#lm 2.5.2

[secretmellowblog]

Les Mis Canon-era Paris Photographs: Jean Valjean and Cosette’s route to escape Javert, in Pictures!

Jean Valjean's escape through Paris is Victor Hugo's way of mourning the Paris he knew from before his exile, the Paris before the modern renovations.

Hugo wrote Les Mis from exile in Guernsey, at the same time as Paris was undergoing a series of massive renovations. The "Old City" of medieval Paris that Hugo loved was being replaced by the “New City" of Baron Haussman. The dark medieval labyrinth lit by oil lamps was being replaced by modern wide streets and standardized architecture lit by gas lamps. Victor Hugo is nostalgic for the Paris he remembers before his exile-- so Jean Valjean is able to escape Javert using things unique to the Old City. He escapes through a labyrinth of tiny medieval streets in a neighborhood Hugo claims was destroyed during the renovations; he climbs over the convent wall using the rope from an oil lamp, the very oil lamps that were being replaced by the more modern gas lanterns. The dark maze hides him from police surveillance in a way modern streets cannot.

A man named Charles Marville photographed Paris shortly before many (though not all) of the renovations occurred. In this post I'll go through all the different streets mentioned in the Valjean-Javert Paris chase chapters, and provide Marville's photographs whenever they the image has been labeled with the name of the street. Note that there may be some inaccuracies. Some street names changed over time.

Here is a map of what the chase looks like, taken from the book "Paris in the Times of Victor Hugo."

A quick overview: Jean Valjean starts in a slummy half-built suburban area. This area is highly associated with the King; the royal Jardin des Plantes is nearby, and King Louis XVIII often rides by in his carriage during the afternoons. After travelling down a bunch of streets, "zigzagging" back and forth, Jean Valjean decides to cross the Seine over the Bridge of Austerlitz (a bridge named after one of Napoleon's victories.) Then he reaches the areas of the city near the Faubourg Saint Antoine that are more associated with working class rebellion. From there he enters a dark isolated half-built medieval neighborhood near marshes and timberyards, with narrow mazey alleyways, that Hugo mostly made up. Hugo pretends this medieval neighborhood used to exist, but was destroyed like many others during the recent renovations. Now that we've gotten the overview out of the way, let's go more specific!

The chase starts out in "the old quarter of the Marche aux Chevaux." At the time, this was a less inhabited and poorer area of Paris; it's described as basically a slum. Here are some of Marville's photographs :

Then we're told "Jean Valjean described many and varied labyrinths in the Mouffetard quarter, which was already asleep, as though the discipline of the Middle Ages and the yoke of the curfew still existed. He combined in various manners, with cunning strategy, the Rue Censier:"

"and the Rue Copeau," (according to the map I linked earlier, the Rue Copeau is now the Rue Lacepede. Here is Marville's pic:)

"the Rue du Battoir-Saint-Victor and the Rue du Puits l’Ermite. There are lodging houses in this locality, but he did not even enter one, finding nothing which suited him. He had no doubt that if any one had chanced to be upon his track, they would have lost it."

"As eleven o’clock struck from Saint-Étienne-du-Mont:" (note: this refers to the church of Saint-Etienne)

"he was traversing the Rue de Pontoise, in front of the office of the commissary of police, situated at No. 14." (Jean Valjean sees Javert and the police following him on this street, because they're visible in the light of the lantern from the police station.)

"He took a circuit, turned into the Passage des Patriarches, which was closed on account of the hour,"

"strode along the Rue de l’Épée-de-Bois

and the Rue de l’Arbalète, and plunged into the Rue des Postes."

"At that time there was a square formed by the intersection of streets, where the College Rollin stands to-day, and where the Rue Neuve-Sainte-Geneviève turns off." (Note: these streets are labeled Montagne-Sainte-Geneviève, but not Neuve-Sainte-Geneviève, so they may be different streets! But I'm putting them here anyway.)

"It is understood, of course, that the Rue Neuve-Sainte-Geneviève is an old street, and that a posting-chaise does not pass through the Rue des Postes once in ten years. In the thirteenth century this Rue des Postes was inhabited by potters, and its real name is Rue des Pots." (Annotation: Hugo's bein silly and making little puns. He's snarkily pointing out the "new saint-genevieve street" is old, and the post street rarely has post-chaises/carriages go through it.) (Jean Valjean hides in the shadows and watches to see who shows up in this big square intersection of streets. In the moonlight, he recognizes Javert.) "He slipped from under the gate where he had concealed himself, and went down the Rue des Postes (which I shared a picture of previously), towards the region of the Jardin des Plantes." (Note: the Jardin des Plantes is a royal garden. Here is a modern photo from Wikipedia.)

"He left behind him the Rue de la Clef,

"then the Fountain Saint-Victor, skirted the Jardin des Plantes by the lower streets, and reached the quay. There he turned round. The quay was deserted. The streets were deserted. There was no one behind him. He drew a long breath.

He gained the Pont d’Austerlitz." (The Pont d'Austerlitz, named after Napoleon's victory at the battle of Austerlitz, is a very famous bridge. Marville has no photographs but here's an 1830 engraving:)

"The bridge once crossed, he perceived some timber-yards on his right. He directed his course thither. In order to reach them, it was necessary to risk himself in a tolerably large unsheltered and illuminated space. He did not hesitate. Those who were on his track had evidently lost the scent, and Jean Valjean believed himself to be out of danger. Hunted, yes; followed, no." Here's the quai by the pont-au-change-- a different quai, but gives you an idea of what the areas around the Seine often looked like.

(Then Jean Valjean sees Javert and the other police on the Bridge of Austerlitz, following him. He hurries towards the darker alleys of the city.)

"A little street, the Rue du Chemin-Vert-Saint-Antoine, opened out between two timber-yards enclosed in walls. This street was dark and narrow and seemed made expressly for him."

Here's an abandoned timber-yard-ish looking picture:

But Marville has no photographs of this street. I'd have to double check, but iirc this is the part where Hugo starts to 'make up' more street layouts. I wouldn't be surprised if this street really WAS made expressly for him (meaning Hugo made it up.) "The point of Paris where Jean Valjean found himself, situated between the Faubourg Saint-Antoine and la Râpée, is one of those which recent improvements have transformed from top to bottom,—resulting in disfigurement according to some, and in a transfiguration according to others. The market-gardens, the timber-yards, and the old buildings have been effaced. To-day, there are brand-new, wide streets, arenas, circuses, hippodromes, railway stations, and a prison, Mazas, there; progress, as the reader sees, with its antidote."

