#longest rivers in africa in order

[seekergkfan]

What is the name of the longest river in Africa?

What is the name of the longest river in Africa? A. Congo River B. Nile River C. Zambezi River D. Niger River Continue reading Untitled

[nileeholiday]

Explore the Mysteries of the Luxury Nile cruises

The Nile River is one of the most significant water bodies in the whole of Africa and what better way to explore the ancient world of Egypt than through a Nile cruise luxor? When you cruise down the longest river in the world through the famous Aswan or Luxor, you will be set back to the Ancient Egyptian era of kings and queens, pyramids, and magnificent temples.

These Nile cruise Luxor Aswan are luxury ones being fully equipped with comfortable rooms, exquisite dishes, and a great number of services you can order. Wake up to breathtaking views of the desert as we cruise to Egypt’s historically significant landmarks dating pre-historic times. Professional Egyptologists will be with you in your Luxury Nile Cruise Aswan to Luxor and will share interesting stories and facts that make the temples and tombs come alive.

Karnak and Luxor temples, Memnon’s colossal statues, the royal tombs of the pharaohs at the valley of kings and queens. Ultra luxury Nile Cruise are seemingly endless; there is the stunning Philae Temple, granite quarries, and the monumental Aswan High Dam.

Night time on the Nile, spend your evenings sipping cocktails on the large sundeck or watching a live performance as the magical river glides by. Our ultra Egypt Nile cruise holds all the modern comforts and at the same time has an Egyptian flavor.

Please contact us now to make a booking for your Nile Cruise Cairo holiday. We have a wide variety of cruise ships in our fleet to fit every preference and pocket. Here we want to invite you to the country of the pharaohs where you will make unforgettable memories for a lifetime. The Best Nile cruise awaits!

[iliyad]

everything that has happened in 2020, in case you forgot

because it’s been a long year. counts up to december 20. i tried to get in as much as i could, but there will still be some things missing, because it's been a long year.

january (timeframes will be rough)

australian bush fires

persian gulf crisis

taal volcano eruption

impeachment trial of donald trump

covid-19 pandemic what else is there to say?

the united kingdom’s withdrawal from the european union

february

delhi riots

collapse of malaysia’s coalition government

stock market crash

luxembourg made public transport free

conditional peace agreement between the united states and the taliban

march

afghanistan war crimes inquiry authorised to proceed

tokyo summer olympics postponed to 2021

north macedonia joins nato

russia-saudi arabia oil price war

april

united states designates a white supremacist group as a terrorist group for the first time

opec and allies agree to cut oil production by 9.7 million barrels a day

united states suspends funding to the world health organisation

nova scotia attacks

israeli politicians agree to form a unity government

iran deploys first military satellite

king salman declares people will not be executed for crimes committed as minors

the pentagon officially releases three ufo videos

colombia formalises its membership of the oecd

may

venezuelan dissidents and american private military attempt to infiltrate venezuela and remove president maduro from office

scientists discover parasitic microbe blocking mosquitos from carrying malaria

first black hole discovered in a star system visible to the naked eye

styrene gas leak in india

cross-border clash at the nantha lu crossing between chinese and indian soldiers

konarak vessel incident

fossil analysis indicates modern humans may have arrived in europe thousands of years earlier than thought

maternity hospital stormed by gunmen in afghanistan

discovery of millipede fossil as the world's oldest-known land animal dating c.425 million years

east africa floods

palestine terminates all agreements with israel and the united states after israel plans to annex the jordan valley

cyclone amphan

united states announces withdrawal from open skies treaty

mining company rio tinto destroys sacred aboriginal caves at juukan gorge in australia

george floyd is killed, beginning mass global protests against police racism and brutality

costa rica becomes first central american country to legalise same-sex marriage

chinese government votes for legislation granting powers to suppress democracy movement in hong kong

rwandan court sentences former mayor to life imprisonment for role in rwandan genocide

first crewed spacex flight is launched

june

state of emergency declared by russia after 20 thousand tons of oil leaks into ambarnaya river

libya’s government claims control of tripoli

turkish and iranian forces begin air and artillery strikes against kurdish forces in iraqi kurdistan

north korea demolishes kaesong’s inter-korean liaison office

solar eclipse

7.5 magnitude earthquake in oaxaca, mexico

historic three-party coalition government formed in ireland

china passes hong kong national security law

july

russian voters support constitutional amendment allowing vladimir putin to seek two further six-year terms

landslide at jade mine in myanmar

bulgarian protests against boyko borisov’s government

mass graves uncovered in burkina faso believed to be the result of extrajudicial executions by government forces

turkish president orders the hagia sophia in istanbul to be reverted from a museum to a mosque

china floods

twitter accounts of prominent politicians, ceos and celebrities hacked in bitcoin scam

flooding of the brahmaputra river

nasa launches mars 2020 rover mission

august

barakah nuclear power plant in the uae becomes first commercial nuclear power station in the arab states

beirut explosions

belarusian protests sparked by controversial presidential election

vladimir putin announces russia’s approval of world’s first covid-19 vaccine

israel and uae agree to normalise relations

stranded japanese ship breaks in mauritius and spills one thousand tonnes of oil into the ocean

coup d'état takes place in mali

africa is declared free of wild polio

amazon ceo jeff bezos becomes first person ever with a net worth exceeding us$200 billion

hurricane laura

japanese prime minister shinzo abe resigns after seven years

september

an agreement is signed to transition sudan into a secular state

largest find of mammoth skeletons at construction site for airport in mexico city

pope benedict xvi becomes longest-living pope

kosovo and serbia announce normalisation of economic relations

bahrain and israel agree to normalise relations

typhoon haishen

announcement of detection of phosphine in venus’ atmosphere

first discovery of perfectly preserved cave bear remains in siberia, believed to be 22 thousand - 39 thousand years old

venezuelan government is accused of crimes against humanity by human rights council

france, germany, and the united kingdom reject china’s claims to the south china sea

oldest known copy of any work by william shakespeare, a 1634 edition of the two noble kinsman, is found in spain

documents of the financial crimes enforcement network are released, detailing suspicious transations valued at over us$2 trillion

microsoft buys zenimax media in the biggest and most expensive takover in the video game industry

deadly clashes erupt between armenian and azerbaijani forces in nagorno-karabakh

october

the european union launches legal action against the united kingdom for overriding sections of the brexit withdrawal agreement

new caledonia votes against independence from france

mass protests break out in kyrgyzstan against controversial parliamentary election

thai protests

new zealand prime minister jacinda ardern's labour party wins second term in office by a landslide, gaining the first parliamentary majority since introduction of new voting system in the early 90s

nasa's osiris-rex spacecraft becomes their first probe to retrieve samples from an asteroid

geneva consensus declaration on women's health and strengthening families is signed by 34 countries

falkland islands declared free of land mines

israel and sudan agree to normalise relations

nasa confirms existence of molecular water on the moon

7.0 aegean sea earthquake

typhoon goni

november

amhara women, children and elderly killed in ethiopia

tumblr melts down over supernatural ship “destiel” (dean winchester and castiel), causing this site to crash several times

united states election concludes joe biden as president of the united states, STATES FLIP DATA

hurricane eta

united states exits the paris climate change accord

armenia and azerbaijan sign ceasefire agreement

hong kong pro-democracy lawmakers resign en masse

nasa and spacex launch to the international space station

hurricane iota

brereton report into australian war crimes during the war in afghanistan released

indian farmers’ protest

iranian nuclear scientist mohsen fakhrizadeh is assassinated

koshobe massacre

lunar eclipse

protein folding is solved

december

arecibo telescope collapses

the united kingdom approves covid-19 vaccine

three activists jailed in hong kong for part in democracy protests

united nations commission on narcotic drugs votes to remove cannabis from dangerous drugs list

united states announces withdrawal from somali civil war

russia begins mass vaccination against covid-19

venezuelan parliamentary election

the united kingdom begins mass vaccination against covid-19

report into the christchurch mosque shootings released

nepal and china officially agree on height of mount everest

israel and morocco normalise relations

end of nicolas sarkozy corruption trial in france

the european union agrees to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 55% over the next decade

bhutan and israel normalise relations

the international criminal court accuses the philippines of crimes against humanity in its war on drugs

the united states accuses switzerland and vietnam of currency manipulation

a new, highly-infectious strain of covid-19 begins to spread through the united kingdom and europe

[nasa]

10 Ground-breaking Earth Satellite Images from 2018

In 2018, our satellites captured beautiful imagery from throughout the solar system and beyond. However, some of our favorite visualizations are of this very planet. While this list is by no means exhaustive, it does capture some Earth satellite images from this year that are both visually striking as well as scientifically informative. This list also represents a broad variety of Earth’s features, as well as satellite instrumentation. Take a journey with our eyes in the sky!

10. Hurricane Florence

Before making landfall, Hurricane Florence churned in the Atlantic for a full two weeks — making it among the longest-lived cyclones of the 2018 season. When it finally did hit land on Sep. 14, the storm devastated the southeastern U.S. coast with intense winds, torrential rains and severe flooding.

This natural-color image was acquired by MODIS on the Terra Satellite on Sep. 12, 2018. 

Images like this, as well as other satellite information, were used to anticipate the impact of the storm. Our Disasters Program created flood proxy maps that were shared with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) and the National Guard to estimate how many and which communities would be most affected by the storm, in order to help prepare recovery efforts ahead of time.

9. Australia’s Lake Eyre Basin

The Lake Eyre Basin covers one-sixth of Australia and is one of the world’s largest internally draining river systems. However, the rivers supported by this system are ephemeral, meaning that they only run for short periods of time following unpredictable rain — the rest of the time, the Basin is a dry, arid desert.

However, when the heavy rain comes, the basin erupts in an explosion of green. In this false-color image captured by the Operational Land Imager (OLI) on Landsat 8 on Apr. 25, 2018, you can see how the vegetation completely envelops the spaces where the water has receded. (Flood water is indicated by light blue, and vegetation is indicated by light green.)

Satellites are an excellent tool for tracking greening events that are followed by flooding. These events offer opportunities for predictive tools as well as recreation.

8. Alaska’s Chukchi Sea 

A Monet painting comes to life as the Chukchi Sea swirls with microscopic marine algae.

This image was captured off the Alaskan coast by OLI on Landsat 8 on Jun. 18, 2018. After the Arctic sea ice breaks up each spring, the nutrient-rich Bering Sea water mixes with the nutrient-poor Alaskan coastal water. Each type of water brings with it a different type of phytoplankton and the surface waters have just enough light for the algae to populate and flourish. The result is these mesmerizing patterns of turquoise and green.

This image represents one piece of much larger, incredibly complex ecosystem. While one would not normally associate the breaking up of sea ice with phytoplankton blooms, it is an intricate process of the phytoplankton life cycle. The size of the blooms have varied greatly from year to year, and experts are unsure why. Images like these can help scientists track the development of these blooms and link it to other environmental changes.

7. Hawaii’s Kilauea 

Sometimes fresh lava is best viewed in infrared.

This false-color image of Kilauea, captured by OLI on Landsat 8 on May 23, 2018, shows the infrared signal emitted by lava flowing toward the sea. The purple areas surrounding the glowing lava are clouds lit from below, indicating that this image was taken through a break in the clouds.

The Puʻu ʻŌʻō Kupaianaha eruption has been continuously spewing red-hot lava since 1983, making it the longest eruption at Kilauea in recorded history. However, new fissures opened up this year that forced many to evacuate the area. Hawaii’s largest lake evaporated in hours and hundreds of homes were destroyed in Vacationland and Kapoho. 

Imagery, seismometers and ground-based instruments were used to track the underground movement of magma. Infrared imagery can be incredibly helpful in disasters like this when you to view data that cannot be observed with the naked eye. 

6. California’s Woolsey Burn Scar

Nothing quite encapsulates the destruction of a wildfire like a photo from outer space.

This image of the Woolsey Fire aftermath in Southern California was captured on Nov. 18, 2018 by the Advanced Spaceborned Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) on the Terra satellite. This false-color infrared image has been enhanced to clearly show the burned vegetation (indicated by brown) and the vegetation that survived unscathed (indicated by green).

The Woolsey Fire clearly left its mark, with almost 152 square miles (394 square km) and 88% of the Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area badly burned. Images like this one can assist fire managers in the area plan for recovery. 

5. Bangladesh’s Padma River

As the years go by, the Padma River grows and shrinks, twists and turns. It never has a fixed shape, and as a result, thousands of people must regularly adapt to the constant changes in the river’s 75-mile (130-km) shoreline.

This image captured on Jan. 20, 2018 by OLI on Landsat 8 depicts one of the major rivers of Bangladesh. For thirty years, scientists have been tracking the erosion of the river with satellite imagery. Combinations of shortwave infrared, near infrared, and visible light are used to detect differences year-to-year in width, depth, and shape of the river. Sometimes the river splits off, but then rejoins again later. These patterns are created by the river carrying and depositing sediment, shaping the curves of the path of water.

Monitoring the Padma River is going to become especially important as a new bridge development project advances in the Char Janajat area. Although the bridge will most certainly help shorten travel times for citizens, nobody is quite sure how the river erosion might affect the construction and vice versa. 

4. Alaska’s Yakutat Glacier 

It’s hard to believe that Harlequin Lake was once all dry land — but it only started to form once Yakutat Glacier started melting. The lake appeared at the beginning of the twentieth century, and has been growing rapidly ever since.

In this hauntingly beautiful image, captured on Sep. 21 2018 by OLI on Landsat 8, the effect of climate change is apparent — especially when compared to earlier images of the region.

Unless the climate warming starts to reverse very soon — which scientists consider very unlikely — Yakutat could be gone as soon as 2070.

3. South Africa’s Theewaterskloof

Cape Town is a seaside city planted on the tip of South Africa. It’s a city known for its beaches and biodiversity — it also almost became known as the first major city to officially run out of water.

This image of Cape Town’s largest reservoir — Theewaterskloof — was acquired on Jul. 9th, 2018 by OLI on Landsat 8. By the time this photo was taken, the city’s main reservoirs stood at 55%. This was a huge increase from where it stood just six months earlier: just 13%.

The severe water shortage in the region started in 2015, only to become more threatening after three successive and unusually dry years. The entire city was preparing for Day Zero — the day the tap water would be shut off.  

Despite forecasts that Day Zero would arrive in April, a combination of heavier rains and local conservation efforts restored the majority of the reservoir. 

2. Aerosol Earth

Aerosols are all around us. From the smoke from a fire, to the dust in the wind to the salt in sea spray — these solid particles and liquid droplets are always swirling in our atmosphere, oftentimes unseen.

The Goddard Earth Observing System Forward Processing (GEOS FP) model uses mathematical equations to model what is happening in our atmosphere. The inputs for its equations — temperature, moisture, wind, etc. — come from our satellites and ground sensors.

This visualization was compiled on Aug. 24, 2018 — obviously a busy day for aerosols in our atmosphere. Swirls of sea salt (indicated by blue) reveal typhoons Soulik and Cimaron heading straight towards South Korea and Japan. A haze of black carbon (indicated by red) suffuse from agricultural burning in Africa and large wildfires in North America. And clouds of dust (indicated by purple) float off the Sahara desert.

