#lm 2.7.3

[cliozaur]

It's "the pretensions of the spoiled fish" and a "the tenderness of corpses" chapter! Yay! "The obstinacy of antiquated institutions in perpetuating themselves resembles the stubbornness of the rancid perfume which should claim our hair, the pretensions of the spoiled fish which should persist in being eaten, the persecution of the child’s garment which should insist on clothing the man, the tenderness of corpses which should return to embrace the living."

[dolphin1812]

The Orientalism continues in this chapter. I wrote about it yesterday, and @cliozaur has written about it as well, and it just gets worse. Hugo repeats these tropes both within Europe (”Rome blossoming out in Paris”) and without (Tibet, India, Turkey, Egypt, etc), placing all of these locales on a temporal and developmental framework; France is at the pinnacle in spite of its problems, Spain and Italy trail behind, and “Asia” is last. I referenced the colonial links to this, and they’re clear here as well. The idea that these “social ills” are worth “fighting” was a justification for colonialism (the “civilizing” aspect), and when combined with the idea that people in these cloisters can’t think for themselves (with their “walled-up brains”), Hugo’s call for resistance to these structures can also seem like an insistence on intervention. 

@cliozaur referenced the sanitary metaphor in yesterday’s chapter, and that’s also present here:

“Whoever says cloister, says marsh. Their putrescence is evident, their stagnation is unhealthy, their fermentation infects people with fever, and etiolates them; their multiplication becomes a plague of Egypt. We cannot think without affright of those lands where fakirs, bonzes, santons, Greek monks, marabouts, talapoins, and dervishes multiply even like swarms of vermin.”

Aside from direct terms like “unhealthy,” “fever,” and “plague,” the environmental language here hints at the influence of miasma theory, which held that “bad smells” (like rot) could make one sick. The “marsh” and the “putrescence [of the cloister]” allude to this, with their “putrid” scents bringing illness to the otherwise “healthy” land of France. The idea that the “East” was diseased was its own Orientalist trope, and Hugo listing religious figures from outside of the “West” here makes it clear that he subscribed to it to some extent. Even worse, he describes these figures as “vermin,” further linking them to disease and dehumanizing them. The idea that they “swarm” also makes them seem threatening through numbers, as if they could “overwhelm” places that Hugo sees as good.

I think this line also sums up a lot of what Hugo’s saying about the past here:

“As for us, we respect the past here and there, and we spare it, above all, provided that it consents to be dead.”

“Respect” for the past can only happen when it’s “past,” and even then only “here and there.” It’s treated as an enemy that can be “spared” rather than as a simple fact (”something that happened”) or as something that can coexist with other factors (Hugo thought this at the same time that convents still existed; one society could hold many contradictory viewpoints and lifestyles). On the one hand, this rhetoric can be effective in calling for social change. Hugo sees the convent as an unjust, oppressive structure, and we can see why from his descriptions of Petit-Picpus’ convent. On the other, it’s difficult to just accept that it should “consent to be dead” not only because that binary between “past” and “present” is an oversimplification, but because it wasn’t dead. The convent was dying in that its members were all dying of age, but it was still serving as a shelter for women who had nowhere else to go. Ideally, they would have alternatives. But “attacking” the convent when, on a purely material basis (because the religious and spiritual dimension is another thing entirely), there was no alternative for many of these women feels harsh. Again, this is not to defend the convent. But even if the French Revolution had changed the role of religion in society, it had not provided alternatives for women at that time (as seen in the text), and the women who had lost other lifestyles (noblewomen, nuns from destroyed orders) were still alive in the period he describes. Hugo frames convents as holdovers from the past that are held up as good by the Restoration, which applies “to the past a glazing which they call social order, divine right, morality, family, the respect of elders, antique authority, sacred tradition, legitimacy, religion.” However, we know that the convent clashes with the government on some issues, like burials, even if the government can support it as a way of upholding “religion.” Consequently, its position was more complicated than a simple “holdover” or propaganda for the Restoration. As before, Hugo’s Orientalism is accompanied by a gross oversimplification of the past, even as it is present in his own text. 