(Here Hugo talks about the Haussman renovations directly, claiming that if his street layouts are "inaccurate" it's because these are some of the Old Medieval Streets that were razed during Paris's recent renovations. He goes on for a while comparing Petit-Picpus to various other areas that were changed during the renovations.)

"Le Petit-Picpus, which, moreover, hardly ever had any existence, and never was more than the outline of a quarter, had nearly the monkish aspect of a Spanish town. The roads were not much paved; the streets were not much built up. (....) Such was this quarter in the last century. The Revolution snubbed it soundly. The republican government demolished and cut through it. Rubbish shoots were established there. Thirty years ago, this quarter was disappearing under the erasing process of new buildings. To-day, it has been utterly blotted out."

The Petit-Picpus, of which no existing plan has preserved a trace, is indicated with sufficient clearness in the plan of 1727, published at Paris by Denis Thierry, Rue Saint-Jacques, opposite the Rue du Plâtre;

and at Lyons, by Jean Girin, Rue Mercière, at the sign of Prudence.

Petit-Picpus had, as we have just mentioned, a Y of streets, formed by the Rue du Chemin-Vert-Saint-Antoine, which spread out in two branches, taking on the left the name of Little Picpus Street, and on the right the name of the Rue Polonceau. The two limbs of the Y were connected at the apex as by a bar; this bar was called Rue Droit-Mur.

The Rue Polonceau ended there; Rue Petit-Picpus passed on, and ascended towards the Lenoir market. A person coming from the Seine reached the extremity of the Rue Polonceau, and had on his right the Rue Droit-Mur, turning abruptly at a right angle, in front of him the wall of that street, and on his right a truncated prolongation of the Rue Droit-Mur, which had no issue and was called the Cul-de-Sac Genrot." Here is @everyonewasabird's attempt to puzzle this out:

It was here that Jean Valjean stood."

Then Jean Valjean escapes by pulling down an old oil lantern, strung up by ropes. Hugo notes that this would have been "impossible if the streets were lit with gas, the way they would be after the renovations. This picture shows an old oil lamp strung up by ropes:

Finally, Jean Valjean climbs over the wall into the Petit-Picpus convent. This convent is fictional. Hugo pretends it used to exists but is no longer around-- another relic of the early 19th century that has been lost over time.

TLDR:

Jean Valjean's escape through Paris is Hugo way of mourning the Paris he knew from before his exile, the Paris before the modern renovations. To quote Volume 2 Book 5 Chapter 1:

The author of this book, who regrets the necessity of mentioning himself, has been absent from Paris for many years. Paris has been transformed since he quitted it. A new city has arisen, which is, after a fashion, unknown to him. There is no need for him to say that he loves Paris: Paris is his mind’s natal city. In consequence of demolitions and reconstructions, the Paris of his youth, that Paris which he bore away religiously in his memory, is now a Paris of days gone by. He must be permitted to speak of that Paris as though it still existed. It is possible that when the author conducts his readers to a spot and says, “In such a street there stands such and such a house,” neither street nor house will any longer exist in that locality. Readers may verify the facts if they care to take the trouble. For his own part, he is unacquainted with the new Paris, and he writes with the old Paris before his eyes in an illusion which is precious to him. It is a delight to him to dream that there still lingers behind him something of that which he beheld when he was in his own country, and that all has not vanished. So long as you go and come in your native land, you imagine that those streets are a matter of indifference to you; that those windows, those roofs, and those doors are nothing to you; that those walls are strangers to you; that those trees are merely the first encountered haphazard; that those houses, which you do not enter, are useless to you; that the pavements which you tread are merely stones. Later on, when you are no longer there, you perceive that the streets are dear to you; that you miss those roofs, those doors; and that those walls are necessary to you, those trees are well beloved by you; that you entered those houses which you never entered, every day, and that you have left a part of your heart, of your blood, of your soul, in those pavements. All those places which you no longer behold, which you may never behold again, perchance, and whose memory you have cherished, take on a melancholy charm, recur to your mind with the melancholy of an apparition, make the holy land visible to you, and are, so to speak, the very form of France, and you love them; and you call them up as they are, as they were, and you persist in this, and you will submit to no change: for you are attached to the figure of your fatherland as to the face of your mother.

[cliozaur]

Hugo continues to use Valjean’s escape as an opportunity to lovingly describe the streets of Paris, detailing aspects such as the habit of not lighting street lanterns during moonlit nights. He provides another lesson in Parisian topography around the Pont d’Austerlitz and even mentions the inscription on the Goblet potteries, seemingly just for the sake of it.

While Hugo enjoys leisurely wandering the streets of Paris, Valjean feels increasingly uncomfortable in this urban environment. The bustling city is not his natural habitat, he “shuddered like the wild beast which is recaptured.” His instinct drives him towards the marshes and uninhabited areas on the right bank of the Seine.

[pureanonofficial]

LES MIS LETTERS IN ADAPTATION - It is Lucky that the Pont D'Austerlitz Bears Carriages, LM 2.5.2 (Shoujo Cosette)

Tolls were still collected there at that epoch.

He presented himself at the toll office and handed over a sou.

“It is two sous,” said the old soldier in charge of the bridge. “You are carrying a child who can walk. Pay for two.”

He paid, vexed that his passage should have aroused remark. Every flight should be an imperceptible slipping away.

[dolphin1812]

I don’t think I have a lot to say on this chapter, but! Cosette still getting to be a child even during an escape scene is so nice!

Take the first paragraph, for instance:

“Uncertainty was at an end for Jean Valjean: fortunately it still lasted for the men. He took advantage of their hesitation. It was time lost for them, but gained for him. He slipped from under the gate where he had concealed himself, and went down the Rue des Postes, towards the region of the Jardin des Plantes. Cosette was beginning to be tired. He took her in his arms and carried her. There were no passers-by, and the street lanterns had not been lighted on account of there being a moon.”

Cosette getting tired and needing to be carried just takes up two sentences here. It’s not the focus of the paragraph; it’s not even an opening or concluding point. Instead, Cosette’s exhaustion is just another step in Valjean’s escape. She tires; he carries her. The use of simpler sentences emphasizes the sense of an immediate reaction, especially in contrast to all of the other sentences here. While the other sentences don’t really feel long to read because they’re broken up with punctuation, these two sentences are short and aren’t subdivided into many clauses, making them feel faster even than Valjean’s escape. Caring for Cosette, then, has become second nature to him. It requires less thought than fleeing the police, even after all his experience with the latter. At the same time, positioning this in the middle of the paragraph stresses that Cosette’s state is part of the escape. This isn’t just a struggle between Valjean and the police (although that’s certainly an aspect of this), but a complex interplay between Valjean and Cosette trusting and caring for each other, Valjean fleeing the police, and Cosette not knowing what’s going on but sticking with her father anyways.