1. Camp Fire

With nearly a hundred fatalities, hundreds of thousands of acres burned and billions of dollars of damage, the world watched in horror as Camp Fire grew to become the most destructive California wildfire in recorded history.

This image was captured on Nov. 8, 2018 by OLI on Landsat 8 on the same day Camp Fire ignited. It consolidates both visible light and shortwave-infrared light in order to highlight the active fire. Strong winds and dry conditions literally fanned the flames and spread this wildfire like a rash. 

This image has not only become the iconic portrait for Camp Fire, it is also sobering representation of how quickly a fire can grow out of control in a short amount of time. Even from space, you can almost smell the massive plumes of smoke and feel the heat of the fires.

Whether you realize it or not, our Earth satellite missions are collecting data everyday in order to monitor environmental changes and prepare for natural disasters.  If your interest is piqued by this list, head over to the Earth Observatory. The Earth Observatory updates daily with fresh, new content — brought to you by none other than our eyes in the sky. 

Make sure to follow us on Tumblr for your regular dose of space: http://nasa.tumblr.com

[aditya810-blog]

ARCHITECTURAL LED PRODUCTS

 LEDs are next generation lighting technology that are more flexible and efficient in terms of colors, form factor, and power consumption as compared to conventional incandescent light products. LEDs are not sensitive to cold which makes them ideal for outdoor lighting. LEDs obtain the colors from semiconductor chips, thereby eliminating the need for using color filters and making LEDs more efficient than traditional lights. LEDs directional lights can easily and accurately be directed on facades, thus preventing stray light. In media facades thousands of LEDs lights are linked together and controlled individually. By using LEDs, images and messages come alive and make corporate building and malls real crowd pullers.

·        For instance, an average LED lamp consumes 50% less power than fluorescent lamp and 80% less than incandescent lamp

Nowadays, large number of organizations prefer architectural LED Products, as they have more lifespan than incandescent lights. With a longer lifespan, LEDs help reduce labor cost of replacing lights in commercial situations and achieve lower maintenance lighting system. Some of the benefits of architectural LED products are that they provide more brightness than traditional lights, they do not emit infrared radiation or ultraviolet radiation, which result in lower cost and increased reliability of LEDs.

  Architectural LED Products Market: Taxonomy

PMR’s research study on the global architectural LED products market offers a detailed market taxonomy, wherein the key segments have been discussed in detail. The segmentation of the architectural LED products market has been offered on the basis of product type, application, end-user and region. Every segment has been analyzed in detail and data pertaining to the growth of each segment has been included in the study.

Product Type

Application

End-user

Region

Solar

Cove Lighting

Residential

North America

Conventional

o    Strip & Linear

o    Lamps

Wall Washers

Commercial

o    Retail

o    IT & Telecommunication

o    BFSI

o    Media & Entertainment

o    Healthcare

o    Others

Latin America

In-Ground

Western Europe

Backlight

Eastern Europe

Others

Asia Pacific  Excluding Japan

Japan

Middle East and  Africa

 TOP COMPANIES:

Philips Electronics India Ltd

Let’s face it. You have known this brand since you were a child. Philips is a Dutch brand, but it considers India to be its biggest market as far as LED lights are concerned. It is one of the most trusted and relied upon brand for LED lights among consumers. The firm boasts of cutting-edge technology and a wide range of LED lighting solutions to the Indian customer. It has a wide portfolio of LED lights, that is, Philips has an LED for people from every walk of life. Globally too, the firm is a leader in LED lighting. And it has made sure that it brings all that global experience and expertise for its products in India.

Osram India Pvt Ltd

People swear by German engineering. The Germans are considered to be the best brains in making machines of all kinds. So, what happens when a German company decides to open a manufacturing plant in India? Quite simply, you get robust German engineering- which means fuss-free LED lighting. Osram India, a complete subsidiary of Osram GmbH, offers its customers a wide range of LED lighting solutions. With manufacturing plants in Sonepat and Kundli, the company has managed to make LED lights for India, in India. From Indoor LED modules to exterior modules; from lamps to general lighting, Osram India has a solution for all your LED lighting needs.

Havells India Ltd

Here’s a fun fact, Havells has 14 different manufacturing locations in India alone. You might know the company from the famous cable advertisement that says that Havells’ cables never catch fire. And that is really a testament to the company’s quality control. Havells is a new entrant in LED lighting sphere, after it started manufacturing LED lights in 2010. And in that short span of time, it has established itself as one of the best LED lighting companies in India. Havells’ LED lighting solutions include spot lights, lamps, ceiling lights to name a few.

Bajaj

If you’ve ever driven an automobile made by Bajaj, you know how rugged and long lasting its products are. Fortunately for all of us, when the firm decided to make LED lights, it brought along the same manufacturing ethics with itself to provide the best possible product to its consumers. The company has over 7 decades of experience in the lighting industry and it is easy to spot that in its LED lights. Just like its two and three wheelers, Bajaj’s LED lights are long-lasting and some of the longest lasting LED lights in India. Bajaj is definitely one of the best LED lighting companies in India.

Wipro

From selling vegetable oil to computer solutions to LED lighting, Wipro has really seen it all in its ascension to being one of India’s LED lighting companies. Wipro provides LED lighting solutions for residential spaces, office spaces, and industries. The company is one of the fastest growing lighting firms in India and for good reasons. With its green yet efficient LED lighting solutions, the company boasts of a massive lighting portfolio for all kinds of use. Also notable is Wipro’s offering of mixed LED lights that can provide colour output from any conceivable colour palate.

Eveready

The company completed a century in the dry cell battery market in 2005. That goes on to the show the reliability and quality of its products. And when Eveready decided to step into the LED lighting market, it was welcomed warmly by its faithful customer base. With LED lighting solutions as wide as the Amazon River, the company takes care of both urban and rural needs efficiently.

SYSKA LED

SYSKA is a testament to the fact that you don’t have to be a century old company to sell things. The firm is only about two decades old, and in that short span, it has managed to grab a sizeable market share of LED lighting. You might know the company from witty ads featuring Indian actor Irfan Khan. But even without them, the company stands as one of the best LED lighting companies in India. With smart innovation and products that are priced fairly, SYSKA has managed to grab millions of eyeballs for all good reasons.

Moser Baer

After being a world leader in manufacturing CDs and DVDs, Moser Baer decided to step into the LED lighting sphere. The company, that is reportedly worth Rs 19,000 crores also covenanted to save 50 MW of energy in two years. To fulfill its promise, the company presented a wide range of efficient LEDs that did the job without being too heavy on the customer’s electricity bills. We all know that LED lighting is perhaps the most efficient way of lighting today, and it is wonderful to see major companies like Moser Baer in spreading awareness about it.

Surya

Surya is one of the biggest LED manufacturers in India with 50 different products in the Indian market right now. However, being a forward facing company, Surya has announced that it will launch 50 more products in the coming years. Surya LED lamps provide the best output along with a long life. More than that, they save up to 90 per cent of energy. The company’s manufacturing plant in NOIDA is one of the most sophisticated in the country.

Market Overview

An LED light bulb or lamp is an electric light that is primarily used in light fixtures by using one or more light-emitting diodes. LED lamps are energy-efficient, have a longer lifespan, and use only a fraction of energy as compared to equivalent incandescent lamps. LED lights emit around 90% lesser heat than incandescent lamps. In the recent past, the prices of architectural LED products have decreased significantly, which in turn, has increased its adoption for various applications. In architectural lighting, both technology and art are used to attain aesthetically pleasant lighting and energy-efficient lighting. The architectural lighting is done for commercial as well as residential projects. According to Coherent Market Insights’ analysis, the average selling price of LED products declined by 20% in 2014.

The global architectural LED products market is estimated to account for US$ 8,067.3 Mn in terms of value by the end of 2019

Market Dynamics- Drivers

1.    Growing consumer inclination towards luxurious lifestyle is expected to drive growth of the global architectural LED products market during the forecast period

Increasing consumer inclination towards luxurious lifestyle has boosted the demand for LED lighting products significantly worldwide. This demand has been observed in commercial as well as residential sectors. Moreover, the government offices and monuments are increasingly adopting architectural LEDs luminaries and lamps as part of smart city initiatives. Thus, these factors are expected to support growth of the global architectural LED products market over the forecast period. For instance, in 2013, the Royal Castle in Warsaw, Poland, installed Philips’ LED solution eW Graze linear lighting solution on the façade of the royal castle. The motive behind installation of architectural LED lights is to display the color of the facade as realistically as possible. Furthermore, in 2014, the Turkish government awarded a contract to Philips to install architectural LED products across 21 sites in Ankara city. 

2.    Stringent government regulations regarding deployment of LED lamps is expected to propel the global architectural LED products market over the forecast period

Government regulatory policies concerning construction of artistic buildings across various regions have accelerated the deployment of efficient lighting systems by construction companies. Moreover, government organizations across the globe are emphasizing on the implementation of minimum standards for lighting products efficiency and ban adoption of incandescent lighting products, in order to enhance the efficiency and cut-down CO2 emission. For instance, the Government of China has banned the use of 1000W and 60W incandescent bulbs across the country. Moreover, the European Union (EU) has banned the usage of all types of conventional incandescent lamps in the region. Hence, these factors are expected to boost the market growth in the near future.

Asia Pacific region dominated the global architectural LED products market in 2019, accounting for 52.3% share in terms of value, followed by Europe, and North America respectively.

Market Dynamics- Restraints

1.    High initial cost of installation is expected to hamper the global architectural LED products market growth over the forecast period

Compared to commercial sector, adoption of LED lighting products in residential sector is relatively low. This is owing to high initial cost of installation. Residential users are still preferring low-cost lighting technology products such as fluorescent lighting fixtures, particularly in emerging economies. This, in turn, is expected to hinder the demand for LED lighting products and thereby restrict the market growth over the forecast period. Currently, cost of 60W equivalent LED bulb is 9X that of 60W florescent bulb.

2.    Consumer inclination towards other lighting technology products is expected to restrain growth of the global architectural LED products market during the forecast period

In the current scenario, fluorescent technology products account for the larger share of the overall lighting market as compared to architectural LED lighting fixtures. According to Coherent Market Insights’ analysis, in 2012, fluorescent lamps accounted for a 12% share of the overall lighting market, while market share of LED lighting was around 10%. Therefore, these factors are expected to hamper the market growth over the forecast period.

Market Opportunities

1.    Tie-ups and partnerships with construction companies and home builders are expected to pose lucrative growth opportunities

Growing construction business across the globe has presented an excellent opportunity for architectural LED products provider to partner with construction companies and home builders. Installation of energy- and cost-effective lighting systems in the commercial sector presents huge market opportunity for providers of architectural LED products. According to Coherent Market Insights’ analysis, the global construction market is projected to grow at an annual average of 4.1% during the forecast period (2015–2021). Furthermore, key companies in the market have significant opportunity to sign agreement construction companies, in order to gain competitive advantage in the market. For instance, in September 2012, PhotonStar LED Group plc signed a one year LED light fixtures supply agreement with a leading U.K. home builder. The installation of LED light fixtures in new constructions helped the home builder meet carbon-emission target in a cost-effective manner.

2.    Tie-ups with e-commerce companies are expected to offer significant business opportunity

High growth e-commerce business in emerging economies such as Brazil, India, and China has offered lucrative growth opportunity for architectural LED products manufacturers and providers. Key manufacturers can tie-up with online retailers such as eBay and Amazon Inc., in order to endorse architectural LED lighting products and solutions among consumers.

Source: Coherent Market Insights

Global architectural LED market, by application type segment, wall washing type sub-segment was accounted for 39.8% market share in 2019 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 18.5% between 2019 and 2027.

 Source: Coherent Market Insights

Market Trends

1.    Growing mergers and acquisitions among key players are expected to be a major trend

Key companies in the market are focused on strategic activities such as mergers and acquisitions, in order to enhance their presence in the global market and gain competitive edge. For instance, in May 2015, Leviton Manufacturing Co., Inc. acquired Intense Lighting LLC and expanded its product portfolio with the addition of the latter’s LED lighting solutions for the residential, retail, commercial and hospitality sectors. Moreover, in September 2013, Magic Lite Ltd. acquired National Specialty Lighting—an architectural and specialty lighting company—in order to enhance its technological capabilities to manufacture advance LED lightings and presence in the U.S. architectural LED lighting market.

2.    Strategic partnerships and collaborations with e-commerce platform providers is another major trend in the market

Growing adoption of LED lights in various industries have compelled architectural LED products providers and e-commerce companies to form strategic alliance, order to expand their consumer base and gain competitive edge in the market. For instance, in July 2014, Phillips Lighting Limited entered into a strategic alliance with Amazon.com, Inc. in order to enhance its presence in the market.

Regulations

North America

In December 2007, President George W. Bush signed the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) with the purpose to establish new efficiency standards for products, public buildings, and vehicles and to enhance production of clean renewable fuels. Subtitle B, Section 321 of the EISA 2007 legislation established a phase-out timetable for 40, 60, 75, and 100 watt incandescent lamps as well as standards and a phase-in schedule for appropriate replacement lamps.

Competitive Section

Key companies operating in the global architectural LED products market are Epistar Corporation, GE Lighting LLC, Galaxia, Cree Inc., Cooper Industries PLC, Signify N.V., Philips Lumiled Lighting Company LLC, Verbatim Ltd., Osram Licht AG, Toshiba Lighting & Technology Corporation, and Samsung Electronics.

Key Developments

1.    Major market players are focused on mergers and acquisitions, in order to gain competitive edge in the market. For instance, in November 2018, American Industrial Partners, a U.S.-based private equity firm, acquired GE Lighting LLC’s solid-state lighting (SSL) business unit.

2.    Key players in the market are involved in product launch, in order to enhance their product portfolio. For instance, in July 2018, Cree Inc., a U.S.-based provider of LED lighting, introduced new High Efficiency (HE) version of XLamp XP-G2 LED.

[sojournsafaris-blog]

Places to Have the Best Adventure in Kenya

Kenya - the name is practically synonymous with "safari." Perhaps no other spot on the planet summons such a spirit of experience and sentiment. The decent variety of activities astonishes all who visit and review the nation's plenteous natural life beat the rundown. Being part of adventure tours in Kenya of reputed tour operators see crowds of wildebeest roaring over the savanna during the Great Migration in the Maasai Mara; come eye-to-eye with an elephant in Amboseli; or wonder about Lake Nakuru, spotted with a huge number of flamingos. In these sun-doused lands, antiquated tribes, for example, the Maasai, Kikuyu, and Samburu, hold their customary traditions, living in relative amicability with the common world.

Past the world-renowned safari parks lies a trove of beachfront treasures. You can snorkel and dive fish-rich coral reefs, unwind on silvery shorelines, experience the blend of societies and foods in Mombasa and Malindi, and explore tropical islands saturated with Swahili history.

Geographically, Kenya is staggering. Encompassed by calderas and mountain ranges, the Great Rift Valley separates the nation. Toward the east of this broad valley, you can climb the snow-shrouded tropical pinnacles of Mount Kenya and fish for trout in perfectly clear streams. Hell's Gate National Park harbors obsidian caves and murmurs with normal fountains and natural aquifers. To encounter the sentiment of Kenya's vivid colonial history caught in the film Out of Africa, head to Nairobi. This clamoring capital is the door to one of the world's most reminiscent and energizing travel goals.