[the-blue-fairie]

When I say the convent digression is one of my favorite parts of The Brick, people look at me like I’m crazy, but it’s got EVERYTHING.

It’s got EVERYTHING - good, bad, beautiful, horrible. There’s SO MUCH to chew on - stuff that’s awful but morbidly fascinating in it’s awfulness, stuff that surprisingly holds up when discussing how rigid conservatism perpetuates itself, stuff that doesn’t which serves as a compelling look at prejudices of the time, critique of religious hierarchies alongside some of the most beautiful reflections on religious faith I’ve ever read, and on and on!

It’s got critiques of misogyny! It’s got misogyny!

It’s got Orientalism!

It melodramatically eviscerates religious isolation and also exults in it!

(Which opens up questions about the certain biases of, “Why is this kind of monasticism seen by the text as bad and this other kind isn’t, etc.?” What biases are at play?)

Its meditations on faith and love, on the virtue of prayer, feel transcendent and beautiful.

It’s a magnificent can of worms.

I absolutely adore it.   

[krakenartificer]

"On what conditions one can respect the past" is a fantastic chapter to get to read 150 years later. I will be fascinated to know to what extent Hugo meets his own criteria, and to what extent I should -- per his instructions -- ignore what he has to say

[everyonewasabird]

Brickclub 2.7.3 ‘Upon what conditions we can respect the past’

Hugo describes joining a convent as being buried alive, which Valjean will take literally a few chapters from now.

Valjean internalized the nature of this place really fast.

I was going to say that’s strange for a person his age--but no, it’s NOT. The convent is familiar to him because it’s so much like the bagne.

Oh god, this gets worse and worse. A couple of chapters ago I felt like I got a handle on how the convent doomed Valjean. Now I feel like I just understood why.

He spent 19 years training for this. It was really hard for him to adapt to being a member of a small town.

This place must be such a relief.

;_______;

I talked a little while back about how uses of the word “ingrate” in the text are overwhelmingly tied to Marius.

This chapter has one of our few non-Marius uses:

The obstinacy of antiquated institutions in perpetuating themselves resembles the stubbornness of the rancid perfume which should claim our hair, the pretensions of the spoiled fish which should persist in being eaten, the persecution of the child’s garment which should insist on clothing the man, the tenderness of corpses which should return to embrace the living.

“Ingrates!” says the garment, “I protected you in inclement weather. Why will you have nothing to do with me?” “I have just come from the deep sea,” says the fish. “I have been a rose,” says the perfume. “I have loved you,” says the corpse. “I have civilized you,” says the convent.

To this there is but one reply: “In former days.”

So these objects talk just like Gillenormand? It’s exactly the same kind of guilt tripping.

And Hugo lays out the clear, firm, boundary-setting answer: The solution to Marius’s story is presented to us before we ever meet him.

But we never see Marius realize it.

;_______;

This chapter goes on to describe phantoms of the past that won’t die and which prey on the living:

As for us, we respect the past here and there, and we spare it, above all, provided that it consents to be dead. If it insists on being alive, we attack it, and we try to kill it.

Superstitions, bigotries, affected devotion, prejudices, those forms, all forms as they are, are tenacious of life; they have teeth and nails in their smoke, and they must be clasped close, body to body, and war must be made on them, and that without truce; for it is one of the fatalities of humanity to be condemned to eternal combat with phantoms. It is difficult to seize darkness by the throat, and to hurl it to the earth.

Hugo is speaking in a global sense, but it's just as true for the characters whose pasts the chapter invokes. Gillenormand is one of these phantoms for Marius. The bagne is one for Valjean.

And both Valjean and Marius lose this fight. There’s hope that Marius will eventually sort things out, but Valjean dies of it.

;_______;

[fremedon]

Brickclub 2.7.2, “The Convent As Historical Fact,” 2.7.3,  “On What Conditions We Can Respect the Past”

Catching up on the whole of 2.7, “A Parenthesis,” so this will be kind of scattershot:

--Hugo, can you be a little less racist in talking about monasticism worldwide? (No. No, clearly he can’t.)