I also love how Cosette later changes her mind when her feet go numb and decides to walk again. Even in the midst of an intense escape, she still gets to be a child, and that’s wonderful.

[everyonewasabird]

Brickclub 2.5.2 ‘It is fortunate that vehicles can cross the bridge of Austerlitz’

Valjean is strategizing on the run, trying to shake pursuit. The fog of war matters here: he knows Javert is in the group, but Javert is not yet certain he is Jean Valjean. Valjean zigs and zags like a hunted deer, trying to put water between himself and the hounds and very literally trying to get to the woods and fields where he'll be back in his element--as we saw before he went to collect Cosette.

Valjean’s fundamental discomfort with the sheer city-ness of Paris doesn’t really get talked about enough? No wonder he likes gardens--I get the sense he’d prefer total wilderness, in fact. He’s in his element there, and he absolutely isn’t in the city. And these few weeks with Cosette really are his first time in much of a city, aside from whatever he saw of Toulon. Even in M-sur-M he walked in rural fields as much as humanly possible.

Hugo is going hard on emphasizing the presence of pottery in these last two chapters, and I have literally no idea why. Last chapter we were informed that the Rue des Postes was originally the Rue des Pots, and this chapter we pause the high-stakes, life-or-death, Valjean-may-lose-yet-another-child-to-the-predations-of-the-justice-system-and-we-know-how-this-went-for-his-original-family stakes to be told the epigram of the pottery factory they’re passing.

Here’s the epigram:

“De Goblet fils e’est ici la fabrique; Venez choisir des cruches et des brocs, Des pots à fleurs, des tugaux, de la brique. A tout venant le Cœur vend des Carreaux.”

Rose:

“THIS IS THE FACTORY OF GOBLET & SONS. COME AND CHOOSE PITCHERS AND JUGS, FLOWERPOTS, PIPES, AND BRICKS. TO ALL COMERS THE HEART SELLS TILES.”

Does anybody have a theory here? What on earth does the heart/tile line mean?

I mean, pots and tiles definitely were things rained down on soldiers by barricade fighters, but I think I just have barricades on the brain.

Guys, wtf?

[meta-squash]

Brick Club 2.5.2 “It Is Fortunate That Vehicles Can Cross The Pont D’Austerlitz”

Poor Cosette has been walking so far. I’m glad Valjean picks her up now, but I wonder how much faster he might have been able to move had he made the decision to carry her from the get-go.

Does Hugo include the Goblet Pottery inscription for atmospheric reasons, or is there something more there? I don’t know what to make of the inscription. It’s very odd.

FMA translates it thus:

“Here’s the Goblet and Sons Factory Get your pitchers and jars, Flowerpots, pipes, and bricks. Big sale. All welcome.”

But Hapgood translates:

“This is the factory of Goblet Junior: Come choose your jugs and crocks, Flower-pots, pipes, bricks. The Heart sells Diamonds to every comer.”

We’ve reached the Pont d’Austerlitz, which is both a threshold and a test. If Valjean makes it across, he’s slightly safer and ever closer to his fated destination. But first he has to make it across.

I love that Valjean takes the time to be annoyed rather than worried.

Cart imagery! A cart! This time, Valjean and Cosette walk in its shadow, hiding behind it from Javert and the other gendarmes. A pretty obvious metaphor, if you ask me. Halfway across, he puts her down and she walks with him.

I don’t understand why Valjean’s instincts are so out of whack at this point. He’s absolutely still being followed, and yet he believes he’s not. He knows it’s Javert, so why isn’t he on high alert?

The maze of the city is problematic for Valjean here. He doesn’t know it, he has no idea where he’s going, there is the constant possibility for dead ends or blind corners or places for ambush. His instinct is to escape out into the marshes and fields. He knows that he can disappear there, the same way he maneuvered so well in Boulatrelle’s woods and later in the woods outside Montfermeil. I feel like he never really acclimatizes to the city. He lets his instinct lead him, but he mostly falls back on false identity rather than his ability to function in the city proper. I wonder if this has to do with his inability actually fit into any social role? To most of the world he’s a reclusive, odd bourgeois, to himself he’s still a wretched convict, to Cosette he’s a beloved father, to the convent he’s a barely-seen gardener, and his origin is as a peasant pruner. He cannot fully embody any one of these identities, but also unlike those on the Cors de Miracles, his disguise isn’t something he takes off at the end of the day. He doesn’t go on the street as Fauchelevent and then sit at home as Valjean. He is forced to be Fauchelevent, but he never really settles into any of his identities, just like he never really settles into the city. It makes sense, then, that his two main places of escape are locations with gardens. The city is problematic, anxious, and threatening to him and will continue to be so. He manages to carve out a space for himself through these gardens.

[fremedon]

Brickclub 2.5.2 - 2.5.5

Catching up on the last four chapters. As usual, I have much less to say about the plot-heavy chapters.

Some stray observations:

The routes and street names on the Left Bank--while tracing an extremely eccentric zigzag path--are fully rooted in the actual map of Paris. Once we cross the Seine in 2.5.2, we’re into an entirely made-up neighborhood. The style of Hugo’s descriptions doesn’t change, and the sense of verisimilitude continues--especially as he sets his made-up Petit-Picpus neighborhood in the area that was completely razed to build the Gare de Lyon.

Hat tip to @meta-squash​ for pointing out that Valjean crosses the bridge in the shadow of a cart. I would almost take this for an entirely non-metaphorical horse and cart, except that Hugo calls it out in the chapter title, “It Is Fortunate That the Pont d’Austerlitz Takes Vehicles.” Institutions built for all of society also shelter social outcasts, and that’s a good thing?

The Pont d’Austerlitz was technically the Pont de Jardin du Roi at this point, as Hugo mentions in “The Year 1817.” Valjean is walking in Napoleon’s steps again--and he does manage to pull off a surprise victory against numerically superior and overconfident forces. But where Napoleon at Austerlitz was feigning weakness into order to provoke an attack, Valjean’s mistakes here are all real, and desperate.

I wish I knew whether to make anything of the Goblet pottery works beyond local color.

Four and eight alert: including Javert, there are four men pursuing Valjean.

