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tanadrin · 5 years

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Babel

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and pitch had they for mortar. And they said, Go to, let us build a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name for ourselves, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the earth. And the Lord came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the Lord said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Let us go down, and there confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech. So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: and they left off to build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the Lord did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the Lord scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth.

--Genesis 11:1-9

The door to the isolation chamber sealed itself with a dull thud; there was a passing pain in Kaituro’s ears as the air pressure increased, but it passed after a minute. He continued to tap away at the terminal in front of him; just out of the corner of his eyes he could see the syringes he had prepared, the carefully cultured samples of the acytic organism and the nutrients intended to speed their growth. He felt hyper-aware of them, like they were magnified in his vision, even as he tried not to look at them. He had to finish the other elements of the interface first. Quickly. Before his colleagues woke, and came looking for him.

He knew he was in a semi-manic state; he recognized the sharp-edged feeling, where lack of sleep was tipping him over into recklessness. And he knew that the only reason he was sleep-deprived in the first place, the only reason he could come close to contemplating this whole thing, was because Sunjat was dead. He could pause his racing thoughts for a moment, step back from them and notice yes, here just out of view, also trying to command his attention, was a place of shuddering grief. His sister was dead. There was nothing he could do for her now. His life, his happy, aimless life, had been split with a ragged edge that a thousand years would never heal; and he could not bear to think of a single day beyond this one, for each successive day was a day he could not share with her, a day he would now have to learn to live in her absence.

So he would not think of tomorrow. He would not think of five hours from now, or one. He would think only of what he had to do in the next few minutes. He drew his mind back down to the terminal, and examined the display.

The interface was essentially complete. He had reconfigured the port in his arm, which was usually used for manipulating the lab interfaces, to offer slightly improved feedback capabilities. Mainly what he had done was make it faster, much faster. The port was configured only to provide very basic sense-information, but if he was right, if the little syringe of goo sitting next to his elbow did what he thought it did, he would need the equivalent of the colony’s network node--his little arm port probably couldn’t do anything close to that on its own, but the acytes were fearsomely adaptable.

He should be afraid. He should be terrified, in fact. But really he was just tired. No time to sleep, though.

His colleagues had all been appropriately somber after Sunjat died. They had come to him, clasped his hands, spoken sincere words of sorrow. He should have been grateful. Instead, he was angry. He knew what killed her. He thought he probably had a way to stop it, to make sure no one else had to die. They seemed only to want to talk about Sunjat, though. And about Kaituro. About him getting some rest before the funeral; about him taking a break from his work. He was inclined to do no such thing. What else mattered? Sunjat was gone.

The autofacture finished the modified port-to-terminal interface and dispensed it with a clunk. Kaituro rolled up his sleeve and plugged himself in. There was a half-second sensation of vibration; the connection was successful. With his other hand, he carefully swabbed a spot at the crook of his elbow.

It’s not that they weren’t willing to listen; on the contrary. But none of them seemed to grasp the importance of what Kaituro was saying. They knew of the two lineages of life on Sogant Raha--the cytic one, structurally like the endobiota, but chemically distinct; the acytic, entirely alien in form, but perilously close in chemical makeup--that the acytic was likely the source of the disease that had killed Sunjat, had killed dozens of other colonists, threatened to take their new home away from them scant decades after they had found it. And they knew it was complicated, self-organizing, self-modifying in a way neither the cytic lineage nor any endoorganism was. The madness, the aphasia, the halluciations, the nightmares: it was all related. There were recurring patterns, even between colonists who had never spoken. Speaking in tongues. The women with pearlescent eyes. The awful man with silver. The stars! What had his colleague in astrometrics said? There was a woman up in the hills complaining the stars were wrong. He had charted them for her, just to give her peace of mind, and found that the field of stars she remembered was what the night sky had looked like from this vantage point two million years ago.