--Coming right out and spelling out the overwhelming subtext of 2.6: “The Catholic cloister, properly speaking, is entirely filled with the black radiance of death.”

--A long description on nuns’ mortifications of the flesh ends with “Do they live? No. Their nerves have turned to bone, their bones to stone.” Turning to stone is the ruling metaphor for Fantine and Enjolras--the end result of a long series of sacrifices for the sake of the future. The convent is still aligned with the barricade, for all that Hugo is about to tell us why it’s a very, very inferior copy.

--Actually, let me quote the whole passage leading up to that last bit: “Do these women think? No. Do they have any desire? No. Do they love? No. Do they live? No.”

That’s a surprising resonance with the last character I would expect to be associated with convents--Grantaire, whom Enjolras will--incorrectly--dismiss as “incapable of belief, of thought, of will, of life, and of death.” (Hugo grants belief and death to the nuns and love to Grantaire.)

The nuns are turning themselves to stone, but at the end of the process, they’re still disengaged--bystanders to the real work of the book/the barricade.

--The description of the in pace cell at the end of 2.7.2 calls forward, horribly, to the description of the prisons of the Châtelet. And 2.7.3 begins with a continued litany of infringements on freedom and human rights perpetrated by and for monasticism: coerced vocations, immured minds, souls buried alive. For those who do not choose it willingly, imprisonment in a cloister is no different than imprisonment anywhere else. (Hugo will return to that question of choice in the next chapter.)

--And then this next bit, on the persistence of monasteries past their usefulness as an institution, I’m going to quote at length (mashup of Wilbour and FMA):

The obstinacy of antiquated institutions in perpetuating themselves resembles the stubbornness of the rancid perfume which should claim our hair, the pretensions of the spoiled fish which should persist in being eaten, the persecution of the child’s garment which should insist on clothing the man, the tenderness of corpses which should return to embrace the living.

“Ingrates!” says the garment, “I protected you in inclement weather. Why will you have nothing to do with me?” “I have just come from the deep sea,” says the fish. “I have been a rose,” says the perfume. “I have loved you,” says the corpse. “I have civilized you,” says the convent.

To this there is but one reply: “In former days.”

To dream of the infinite prolongation of things dead and the government of mankind by embalming; to restore dilapidated dogmas, regild the shrines, replaster the cloisters, reconsecrate the reliquaries, revamp old superstitions, replenish fading fanaticism, put new handles in worn-out aspergilliums and sabers, reconstitute monasticism; to believe in the salvation of society by the multiplication of parasites; to foist the past upon the present, all this seems strange. There are, however, advocates for such theories as these.

Emphasis mine.

@everyonewasabird has pointed out that “ingrate/ungrateful” are Gillenormand’s favorite terms of abuse for Marius, and the ones that Marius overwhelmingly uses against himself. “Ingrate” is a loaded term in this book; the only two instances of it that seem to have any actual validity are the two where the expected power dynamic is reversed--Fauchelevent calling Valjean an ingrate for forgetting the people he has saved, and Grantaire calling Enjolras an ingrate for...essentially the same reasons, probably, though parsing the layers of meaning in that conversation is a whole nother post.

Here, Hugo’s very clear that it’s not a valid complaint--it’s a term of abuse, and it should be answered by the simple truth: that the things for which one has reason to be grateful--civilization, shelter, love--are over with.

And the first of those shades of the past, whose claims on the present are invalid and abusive, is the clothes of a child who has outgrown them. Like Cosette’s tiny mourning outfit, that Valjean will literally embalm, in a valise sprinkled with camphor, and at which he will prostrate himself like the nun at the post for the rest of his life. 

Just.

This place kills Valjean. He has survived so many living and symbolic deaths before he comes here, but this is the one that actually takes--when he ties his life, not to Cosette the person, but to Cosette’s reliance on him.