Hat tip to @everyonewasabird​ for pointing out that Hugo’s “picture a letter of the alphabet” aerial map description of the neighborhood ties the Petit-Picpus to both Waterloo and the barricade. The convent itself is going to be a bridge between the barricade and the bagne, but this chapter is prefiguring the escape from the barricade in a lot of ways. Partly, it’s showing us the same tricks--the convict’s bag of tools--that Valjean will later use to rescue Marius: strength, desperate quick thinking, and the ability to look above or below a two-dimensional trap to find an escape. But the “gate that was not a gate” and the ominously barred and shuttered façades in this street also definitely call forward to the shuttered street in “The Dead Are Right and the Living Are Not Wrong.”

Poor Cosette. She’s trying so hard and she’s so scared. I am definitely side-eying Valjean for threatening her with Mme. Thenardier; that was not at all necessary.

[linhgd9]

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Table of Contents

1 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market Overview 1.1 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Product Overview 1.2 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market Segment by Type 1.2.1 Roll Forming Machines 1.2.2 Roll Forming Lines 1.3 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market Size by Type 1.3.1 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market Size Overview by Type (2016-2027) 1.3.2 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Historic Market Size Review by Type (2016-2021) 1.3.2.1 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown in Volume by Type (2016-2021) 1.3.2.2 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown in Value by Type (2016-2021) 1.3.2.3 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Average Selling Price (ASP) by Type (2016-2021) 1.3.3 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Forecasted Market Size by Type (2022-2027) 1.3.3.1 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown in Volume by Type (2022-2027) 1.3.3.2 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown in Value by Type (2022-2027) 1.3.3.3 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Average Selling Price (ASP) by Type (2022-2027) 1.4 Key Regions Market Size Segment by Type 1.4.1 North America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown by Type (2016-2021) 1.4.2 Europe Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown by Type (2016-2021) 1.4.3 Asia-Pacific Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown by Type (2016-2021) 1.4.4 Latin America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown by Type (2016-2021) 1.4.5 Middle East and Africa Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown by Type (2016-2021)

2 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market Competition by Company 2.1 Global Top Players by Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales (2016-2021) 2.2 Global Top Players by Roll Forming Machines and Lines Revenue (2016-2021) 2.3 Global Top Players Roll Forming Machines and Lines Price (2016-2021) 2.4 Global Top Manufacturers Roll Forming Machines and Lines Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area, Product Type 2.5 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market Competitive Situation and Trends 2.5.1 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market Concentration Rate (2016-2021) 2.5.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Manufacturers by Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales and Revenue in 2020 2.6 Global Top Manufacturers by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Roll Forming Machines and Lines as of 2020) 2.7 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market 2.8 Key Manufacturers Roll Forming Machines and Lines Product Offered 2.9 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Status and Outlook by Region 3.1 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market Size and CAGR by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2026 3.2 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Historic Market Size by Region 3.2.1 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Volume by Region (2016-2021) 3.2.2 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Value by Region (2016-2021) 3.2.3 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales (Volume & Value) Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 3.3 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Forecasted Market Size by Region 3.3.1 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Volume by Region (2022-2027) 3.3.2 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Value by Region (2022-2027) 3.3.3 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales (Volume & Value), Price and Gross Margin (2022-2027)

4 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines by Application 4.1 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market Segment by Application 4.1.1 Automobile 4.1.2 Building and Decoration 4.1.3 Oil and Gas Industry 4.1.4 Traffic and Transporation 4.1.5 Storage Industry 4.1.6 Others 4.2 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market Size by Application 4.2.1 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market Size Overview by Application (2016-2027) 4.2.2 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Historic Market Size Review by Application (2016-2021) 4.2.2.1 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown in Volume, by Application (2016-2021) 4.2.2.2 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown in Value, by Application (2016-2021) 4.2.2.3 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Average Selling Price (ASP) by Application (2016-2021) 4.2.3 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Forecasted Market Size by Application (2022-2027) 4.2.3.1 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown in Volume, by Application (2022-2027) 4.2.3.2 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown in Value, by Application (2022-2027) 4.2.3.3 Global Roll Forming Machines and Lines Average Selling Price (ASP) by Application (2022-2027) 4.3 Key Regions Market Size Segment by Application 4.3.1 North America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown by Application (2016-2021) 4.3.2 Europe Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown by Application (2016-2021) 4.3.3 Asia-Pacific Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown by Application (2016-2021) 4.3.4 Latin America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown by Application (2016-2021) 4.3.5 Middle East and Africa Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales Breakdown by Application (2016-2021)

5 North America Roll Forming Machines and Lines by Country 5.1 North America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Historic Market Size by Country 5.1.1 North America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2021) 5.1.2 North America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Value by Country (2016-2021) 5.2 North America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Forecasted Market Size by Country 5.2.1 North America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Volume by Country (2022-2027) 5.2.2 North America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Value by Country (2022-2027)

6 Europe Roll Forming Machines and Lines by Country 6.1 Europe Roll Forming Machines and Lines Historic Market Size by Country 6.1.1 Europe Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2021) 6.1.2 Europe Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Value by Country (2016-2021) 6.2 Europe Roll Forming Machines and Lines Forecasted Market Size by Country 6.2.1 Europe Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Volume by Country (2022-2027) 6.2.2 Europe Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Value by Country (2022-2027)

7 Asia-Pacific Roll Forming Machines and Lines by Region 7.1 Asia-Pacific Roll Forming Machines and Lines Historic Market Size by Region 7.1.1 Asia-Pacific Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Volume by Region (2016-2021) 7.1.2 Asia-Pacific Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Value by Region (2016-2021) 7.2 Asia-Pacific Roll Forming Machines and Lines Forecasted Market Size by Region 7.2.1 Asia-Pacific Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Volume by Region (2022-2027) 7.2.2 Asia-Pacific Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Value by Region (2022-2027)

8 Latin America Roll Forming Machines and Lines by Country 8.1 Latin America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Historic Market Size by Country 8.1.1 Latin America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2021) 8.1.2 Latin America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Value by Country (2016-2021) 8.2 Latin America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Forecasted Market Size by Country 8.2.1 Latin America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Volume by Country (2022-2027) 8.2.2 Latin America Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Value by Country (2022-2027)

9 Middle East and Africa Roll Forming Machines and Lines by Country 9.1 Middle East and Africa Roll Forming Machines and Lines Historic Market Size by Country 9.1.1 Middle East and Africa Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Volume by Country (2016-2021) 9.1.2 Middle East and Africa Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Value by Country (2016-2021) 9.2 Middle East and Africa Roll Forming Machines and Lines Forecasted Market Size by Country 9.2.1 Middle East and Africa Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Volume by Country (2022-2027) 9.2.2 Middle East and Africa Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales in Value by Country (2022-2027)