Can’t you see? he’d asked them. But they didn’t see, or they didn’t want to. There was something in the soil, in the water, in the air of Sogant Raha that was alive. That held memories of this world, from long before humans had come. From long before humans had *existed.* Maybe it didn’t intend to hurt them at all. Maybe the wasting disease was just its acytic vector trying to adapt to a new environment, trying to communicate with them. Or, maybe if given time it would eradicate them as a host would eradicate a parasite. There was only one way to find out.

First, he injected the nutrient base into his arm. The acytic organisms could live off nothing normally found in human blood; they were made of amino acids, but there the similarity to the endobiota ended, and while they might eke out a meager living based on the xenobiotic trace nutrients that made their way into the human diet, he needed them to thrive. Second was the culture of acytes itself, a thick, cold liquid that could only be injected slowly. That hurt, but he had to brace himself for the third: a kind of accelerant, intended to trigger the rapid proliferation of the acytes, and to stimulate their colonization of his nervous system, starting with the spot where the port connected to his radial nerve. For a moment, there was only the sting of the needle; then there was a hot, burning pain that spread from the site of the injection up his arm to his shoulder, soon replaced with a steady, paralyzing throb. He let out a long, slow breath, doing his best to keep the pain under control. It might last for hours. It might get much worse.

For a long time he sat in the isolation room, staring at the blank metal wall, focusing on his breathing and the pain in his arm. He wondered if he had failed. Soon, when it was morning and he was nowhere to be found, Olan and Pera would come looking for him. He imagined them finding him here, how they would scold him and be angry, how he would try to explain, yet again, what they had all missed. They would not understand. Perhaps he should give up. Retire. Go down south, live in the new settlement there, and hope the wasting disease did not afflict him. He would not, of course; but there was that temptation.

He looked down, frowned, and rubbed his forehead with his still-working arm. Something did not seem quite right, although he struggled to understand what. Other than the pain in his arm, and a slight feverish feeling, he felt fine--reasonably alert and focused, given the lack of sleep. No dizziness, no blurred vision, no other aches or pains. He looked out the window of the isolation room; the lab was the same as ever. He looked down again. Maybe it was the floor. Was it his imagination, or had there once been a floor there? Or had it always been a field of endless stars?

* * *

“Is this the price our ancestors were supposed to pay for Paradise? Go on. It’s not a rhetorical question.”

Walks-with-Dawn pushed herself roughly into a sitting position; her head was still spinning, and a stray strand of hair, matted with her own blood, partially obscured her vision. Arshas was framed by the brilliant light of the Singing Heart, resting silently in the middle of his awful machine.

“It’s the wrong one,” Walks-with-Dawn said. “It’s a bad question.”

“It’s the *only* question,” Arshas said fiercely. “If you could understand that, you could see why I’m doing what I’m doing.”

“I reject”--a wave of dizzy nausea passed over her--“I reject the premises. Ogandraa, Paradise as the ancients called it, was never ours to buy or sell. What was it Yaru said? ‘It only *is.* The world has its own logic, its own history, its own purpose. We’re just guests here. For Paradise to tolerate as it will.’”

“Yaru’s sentiment would see every human on Ogandraa die. Would see us give up the war. Would see the spirits slaughter us village by village until none were left. What did we ever do to deserve that? Our ancestors were not invaders. They were not despoilers. They sought to make an alliance with the spirits, and look what it got them. A war of attrition countless millennia long: and the more we dwindled as a species, the bolder our enemy became.”

“And what is your solution?”

Arshas did not answer, but continued working.

Walks-with-Dawn gingerly searched her body with her hands; besides the wound on her head, she was not badly injured. A few cuts and scrapes; what felt like a burn on her side, but it wasn’t serious. She should have felt relieved, she supposed; if Arshas had wanted her to die in the battle, he easily could have ensured it. He had spared the defeated. Should she feel grateful?

Defeat was a hard thing to stomach. There was a hot, relentless urge to weep that she had to bite back fiercely. She could not let that loose, not now, or she would never be able to put herself back together again. She could not give up.

“You’ll kill millions, Arshas. You may win the war, but you’ll kill millions.”