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[kusumsaonerkarblog-blog]

LTE Market: Strategic Directions to Gain High Share in 2024

The Global LTE Market was valued at $158.49 billion in 2016, and is projected to reach $6,746.66 billion by 2024, having a CAGR of 60.3% during the forecast period of 2017 to 2024.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G wireless broadband technology which is capable to provide a data speed from 30Mbps to 100 Mbps. LTE supports mixed data, voice, video and messaging traffic. Outside of the US telecommunications market, GSM is the leading mobile standard, with more than 80% of the world's cellphone users. extraordinary data rates, higher capacity, and new levels of user experience are key features offered by LTE technology. Increasing user adoption is one of the prime factor which has brought the need for high-speed mobile broadband internet. According to United States Telecom Association, Wireless broadband in rural areas is expected to grow by 117% by 2026.

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 Market Determinants

Increased need for higher data transfer rates and adoption of LTE by operators in Asia Pacific are major drivers of the LTE market. Further, need for high quality of services, application of LET in public safety, and greater spectral efficiency determined by large data usage also fuels the market. There were nearly 7.4 million LTE subscriber till 2011 and out of which 1.3 million were out of Asia-Pacific region. However, Asia Pacific is expected to witness impressive growth during the forecast period. Uneven and limited spectrum and network performance reliability are major restraints of the market. Growth in wireless Infrastructure and rising demand for LTE-enabled devices are expected to offer lucrative opportunities.

 Segment Analysis

Global LTE market is segmented by component, by technology, by application, and by geography. By component it is further divided as Infrastructure, Terminal Equipment, LTE testing Equipment, and Network Services. By technology it is categorized as LTE FDD, LTE TDD, and LTE Advance. By application global LTE market is segmented as M2M and Connected Device, Public Safety LTE, VoLTE, Video on demand, Defense & Security, and Others (IP surveillance, browsing, Large enterprises). Geographically, global LTE market is segmented as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World. North America is largest market for LTE and expected to grow further at a CAGR of 50.5%. According to GSMA Ltd. Over 94% of the North Americas population would be using 4G technology by the end of 2020.

The VoLTE market is expected to exhibit high growth rate and projected to grow at a CAGR of 62.6% from 2017 to 2024.

Major players of the LTE market are Alcatel-Lucent, AT&T, Inc., Bharti Airtel Ltd., China Mobile Ltd., Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd, LM Ericsson, Nokia Solutions and Networks. B.V., NTT DOCOMO, Inc., Verizon Communication Inc., and Vodafone Group Plc.

Technological upgradation is the key strategy adopted by market leaders to maintain their foothold within market. For example, in December 2014, Verizon started the process of migrating entirely to a 4G network.

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 GLOBAL LTE MARKET SEGMENTATION

By Components

Infrastructure

Terminal Equipment

LTE Testing Equipment

Network Services

 By Technology

LTE FDD

LTE TDD

LTE Advance

 By application

M2M and Connected Device

Public Safety LTE

VoLTE

Video on Demand

Defense & Security

Others (IP Surveillance, Browsing, Large Enterprises)

 By Geography

North America

Europe

Asia-Pacific

Rest of the World

 Key Market Players

Alcatel-Lucent

AT&T, Inc.

Bharti Airtel Ltd.

China Mobile Ltd.

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd

LM Ericsson

Nokia Solutions and Networks. B.V.

NTT DOCOMO, Inc.

Verizon Communication Inc.

Vodafone Group Plc

 Key Chapters of this report:

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

1.1.1. ERC desk research

1.1.2. ERC data synthesis

1.1.3. Data validation and market feedback

1.1.4. ERC data sources

1.2. RESEARCH SCOPE

 CHAPTER 2. MARKET LANDSCAPE

2.1. RESEARCH SUMMERY

2.2. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

2.3. FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS

2.4. MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS

2.5. DEMAND FORECAST

2.6. BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE & STRATEGIC ANALYSIS

2.7. MARKET DETERMINANTS

2.7.1. Drivers

2.7.1.1. Increased need for higher data transfer rates

2.7.1.2. Need for high quality of services

2.7.1.3. Adoption of LTE by operators in Asia Pacific

2.7.1.4. Application of LET in public safety

2.7.2. Restraints

2.7.2.1. Network performance reliability

2.7.2.2. Uneven and limited spectrum

2.7.3. Opportunities

2.7.3.1. Growth in wireless Infrastructure

2.7.3.2. Rising demand for LTE-enabled devices

 CHAPTER 3. GLOBAL LTE MARKET BY COMPONENTS

3.1. SEGMENT OUTLINE

3.2. GLOBAL LTE MARKET REVENUE BY COMPONENTS, 2016-2024

3.3. INFRASTRUCTURE MARKET

3.3.1. Trend analysis

3.3.2. Market growth indicators

3.3.3. Global infrastructure market revenue by region, 2016-2024

3.4. LTE TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS MARKET

3.4.1. Trend analysis

…..

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[cliozaur]

In this one, moral massacre of convents continues. At so many levels!

Hugo continues pressing the topic of superstitions and bigotries and at the end brings up a very disturbing, xenophobic and unsavoury comparison of extra-European religious practitioners (fakirs, bonzes, dervishes etc.) with multiplying “swarms of vermin”.

But this time we also get a pretty Foucauldian discourse of (damage to) demography and reproduction, and of morbidity: “Whoever says cloister, says marsh. Their putrescence is evident, their stagnation is unhealthy, their fermentation infects people with fever, and etiolates them; their multiplication becomes a plague of Egypt.”

But I REALLY liked this spooky passage. The imagery is just beautiful:

“The obstinacy of antiquated institutions in perpetuating themselves resembles the stubbornness of the rancid perfume which should claim our hair, the pretensions of the spoiled fish which should persist in being eaten, the persecution of the child’s garment which should insist on clothing the man, the tenderness of corpses which should return to embrace the living.

“Ingrates!” says the garment, “I protected you in inclement weather. Why will you have nothing to do with me?” “I have just come from the deep sea,” says the fish. “I have been a rose,” says the perfume. “I have loved you,” says the corpse. “I have civilized you,” says the convent.

To this there is but one reply: “In former days.”

[erc-marker-research-reports-blog]

LTE Market By Components, (Infrastructure, Terminal Equipment, LTE Testing Equipment, Network Services), By Technology, (LTE FDD, LTE TDD, LTE Advance), Estimation & forecast, 2016 - 2024

The Global LTE Market was valued at $158.49 billion in 2016, and is projected to reach $6,746.66 billion by 2024, having a CAGR of 60.3% during the forecast period of 2017 to 2024.

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a 4G wireless broadband technology which is capable to provide a data speed from 30Mbps to 100 Mbps. LTE supports mixed data, voice, video and messaging traffic. Outside of the US telecommunications market, GSM is the leading mobile standard, with more than 80% of the world's cellphone users. extraordinary data rates, higher capacity, and new levels of user experience are key features offered by LTE technology. Increasing user adoption is one of the prime factor which has brought the need for high-speed mobile broadband internet. According to United States Telecom Association, Wireless broadband in rural areas is expected to grow by 117% by 2026.

Request Sample Copy of the Report@https://www.esticastresearch.com/market-reports/global-lte-market/request-sample

Market Determinants

Increased need for higher data transfer rates and adoption of LTE by operators in Asia Pacific are major drivers of the LTE market. Further, need for high quality of services, application of LET in public safety, and greater spectral efficiency determined by large data usage also fuels the market. There were nearly 7.4 million LTE subscriber till 2011 and out of which 1.3 million were out of Asia-Pacific region. However, Asia Pacific is expected to witness impressive growth during the forecast period. Uneven and limited spectrum and network performance reliability are major restraints of the market. Growth in wireless Infrastructure and rising demand for LTE-enabled devices are expected to offer lucrative opportunities.

Market Determinants – Impact Analysis

market determinants impact analysis Segment Analysis

Global LTE market is segmented by component, by technology, by application, and by geography. By component it is further divided as Infrastructure, Terminal Equipment, LTE testing Equipment, and Network Services. By technology it is categorized as LTE FDD, LTE TDD, and LTE Advance. By application global LTE market is segmented as M2M and Connected Device, Public Safety LTE, VoLTE, Video on demand, Defense & Security, and Others (IP surveillance, browsing, Large enterprises). Geographically, global LTE market is segmented as North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World. North America is largest market for LTE and expected to grow further at a CAGR of 50.5%. According to GSMA Ltd. Over 94% of the North America’s population would be using 4G technology by the end of 2020.