10 Company Profiles and Key Figures in Roll Forming Machines and Lines Business 10.1 Metform 10.1.1 Metform Corporation Information 10.1.2 Metform Introduction and Business Overview 10.1.3 Metform Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.1.4 Metform Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.1.5 Metform Recent Development 10.2 Dallan Company 10.2.1 Dallan Company Corporation Information 10.2.2 Dallan Company Introduction and Business Overview 10.2.3 Dallan Company Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.2.4 Dallan Company Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.2.5 Dallan Company Recent Development 10.3 JUPITER 10.3.1 JUPITER Corporation Information 10.3.2 JUPITER Introduction and Business Overview 10.3.3 JUPITER Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.3.4 JUPITER Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.3.5 JUPITER Recent Development 10.4 Gasparini SpA 10.4.1 Gasparini SpA Corporation Information 10.4.2 Gasparini SpA Introduction and Business Overview 10.4.3 Gasparini SpA Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.4.4 Gasparini SpA Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.4.5 Gasparini SpA Recent Development 10.5 SWAH 10.5.1 SWAH Corporation Information 10.5.2 SWAH Introduction and Business Overview 10.5.3 SWAH Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.5.4 SWAH Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.5.5 SWAH Recent Development 10.6 Baileigh Industrial(JPW) 10.6.1 Baileigh Industrial(JPW) Corporation Information 10.6.2 Baileigh Industrial(JPW) Introduction and Business Overview 10.6.3 Baileigh Industrial(JPW) Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.6.4 Baileigh Industrial(JPW) Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.6.5 Baileigh Industrial(JPW) Recent Development 10.7 IED Inc 10.7.1 IED Inc Corporation Information 10.7.2 IED Inc Introduction and Business Overview 10.7.3 IED Inc Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.7.4 IED Inc Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.7.5 IED Inc Recent Development 10.8 Formtek 10.8.1 Formtek Corporation Information 10.8.2 Formtek Introduction and Business Overview 10.8.3 Formtek Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.8.4 Formtek Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.8.5 Formtek Recent Development 10.9 COMETAL IMAL Group 10.9.1 COMETAL IMAL Group Corporation Information 10.9.2 COMETAL IMAL Group Introduction and Business Overview 10.9.3 COMETAL IMAL Group Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.9.4 COMETAL IMAL Group Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.9.5 COMETAL IMAL Group Recent Development 10.10 EWMenn 10.10.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base and Competitors 10.10.2 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Product Category, Application and Specification 10.10.3 EWMenn Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.10.4 Main Business Overview 10.10.5 EWMenn Recent Development 10.11 Jouanel Industrie 10.11.1 Jouanel Industrie Corporation Information 10.11.2 Jouanel Industrie Introduction and Business Overview 10.11.3 Jouanel Industrie Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.11.4 Jouanel Industrie Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.11.5 Jouanel Industrie Recent Development 10.12 Dimeco 10.12.1 Dimeco Corporation Information 10.12.2 Dimeco Introduction and Business Overview 10.12.3 Dimeco Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.12.4 Dimeco Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.12.5 Dimeco Recent Development 10.13 Samco Machinery 10.13.1 Samco Machinery Corporation Information 10.13.2 Samco Machinery Introduction and Business Overview 10.13.3 Samco Machinery Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.13.4 Samco Machinery Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.13.5 Samco Machinery Recent Development 10.14 JIDET 10.14.1 JIDET Corporation Information 10.14.2 JIDET Introduction and Business Overview 10.14.3 JIDET Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.14.4 JIDET Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.14.5 JIDET Recent Development 10.15 LMS Machinery 10.15.1 LMS Machinery Corporation Information 10.15.2 LMS Machinery Introduction and Business Overview 10.15.3 LMS Machinery Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.15.4 LMS Machinery Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.15.5 LMS Machinery Recent Development 10.16 VLB Group 10.16.1 VLB Group Corporation Information 10.16.2 VLB Group Introduction and Business Overview 10.16.3 VLB Group Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.16.4 VLB Group Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.16.5 VLB Group Recent Development 10.17 Yingkou Sanxing Roll Forming Machine Co. 10.17.1 Yingkou Sanxing Roll Forming Machine Co. Corporation Information 10.17.2 Yingkou Sanxing Roll Forming Machine Co. Introduction and Business Overview 10.17.3 Yingkou Sanxing Roll Forming Machine Co. Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.17.4 Yingkou Sanxing Roll Forming Machine Co. Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.17.5 Yingkou Sanxing Roll Forming Machine Co. Recent Development 10.18 Hebei FeiXiang 10.18.1 Hebei FeiXiang Corporation Information 10.18.2 Hebei FeiXiang Introduction and Business Overview 10.18.3 Hebei FeiXiang Roll Forming Machines and Lines Sales, Revenue and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 10.18.4 Hebei FeiXiang Roll Forming Machines and Lines Products Offered 10.18.5 Hebei FeiXiang Recent Development

11 Upstream, Opportunities, Challenges, Risks and Influences Factors Analysis 11.1 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Key Raw Materials 11.1.1 Key Raw Materials 11.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price 11.1.3 Raw Materials Key Suppliers 11.2 Manufacturing Cost Structure 11.2.1 Raw Materials 11.2.2 Labor Cost 11.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses 11.3 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Industrial Chain Analysis 11.4 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Market Dynamics 11.4.1 Industry Trends 11.4.2 Market Drivers 11.4.3 Market Challenges 11.4.4 Market Restraints

12 Market Strategy Analysis, Distributors 12.1 Sales Channel 12.2 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Distributors 12.3 Roll Forming Machines and Lines Downstream Customers

13 Research Findings and Conclusion

14 Appendix 14.1 Research Methodology 14.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach 14.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design 14.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation 14.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 14.1.2 Data Source 14.1.2.1 Secondary Sources 14.1.2.2 Primary Sources 14.2 Author Details 14.3 Disclaimer

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Orthodontic Mouthpieces Market Segment by Application, Size, Trend, Overview, Gross Margin and Forecast To 2025

The report “Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Market by Manufacturers, Regions, Type and Application” highlights key dynamics of Orthodontic Mouthpieces sector. The potentiality of this sector has been examined along with the significant challenges and growth opportunities. The present market scenario and future predictions of the sector has also been studied in-depth in this report. The report also provides the key market players that are assessed on numerous parameters such as manufacturer’s summary, revenue generation, product portfolio, and sales analysis of Orthodontic Mouthpieces segment in the forecast period. Also, this report involves major market drivers and restraints of the given market.