Maasai Mara National Reserve Maasai Mara National Reserve likewise called "Masai Mara" is one of the world's most eminent game reserves. Flanking Tanzania, the Mara is the northern expansion of the Serengeti and structures an untamed life passageway between the two nations. The name is after the statuesque, red-shrouded Maasai individuals who live in the recreation center and graze their creatures here as they have accomplished for quite a long time. In their language, Mara signifies "mottled," maybe a reference to the play of light and shadow from the acacia trees and cloud-studded skies on the vast prairies.

The recreation center is popular for the Great Migration, when a large number of wildebeest, zebra, and Thomson's gazelle travel to and from the Serengeti, from July through October. In the Mara River, crowds of hippos and crocodiles hide. The recreation center is likewise known for giving fantastic predator sightings, because of its enormous populaces of lion, cheetah, and panther - particularly in the dry a very long time from December through February. Because of the recreation center's height, the climate here is mellow and delicate all year. The adventure tours in Kenya give you the best opportunities to enjoy and experience this amazing natural feature.

Amboseli National Reserve Crowned by Mount Kilimanjaro, Africa's most astounding pinnacle, Amboseli National Reserve is one of Kenya's most prevalent visitor parks. The name "Amboseli" originates from a Maasai word signifying "salty dust," an adept depiction for the recreation center's dry conditions. The reserve is probably the best place in Africa to see huge groups of elephants very close. Another natural life normally seen in the recreation center incorporates huge cats, for example, lion and cheetah, just as giraffe, impala, eland, waterbuck, gazelle, and in excess of 600 types of birds. Nature sweethearts can explore five unique territories here, going from the evaporated bed of Lake Amboseli, wetlands with sulfur springs, savannah, and forests. Search for the nearby Maasai individuals who live in the zone around the recreation center.

Tsavo National Park Kenya's biggest park, Tsavo, is in two parts: Tsavo West and Tsavo East. Together these parks include four percent of the nation's all-out zone and incorporate waterways, cascades, savannah, volcanic slopes, a gigantic igneous rock level, and a great assorted variety of untamed life. Halfway between Nairobi and Mombasa, Tsavo East is a place for photographing commendable sightings of huge elephant crowds rolling and washing in red dust. The palm-bordered Galana River winds through the recreation center giving astounding game view and a rich contradiction to the parched fields. Different features here incorporate the Yatta Plateau, the world's longest magma stream; Mudanda Rock; and the Lugard Falls, which spill into rapids and crocodile-filled pools.

Tsavo West is wetter and geologically progressively shifted, with probably the most delightful view in the northern ranges of the recreation center. Features here are Mzima Springs, a progression of characteristic springs with enormous populaces of hippos and crocodiles; Chaimu Crater, an incredible spot for seeing birds of prey; and Ngulia Rhino Sanctuary. Untamed life is not as simple to see in Tsavo West due to the dense vegetation, yet the wonderful landscape compensates all.

Samburu, Buffalo Springs, and Shaba National Reserves On the banks of the palm-lined Ewaso Nyiro River, Samburu, Buffalo Springs, and Shaba Reserves lie in a dry locale in the remote north of Kenya. Shaba National Reserve is one of two zones where George and Joy Adamson raised Elsa the lioness, put on the map in the film Born Free. The untamed life in each of the three stores relies upon the waters of the waterway to endure, and numerous species are uncommonly adjusted to the dry conditions, for example, Grevy's zebras; Somali ostriches; and gerenuks, the long-necked antelope that remain on two back legs to arrive at the crisp shoots on upper tree appendages.

A top fascination in Samburu National Reserve is the Sarara Singing Wells, nearby watering gaps where Samburu warriors sing customary tunes while pulling water for their cows to drink. You may likewise be compensated with sightings of enormous felines and wild hounds.

Lake Nakuru National Park Lake Nakuru National Park, in Central Kenya, is renowned for its immense herds of pink flamingos. The feathered creatures crowd on Lake Nakuru itself, one of the Rift Valley lakes that include very nearly 33% of the recreation center's region. The recreation center was set up in 1961, and in excess of 450 types of birds have been recorded here, just as a rich decent variety of other untamed life. Lions, panthers, warthogs, waterbucks, pythons, and white rhinos are only a portion of the creatures you may see, and the scenes run from clearing prairies flanking the lake to rough bluffs and forest.

The recreation center likewise secures the biggest euphorbia candelabrum backwoods in Africa. These tall, expanding succulents are endemic to the area and give an intriguing textural component to the parched scenes.

Lake Naivasha A shelter for birders, Lake Naivasha lies at the highest point of the Great Rift Valley and has been known to recoil extensively in the midst of outrageous dry spell. A prospering floriculture industry in the region is likewise affecting water levels and quality. Perhaps the ideal approaches to see a natural life is by vessel. You can spot in excess of 400 types here, including African fish falcons. Hippos slosh in the water, and giraffes, zebra, bison, and eland touch around the edges of the lake. Keep a watch out for Colobus monkeys in the coverings, as well.

Close Lake Naivasha, the Crater Lake Game Sanctuary includes an untamed life rich nature trail. Only south of Lake Naivasha, the moderately reasonable Hell's Gate National Park ensures a wide assortment of natural life and offers brilliant climbing openings with two wiped out volcanoes and the red precipices of Hell's Gate Gorge. On the southern shore of Lake Naivasha, you can fly in for some tea at the Elsamere Conservation Center, the previous home of the late Joy Adamson, creator of Born Free and her better half George.

Mount Kenya National Park In the Central Highlands, east of the Great Rift Valley, Mount Kenya National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site including the nation's namesake most noteworthy mountain at 5,199 meters and giving the uncommon sight of the tropical day off. Shaped by a progression of volcanic emissions, Mount Kenya has three ice sheet shrouded crests. The most astounding is Batian, in spite of the fact that Nelion, the following most astounding, is a harder trip. The most reduced pinnacle, Lenana, is the least demanding trip, albeit erratic climate can posture difficulties.

View changes from icy masses, lakes, and mineral springs to high woodland and thick pockets of bamboo. The assorted variety of greenery gives compensating chances to adventure. Among the natural life here, you may spot Colobus monkeys, bison, elephant, tree hyrax, panther, and hyena.

In order to have the best adventure tours in Kenya, it is wise to contact Sojourn Safaris. They have years of experience and knowledge to organize the best adventure safaris and enable you to explore untamed Kenya while you have perfect comfort and safety. Call or whatsapp at (+254) 722 661 827 to speak to their safari specialists.

[househunting]

a good article on plantation houses/tours/architecture and how the actual history is never brought up while talking about the houses:

I’m not sure how I picked up the hobby of touring plantations. I think it started with my interest in architecture—picked up from my husband, who works in real estate—and my best friend of 20-plus years, who is an interior designer. Over the years, I’ve adopted their combined interests.

I’ve been to four plantations and an antebellum home with slave quarters over the past few months. That certainly doesn’t make me an expert on slavery or plantations. But it has given me some perspective on the popular article “I Used to Lead Tours at a Plantation. You Won’t Believe the Questions I Got About Slavery,” written by Margaret Biser for Vox.

Biser, who described herself as someone who once “worked at a historic site in the South,” shared her observations of some white people who visited the grounds and the sometimes bizarre questions they asked. I’ve had my own experiences with strange questions on the tours, notably all from black people, and also the bizarre commentary from white—always white, always women—docents.

My first plantation tour took place in March, when I visited Magnolia Plantation & Gardens in Charleston, S.C. The tour of the big house was OK, though it was smaller than I expected. I appreciated the architecture and interior, though I was never able to separate the opulence from the people who toiled miserably in cotton or tobacco fields. Every time the tour guide made a sweeping gesture alluding to the grandness of a room, I wondered about the enslaved men and women who were forced to work for free to make such luxuries possible.

As the other visitors, all of them white except for a friend accompanying me, oohed and aahed, I wondered if they were picturing themselves heading back in time and imagining what life would have been like then. As a black girl with a great-grandfather born into slavery, I know how I would have lived: enslaved, considered property, doing backbreaking work for no pay, subjected to the demands of Massa and Missy, and living under the threat of violence at any time. Standing in one of the upper bedrooms, I thought, “This visit was a bad idea,” and whispered to my friend, “Never again.”

The slave quarters, distant from the big house, required a separate tour. Of our big-house group of 30 or so, just four of us boarded a trolley that took us down the road to the cabins. The tour guide, a peppy young woman in her early 20s, walked us out to the restored one-room shacks, which she described as "duplexes" because they had attic space that enslaved people slept in.

She told our group that enslaved men and women were treated and fed well on the plantation. In fact, they “were like family��� to the owners. She went on to tell the story of a black family who stayed on the plantation beyond the Civil War and into the 1960s because they were loyal and they were so happy there. Then she showed us a cabin with psychedelic wallpaper. My friend and I had exchanged “This is bulls—t” glances throughout the tour, but our eyes locked the longest and rolled the hardest over these details.

Oddly, this perspective on slavery actually made me want to go back on my word and visit more plantations, if for no other reason than to hear who was telling revisionist history and who wasn’t. Was every plantation selling “The slaves were so happy!” stories, or was anyone revealing 12 Years a Slave realness?

Last week I was in New Orleans and stopped by the Hermann-Grima House in the French Quarter. It was the city house of a family that owned a large sugarcane plantation elsewhere in the state. Enslaved men and women were kept in an apartment-style building in the backyard.

The docent, a white woman, of course, was visibly nervous. I was the only black person on the tour. Was she nervous because of me? She alternately referred to the enslaved women and men who worked in the home as “dependencies” and “domestic workers.” When she actually called them “enslaved men and women,” she stumbled over the words as if she weren’t used to the phrase. I wondered if she used that politically correct phrase with all-white groups. No one asked anything like what Biser described in her article.

After the tour, I double-checked some numbers and dates with her because I knew I would write about my visit. She answered my questions, then added unexpectedly that the current owners of the home don’t really like the docents to talk about slavery, but she’s a historian and thinks it should be mentioned. I thanked her for clarifying.  

On the final day of my trip, I headed an hour out to Old River Road, a 100-mile stretch of two-lane road with plenty of plantations, including the Evergreen Plantation, which was featured in Django Unchained. (A TV show was shooting on location, so it was closed to the public.) A friend from Louisiana recommended that I start with the recently restored Whitney Plantation, which was now a museum dedicated to the history of slavery.

Of our tour group of 20 or so, there were five black people: me, three women and a man, all of whom looked to be in their late 50s to early 60s. By their accents, I assumed they were from the South. Only their questions struck me as bizarre.

We were standing by a monument to enslaved people that included only their first names, ages, any skills and the region in Africa where they were stolen from. The guide had just explained that the only way researchers were able to retrieve this information was by looking at property records.

From one of the black women: “Did the slaves have birth certificates?”

Um, no. Enslaved men and women were not considered people. Maybe she wasn’t paying attention to the docent. I gave her a pass.

Our group moved on to the on-site slave jails. The parish jail was for people actually considered human. The “property” who needed to be locked up for whatever reason were punished or held in a square contraption. There were hooks showing where they could be shackled to the wall.

From one of the black women: “When the slaves were in slave jail, were they allowed out for exercise?”

Um … no.

I was happy that they were on the tour in order to learn. But I was surprised that black people, especially those from the South, knew so little about slavery and seemed to think the treatment of enslaved men and women reflected a modern, humane way of life. Ignorance about slavery is not the sole domain of white people.

Next up was the Laura Plantation, which was owned by a Creole family. The guide pulled no punches in describing the cruelty of slavery. She told us about an enslaved man who was captured after he’d run off and was punished by having the initials of the owner engraved into his forehead.

There was another story about a son of the family who had a child with an enslaved woman, whom he never freed.

The docent told a story about an enslaved woman and her family who stayed on the plantation after the owners fled during the Civil War. The docent was clear that they likely stayed there only because they had nowhere else to go. I appreciated her honesty.

Finally, I made my way to the Oak Alley Plantation. There’s no tour of the slave cabins, but they have been turned into a walkable exhibit that features the devices used to torture enslaved men and women, and small iron shackles that could be used on children.

All in all, my takeaway from my plantation tours is similar to the conclusion that Biser reached through her own experiences as a docent: A lot of people just don’t know that much about the horrors of slavery. There’s been a failure not just in what white Americans are taught about slavery but in what African Americans learn, too. That’s not by accident.

During some of my visits I found a willful intent to overlook the worst parts of slavery to make it more palatable, which doesn’t serve anyone. If you want to know the real deal, you’ve got to seek out the information, perhaps at a plantation that’s not afraid to confront horrifying truth.

Demetria Lucas D’Oyley is a contributing editor at The Root, a life coach and the author of Don’t Waste Your Pretty: The Go-to Guide for Making Smarter Decisions in Life & Love as well as A Belle in Brooklyn: The Go-to Girl for Advice on Living Your Best Single Life. Follow her on Twitter.

Via The Root by Demetria Lucas D’Oyley.  I’ll be including an article like this if I post plantation houses in the future, I’m sorry I didn’t include it in the first one. 

[taswhapstuff]

Episode 1,2,3 (peter D)

Ep1.

“Survival” is the common idea going throughout the episode. Ancient human experienced difficulties in finding food and shelter. Homosapien created many inventions like needles, fires, and planting crops that really shaped their foundation in survival in life.

70,000 years ago, modern humans leaving Africa and spread to different continents around the world. God already provided the basic skill of survivor are language and weapons for hunting to help to stay alive and co-operating.  As the Ice Age period arriving, humans are suffering from arduous weather conditions. The invention of needles to sew clothes helped them stay heated under those thick fur jackets. Apparently, an archeologist discovers that about 27,000 years ago, we using arts to record history and mark universal statement that “we are here”, that can be found in many places like Argentina, Australia, North America, and South Africa.

Ice age period ended, giving the opportunity for a human to raise crops. Crops like wheat, rice, corn, etc are really popular. As the episode continued, they introduce a place in Turkey called Catalhoyuk with 8,000 people lived in the mud house. The mud house structures was a flat roof throughout the “house” and residences were living in a small place like a box that can only enter through a trap door and climb down by ladder. Due to a small communal place, diseases are easily spread like smallpox, influenza, etc Time passes, the community continues to expand and the human population increases. Making jobs like farmers to trade their goods, craftsman and priest emerged more in the society, landlord and king divided society into poor versus rich.

The next part took place in the Yellow River, China. There was a Yu King, who succeed in taming the river from damaging the village. The episode also introduced the powerful civilization of Egypt. They record history on the writing system called hieroglyphics. Natural disasters commonly happen in Egypt. People believe that sacrificing a human for God will eventually shut down natural disasters.

Throughout the episode, the creator did an amazing job in recreating the old time. But there are still some controversial pictures that really making the audiences feeling confused.

Ep2

This next episode focusing on the foundation that shapes our community and the habit of conquering land in the present time.