Global VoLTE market, By Region, 2016-2024

globalVoLTE market By region The VoLTE market is expected to exhibit high growth rate and projected to grow at a CAGR of 62.6% from 2017 to 2024.

Major players of the LTE market are Alcatel-Lucent, AT&T, Inc., Bharti Airtel Ltd., China Mobile Ltd., Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd, LM Ericsson, Nokia Solutions and Networks. B.V., NTT DOCOMO, Inc., Verizon Communication Inc., and Vodafone Group Plc. Technological upgradation is the key strategy adopted by market leaders to maintain their foothold within market. For example, in December 2014, Verizon started the process of migrating entirely to a 4G network.

GLOBAL LTE MARKET SEGMENTATION

By Components • Infrastructure • Terminal Equipment • LTE Testing Equipment • Network Services

By Technology • LTE FDD • LTE TDD • LTE Advance

By application • M2M and Connected Device • Public Safety LTE • VoLTE • Video on Demand • Defense & Security • Others (IP Surveillance, Browsing, Large Enterprises)

By Geography • North America • Europe • Asia-Pacific • Rest of the World

Key Market Players

Alcatel-Lucent • AT&T, Inc. • Bharti Airtel Ltd. • China Mobile Ltd. • Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd • LM Ericsson • Nokia Solutions and Networks. B.V. • NTT DOCOMO, Inc. • Verizon Communication Inc. • Vodafone Group Plc

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 

           1.1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY                           1.1.1. ERC desk research                           1.1.2. ERC data synthesis                           1.1.3. Data validation and market feedback                           1.1.4. ERC data sources             1.2. RESEARCH SCOPE

CHAPTER 2. MARKET LANDSCAPE             2.1. RESEARCH SUMMERY             2.2. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS             2.3. FIVE FORCES ANALYSIS             2.4. MARKET SHARE ANALYSIS             2.5. DEMAND FORECAST             2.6. BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE & STRATEGIC ANALYSIS             2.7. MARKET DETERMINANTS                           2.7.1. Drivers                                            2.7.1.1. Increased need for higher data transfer rates                                            2.7.1.2. Need for high quality of services                                            2.7.1.3. Adoption of LTE by operators in Asia Pacific                                            2.7.1.4. Application of LET in public safety                           2.7.2. Restraints                                            2.7.2.1. Network performance reliability                                            2.7.2.2. Uneven and limited spectrum                           2.7.3. Opportunities                                            2.7.3.1. Growth in wireless Infrastructure                                            2.7.3.2. Rising demand for LTE-enabled devices

CHAPTER 3. GLOBAL LTE MARKET BY COMPONENTS             3.1. SEGMENT OUTLINE             3.2. GLOBAL LTE MARKET REVENUE BY COMPONENTS, 2016-2024             3.3. INFRASTRUCTURE MARKET                          3.3.1. Trend analysis                           3.3.2. Market growth indicators                           3.3.3. Global infrastructure market revenue by region, 2016-2024             3.4. LTE TERMINAL EQUIPMENTS MARKET                           3.4.1. Trend analysis                           3.4.2. Market growth indicators                           3.4.3. Global LTE terminal equipments market revenue by type, 2016-2024                           3.4.4. Router                           3.4.5. USB modems                           3.4.6. Femtocell                           3.4.7. Others                           3.4.8. Handheld devices                           3.4.9. Global LTE terminal equipments market revenue by region, 2016-2024             3.5. LTE TESTING EQUIPMENTS                           3.5.1. Trend analysis                           3.5.2. Market growth indicators                           3.5.3. Global LTE testing euqipments market revenue by region, 2016-2024             3.6. NETWORK SERVICES                           3.6.1. Trend analysis                           3.6.2. Market growth indicators                           3.6.3. Global network services market revenue by region, 2016-2024

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