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Segmentation based on Type includes: Transparent Opaque

Segmentation based on Application includes: Hospital Clinic Other

Market competition by top manufacturers: Armstrong Medical ClearCorrect Derby Dental FORESTADENT BERNHARD FRSTER G&H Orthodontics K Line Europe LM-INSTRUMENTS Nivol Orchestrate Orthodontic Technologies Ormco SICAT TP Orthodontics

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Table of Contents - 1 Orthodontic Mouthpieces Market Overview 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Orthodontic Mouthpieces 1.2 Orthodontic Mouthpieces Segment by Type (Product Category) 1.2.1 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (Product Category)(2013-2025) 1.2.2 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Production Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017 1.2.3 Transparent 1.2.4 Opaque 1.3 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Segment by Application 1.3.1 Orthodontic Mouthpieces Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2013-2025) 1.3.2 Hospital 1.3.3 Clinic 1.3.4 Other 1.4 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Market by Region (2013-2025) 1.4.1 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2013-2025) 1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.6 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.7 India Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Orthodontic Mouthpieces (2013-2025) 1.5.1 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Revenue Status and Outlook (2013-2025) 1.5.2 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Capacity, Production Status and Outlook (2013-2025) 2 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Market Competition by Manufacturers 2.1 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Capacity, Production and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018) 2.1.1 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Capacity and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018) 2.1.2 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Production and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018) 2.2 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018) 2.3 Global Orthodontic Mouthpieces Average Price by Manufacturers (2013-2018) 2.4 Manufacturers Orthodontic Mouthpieces Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type 2.5 Orthodontic Mouthpieces Market Competitive Situation and Trends 2.5.1 Orthodontic Mouthpieces Market Concentration Rate 2.5.2 Orthodontic Mouthpieces Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers 2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion …

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Dental Curette market Professional Survey Trends by Product & Application

Dental Curette Market key player - YEAR END BONANZA -

Flat 20% discount on purchase of reports from 1st December to 31st December.

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* Terms & Conditions apply!!

Contact No. : +16269994607 (US),+917507349866 (IND)

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Report Overview:

Geographically, this report is segmented into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue (million USD), market share and growth rate of Dental Curette in these regions, from 2012 to 2022 (forecast), covering

North America

Europe

China

Japan

Southeast Asia

India

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Global Dental Curette market competition by top manufacturers, with production, price, revenue (value) and market share for each manufacturer; the top players including

FASA GROUP

Helmut Zepf Medizintechnik GmbH

Jakobi Dental Instruments

Karl Schumacher

LM-INSTRUMENTS OY

Paradise Dental Technologies

PRODONT-HOLLIGER

Vista Dental Products

YDM

A. Titan Instruments

AMERICAN EAGLE INSTRUMENTS

BTI Biotechnology Institute

Carl Martin GmbH

Dental USA

DEPPELER

On the basis of product, this report displays the production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, primarily split into

Single Head Dental Curette

Double Head Dental Curette

On the basis of the end users/applications, this report focuses on the status and outlook for major applications/end users, consumption (sales), market share and growth rate for each application, including

Hospital

Clinic

Table of Contents:

1 Dental Curette Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Dental Curette

1.2 Dental Curette Segment by Type (Product Category)

1.2.1 Global Dental Curette Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (Product Category)(2012-2022)

1.2.2 Global Dental Curette Production Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2016

1.2.3 Single Head Dental Curette

1.2.4 Double Head Dental Curette

1.3 Global Dental Curette Segment by Application

1.3.1 Dental Curette Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2012-2022)

1.3.2 Hospital

1.3.3 Clinic

1.4 Global Dental Curette Market by Region (2012-2022)

1.4.1 Global Dental Curette Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2012-2022)

1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.7 India Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Dental Curette (2012-2022)

1.5.1 Global Dental Curette Revenue Status and Outlook (2012-2022)

1.5.2 Global Dental Curette Capacity, Production Status and Outlook (2012-2022)

2 Global Dental Curette Market Competition by Manufacturers

2.1 Global Dental Curette Capacity, Production and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.1.1 Global Dental Curette Capacity and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.1.2 Global Dental Curette Production and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.2 Global Dental Curette Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.3 Global Dental Curette Average Price by Manufacturers (2012-2017)

2.4 Manufacturers Dental Curette Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type

2.5 Dental Curette Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.5.1 Dental Curette Market Concentration Rate

2.5.2 Dental Curette Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers

2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

3 Global Dental Curette Capacity, Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2012-2017)

3.1 Global Dental Curette Capacity and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.2 Global Dental Curette Production and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.3 Global Dental Curette Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.4 Global Dental Curette Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.5 North America Dental Curette Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.6 Europe Dental Curette Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.7 China Dental Curette Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.8 Japan Dental Curette Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.9 Southeast Asia Dental Curette Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.10 India Dental Curette Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

4 Global Dental Curette Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Region (2012-2017)

4.1 Global Dental Curette Consumption by Region (2012-2017)

4.2 North America Dental Curette Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.3 Europe Dental Curette Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.4 China Dental Curette Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.5 Japan Dental Curette Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.6 Southeast Asia Dental Curette Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

4.7 India Dental Curette Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2012-2017)

……….

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Who we are

Research Trades has team of experts who works on providing exhaustive analysis pertaining to market research on a global basis. This comprehensive analysis is obtained by a thorough research and study of the ongoing trends and provides predictive data regarding the future estimations, which can be utilized by various organizations for growth purposes.

[daniel1244martinez]

Mobile Learning Market Research And Industry Analysis Report

This report studies Mobile Learning in Global market, especially in North America, Europe, China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan, focuses on top manufacturers in global market, with capacity, production, price, revenue and market share for each manufacturer, covering

Net Dimensions

Sap AG

Dell

Upside Learning

Skillsoft

Market Segment by Regions, this report splits Global into several key Regions, with production, consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate of Mobile Learning in these regions, from 2011 to 2021 (forecast), like

North America

Europe

China

Japan

Korea

Taiwan

Split by product type, with production, revenue, price, market share and growth rate of each type, can be divided into

Mobile Content Authoring

e-Books

Portable LMS

Mobile and Video Based Courseware

Interactive Assessments

Content Development

M-Enablement

Split by application, this report focuses on consumption, market share and growth rate of Mobile Learning in each application, can be divided into

In-Class Learning

Simulation-Based Learning

Corporate Learning

Online-on-the Job Training

Browse Complete Report @ https://www.reportsmonitor.com/global-mobile-learning-market-research-report-2017/