It started with the ruthless action of conquerors toward conquering new land and turning the locals to slave. Archeologists found an ancient wall filled with a picture of cruelty action of the Assyrian slaughter. But, there was one king that people in the past really honored name Cyrus the Great. He frees the slaves in Jerusalem and rebuilt their temples.

Alphabets are the key that helps human like us to record information. In 1050 BC, The Phoenicians live in the Assyrian empire developed from travel difference land to trade and communicate. As the trade emerged more, the Libyans used to hold and silver in term of currency for trading and “finances”. Greek adopting the language and later used it for their democracy systems in Athens and their creative scientific thinking. Greeks started to create the first democracy to overthrew tyrannical ruler. Male citizens have equal status and can discuss the problem of the state.

Moving away from Greece, the episode move to the man who is a radical thinker name Siddhartha Gautama. Who tends to believe that there is a lot of question about human existence. He later escaping his village to seek for the answer to his question. His first impression was the poverty and illness that he had never experienced before. Walking through jungles, he found a tree and he has an idea of meditating under that tree to enlighten his inner selves. Time passes he finally found the wisdom that he been dying to find for the longest time. His philosophy was passed down from generation to generation that really sharps the Buddhism religion like what we see in our time. The rising of believers on his belief keep rising that spreading to China. However, Confucius has “conquered” the belief of the citizen and create a big amount of followers on belief to respect your families. Relating a bit too modern day, Vietnam is also a country that got a big influence from the idea of Confucius. Elders always come first and taking care for them is a pleasure. Disrespecting the elders meaning that you just failed your family pride. Beside from Confucius, Socrates also taking over Greek on the belief of having the right to overthrown political leaders.

This episode showed the great leaders that contribute to the glory of that particular country/territory and idea that influence human.

Ep3.

This third episode focus on the spread of the three largest religions: Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam and the emperors power toward their country.

The episode starts with Ying Zheng. A ruler who conquered the rival states in China. He is a hunger for power, who tends to control everything in his territory. People are slaughtered to build the Great Wall China, a really big project that required a massive amount of people. Additionally, he burns the book and kills Confucianism scholars in order to put his power to a whole new level. The economy was governed by him with his new rules.

Beside from China, Ashoka (ruler) created a war and slaughter the Marine Empire. But after the war, Ashoka realized violence won’t gonna help he feel better in his life. So he started to embrace the Buddhist idea, abolished the slave trade, build schools and hospitals… to serve the locals. He carved edicts in the stone. His mission is to export peace idea across the world.

Egypt is slowly losing power. Cleopatra (ruler of Egypt) wanted to have a country alliance with Julius Caesar (Rome). Cleopatra decided to put her own faith and the country in Caesar’s hand. Later on, both Cleopatra and Caesar fell in love with each other and had a baby, he intended to move the capital Rome to Egypt.  But the thing doesn’t work like what they expected. Caesar got murdered by other senates and civil wars happen.

After the civil wars, Christianity emerged and spread throughout the Roman Empire. Paul spreads the idea of God is coming to save their life. Since then, people started to believe about Christianity more and the spread increase strongly. Emperors of Roman fear that those beliefs will eventually against the prosperity of Roman.

Ethiopia slaves and people were forced to follow the faith called Islam. It taught you to have to worship God because God is who control the world. Mecca is a central place that people usually go and worship God.

[greysapp]

Flamingo animal

The feathers are also initially gray, but will gradually be replaced by the pink, adult plumage as the flamingo ages and incorporates carotenoid compounds from its diet into new growth. Both their legs and bill are dark gray in color, and only become pink as the bird matures. Young birds are covered with a downy-type feather when they first hatch. Because there is no difference in coloration between the sexes, the bright pink coloration is not likely to be any type of sexual signal, though some researchers suggest it may function equally for both sexes in selecting a mate as a sign of fitness due to overall nutrition status. The legs are bright pink as well and end with pink, webbed feet. They feature pale irises and a pale bill with pink and black on the tip. Adults have primarily pink plumage with black flight feathers only visible in flight. Otherwise both sexes are uniformly colored. Sexual dimorphism is present in that males are slightly larger than females, and females obtain their adult color slightly earlier than males. This reversal is largely attributed to flamingos' method of feeding by submerging their heads upside-down. Thus when it eats, the upper mandible moves as opposed to the lower, which is completely reversed from all birds and mammals. Flamingo's lower mandibles are larger than the upper, which is not rigidly attached to the skull. In contrast to other birds, flamingo's bills are essentially reversed. Their large bills consist of layers of horny plates used to filter out prey from the water. The bill is uniquely adapted for filter-feeding, and its shape is not shared among any other family of birds. Flamingos will often rest their head on their body in order to avoid fatigue in the neck muscles. They are most well-known for their bright pink coloration and in fact, the word "flamingo" derives from old Spanish for "flaming" or "red feather." Individuals have long, graceful necks and legs which in proportion to body size are the longest of any bird. Greater flamingos are one of the larger members of the Aves class with a wingspan measuring 1.5 m wide, standing 1.2 m tall, and weighing 2.1 to 4.1 kg. Flamingos show little to no site-tenacity and don't often return to previous flocking sites, or to their birth locations. In colonies of such high density, occasional food shortages arise and flocks will perform short migrations in search of greater food resources. Habitats are nearly always coastal, but they have been known to move inland to lagoons or volcanic lakes. These habitats are often located near larger bodies of water such as coastal areas, sea inlets, rivers, and open lakes. They are harsh environments where filter feeders benefit from reduced competition and predation while at the same time being able to take advantage of the abundant food sources. Hyper-saline estuaries are the preferred habitat. These large mud flats are usually located near a food supply. They tend to occupy large mud flats where the loose mud can be easily formed into the mounds that they use as nests. ( "Focus on Flamingos", 2010 "Tour du Valat", 2010 Allen, 1956 Fer, 2006 Roynesdal, 2007)įlamingos live in large colonies, oftentimes numbering into the thousands of individuals. Flamingos have been seen in the southern United States, though they are not as prolific as in the more southern latitudes. The range of Caribbean flamingos, a subspecies of Phoenicopterus ruber, covers the northern shore of South America, most shoreline around the Caribbean Sea, as well as nearby islands in the Caribbean and Eastern Pacific. Specifically, the range of greater flamingos extends across the entire shoreline of Africa, the Mediterranean Sea, parts of Asia and India as well as southern United States, the Caribbean, and Yucatan Peninsula where there are warm coastal habitats. Depending on the authority involved, there are up to six distinct species, each with its own range and geographic dispersion. Flamingos are found on all continents except Antarctica and Australia.

[naijastudio]

Mark Angel Comedy Biography, Net Worth & Career

Mark Angel Comedy is a Nigerian comedian, screenwriter, and video producer who was born on May 27, 1991. He is best known for the Mark Angel Comedy series of YouTube films, which frequently feature young comedians like his cousin Emmanuella Samuel (age 11), niece Success Madubuike, and her cousin "Aunty" Success Madubuike (age 7 as of 2021). Angel's YouTube channel was the first to reach one million subscribers in Africa. Mark Angel Comedy Easy Life Mark Angel was born in the Nigerian city of Port Harcourt in the state of Rivers in 1991. He went to Obafemi Awolowo University to study medicine but had to leave due to family obligations. After college, he worked in Nigeria for a while, getting expertise in cinematography and theater, but he couldn't find steady work in Nollywood. Under the banner Mechanic Pictures, he began making independent films in 2013. He is a Chelsea FC supporter. Mark Angel Comedy career Angel is most known for Mark Angel Comedy, a series of YouTube comedy shorts starring members of Angel's family and Port Harcourt area. Emmanuella Samuel and Success, in particular, are featured in several of the shorts. The earliest well-known short by Angel is ""Oga Landlord," in which a guy who is late on his rent (Angel) tries in vain to have a youngster (Emmanuella) cover for him (e.g. "My uncle is not around. He just said something to me "(Imaginative+ paraphrase). Angel's longest-running actress is Samuel. For her work with Angel, she has received comedy prizes in Nigeria and Australia, and she is Africa's youngest YouTube award winner. Prior to being chosen by Angel for his stable of actors, she began film work in school as part of a class video project. During the first week after a video is posted, Samuel's videos can receive up to a million views. Mark Angel Comedy was honored by YouTube with a plaque for reaching one million subscribers in 2017. It was the first YouTube channel headquartered in Nigeria to attain that milestone. Samuel's involvement in a forthcoming Disney feature film was confirmed in 2018. Emmanuella, Success, and Regina Daniels were featured in a comedy titled "Lockdown" on Ofego's YouTube channel on April 2, 2020, during the COVID-19 lockdowns, using archive footage. Mark Angel Comedy Theater Industry Mark Angel prefers to work with a variety of camera formats and close-up shots. Angel refers to his films as "freestyle comedy" because they use shaky camera methods to give them a natural, down-to-earth vibe. Angel primarily films in his family's lower-class Port Harcourt neighborhood in order to depict the milieu in which he grew up and to relate to other Nigerians. Mark Angel Comedy Profile Information Mark Angel Comedy Profile From naijagenre.com Born 27 May 1991 (age 30) Port Harcourt, Nigeria Occupation Comedian, script writer, video producer, YouTuber YouTube information Channel - MarkAngelComedy Years active 2013–present Genre Comedy Subscribers 7.68 million Total views 7.6 billion Creator Awards 100,000 subscribers 2016 1,000,000 subscribers 2017 List Of Mark Angel’s Comedy skits - The Landlord: - Maths teacher: - Vegetable soup - Ice cream - Roasted Yam - Pregnancy - Emmanuella in school - White Spirit - True love - Head Mistress - Emmanuellla and the mumu uncle - Take me out - Stingy Uncle - Vision 2020 - Academic quiz - The journey - My real face - Pot of soup - Valentine - Don’t mind him Mark Angel Comedy Motor Despite his celebrity, Mark Angel has kept his personal life private. He isn't known for showing fancy automobiles. He did, however, recently tweet a photo of himself standing next to a Jeep, captioning it, "Now that God has rewarded him, he may enter into where rich men park their automobiles and take photos with them." He didn't indicate who owned the cars, but we're guessing it's a JEEP WRANGLER. Mark Angel Comedy Net Worth On his YouTube channel, Mark Angel earns almost $100,000 per month. 1.25 million dollars is his estimated net worth. Read the full article

[infoatw]

An amazing journey to Egypt beyond Pyramid. Egypt the country which links Northeast Africa with the middle east is well known to most of the population of the world because of its great pyramids, mummy’s, the longest river Nile which flows through it, and one of the oldest and mysterious civilizations around it.

An amazing journey to Egypt beyond Pyramid

Basic Information of Egypt

Official name: ARAB REPUBLIC OF EGYPT

Continent: AFRICA

Location: latitudes 22º and 32º N, longitudes 25º and 35º E.

Capital: CAIRO

Official language: ARABIC

National language: EGYPTIAN

National anthem: Bilady, Bilady, Bilady.

Currency: EGYPTIAN POUND (symbol- LE)

Government: UNITARY SEMI-PESIDENTAL REPUBLIC.

Area: 1,010,408 KM2

Population: 99,690,000 (2020)

Density: 98(2019)

Urban-rural division: URBAN- 42.5%

RURAL- 57.5%

GDP: $362 billion.

HDI: 0.707

History of Egypt

The Divine Family of EGYPT

The first royal family of Egypt is traced down to the lineage of the god HORUS. He was the son of Isis and Osiris. After his victory over Seth his uncle and killer of his father he was called the god of kingship and worshiped as the god who triumphed over evil. The pharaohs which are the title of the monarchs in Egypt traced their linage to him.

The Regin of Pharohs

The role of Pharaoh is a bit more than the owner of the throne, governor of the state, and manager of cosmic order. In Egypt, the Pharaoh plays the role of intermediary between the deities and the civilians. He himself used to be the commander–in–chief of the army.

The first pharaoh of Egypt is believed to be king NARMER or also known as MENES (ca. 3100 – 3000 BC). He is believed to be the founder of the first dynasty in Egypt.

[yourboatholiday]

Mauritius: the right place for a 7 days sailing itinerary from Port Louis

Mauritius is a popular destination for hundreds of thousands of tourists every year who have made it an exclusive and famous location all over the world.

White beaches, warm and transparent waters, a green area full of life, what else to ask for a dream vacation? Well, a rental boat, of course!

CONTACT US FOR YOUR 7 DAYS CHARTER IN THE MAURITIUS

Discover with us at Your Boat Holiday this fantastic holiday paradise.

If by reading these few lines you already want to pack your bags, do not hesitate to contact us!

Where are located the Mauritius?

Mauritius is located in the southern Indian Ocean, about 900 km east of Madagascar, off the southeastern coast of Africa. Its territory is characterized by a major island and some surrounding smaller islands.

What kind of culture will we find there?

The island has undergone colonization by the French, Dutch, and British, and only in 1968, it reached its independence. The characteristic of Mauritian society is the coexistence of different ethnic groups, cultures, and religions. This has made it a multi-ethnic nation full of contradictions which have however found their own balance.

How to get to Mauritius?

Mauritius can be reached by air from the main European, American and Asian airports. The main airport is Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam International Airport, located 48 km southeast of Port Louis, the capital.

The national airline Air Mauritius operates non-stop connections to many locations around the world one day a week, departing in the evening and arriving on the island the following morning.

What is the best time to visit Mauritius?

From December to April there is hot and humid summer, from May to November the climate cools considering that temperatures can vary from a minimum of 18 degrees in winter to a maximum of 33 degrees in summer. The plateau regions are the coldest while the mountainous regions are the wettest.

Places to see in Mauritius

The island beauty, as well as in the white beaches and turquoise waters, is given by the presence of the mountainous reliefs that form the landscape backdrop and large green areas.

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These are the ones that we believe are worth not to be missed while sailing with your rental boat:

7 Days sailing itinerary from Port Louis

Port Louis

Port Louis is Mauritius’s capital and also its administrative center, the heart of the business, and home to some of the most interesting museums on the island. Port Louis is the symbol of the multicultural coexistence that inhabits Mauritius and is in fact organized in five neighborhoods characterized by their ethnicities and religions: Islamic, Hindu, Christian, Chinese, and Creole.

In the city center, there are instead many buildings from the colonial era.

Trou aux Biches

located 20 km north of Port Louis, it is one of the most popular tourist resorts. The beaches are white and shaded by Casuarina, typical island trees. The sea is rather calm and sheltered from the winds and is therefore ideal for swimming and snorkeling thanks to its transparent waters and the presence of a vast marine animal fauna.

Pamplemousses

It is a village in the Port Louis north hinterland. It is known for the botanical garden dedicated to Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam who was prime minister just after independence in 1968. The garden is a paradise of different plant varieties; palm trees are the main attraction with their impressive variety of shapes such as bottle palms, tall royal palms, raffia palms, sugar palms, and Coripas. At the center of the gardens is a pond filled with giant water lilies reaching 2 meters in diameter. Let you be guided by a local guide to fully appreciate the beauty of this place.

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Ile aux Cerfs

This small island is located adjacent to Mauritius’s east coast and is one of the most visited destinations by tourists thanks to its beautiful beaches.

