with us and our sales team will guarantee provide you to get a report that suits your necessities.

 About Maximize Market Research:

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Contact info:

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Organization Address: MAXIMIZE MARKET RESEARCH PVT. LTD.

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[flatpyramid-blog]

20ft Generator Container Version Two 3D Model

20ft Diesel Generator Container with Generator in schematic setting. Originally modelled in cinema4D. Detailed enough for close-up renders. The zip-file contains textures or standard materials Features: - Inside scene: Model with 7 textures and 1 bumpmap - All textures are included. - No cleaning up necessary, just drop your models into the scene and start rendering. - No special plugin needed to open scene. - Phong shading interpolation / Smoothing - 35° - NOTE - The 3ds, lwo, obj -files contains only textures, no shaders. - NOTE - In lwo, 3ds, fbx and obj the Bumpmap (Floor_Bump) must manually load in the Materialcanal. - c4d Version R16 - Polygones - 142309 - Vertices - 147073 - 16 Objects - 9 textures - 1 bumpmap - obj File - lwo file - 3ds file - fbx file Version 2010 Motor. The engine is a source of mechanical energy to start the generator and generate electricity. As a rule, diesel engines are the most used because of their mechanical, environmental and economic benefits. Engine control unit. An engine controller is a mechanical device (centrifugal controller) designed to maintain a constant engine speed for load requirements. The speed of the motor, directly related to the output frequency of the alternator, so that any change in the speed of its rotation, affects the frequency of the output current. Electrical system. Own electric motor system, having 12 V or 24 V, constant voltage (minus on the ground). The system contains: electric starter, rechargeable batteries and sensors of working and emergency signals. Typically, the engine has an oil pressure sensor, temperature and generator load. In low-power mobile power plants, permanent (often neodymium) magnets are used to excite electromotive force in fixed stator windings, and in high-power generators, the so-called, direct excitation battery is used to power the excitation windings on the rotor (electromagnets). and after reaching rpm, the generator switches to self-excitation through semiconductor rectifiers. Cooling system. Engine cooling can be done with water, grease or air. The air cooling system consists of a powerful cold air fan running along the engine systems. The water / oil cooling system contains a radiator, with a built-in fan, to cool the components of the diesel engine. Download Diesel Generator on Flatpyramid now

- #3D_Model #Parts

[poolpumpgeeks-blog]

Variable Speed Pool Pumps - The Future of the Swimming Pool Industry

Just the many energy-conservative owners of swimming pools genuinely realize the high energy use of their pool gear. In reality, the pool engine is really among the very energy demanding appliances that they have in their residence. That is because swimming pool pumps utilize really energy-friendly single point motors which operate at 1HP and upward. With energy distribution in prosperity, and energy conservation a very low priority - that has become the industry norm for ages.

My current pool and spa pump is with just how much power? A study recently discovered this to operate California's 1.2 million swimming pools requires roughly the exact same generation as one atomic energy or two traditional energy plants (research by Davis Energy Group for Pacific Gas & Electric - 2004). Imagine the energy use of ALL the swimming pools across the United States, and also how this considerably impact our power conservation efforts. Arizona also offers an unbelievable count of residential flats each house, and that's why Arizona pool contractors are searching for brand new, more affordable alternatives for pool equipment and pool pumps.

The solution? Pumps which work smarter, not harder. In the last couple of decades, swimming pool motors and pumps are a part of a massive electricity-saving advancement endeavor. The factor drive, variable rate pool pump has altered the swimming pool business and its attempts to conserve and save energy. By employing permanent magnetic motors, these brand new pool and pool pumps are designed to use less energy. Permanent magnet motors (such as those used in hybrid automobiles ) supply a normal 30% base economies in contrast to electrical motors. Simply by programming the pump to operate in minimum required speed for every pool job (heating, cleaning, flow, waterfalls, etc.) energy reduction can be as much as 90%!

By working a pool pump during its slowest speed required to finish work, it will radically reduce the energy absorbed (since it requires less electricity to push water gradually than quickly ). Did you know? The easy decrease in rate by 1/2 can decrease the energy required to 1/8 - to execute exactly the exact same pool job. In other words, these pumps permit the pool owner to plan and also"dial in" the pump rate to accomplish the minimum power usage.

Energy Savings of $620 to $1,350! Based on Pentair Pool and Spa, their IntelliFlo and IntelliPro varying drive pumps often decrease energy usage around 90%, based upon the units and conditions to get average savings of $620 to $1,350 yearly. Since the price to replace your old pump is roughly equal to what you'll save (according to pool use around 1 to 2 years), lots of pool owners have their older pumps replaced.

Electricity delivery costs are higher in Arizona, and with Phoenix's enormous swimming pool attraction, this brand new pool pump is now an absolute requirement for Arizona pool contractors when designing swimming pools. The current focus to energy-efficient merchandise makes switching into a GREEN business pump much more desired in California too.

Specific Examples of IntelliFlo pumps by Pentair could be incorporated in your own pool:

First of all, this pool pump may be used to get an in-floor cleaner program pump, and place at 3000 RPM's, which will be equal to a two horsepower (2HP) pool pump. Exactly the identical swimming pool pump could be throttled down to some 1/2 horsepower pump to filter & circulate the water of this pool and pool. Using an easy push of a button (plus a few pool automation methods ), the exact same pump may be used for spa boosters at either a slow AND higher speed style!) . Another practical use is that the capacity to control the flow of a pool or fountain water feature (it's known to be used by high end residential Phoenix landscaping organizations to control the noise & stream of habit landscape water features and fountains). The IntelliFlo Pentair pump may be programmed for many rates - providing you with a low rate waterfall for a quiet day outside, or you'll be able to crank this up to get MAX PRESSURE for a family gathering! Want to know more information click best pool pumps