 Table of Contents

Global Mobile Learning Market Research Report 2017

1 Mobile Learning Market Overview

1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Mobile Learning

1.2 Mobile Learning Segment by Type

1.2.1 Global Production Market Share of Mobile Learning by Type in 2015

1.2.2 Mobile Content Authoring

1.2.3 e-Books

1.2.4 Portable LMS

1.2.5 Mobile and Video Based Courseware

1.2.6 Interactive Assessments

1.2.7 Content Development

1.2.8 M-Enablement

1.3 Mobile Learning Segment by Application

1.3.1 Mobile Learning Consumption Market Share by Application in 2015

1.3.2 In-Class Learning

1.3.3 Simulation-Based Learning

1.3.4 Corporate Learning

1.3.5 Online-on-the Job Training

1.4 Mobile Learning Market by Region

1.4.1 North America Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.2 Europe Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.3 China Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.4 Japan Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.5 Korea Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.4.6 Taiwan Status and Prospect (2012-2022)

1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Mobile Learning (2012-2022)

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 2 Global Mobile Learning Market Competition by Manufacturers

2.1 Global Mobile Learning Production and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

2.2 Global Mobile Learning Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

2.3 Global Mobile Learning Average Price by Manufacturers (2015 and 2016)

2.4 Manufacturers Mobile Learning Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type

2.5 Mobile Learning Market Competitive Situation and Trends

2.5.1 Mobile Learning Market Concentration Rate

2.5.2 Mobile Learning Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers

2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion

 3 Global Mobile Learning Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2012-2017)

3.1 Global Mobile Learning Production by Region (2012-2017)

3.2 Global Mobile Learning Production Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.3 Global Mobile Learning Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2012-2017)

3.4 Global Mobile Learning Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.5 North America Mobile Learning Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.6 Europe Mobile Learning Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.7 China Mobile Learning Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.8 Japan Mobile Learning Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.9 Korea Mobile Learning Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

3.10 Taiwan Mobile Learning Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2012-2017)

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[secretmellowblog]

Ah thank YOU for all your insights, both on this post and in the discord! It’s been fascinating to hear your perspective as someone who lives in Paris now. And yeah, there’s something so fascinating about how “the city serves the story and vice versa;” the amount of history behind Paris add a layer of meaning to the novel that’s so compelling to explore, even as someone who’s never been there.

Les Mis Canon-era Paris Photographs: Jean Valjean and Cosette’s route to escape Javert, in Pictures!

Jean Valjean's escape through Paris is Victor Hugo's way of mourning the Paris he knew from before his exile, the Paris before the modern renovations.

Hugo wrote Les Mis from exile in Guernsey, at the same time as Paris was undergoing a series of massive renovations. The "Old City" of medieval Paris that Hugo loved was being replaced by the “New City" of Baron Haussman. The dark medieval labyrinth lit by oil lamps was being replaced by modern wide streets and standardized architecture lit by gas lamps. Victor Hugo is nostalgic for the Paris he remembers before his exile-- so Jean Valjean is able to escape Javert using things unique to the Old City. He escapes through a labyrinth of tiny medieval streets in a neighborhood Hugo claims was destroyed during the renovations; he climbs over the convent wall using the rope from an oil lamp, the very oil lamps that were being replaced by the more modern gas lanterns. The dark maze hides him from police surveillance in a way modern streets cannot.

A man named Charles Marville photographed Paris shortly before many (though not all) of the renovations occurred. In this post I'll go through all the different streets mentioned in the Valjean-Javert Paris chase chapters, and provide Marville's photographs whenever they the image has been labeled with the name of the street. Note that there may be some inaccuracies. Some street names changed over time.

Here is a map of what the chase looks like, taken from the book "Paris in the Times of Victor Hugo."

A quick overview: Jean Valjean starts in a slummy half-built suburban area. This area is highly associated with the King; the royal Jardin des Plantes is nearby, and King Louis XVIII often rides by in his carriage during the afternoons. After travelling down a bunch of streets, "zigzagging" back and forth, Jean Valjean decides to cross the Seine over the Bridge of Austerlitz (a bridge named after one of Napoleon's victories.) Then he reaches the areas of the city near the Faubourg Saint Antoine that are more associated with working class rebellion. From there he enters a dark isolated half-built medieval neighborhood near marshes and timberyards, with narrow mazey alleyways, that Hugo mostly made up. Hugo pretends this medieval neighborhood used to exist, but was destroyed like many others during the recent renovations. Now that we've gotten the overview out of the way, let's go more specific!

The chase starts out in "the old quarter of the Marche aux Chevaux." At the time, this was a less inhabited and poorer area of Paris; it's described as basically a slum. Here are some of Marville's photographs :

Then we're told "Jean Valjean described many and varied labyrinths in the Mouffetard quarter, which was already asleep, as though the discipline of the Middle Ages and the yoke of the curfew still existed. He combined in various manners, with cunning strategy, the Rue Censier:"

"and the Rue Copeau," (according to the map I linked earlier, the Rue Copeau is now the Rue Lacepede. Here is Marville's pic:)

"the Rue du Battoir-Saint-Victor and the Rue du Puits l’Ermite. There are lodging houses in this locality, but he did not even enter one, finding nothing which suited him. He had no doubt that if any one had chanced to be upon his track, they would have lost it."

"As eleven o’clock struck from Saint-Étienne-du-Mont:" (note: this refers to the church of Saint-Etienne)

"he was traversing the Rue de Pontoise, in front of the office of the commissary of police, situated at No. 14." (Jean Valjean sees Javert and the police following him on this street, because they're visible in the light of the lantern from the police station.)

"He took a circuit, turned into the Passage des Patriarches, which was closed on account of the hour,"

"strode along the Rue de l’Épée-de-Bois

and the Rue de l’Arbalète, and plunged into the Rue des Postes."

"At that time there was a square formed by the intersection of streets, where the College Rollin stands to-day, and where the Rue Neuve-Sainte-Geneviève turns off." (Note: these streets are labeled Montagne-Sainte-Geneviève, but not Neuve-Sainte-Geneviève, so they may be different streets! But I'm putting them here anyway.)