Once disembarked, the advice is to move away from the very crowded central part and explore the island to enjoy its wild beauty, at low tide it is very easy to go to the nearby and quiet Ile de l’Est island, crossing a picturesque strip of sand. The island is owned by the Le Touessrok luxury hotel, which features a splendid golf course.

Belle Mare

We are talking about a 10 km beach with white sand and turquoise waters located on the east coast of the island. Stopping here seems to use more than an option!

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Flic en Flac

Flic-en-Flac is a seaside village on the west coast of Mauritius in the Black River district. The name most likely comes from an old Dutch phrase, “Fried Landt Flaak”, which means free and flat land. Its public white sand beach is one of the longest on the island and is the perfect place if you like to indulge in long relaxing walks.

Le Morne

Le Morne is located on a hammer-shaped peninsula in the southwest of Mauritius. It is a very characteristic and suggestive 4 km beach overwhelmed by the Morne Brabant mountain, 556 meters high, overlooking the coast. The name Morne means “he who is in mourning” and according to local stories it derives from the death of runaway slaves who, chased by soldiers, threw themselves from the mountain. 

It is probably the most luxurious and well-known place to drop anchor in Mauritius.

Blue Bay

Located in the southeastern part of the island as its name implies, it is a bay with turquoise waters where you can dive and snorkel. The beaches are also frequented by locals especially on weekends, the promenade continues going north, tides permitting.

The fun feature of Blue Bay is the fact that it is very close to the airport, so you can see the planes land just a few meters away from the swimmers.

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You can contact us by sending an email at ask@yourboatholiday.com or by phone, calling +39 33436 00997, available also on WhatsApp for both calls and texting.

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Events 12.4

771 – Austrasian king Carloman I dies, leaving his brother Charlemagne king of the now complete Frankish Kingdom. 1110 – The Kingdom of Jerusalem captures Sidon. 1259 – Kings Louis IX of France and Henry III of England agree to the Treaty of Paris, in which Henry renounces his claims to French-controlled territory on continental Europe (including Normandy) in exchange for Louis withdrawing his support for English rebels. 1563 – The final session of the Council of Trent is held. (It had opened on December 13, 1545.) 1619 – Thirty-eight colonists arrive at Berkeley Hundred, Virginia. The group's charter proclaims that the day "be yearly and perpetually kept holy as a day of thanksgiving to Almighty God." 1676 – The Danish army under the command of King Christian V engages the Swedish army commanded by the Swedish king Charles XI at the Battle of Lund, to this day it is counted as the bloodiest battle in Scandinavian history and a turning point in the Scanian War. 1745 – Charles Edward Stuart's army reaches Derby, its furthest point during the Second Jacobite Rising. 1783 – At Fraunces Tavern in New York City, U.S. General George Washington bids farewell to his officers. 1786 – Mission Santa Barbara is dedicated (on the feast day of Saint Barbara). 1791 – The first edition of The Observer, the world's first Sunday newspaper, is published. 1829 – In the face of fierce local opposition, British Governor-General Lord William Bentinck issues a regulation declaring that anyone who abets suttee in Bengal is guilty of culpable homicide. 1861 – The 109 Electors of the several states of the Confederate States of America unanimously elect Jefferson Davis as President and Alexander H. Stephens as Vice President. 1864 – American Civil War: Sherman's March to the Sea: At Waynesboro, Georgia, forces under Union General Judson Kilpatrick prevent troops led by Confederate General Joseph Wheeler from interfering with Union General William T. Sherman's campaign destroying a wide swath of the South on his march to the Atlantic Ocean from Atlanta. 1865 – North Carolina ratifies 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, followed soon by Georgia, and U.S. slaves were legally free within two weeks. 1867 – Former Minnesota farmer Oliver Hudson Kelley founds the Order of the Patrons of Husbandry (better known today as the Grange). 1872 – The crewless American brigantine Mary Celeste, drifting in the Atlantic, is discovered by the Canadian brig Dei Gratia. The ship has been abandoned for nine days but is only slightly damaged. Her master Benjamin Briggs and all nine others known to have been on board are never accounted for. 1875 – Notorious New York City politician Boss Tweed escapes from prison; he is later recaptured in Spain. 1881 – The first edition of the Los Angeles Times is published. 1893 – First Matabele War: A patrol of 34 British South Africa Company soldiers is ambushed and annihilated by more than 3,000 Matabele warriors on the Shangani River in Matabeleland. 1906 – Alpha Phi Alpha the first black intercollegiate Greek lettered fraternity was founded at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. 1909 – In Canadian football, the First Grey Cup game is played. The University of Toronto Varsity Blues defeat the Toronto Parkdale Canoe Club, 26–6. 1909 – The Montreal Canadiens ice hockey club, the oldest surviving professional hockey franchise in the world, is founded as a charter member of the National Hockey Association. 1918 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson sails for the World War I peace talks in Versailles, becoming the first US president to travel to Europe while in office. 1939 – World War II: HMS Nelson is struck by a mine (laid by U-31) off the Scottish coast and is laid up for repairs until August 1940. 1942 – World War II: Carlson's patrol during the Guadalcanal Campaign ends. 1943 – World War II: In Yugoslavia, resistance leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav government in-exile. 1943 – World War II: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt closes down the Works Progress Administration, because of the high levels of wartime employment in the United States. 1945 – By a vote of 65–7, the United States Senate approves United States participation in the United Nations. (The UN had been established on October 24, 1945.) 1949 – Sir Duncan George Stewart was fatally stabbed by Rosli Dhobi, a member leader of the Rukun 13, in Sibu, Sarawak, Malaysia during the British crown colony era in that state. 1956 – The Million Dollar Quartet (Elvis Presley, Jerry Lee Lewis, Carl Perkins, and Johnny Cash) get together at Sun Studio for the first and last time. 1964 – Free Speech Movement: Police arrest over 800 students at the University of California, Berkeley, following their takeover and sit-in at the administration building in protest of the UC Regents' decision to forbid protests on UC property. 1965 – Launch of Gemini 7 with crew members Frank Borman and Jim Lovell. The Gemini 7 spacecraft was the passive target for the first crewed space rendezvous performed by the crew of Gemini 6A. 1967 – Vietnam War: U.S. and South Vietnamese forces engage Viet Cong troops in the Mekong Delta. 1969 – Black Panther Party members Fred Hampton and Mark Clark are shot and killed during a raid by 14 Chicago police officers. 1971 – The Indian Navy attacks the Pakistan Navy and Karachi. 1971 – The PNS Ghazi, a submarine belonging to the Pakistan Navy, sinks during the course of the Indo-Pakistani Naval War of 1971. 1977 – Jean-Bédel Bokassa, president of the Central African Republic, crowns himself Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire. 1977 – Malaysian Airline System Flight 653 is hijacked and crashes in Tanjong Kupang, Johor, killing 100. 1978 – Following the murder of Mayor George Moscone, Dianne Feinstein becomes San Francisco's first female mayor. 1979 – The Hastie fire in Hull kills three schoolboys and eventually leads police to arrest Bruce George Peter Lee. 1981 – South Africa grants independence to the Ciskei "homeland" (not recognized by any government outside South Africa). 1982 – The People's Republic of China adopts its current constitution. 1983 – US Navy aircraft from USS John F. Kennedy and USS Independence attack Syrian Missile sites in Lebanon in response to an F-14 being fired on by an SA-7. One A-6 Intruder and A-7 Corsair are shot down. 1 American pilot was killed, one was rescued and one is captured. 1984 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers kill 107–150 civilians in Mannar. 1991 – Terry A. Anderson is released after seven years in captivity as a hostage in Beirut; he is the last and longest-held American hostage in Lebanon. 1991 – Pan American World Airways ceases its operations after 64 years. 1992 – Somali Civil War: President George H. W. Bush orders 28,000 U.S. troops to Somalia in Northeast Africa. 1998 – The Unity Module, the second module of the International Space Station, is launched. 2005 – Tens of thousands of people in Hong Kong protest for democracy and call on the government to allow universal and equal suffrage. 2006 – Six black youths assault a white teenager in Jena, Louisiana. 2014 – Islamic insurgents kill three state police at a traffic circle before taking an empty school and a "press house" in Grozny. Ten state forces die with 28 injured in gun battles ending with ten insurgents killed. 2015 – A firebomb is thrown into a restaurant in the Egyptian capital of Cairo, killing 17 people. 2017 – The Thomas Fire starts near Santa Paula in California. It eventually becomes the largest wildfire in modern California history (at that time) after burning 440 square miles (281,893 acres; 114,078 ha) in Ventura and Santa Barbara Counties.

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Juniper publishers-The Root Results of Oak Sudden Death in Plain Barm, Zagros Forest, Fars, Iran

Abstract

Quercus is a dominant genus throughout Zagros mountain forest and has been for the past 5,000 years or more. Oak distribution has shifted in response to changes in climate, disturbance regime, and human population and culture. Oak dominance has decreased throughout the 10 years of since 1998. In the recent decades the Mediterranean and semi-Mediterranean forests have been faced with climate changes. Zagros forest is 5milion ha of Iran forest that located in west of Iran. Most of species is oak involve Persian oak (Quercus. Brantii Lindl). During of 1998-2014 several reported of sudden oak dead with charcoal disease (fungi disease). The disease was spread of all Territory of Zagros Mountain that caused to dead of 1miliom hectare of oak. In the Zagros Mountains we would attitude ‘integration’ through a strong focus on local participation. Aims to conserve the biodiversity by using participatory approaches that ensure the active involvement of local people. Iran loss 1.5milion ha of its forests through spread of disease and pest in Zagros Forest. These include the charcoal disease and Chrysobothris Parvipunctata beetle of Buprestidae family that become aggressive on stressed trees, and several root and stem decay fungi. In its study we were surveyed the root results of oak sudden death in plain Barm, Zagros forest, Fars, Iran.

Keywords: Oak Sudden Death; Charcoal Disease; Beetle of Buprestidae; Zagros Forest; Fars; Iran

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Introduction

Iran is positioned on the southwest of Asia forming a bridge connecting three continents of Asia, Europe, and Africa. It is bordered by Azerbaijan, Armenia, Turkmenistan, and the Caspian Sea on the north, Afghanistan and Pakistan on the east, Oman Sea and Persian Gulf on the south, and Turkey and Iraq on the west (Road Atlas of Iran 2004). The country is part of the Iranian Plateau that constitutes a vast and high terrane, which is bordered by the Caspian Sea on the north, Amu Darya, Syr Darya, and Kora River plains on the northeast, Sindh and Punjab Rivers plain on the southeast, the Oman Sea and the Persian Gulf on the south, and the Tigris river plain on the southwest. The total areal extent of the plateau is about 2,600,000 km2, of which 1,648,195 km2 is accounted for by Iran, and the rest covers Afghanistan, Pakistan, and former Soviet republics. The area of Iran is 3.7% of Asia and 1.09% of the total land on the Earth’s surface [1].

The Iranian Plateau is a triangular-shaped piece of land between the Persian Gulf and the Oman Sea on the south and the Caspian Sea on the north and plays the role of a bridge between Central Asia and other plateaus in western Asia and Europe [2]. The longest stretch of Iran runs from the Ararat Mountains northwest to the Goater Port on southwest and measures 2,210km, while the widest stretch is between Sarakhs on the northeast and the Arvand River on the southwest, measuring about 1,400km [1]. Half of Iran’s land surface is mountainous, 1/4 covered by fertile and productive plains and the other 1/4 covered with salty arid deserts [2].

The southernmost point of Iran is the Goater Port located on 25° N latitude, and the northernmost point is the Ararat foothills 40°N. The easternmost point is Kuhak on the border with Pakistan, while the westernmost point is Bazargan on the border with Turkey. Iran’s geographic coordinates are between 44° and 63° 5¢ 30″ E longitude and 25–40° N latitude [1].

The time difference between the easternmost and westernmost points is about 1h and 18min. The perimeter of Iran is about 8,700km of which 2,700km (or nearly one-third) is marine (Persian Gulf, Oman or Makran Sea and Caspian Sea) and the rest is terrestrial. The marine border line from the Arvand River estuary to the Goater Port stretches about 2,000km [1]. Based on the latest administrative division system provided by the Interior Ministry of Iran Website, Iran consists of 31 provinces, 385 counties, 961 districts, 1,120 cities, and 2,473 rural districts (Figure 1).

Zagros Mountains

These mountains begin in Kordestan and extend to Khouzestan, Fars, and the southern coast. The length of this mountain range is about 1,000km and its width around 200km. These mountains are much more expanded, well ordered, and simpler (from stratigraphically standpoint) than Alborz. Most geographers call Zagros as “Great Jura” because there are well-ordered and compressed anticlines and synclines than those seen in Alborz and look like what is seen in the Jura Mountains of Europe [1].

Western and Southwestern Mountain Ranges

The highest mountains in Lorestan are Oshtoran-kuh (4,050 m) and Garin (3,645 m). In middle Zagros, the highest peak is Dena (5,200m), which is the highest in all Zagros Mountain range. In northern Zagros (Kordestan and Kermanshahan), the highest mountains are Chehel-cheshmeh (3,173m), Shahou (3,390m), and Parou (3,357m). The Alvand Peak in Hamedan Province with a height of 3,580m is one of most beautiful mountains in Iran.

The Zagros Mountain blocks the moisture coming from the Mediterranean and Atlantic Ocean on their western flanks, resulting in the formation of huge reserves of snow and ice. The water produced due to melting of these reserves runs down through numerous valleys, such as Karoon, Karkheh, and Zayandeh-rud. The rivers originating from Zagros erode the mountains, especially in the northern and central parts. In some places, rivers like Zab and Sirvan cut the mountains sharply, while in the southern part, due to orderly folding of Zagros, rivers carve their valley parallel to the axis of the mountains (Orohydrography Map of Iran 1994) (Figure 2).

Oak Forests in Iran

Zagros forests, in the west, cover about 5 million hectares, comprising the semiarid forests important for protecting water supplies, regulating climate, and providing nonwood forest products. Tree Species in Zagros forest are mostly oak that involve: Q. persica،Q.infectoria، Q.libani، Q.magnosqumata. Other species mostly involve: celtis caucasica, Amygdalus scoparia, A.lycioides, Daphne mucronata, Pistacia atlantica. Zagros forest mostly sever numerous other environmental, social and rare economical functions. They are vitally important for preserving watershed for adequate water supply in Zagros mountain, Zagros forest provide shelter for wildlife, recreation and aesthetic renewal for people, Zagros forest is providing fodder for grazing of animal husbandry that is tools of livelihood of local people involve tribes and villages. Oak is very important in Zagros mountain Due to benefits of Quercus brantii. and its important role in soil and water protection.

Oak Decline

Oak forests in the Zagros Mountain are affected by declines. Characteristics of the site including both poorly and are predisposing factors. Inciting factors that have been important in the past include drought, fungi, dust, and defoliating insects and diseases. Many contributing factors have been associated with oak decline. These include the charcoal disease and Chrysobothris Parvipunctata of Buprestidae family that become aggressive on stressed trees, and several root and stem decay fungi.

Sudden Oak Death

The symptoms that define Sudden Oak Death were first recognized in 1998-2014. Over the next few years, SOD reached epidemic proportions in oak forests along approximately 1milion ha of the central Zagros coast. The main hosts included fungi disease in Persian oak. The rooting result of oak death was Outbreak of charcoal disease caused of fungi of B. Mediterranean on Quercus SPP Trees in forest of Zagros Mountains in Iran. Ascospores of Biscogniauxia mediterranea on Quercus brantii was find in 2010 in Zagros forest (Figures 3 & 4).

Recent oak decline, which covers a relatively vast area of Fars province, the oak forests of Plain-Barm which were most exposed to drying. Infected factors on dead oak including human factors (branch and/or clear Cutting and pruning, rain-fed farming under the trees in the forest floor, etc.), climatic factors (rainfall and temperature), and disturbing factors (pests and diseases) were assessed. Oak forest which dominates between 1,000 and 2,000 m elevation of Zagros Mountain that almost 40 % of the country’s forests.

Losses or dramatic declines of forest species, populations, or age classes due to pests and pathogens can have major impacts on ecosystems. These impacts include changes in ecosystem structure, decreased biodiversity, changes in hydrology and nutrient cycling, and cascading impacts throughout the food web [3,4]. The potential for forest pests and pathogens to interact with other ecological perturbations and yield unexpected or nonlinear responses is of concern [5,6].

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Insect

The knowledge of the interaction between insects and oaks in Zagros forest is still very poor. Although often unnoticed, ignored, or unappreciated, insects can be the most numerous, diverse, and damaging animals inhabiting forests. Insect damage to forest trees results directly from ingestion or destruction of plant parts that are fed upon, from colonization (such as tunneling or boring) of trees during feeding and reproduction, or from toxins they egest. The degree of damage that results from these activities vary widely among insect species, their various immature and mature stages, and the tree species and its stage of development from seedling to mature tree. The size of the insect population often strongly influences the degree of damage that results. Because the part of the tree that is damaged also influences whether the damage is merely cosmetic or serious, the different locations of feeding and breeding on and in trees is a convenient way to categorize groups of insects that damage forest trees.

Chrysobothris parvipunctata beetles (Figures 5 & 6) infest their galleries with fungi that serve as food for their larvae. Bark beetle adults bore through the bark and produce tunnels called “galleries” in the relatively thin area composed of the vascular cambium and adjacent phloem and xylem. After mating, females lay their eggs between the bark and the wood, either along their galleries or in special niches.

Two species of insects of Buprestidae family that have spreading in the Zagros forest through decrease of rain involve: Agrilus biguttatus, Fabricius (1776) and Anthaxia hungarica, Scopoli (1772). Other Disease Insect in Zagros Oak Forest Involve: Leucoma wiltshire, Tortrix viridana, Porthesia melania(Strand), Laspeyresia fagiglandana(Zeller), Marsham Curculio glandium, lymanteria dispar(Linnaeus), Malacosoma nustralia, Tortrix viridana (Lep.: Tortricidae) and Cynipidae. Tortrix viridana is a serious pest of oaks in the Fars oak forests. Oak bud tortricid (Tortrix viridana) has five larval instars in Fars oak forests. The pest overwinters as diaposed eggs. The first larval instar emergence coincides with tree budburst when they enter bud scales. Porthesia melania Stgr. (Lep., Lymantriidae) is the most important pest of oak trees in Zagros Forest, either and its larvae feed on upper surface of oak leaves. The highest and lowest densities of larvae were observed in the late March and mid-May, respectively. During summer and winter, no larvae were observed on oak leaves. The third larval stage which lasted eight months from the late July until mid-March in diapauses form, was the longest life stage of the oak moth. The pupae were formed in the soil.

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Forest Pest Management Principles and Practices

Knowledge of the biology of tree and insect or pathogen interactions may suggest one or more appropriate pest management principles. These principles can be considered “strategies,” or general approaches to minimizing the effects of damaging agents on trees and forests. Six strategies that are employed in forest pest management, including attempts to control pests of nursery seedlings and landscape trees, are:

i. Resistance: Utilization of trees with inherent, genetically controlled characteristics that minimize pest impacts, or use of practices to increase the ability of trees to defend themselves;

ii. Exclusion: Prevention of the introduction of a pathogen or insect to an area where it is not already present;

iii. Protection: Placement of a barrier or other material (usually chemical) that interferes with interaction of the pest and the tree;

iv. Eradication: Removal or destruction of pathogen or insect life stages to reduce or eliminate pest populations;

v. Avoidance: Utilization of locations, conditions, or practices that do not favor, or even suppress, development of disease and/or insect infestations;

vi. Therapy: Treatment to cure already diseased or infested trees (may involve employment of one or more of the other strategies listed above).

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Clearcutting, Regeneration and Burning

Clearcutting and burning results in the immediate loss of pest and fungi, and selective logging will modify forest structure and microclimate. After secondary forest regeneration in clear cut areas or on plantations (and agroforest ecosystems), at least part of the species may reestablish. The resulting distribution patterns of fungi and their communities are diverse, reflecting the microclimatic and substrate conditions in their secondary microhabitat, and the progress and speed of succession. This involves cutting in three phases:

In the first phase, the patient trees, or those with unwanted characteristics, are removed to create space for more highly preferred trees, thereby also halting the development of undesirable specimens or entire species. In the second phase, favourable conditions allowing oak regeneration (basically controlling canopy opening) are promoted. In the third phase, the remaining mature trees are harvested, once the new crop has been established, thus removed tree would burning that pest was not spread in all country.

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Felling of Diseases Trees

Diseases trees were clear in autumn seasonal by saw. In spring some of its tree have regenerated (Figures 7 & 8).

Pruning

Dead branch of oak tree in pilot forest of Plain-Barm, Kazerun in 30ha was cut by saw. In spring seasonal (after 3 month), the trees blossomed (Figure 9).

Burning

Thus, gather to cleared wood, burning pest tree to fungi was final phase in treatment and improvement of polluted forest (Figure 10). The evaluation of oak decline in Missouri (America) showed that oak decline was as a result of interacting factors of tree stress (insects, drought, and freezing) secondary diseases and pests (root fungi and insect holes). Subsequently, the tensions cause to weaken trees, reduce growth, and eventually lead to die [7]. Trees faced to long-term stress (pollution and competition) are susceptible to die in the short-term effects of environmental stresses (drought, insects and diseases) [8].

The study conducted in the Netherlands showed oak decline is associated with fluctuations in groundwater [9]. Ogaya [10] in Spain concluded that drought phenomena caused to decrease biomass and tree growth and eventually led to tree growth. The research was conducted in the South-East Sweden indicated that reduction the size of the trees, Sunny habitants, non-clay soils and pests are the obvious features of habitants with decline trees [11].There are many factors that cause to make decline so that various studies in different areas prove this value. Adverse condition of climate makes vulnerable habitants for investing pests [12] and growing fungi [13], increasing air pollution and decreasing soil nutrients [14,15]. Increasing the temperature had a significant effect on tree growth in south of Europe [16].

Drought can have in fact a strong impact on carbon fluxes and thus on the carbon sequestration potential of ecosystems. Experimental drought and warming resulted in a trend to reduce 33% the biomass of a Mediterranean shrubland [17]. Stem diameter increment of Quercus ilex and Arbutus unedo, two typical Mediterranean species, were reduced by 41 and 63%, respectively, in an experimental 5-year drought treatment, as well as the increment of live aboveground biomass (by 83%), together with increased mortality rates [18]. Quercus ilex showed strongly decreased net photosynthesis rates (44%) and stomatal conductance (53%) in autumn after a drought treatment [10].

During the last four years (2009- 2012) several reports of forest tree decline were received, complaining about serious damage and death of many trees. The disease has been spread throughout forests of Zagross mountains which extend from north west to south west of Iran covering approximately 4,000,000 ha. Also, the disease has been spread throughout forests of Alborz mountains in the north of Iran. The infected tree species included Q. brantii, Q. castaneifolia and Zelkova carpinifolia. Q. brantii Lindl. (Persian oak) has dominated in all parts of Zagros mountains from north to south, especially on the southern side of mountain in Ilam, Lorestan, Kohgilouyeh va Boyer-Ahmad, Fars and Kermanshah provinces. Zelkova carpinifolia (Pall.) Dippel, and Quercus castaneifolia C.A. Mey are native to the Caucasus and Alborz mountains in northern parts of Iran. The decline began with browning of the leaves, viscous liquid exudation on the branches and trunks resulting in a brownblack discoloration of bark and woody tissues. In the winter of the next year fungal growth induces a typical charcoal-black surface on diseased branches and trunks. The perithecia of B. mediterranea were observed in a black carbonaceous layer on the stem surface erupting from the declined trees and the ascospores were visible under light microscope. Perithecia were obovoid, containing, amyloid asci, with dark brown ellipsoid ascospores, with straight germ slits along the spore-length. Based on these morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Biscogniauxia mediterranea. Pathogenicity tests were conducted using an isolate of B. mediterranea on six-month-old Q. brantii seedlings using a mycelial plug of B. mediterranea colonized potato-dextrose agar and the symptoms were observed after two months and the same fungus was re-isolated. Based on previous studies infections occur in healthy living trees as endophyte and then become invasive under water stress conditions in most reports. B. mediterranea has been reported to be aggressive on drought stressed hosts. During the last ten years climate changes has occurred in Zagros forests and resulting drought stress extending desert areas followed by occurrence of the fine dust phenomenon has reduced the photosynthesis of the forest trees and making them more vulnerable to the disease. Despite tolerance of Persian oak species to the range of temperatures from -31°C until +45, the incidence of charcoal disease has been increased dramatically on Q. brantii forests. Based on our current knowledge, Q. brantii represents a new host of B. mediterranea and this is the first report of Persian oak charcoal disease outbreaks throughout Zagros mountain forests of Lorestan, Ilam, Fars, Kohgiloye va Boyer -- Ahmad and on Zelkova carpinfolia in Daland forests of Gorgan area.

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Other Influence Factors on Decline Oak

The Iranian Water Crisis

Located in one of the most arid regions in the world, Iran has an annual average precipitation rate of 252 millimeters, approximately one third of the global average. Exacerbating the severity of water shortages, as much as 70 per cent of precipitation is lost to evaporation. Estimates suggest that lower-than-average precipitation in 2013 caused a 30 per cent reduction in the volume of water in dams across the country, with only five exceeding 90 per cent capacity. According to the Institute for Forest and Pasture Research, groundwater levels have dropped two meters in recent years across 70 plains, affecting as much as 100 million hectares. According to the UN Development Program, the level of Iran’s per capita water resources is predicted to fall to as little as 816m³ in 2025, down from2,025m³ in 1990.

Iran is divided into six key and 31 secondary catchment areas. Besides the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman Basins, all of Iran’s basins are in the interior, where renewable freshwater sources are limited. Close to half of Iran’s total renewable water is in the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman Basins, representing one quarter of its land mass. Conversely, the Markazi Basin covers more than half of Iran’s land mass but holds less than one-third of the available freshwater.

Climate Change

Forest development is expected to be affected by the expected change in climate in response to the rapid increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide (IPCC, CO2) (2001). Climate change will alter the abiotic conditions under which plant species can establish, survive, reproduce, and spread. These effects are expected to increase plant stress and decrease survival in the drier, warmer, and lower elevation portions of species ranges [16]. Abiotic factors probably constrain the range of many invasive plants and limit their successful establishment [13,19]. With climate change, however, new habitat, once too cold or wet, may become available, enabling plants to survive outside their historical ranges and expand beyond their current ranges.

Climate change impacts, while not a direct cause of Iran’s current water scarcity, will exacerbate water shortages and reduce already limited rainfall. According to Massoumeh Ebtekar, head of Iran’s Environmental Protection Organization, Iran’s climate has already warmed by 1.5 to 3 degrees due to greenhouse gas emissions. The seventh biggest greenhouse gas producer in the world, Iran is ranked 114th of 132 countries in the 2012 Environmental Performance Index produced by Yale and Columbia Universities. Of concern are Iran’s water resources and air pollution.

Climate change induced temperature and precipitation variability will reduce available freshwater and increase the incidence of drought conditions. Traditional Qanat systems are better equipped to store water and prevent evaporation; while reliance on dams and reservoirs for water supply will lead to greater surface water loss through evaporation and lack of storage capacity. Estimates suggest available water could halve between now and2050 due to climate change [20]. If this occurs Iran will face severe water insecurity and current tensions are likely to intensify, leading to internal conflict, mass internal displacement and urban migration, and a severely degraded agricultural system. The impacts of such events on Iran’s economy, environment, citizens and governance would lead to considerable instability in an already unstable region [21].

Water Scarcity

Food security is closely linked to water availability, which is claimed to be increasingly insufficient for agriculture, livestock, and household use in the villages. Extended dry seasons and deforestation have affected the water supply. Farmers now need to carry water from sources one to three kilometers away, further exacerbating the burden of food production (Figure 11).

Dust

Dust storms import up to 200 to 500-million-ton mineral dust particles into earth atmosphere in all over the middle east, Asia and Sahara [22] they affect directly visibility and have daily influence on military and economical operations in dust storms susceptible regions. Hence to identify this phenomenon aspect is necessary in respect to its enormous outcomes. Dust is one rooting cause of oak decline in Zagros forest. Recently, the occurrence of dust storms has taken on new dimensions and this issue has become a serious regional crisis. Fars province is one of the areas that is affected by this phenomenon. The deterioration of surface vegetation cover may strongly influence the occurrence of dust storms in Zagros Mountain [22].

Stress Complexes

In the context of the effects of climate change on ecosystems, sensitivity to disturbance interactions is extended to environmental drivers not usually identified as disturbances. For example, extreme temperatures, drought, and air pollution put forest ecosystems under stress, which may increase their vulnerability to “true” disturbances such as fire, insect outbreaks, and pathogens. Air pollution exacerbates drought stress from warmer temperatures, which amplifies biotic stresses such as insects and pathogens [23]. The stress complex for California forests is represented in (Figure 12); interacting disturbances form the core of drivers of ecosystem change, modified by climate, management, and air pollution.

Drought

Projections of drought extent over the next 75 years show that the proportion of global land mass experiencing drought will double from 15 to 30 % [24], and on most land masses, dry season precipitation is expected to decline by 15 % [25]. The oaks as a group are quite tolerant of drought, primarily because they have large root systems, leaf morphological characteristics that reduce transpiration, and the ability to maintain gas exchange and net photosynthesis to comparatively low levels of leaf water. The development of a strong taproot system in oaks provides them access to moisture from deep soil layers, a source less available to their more shallow-rooted competitors. The oaks are better adapted to xeric environments than many of their common mesophotic competitors. Impacts associated with extreme events such as heat waves, extreme precipitation or storms, may strongly affect the carbon cycling in agriculture, forestry and natural ecosystems (Figure 13).

Wood Production

Turkey and Iran are the main producers of wood products in Middle East and have established considerable plantations in areas with higher wood productivity for production purposes.

Wood Production

There has not industry wood in Zagros Forest, except to woods that will acquired of agroforestry of farmers in agriculture land that is mostly poplar tree (trembling poplar tree, populous alba and populous nigra).