"It is understood, of course, that the Rue Neuve-Sainte-Geneviève is an old street, and that a posting-chaise does not pass through the Rue des Postes once in ten years. In the thirteenth century this Rue des Postes was inhabited by potters, and its real name is Rue des Pots." (Annotation: Hugo's bein silly and making little puns. He's snarkily pointing out the "new saint-genevieve street" is old, and the post street rarely has post-chaises/carriages go through it.) (Jean Valjean hides in the shadows and watches to see who shows up in this big square intersection of streets. In the moonlight, he recognizes Javert.) "He slipped from under the gate where he had concealed himself, and went down the Rue des Postes (which I shared a picture of previously), towards the region of the Jardin des Plantes." (Note: the Jardin des Plantes is a royal garden. Here is a modern photo from Wikipedia.)

"He left behind him the Rue de la Clef,

"then the Fountain Saint-Victor, skirted the Jardin des Plantes by the lower streets, and reached the quay. There he turned round. The quay was deserted. The streets were deserted. There was no one behind him. He drew a long breath.

He gained the Pont d’Austerlitz." (The Pont d'Austerlitz, named after Napoleon's victory at the battle of Austerlitz, is a very famous bridge. Marville has no photographs but here's an 1830 engraving:)

"The bridge once crossed, he perceived some timber-yards on his right. He directed his course thither. In order to reach them, it was necessary to risk himself in a tolerably large unsheltered and illuminated space. He did not hesitate. Those who were on his track had evidently lost the scent, and Jean Valjean believed himself to be out of danger. Hunted, yes; followed, no." Here's the quai by the pont-au-change-- a different quai, but gives you an idea of what the areas around the Seine often looked like.

(Then Jean Valjean sees Javert and the other police on the Bridge of Austerlitz, following him. He hurries towards the darker alleys of the city.)

"A little street, the Rue du Chemin-Vert-Saint-Antoine, opened out between two timber-yards enclosed in walls. This street was dark and narrow and seemed made expressly for him."

Here's an abandoned timber-yard-ish looking picture:

But Marville has no photographs of this street. I'd have to double check, but iirc this is the part where Hugo starts to 'make up' more street layouts. I wouldn't be surprised if this street really WAS made expressly for him (meaning Hugo made it up.) "The point of Paris where Jean Valjean found himself, situated between the Faubourg Saint-Antoine and la Râpée, is one of those which recent improvements have transformed from top to bottom,—resulting in disfigurement according to some, and in a transfiguration according to others. The market-gardens, the timber-yards, and the old buildings have been effaced. To-day, there are brand-new, wide streets, arenas, circuses, hippodromes, railway stations, and a prison, Mazas, there; progress, as the reader sees, with its antidote."

(Here Hugo talks about the Haussman renovations directly, claiming that if his street layouts are "inaccurate" it's because these are some of the Old Medieval Streets that were razed during Paris's recent renovations. He goes on for a while comparing Petit-Picpus to various other areas that were changed during the renovations.)

"Le Petit-Picpus, which, moreover, hardly ever had any existence, and never was more than the outline of a quarter, had nearly the monkish aspect of a Spanish town. The roads were not much paved; the streets were not much built up. (....) Such was this quarter in the last century. The Revolution snubbed it soundly. The republican government demolished and cut through it. Rubbish shoots were established there. Thirty years ago, this quarter was disappearing under the erasing process of new buildings. To-day, it has been utterly blotted out."

The Petit-Picpus, of which no existing plan has preserved a trace, is indicated with sufficient clearness in the plan of 1727, published at Paris by Denis Thierry, Rue Saint-Jacques, opposite the Rue du Plâtre;

and at Lyons, by Jean Girin, Rue Mercière, at the sign of Prudence.

Petit-Picpus had, as we have just mentioned, a Y of streets, formed by the Rue du Chemin-Vert-Saint-Antoine, which spread out in two branches, taking on the left the name of Little Picpus Street, and on the right the name of the Rue Polonceau. The two limbs of the Y were connected at the apex as by a bar; this bar was called Rue Droit-Mur.

The Rue Polonceau ended there; Rue Petit-Picpus passed on, and ascended towards the Lenoir market. A person coming from the Seine reached the extremity of the Rue Polonceau, and had on his right the Rue Droit-Mur, turning abruptly at a right angle, in front of him the wall of that street, and on his right a truncated prolongation of the Rue Droit-Mur, which had no issue and was called the Cul-de-Sac Genrot." Here is @everyonewasabird's attempt to puzzle this out:

It was here that Jean Valjean stood."

Then Jean Valjean escapes by pulling down an old oil lantern, strung up by ropes. Hugo notes that this would have been "impossible if the streets were lit with gas, the way they would be after the renovations. This picture shows an old oil lamp strung up by ropes:

Finally, Jean Valjean climbs over the wall into the Petit-Picpus convent. This convent is fictional. Hugo pretends it used to exists but is no longer around-- another relic of the early 19th century that has been lost over time.

TLDR:

Jean Valjean's escape through Paris is Hugo way of mourning the Paris he knew from before his exile, the Paris before the modern renovations. To quote Volume 2 Book 5 Chapter 1:

The author of this book, who regrets the necessity of mentioning himself, has been absent from Paris for many years. Paris has been transformed since he quitted it. A new city has arisen, which is, after a fashion, unknown to him. There is no need for him to say that he loves Paris: Paris is his mind’s natal city. In consequence of demolitions and reconstructions, the Paris of his youth, that Paris which he bore away religiously in his memory, is now a Paris of days gone by. He must be permitted to speak of that Paris as though it still existed. It is possible that when the author conducts his readers to a spot and says, “In such a street there stands such and such a house,” neither street nor house will any longer exist in that locality. Readers may verify the facts if they care to take the trouble. For his own part, he is unacquainted with the new Paris, and he writes with the old Paris before his eyes in an illusion which is precious to him. It is a delight to him to dream that there still lingers behind him something of that which he beheld when he was in his own country, and that all has not vanished. So long as you go and come in your native land, you imagine that those streets are a matter of indifference to you; that those windows, those roofs, and those doors are nothing to you; that those walls are strangers to you; that those trees are merely the first encountered haphazard; that those houses, which you do not enter, are useless to you; that the pavements which you tread are merely stones. Later on, when you are no longer there, you perceive that the streets are dear to you; that you miss those roofs, those doors; and that those walls are necessary to you, those trees are well beloved by you; that you entered those houses which you never entered, every day, and that you have left a part of your heart, of your blood, of your soul, in those pavements. All those places which you no longer behold, which you may never behold again, perchance, and whose memory you have cherished, take on a melancholy charm, recur to your mind with the melancholy of an apparition, make the holy land visible to you, and are, so to speak, the very form of France, and you love them; and you call them up as they are, as they were, and you persist in this, and you will submit to no change: for you are attached to the figure of your fatherland as to the face of your mother.