Wood fuel

Firewood is a byproduct of forest management operations that comes from maintenance pruning, sanitary felling, and thinning (Figures 14 & 15). The linear function estimates published by Montero et al. [26] relate firewood yield to oak tree diameter, both for firewood resulting from pruning and from tree felling treatments. Thinned trees are assumed to have a diameter 35–40 % lower than the average diameter of the holm oak stand, with a 75 % firewood yield, based on lower intensity management than the empirical data used by Montero et al. [26].

Charcoal

Three wood properties appear to be important when considering the effectiveness and efficiency of charcoal production methods: woody species traits, wood dimension, and wood moisture content (FAO 1985). Broad-leaved species deliver the best charcoal due to their high wood density and high lignin content. For example, oak (Quercus) meets processing requirements quite well.

The method known as the ‘traditional earth pit’ is the most common processing tool applied in the Talamanca Mountains. This is probably the oldest method to produce charcoal in the world [27]. Normally, a large pit is dug in the forest ground (often in pastures) and properly sealed with soil material. The size of the pit differs from place to place, depending on the availability of raw material and the practices of the villagers. For the purpose of the current study, the cavity (earth pit) assessed was designed to fit the same amount of wood (4m3 wood) as that consumed by the transportable metal kiln (Figure 16).

Even higher, at elevations of 2,700–3,000m, oak forest has been cleared for charcoal production. This was still a major source of income for farmers. Charcoal is produced mainly based on oak (Quercus branti) and to a lesser extent, orange spp. Today, the production of charcoal from living trees is prohibited by national legislation. Therefore, charcoal producers currently uncover decaying oak logs still scattered around in pastures.

Non-Wood Forest Product (NWFP)

In the Zagros forest and Zagros paramour grassland environments, poor peasants gather cloves and damask rose for ornamental arrangements, especially in the period before the spring season. These non-vascular plants are locally important as non-timber forest products (NTFPs) of considerable commercial value. They are sold to truck drivers who take them to urban markets (‘ferias’) in plain-Barm, Fars. Although all landscape units provide some medicinal value, the forest was by far the most important, contributing over one third of all value. More than 15 per cent of medicinal products derive from gardens or the village itself. The tragacanth gum is an important commercial gum produced by several shrubby plants of the genus Astragalus, particularly in Zagros Forest, Iran. About 70% of the supplies of tragacanth gum originate from Iran, but small quantities are also produced in Afghanistan. Iran’s average annual production potential is estimated at 400tonnes and in 1988 export was 142tonnes which increased to 257tonnes in 1990. Tragacanth gum is mainly exported to the EU, US, Japan and the countries of the former Soviet Union [28]

Firewood and Acorn Yields Other of Damage Factors

Silvopastoral management of oak woodlands provides fuelwood from oak and shrub clearing or tree pruning, fodder (acorns, grass and browses), cereal fodder in long rotations, wild game, honey, and other diverse private goods and services [29].

Economy Zagros

Enough annual rainfall allowed agriculture without irrigation in much of Persia. Agriculture within Zagros forest is not a recent occurrence and has been well established for centuries. The economic crisis in many developing countries has reduced the purchasing power of low-income families and limited even further their ability to pay for formal sector housing or services. Many households in peri-urban areas do not enjoy a regular income. As noted above, families settle in peri-urban areas for rational reasons, primarily because land prices or rents are low

Climate change in Zagros Mountain, Iran will have social, political, and economic implications, which will be determined in large part by existing structural conditions and long- term trends. Although there has been significant diversification of the economy in recent years, Zagros people still depends heavily on agriculture. Unfortunately, in one decade soaring drought and change climate sent Zagros’s economy into a tailspin, severely constraining public- sector spending. Rising average temperatures in and of themselves will not significantly affect the Zagros forest states: the region is already one of the moderate, cold places on the planet.

Iranian Livestock

The Zagros of western and southwestern Iran is a mix of agronomic, social, and economic traits that forms a time-tested agrosilvopastoral system involving about less half the Iranian free-ranging livestock. Forests play an important role in the livelihoods and welfare of a vast number of people in both developed and developing countries; from urban citizens taking a recreational stroll in a nearby forest to isolated hunter gatherers who live in and off the forest. Livestock population numbers are high, and the domestic production of feed is limited. Livestock production in the Zagros Forest is an important part of the forestry production system. Livestock provides a major source of income in the drier areas where agricultural production is limited, and a supplementary source of income in areas where rainfall is better but erratic. For example, in Iran, livestock population is estimated at three times the feed production capacity of the rangelands. The result is that the traditionally organized forest grazing, with low livestock numbers on agreed rotations, is now breaking down as the pressure on the forests has significantly increased.

Population Growth

Population growth and its consequences on land use, in addition to land degradation and price shocks, are already a major concern for sustained forest and agricultural productivity in the region. The trend of changes in temperature, precipitation and climatic extremes will add to this stress. The agriculture of the region is potentially vulnerable to environmental and climate changes, and this threat can severely affect food security. The predicted temperature increase beyond 3؛C in most regions [29] is likely to have very adverse impacts on agriculture, water resources, ecosystem production and human health [30]. In Iran population has doubled since 1979, and the demand for more agricultural and pastoral products has forced people to convert forest and rangelands into cultivated land, and to overuse wood and plants as fuel for household cooking and heating [31].

Agriculture

The most obvious reason for deforestation is the conversion of forest lands for cattle ranching and agricultural crops, industrial activities and logging for timber. Transportation infrastructure has been linked to aggressive and rapid change in land use, with new roads making previously remote areas of forest accessible to farmers and ranchers, thus facilitating conversion of forest land to agricultural crops and use as pasture. Deforestation rates in Zagros forest have again been rising encouraged by record world prices for agriculture products, pushing the agricultural frontier ever further into Zagros forest. Global climate change has already contributed to rising temperatures in the Zagros forest which, when combined with deforestation, have led to a cycle of lower precipitation and a greater frequency of droughts. Conversion of oak forests to pomegranate gardens are rooting causes of destroy of its forests.

Tribes

Tribe living along Zagros forest (Figure 9). Tribes are people that migrate in ever seasonal for providing of diet for livestock. In autumn and summer, they are in plain –Barm forest, kazerun, thus they will migrate to colder some Abadeh and Eghlid city. During the pre-contact era oak trees were plentiful and served as a staple food source for most tribes. Tribes of the Barm Plains lived similar than those of the other Zagros mountain forest Basin did. Tribes of the same language Family lived in the same environment. Many tribes were organized into clans, clusters of related families traced back to a common ancestor. Ghashghae tribe live in Zagros forest with members from other area tribes. Ghashghae is largest and most populous in Iran. Inhabitant’s farm, raise livestock, cut lumber, and are generally self-sufficient. They still practice traditional customs, such as hunting, fishing, acorn-gathering, basket making, beadwork, and the White Deerskin and Jumping dances. Other tribal members earn a living through farming, raising livestock, and leasing oil rights to their lands. Livestock, especially sheepherding, soon became essential to Zagros tribe economy. Keep in mind that each tribe has a detailed history and culture to be further explored.

Each has individuals who have made or who are contributing to their own people or to the general society through leadership and in art and literature. Also keep in mind that each tribe has its own worldview and ceremonials.

Grazing

The effects of livestock grazing on the oak woodland community vary widely according to timing, intensity, and livestock type. Not surprising, responses to grazing are highly variable among plant and animal species.

Vegetative elements important to wildlife (e.g., grass, woodland shrub cover, and litter biomass) may be reduced, changed structurally, or otherwise altered by livestock grazing [32]. Grazing can reduce small mammal abundance [33]. And can alter the foraging behavior of wild herbivores such as deer [34]. Several studies conducted in the Southwestern US and in California oak woodland suggest that well-managed grazing systems can benefit native plant and wildlife species. For example, native perennial grasses were found to benefit from being grazed by cattle and sheep [35], and Marty [36] reported higher richness of aquatic invertebrates and native plants in continuously grazed vernal pool grasslands than at ungrazed sites in Central California oak woodland. Several endangered species are known to benefit from grazing, including San Joaquin kit foxes (Vulpes macrotis mutica) [37], and Stephen’s kangaroo rats (Dipodomys stephensi) [38]. Weiss [39] found that grazing was necessary to maintain habitat suitability for the endangered Bay checkerspot butterflies (Euphydryas editha bayensis). It has been argued that if livestock are properly managed, desired goals of animal production, economic sustainability, and wildlife conservation can usually be achieved [40].

Goats, Sheep and Cattle

In Zagros the forest and scrubland grazed is estimated at 5 million ha. Livestock production is a main economic activity, both in high rainfall areas where it represents a secondary production system, but more so in areas of limited rainfall where, in many cases, it represents the primary source of revenue. Livestock production provides insurance when crops fail. In addition, goats are a preferred source of protein as they are more readily transportable (Figure 17).

Fire

The use of fire as a management tool in agriculture and rangeland, combined with public apathy, neglect in fire management, arson, the irresponsible behavior of tourists and picnickers, and social conflicts are the main causes of uncontrolled fires, which burn significant areas of forest every year [41]. Although direct mortality from exposure to heat or smoke is quite rare, fire indirectly affects animals by its effects on habitat. As Wirtz et al. [42] documented for small mammals, longer-term response to fire varies among species and is proportional to the alteration of the habitat. In the post-burn years, wildlife composition moves toward species adapted to the level of complexity of the habitat created by the fire. Careful use of prescribed fire in oak woodland to mimic historical fire intensity and fire regimes can promote biodiversity at the landscape level [43]. Possible similarity between the effects of fire and of livestock grazing on habitat was proposed recently as a research hypothesis by Purcell and Stephens [44-47]. Much will be gained by a more thorough understanding of how grazing can be managed to influence woodland habitat structure in a manner like that of prescribed burning. Air quality regulations, risks to property, and cost are making prescribed burning more difficult to implement. In summary, prescribed fires of low intensity can help to maintain woodland habitat mixes and their associated diversity, either alone or in combination with low intensity grazing. More research on this topic is clearly needed, however (Figure 18).

To read more articles in JOJ wildlife and biodiversity please click on: https:// juniperpublishers.com/jojwb/index.php                                    

For more open access journals in juniper publishers

[engrosstyro]

India- Your Next Dream Adventure

ULTIMATE INDIA BEST TOUR PACKAGES

In late decades India's development among the absolute most sought-after journey destinations can be really a famous simple fact. The nation gives the number of experience chances. This variety is unusually astounding - by the whitewater rafting on the Ganga, Indus or even Teesta into heliskiing from the top Himalayas; out of hang gliding along with ballooning across the Indian sands into camel-safaris from the enormous Thar Desert of Rajasthan; by pursuing the tiger about the backs of elephants into hiking in the Himalayan ranges - your alternatives are countless.

India is most likely the sole region that provides various kinds of tourism. Included in these are history tourism, and adventure tourism, and health tourism (Ayur-Veda along with other sorts of Indian prescription drugs ), religious tourism, and shore tourism (India is got the longest coastline at the East), etc..

The distinguishing feature in regards to the sour tourism is all that anglers get got the option of savoring myriad experience tasks. In the event you go to Kashmir you'll have pleasure in hiking, traveling on holiday, go fishing at its ponds or love at just a small amount of ski or sports sport at its own roads that are crystalline. Naturally, the ski has placed India on the base in Asia. As an issue of reality, ski-in India is cheaper in comparison to wherever on earth. The centers are intended for newbies in addition to experienced Trainers. Heli-skiing has created as the following prime appeal for most travelers. The center behind Heli-Skiing could be availed at Manali in Himachal Pradesh. Water-rafting, kayaking, and canoeing about the Ganga have become popular day daily.

If you'd like to research India that you may stop by the next internet site: http://www.royalindianvoyages.com

For centuries, the most potent triad of this the ocean and the sand have entrusted their sources into show dramatic results and memorable adventures to your crosssection of folks from all across the world. India includes 6,000 kilometers longshore, and it will be home for a number of the very best beaches on earth. Both of the West and East coastline of India offer you lush vistas of hands-on the Arabian Sea beaches and also the southern Bay of both Bengal. On the west shore, you can find miles of sandy shores divided up into captivating bays by rocky headlands. Typically the absolute most widely used ones will be the shores of Goa and Kovalam in Kerala. The shores around the southern shore are not as well constructed. The very best understood would be the shores of Mahabalipuram as well as also a little but lovely shore in Orissa referred to as Gopalpur-on-Sea.

Being an early nation, India is a state of monuments. Exactly enjoy the quantity, the number will be likewise diverse in most ways. All of these temples describe the authentic colors of India and fulfill its essence.

Sailing, still another experience game, is swiftly bringing tourist creativeness and attaining reputation in Nainital, Ramgarh and also Khadakvasla at Maharashtra. Intro of water-rafting from the Teesta River in northeastern India is starting to pull in the vacationers onto a huge scale.

India's tourism business is flourishing because of a rise in overseas visitors' arrivals and over previously traveling by Indians into nationally and overseas locations. The people have been pouring in from all around the World: Europe, Africa, South East Asia, and Australia. At an identical period, the range of all Indians travel in addition has grown.

India can be really a property of underlying spirituality and folks are proven to traveling here in order to find relaxation in its own early brains as time immemorial. India is named the"yogabhoomi" along with the gateway into the skies. Countless saints and seers, inside their own pursuit for comprehension, have led mainly towards the evolution of numerous spiritual monuments viz. Temples, Mosques, Monasteries, etc. assembled across the breadth and length of the nation. The type of cosmopolitan presence India has really is well known represented in its own pilgrim facilities. The journey begins by the sacred town of Varanasi, the Buddhist stupa in Sanchi as well as also the Jain temples in Ujjain. About the North-India that you May Visit Nepal, visit the temple cities of both Khajuraho and Varanasi at India along with also the temples of both Pashupatinath and Bodhnath at Nepal. About the West you May See the Remarkable stone cut temples of Ajanta and Ellora in Close Proximity to Aurangabad along with also the Sai Baba Temple in Shirdi.

It might offer impetus to additional businesses, make a huge number of new tasks and also create sufficient riches to pay off the global personal debt. That Is the Reason We have comprised Tourism one of the Core Sectors of this Indian Market.

Using meditation, yoga, Ayurveda, allopathy, and also other forms of drugs, India provides a more special basket of providers for an individual that's hard to meet with other nations. Additionally, medical consequences from India have reached a level with all the entire world's finest centers, moreover needing globally competent and knowledgeable pros. Along with antipsychotic solutions and operation accessible hospitals such as Apollo, it's possible to even avail of the advantages of Ayurvedic Medicine from India. India could be the birthplace with the 5,000-year-old science fiction. The various Ayur-Veda hotels in India are observed in many different scenic regions of the nation, from Ananda from the Himalayas into the countless hotels inside the scenic backwaters of Kerala. Ayur Veda could be your platform of conventional medicine in India. It's centered on quite a few hundreds of years of working experience at a medical clinic, given down through centuries. Consists of two Sanskrit words, "Ayu" or life span and"Veda" or comprehension, Ayurveda is considered"The Science of existence" along with the clinic includes the maintenance of bodily, psychological and religious wellness of individual beings. India is, in addition, the birthplace of the idea of Meditation and Meditation, and clinics which are getting to be increasingly popular and widely used from the circumstance of the religious aridity.

Medical-tourism in India can be just a growing theory whereby folks from world-over see India to his or her health and comfort requirements.

INDIA'S TOUR

Probably one of the absolute most exciting tourist destinations on earth is India. Located in the great climatic zone, the country provides such diversity that no other state of the earth may provide. The united states have several important geographic characteristics that allow it to be the perfect nation for habitation and traveling. The amazing Himalayas of this north safeguard the united states in the terrifying waters of China. Additionally, they provide breathtaking panoramic regions and among the absolute most difficult experiences outback. Even the excellent areas of southern are fed up with a few of the earth's most outstanding rivers. Even the Ganges runs around the nation providing foodstuff into nearly the entire nation, in addition to offering struggle towards the rafters for whitewater enthusiasm. Then There's that the Deccan plateau of this South along with also the Indian Ocean. They full the topographic spectacle of India.

Traditionally India might be the wealthiest country on earth. This had been home to the earliest culture of the planet that the Indus Valley. The culture goes again to nearly 3000 BC. India has given birth to among those world's most significant religions. Just about every now and then the scientist also anthropologists find new evidence that strengthens India's promise to be the most complex in the early days.

The Taj Mahal could be the embodiment of love created by the excellent Mughal ruler Shahjahan because of his eldest wife Mumtaz Mahal. It's launched its own place from the 7 miracles of today's planet. India has lots of historic monuments notified as earth heritage websites. The united states include a varied civilization also it's clear by how the monuments of hinds and also Muslims have been equal amounts.

The governmental landscape of the nation is commanded from the capital of these united states -- Delhi. It's been a historical town, home for the red fort, that's that the embodiment of this Moughal principle in India. Delhi is likewise well-known because of the bazaars as well as temples. It's essential to see into the vacationers since the embassies and high commissions are all situated the following. To-day Delhi maybe your heart of urbanization. By the transnational to the national giants of this world have their headquarters at Delhi. It's likewise extremely urbanized plus it houses many schools to get higher instruction. The town is closely attached for the complete nation through railings and atmosphere and also the national transport is likewise very eloquent since there's really a well-laid system of subway trains.

In case Delhi is the governmental funds afterward Bombay could be readily known because of the company capital of the nation. The metropolis is an assortment of religions and nationalities. The lifetime of Bombay, now referred to as Mumbai,'' is quite fast along with the programs that are almost always entire. It's got the very precious ownership of this united states the Bollywood (the Indian movie market ). In Addition, it Has that the Wall-Street's Indian counter area that Dalal Street. It's the witness into the states economical ups and drawbacks.

India is certainly a place well worth seeing and also the very optimal/optimally time for you to visit India will be at the months of September to April whenever the nation is flourishing with a myriad of festivities and activities. The colors of the nation are definitely goanna require you.

INDIAN COOKERY THE PUNJAB

Punjab is mostly Sikh, staying your house of the Golden Temple in Amritsar, fundamental into the Sikh faith, therefore over 1 / 2, all Punjabis are now vegetarian. Nobody goes thirsty and Sikh temples consistently offer you simple completely free foods of bread and also vegetable curry for those that develop.

Bread might even be served with small dark beans and kidney beans cooked with ginger, onions, tomatoes, and garlic and garnished with butter. Still, another preferred is paneer bhaji - berries, chilies, and ginger immediately grilled with crumbled paneer additional - or exactly the exact same standard mix with pureéd lettuce and cubes of paneer additional. Paneer may likewise be dipped in chickpea flour batter and fried, which makes pakora. Mustard greens could possibly be cooked very gradually using green chilies subsequently if tender, pureéd, thickened with cornmeal flour and inserted into the fried onion, ginger and tomato and garnish with peanut vinegar.

Affordable speedy food eating places referred to as dhabas are normal from Punjab and frequently have their very own specialties - you can pay attention to paneer bhaji along with also another, tandoori poultry - nevertheless, you could rest assured wherever you try to eat at Punjab, you are going to be full of nourishing, yummy food items.

Bread has become easily the most significant part of this Punjabi daily diet. Rotis are constructed of whole wheat flour and water, then shaped into chunks and balls into disks that are then staged on the website of the tandoor or even on a Tava (a level griddle pan including a horizontal skillet ). Rotis are usually consumed for breakfast with butter, new oats and pickles, whereas such as dinner or lunch there'll be more parathas that are substantially wealthier, staying garnished with ghee, folded and wrapped before becoming cooked and garnished with increased ghee.

Contrary to the majority of the others of India, rice at Punjab is for specific situations only or in making soup.

Buffalo milk that's 3 percent higher in fat compared to cattle milk, also is additionally essential into this Punjabis, who's maybe not prey to problems of cholesterol. Every piece of this milk can be utilized somehow or alternative. A few can be employed in disappeared or tea into a considerably milder richer milk called bhadoli, which then turn is put into oats. The thick lotion is going to be eliminated in the cover of the yogurt and then churned to butter. A number of this butter is going to be stored since it will be and also the remaining is going to be heated gradually and changed to ghee (clarified butter) by massaging the obvious butter and slowly shedding the good sediment. Nonetheless, a lot of this milk is going to be drawn up to paneerthe equivalent of cottage cheese. The milk can be pumped subsequently curdled with the addition of lime juice afterward spoonful of whey, which makes the curds that could be molded to rounds that are solid.

It's extremely fertile on account of the rivers which cross here and as a result, agriculture is fundamental to this market. Wheat is the reason a big percentage of those plants, together with corn, wheat, leafy greens, sugarcane, and rice.

Steak from the areas is frequently contained paratha along with also a curry built of onions fried with ginger, garlic, green chilies, cayenne, garam masala, berries, garlic, and salt. Potatoes are awakened in and coated with all the spices prior to adding cooking and water little by little.

[eggsyunwincankillme]

Can’t Be Real

Pairing: Eggsy x Reader

Request: @rohanwood Idea for a one shot/ series where eggsy & the reader meet outside of kingsman & neither of them know the other is an agent at kingsman. They start dating & each end up walking out on dates bc of missions, but make it work? The other is suspcious but dont have any idea what they’re hiding. Eventually they discover each other at work & angst ensues? & the reader is a legendary sort of myth at Kingsman & no one knows who she is except for high ranking officials like Merlin & (formerly) Arthur?

Warning: Swearing, sexual themes

A/N: This is a great idea! I hope I did my best

Masterlist

It was raining in the forest of Nepal when the Valentine chips had gone off, but that had been about a year ago. Now that Y/N was back in London, she felt out of place. It was strange when she was in a big city, filled with people. As a Kingsman agent, she was supposed to be viable to all kinds of places, but she never felt comfortable in London, much less in any other major city.

She didn’t find out about Arthur right away. He was the only one besides her father, Agent Gawain, who knew she was even part of the Kingsman. With a deep sigh, she made her way to the area where she usually received her missions. Merlin wasn’t usually able to reach her by technology where she went. Merlin would have to resort to trained birds to reach her.

The birds usually found her quickly, unless she was halfway across the world. Y/N was very certain that Merlin also had no idea what she looked like based on the fact that she almost never showed up at the meetings. He gave her the long missions, the missions no one else accepted based on how muddy their suits could get. The bird landed on her arm when she saw it.

Carefully she extracted the message from it’s leg and read it. The bird tilted its head as it looked around. A new mission in Peru. Her codename, Bedivere, typed onto the small piece of paper often glared at her. Like it didn’t truly belong to her. Sure, she got the missions done, but rarely did she ever see the other Kingsman.

Bringing the bird home with her, she typed out her response before putting it in the little satchel the bird had. Y/N then went outside with the bird and let it fly back to Merlin. Then she went inside to back to get ready to pack.

~*~*~*

Eggsy wasn’t the type to believe in superstitions or anything of the sort. He also didn’t believe in the rumors about the Kingsman agent who never showed up to anything. There was very little word about the agent and Eggsy was almost positive they were dead. The others though, except maybe Roxy, were always talking about them.

“Did you hear that Bedivere brought down a cult in Nepal recently?” One said, sticking his hands in his suit pockets.

“I did. They seem to like getting their hands dirty. I hear it rained down in that area the entire time Bedivere was there,” another said.

“Who’s Bedivere?” Roxy asked, coming up next to Eggsy. He shrugged, though he wasn’t sure why they were talking about it. Or why he was still in the room really.

“Oh that’s right. You’re both new. Bedivere has been an agent here for a couple years before you. Though they have a tendency to go months into a mission. They’ve toppled governments in Africa, stopped terrorist groups from rising, even discovered a few archaeological artifacts that others hadn’t been able to find,” The first Kingsman said.

“I mean, did you see the video from their glasses records that they took down about fifty armed guards?” the second chimed in.

“They were heavily armed too. We’re talking fully arm. It would take them three bullets to get through the armor the guards were wearing. It wasn’t like bulletproof cloth either. It was metal armor.”

“Okay, you’re both making shit up,” Eggsy cut in, laughing at the incredulity of it. Roxy shrugged in agreement with her friend.

“Ask Merlin, he’ll show you!” The first one said. Eggsy gave them a skeptical look before leaving the room to find the man. Roxy followed after him.

“Do you think Bedivere actually did that stuff?” Roxy asked, falling into step next to him.

“No, Bedivere doesn’t even show up to the fucking meetings. Why the shit is everyone so fascinated by someone they’ve never fucking seen?” He grimaced, turning into the room Merlin normally monitored from. He looked up at them from where he had come in from outside.

“Eggsy, Roxy, how can I help you?” he asked, sliding a piece of paper into his pocket.

“We just heard about an agent Bedivere,” Roxy started. Eggsy cut in for just a moment.

“A lot of things, Merlin.”

“We were wondering if you could show us the clips from the glasses records,” Roxy asked, raising her eyebrows in hope. Merlin looked between them before he sighed and grabbed his clipboard. He typed a few things on it before he pulled up a video. The video was taken recently, based on the date showing in the corner. Like normal, Bedivere was not in view of the camera and the video was taken in first person point of view. The agent was moving silently through a bunch of bushes, raising their heads to get a full view of the guards in the area. Now this was nothing like seeing Harry go apeshit in the church in Kentucky.

The pistol was holstered and a bow was brought into view. Smallish hands pulled back an arrow and plucked the furthest away guards off as quickly as possible before they got anywhere near the others. What bothered Eggsy was how no one seemed to notice the people falling with arrows in their skulls.

The bow was put away and a rifle was pulled out. There wasn’t a silencer on it so the shot Bedivere fired was loud and drew the attention of the remaining guards. They didn’t seem to mind though as they continued to pick off the guards one by one until one got too close for comfort. Bedivere used a nearby rock to smash the man’s face in. Neither of the agents flinched, used the violence of the job now.

The video continued of the agent running from hiding point to hiding point until all the guards were wiped out. The video ended with Bedivere moving over the bodies without looking down at them.

Eggsy and Roxy looked at each other before looking at Merlin. The man looked up at them curiously before he pulled up more videos. Most of the videos were taken in places far from civilization.

“Does this person even fucking exist?” Eggsy asked, uncrossing his arms. Merlin nodded.

“Yes, the only person who knew them personally was Arthur. The old Arthur,” Merlin explained. “No one else has seen them for over a year.”

“How do we keep in contact with them?” Roxy asked, eyeing to footage.

“They send us messenger birds.”

“Like… like fucking pigeons?” Eggsy asked, face crinkling in confusion. Merlin shook his head.

“Bedivere uses a hawk. They take the longest missions. Sometimes they’re gone four months to a year. They have excellent informants and they do what needs to be done methodical sort of way.”

“Sounds frustrating,” Roxy said. Merlin simply nodded, lips pursed. Eggsy and Roxy made their way out of Merlin’s little office.

“So, do you believe Bedivere is the legend everyone is saying they are?” Roxy asked as they walked.

“Not at all,” Eggsy responded. He was going to admit that at least they were a real person, but he wanted to know who.

~*~*~*

Y/N was in the jungles of Peru for three months looking for a specific artifact for a collector. She was covered in dirt, sweat and some blood when she made it back to the air strip, the artifact tucked safely in her backpack. Her hawk cawed at her as she stepped into view. Looking it over, she noticed the message and took it off it’s leg.

The message read that she was to take the next four months off to regroup. Anger welled in her chest at the order, but she wrote a quickly scrawled response and sent her hawk on it’s way.

It took her a couple days to get better before she was ready to get on the two person plane to take to the international airport. Y/N made sure to only bring a few things, a change of clothes to sit on a plane was always one of them. It was the reason she switched to using a waterproof bag. Everything inside wouldn’t come out soaked when she accidentally slipped down some mud or had to swim through a river.

The plane ride was spent sleeping. She didn’t usually sleep well in the wilderness, too aware of everything going on around her to feel safe enough to get more than a couple hours.

She only woke up once to use the restroom before going back to sleep. When she woke again, it was because the plane had landed twelve or so hours later. Y/N made her way off the plane and into the terminal. She trudged off out of the airport, glimpsing a man in a suit with a woman in a suit who were also coming out of the airport as well.

They didn’t seem to notice her right away, but eventually as her cab came pulling up, they did. She didn’t look away when they turned to look at her, as if knowing she had been staring. She gave a slight wave and got into her cab. They both seemed a bit confused when she didn’t look back at them.

The first thing Y/N did when she got home was throw her bloodied clothes into the washer and strip from her plane clothes. Then she took a shower. Finally feeling clean, she stayed home for a couple of days after sending the artifact out to the collector who wanted it. She sat at her desk in her living room and made quick work of paperwork that was needed to do a collection mission.

Three days of being at home and she was already ready to pull her hair out. She had started going through old pictures and stopped to look at one of her dad with his troop. He had an arm draped around a man who was around the same age. Y/N stared at the two for a bit before turning the picture over. On the back, there was her father’s name along with another man’s name. The name Lee Unwin stared back at her in her father’s handwriting.

Y/N tucked the picture into her coat pocket before going to her laptop. She pulled up all she could on Lee Unwin, but she didn’t find much. It was said he gave his life to stop his comrades from dying. She made a face as she looked up his spouse. Michelle Unwin… She looked at the last known address carefully. Tomorrow, she decided. She went to bed that night with a purpose.

Morning couldn’t come fast and Y/N was out of her bed so fast that she almost tripped on her blankets. After a quick shower and putting on some of her travel pants and her leather jacket, she went in search of Michelle Unwin.

The first place she went to was much further into the bad parts of town then she expected, but when she finally did end up in the right place, she was expecting to see Michelle open the door. Not a tall, dirty blonde man with a strong jaw and hazel eyes. He looked just as surprised to see her as well.

“Can I help you?” he asked, crossing his arms and leaning against the door frame. Y/N blinked at him for a moment before pulling the picture out.

“I was hoping to speak with Michelle Unwin. Um… This is my dad? And this is Mr. Lee Unwin. They were friends, I think?” She said, sounding a bit unsure as she handed the picture over to him. He looked it over before turning his head.

“Mum, someone’s here asking about dad!” He shouted behind him, giving her another once over. He handed the picture back and she smiled at him, somehow wondering if maybe this wasn’t the best idea she’d had.