“About two-thirds of the human population of the world, yes, I’m aware.”

“That’s a terrible price to pay.”

“Yes. But the alternative is worse. Ours is a fallen civilization, Dawnwalker. Don’t you see? Our ancestors fared between the stars, so they say. They built cities high above the atmosphere. They visited other worlds. They came to Paradise because their home was lost, long ago, and they brought their wonders with them. But since humans first arrived, we have begun to dwindle. Our wars with each other and with the spirits have reduced our numbers; our knowledge and our understanding of the universe has been reduced; our powers and our dreams have become shadows. We used to be able to split the atom; now we consider a steam engine to be a cunning device.”

Walks-with-Dawn nodded at Arshas’s machine. “That’s not a steam engine.”

Arshas smiled wanly. “I didn’t build it.

“But that’s my point. There is a fire in this world and its fuel is the lives of men and women, just like us. It will burn up our souls and our knowledge and our hopes and our civilization, until there is only ashes--the meek, wretched children of our children of our children, scratching out a living in the dirt. Or nothing at all.”

“You mean the spirits?”

Arshas shook his head. “Something much more than the spirits.”

Walks-with-Dawn raised an eyebrow. “You’ve gone quite mad, Arshas.”

Arshas sighed. “I thought you might say that. Listen, Dawnwalker: the spirits are just… manifestations of something else. They’re what we can see, the nightmares out of the wild places, the things born on the wind, but part of a larger whole. Part of something in the living land. In the stones and on the heath.”

“Speak sense, Arshas. My head hurts. I’m finding it hard enough to stay conscious as it is.”

Arshas got up from his seat and walked over, and sat down on the flagstones in front of Walks-with-Dawn.

“Ogandraa is a living thing, Dawnwalker. One living thing. Like you or I. Also many smaller living things--like you or I. Once, it tried to make us part of it. It found it could not. So now it will kill us instead, if it can. Our choices are to let it, or to fight back. I will not let ten thousand years of human history on this world be forgotten. I will fight back.”

“Even if it involves killing most humans. And most other living things as well.”

“Yes. Absolutely. Because the alternative is worse.”

“I’m telling you, this isn’t the only way. There… there was a story I heard. On my travels. When I was trying to gather people together. To fight you.”

She thought he might take the opportunity to gloat. Instead he just seemed to listen attentively.

“Yes?”

“From… long, long ago. The gray-eyed people of the east tell it. They heard it… I don’t know where. They said there was a scientist, ten thousand years ago. Who wanted to commune with the spirits. He took in a part of the spirit-stuff, even though it caused him terrible pain, and spoke aloud to the air.

“Then he felt as though he had become detached from his body. Whatever matter it was that he had ingested spread itself through him. It made him one with the spirit-world, just for a little while. And he became aware of something immense and towering beyond, something that seemed to scrape the clouds and the uppermost limits of hell, the soul of the world itself, maybe.

“And he tried to converse with it. To convince this world that we had come in peace. I think he had the right idea.”

“I have heard the tale, too,” Arshas said. “Do you know how I know it?”

Walks-with-Dawn shook her head.

“I used the Singing Heart to trap an arch-spirit of the sea. I called it up, and tortured it for information. I burned every last secret out of it. The man’s name, the scientists you speak of, was Kaituro. It means Warden, in a very ancient tongue.

“Kaituro tried to parley with the mother of the world, but the mother of the world saw into his inmost heart, the spirit said. She saw the memory Kaituro held of the Exile, of why our ancestors were cast adrift in the void to begin with. She saw our own world, our original home, the Paradise for which Paradise is named, had burned by our hand. She was afraid.

“And she saw that Kaituro had knowledge of poisons. Poisons which would burn the spirit-stuff that sustains them and her, which would burn back all the living things which are of her and not of us, which could leave this whole world empty and open for humans. And do you know what she did, when she saw these things?”

Walks-with-Dawn could only manage a slow head shake.

“She devoured him. She used the spirit-stuff in him to consume every scrap of his nerves and brain, everything that made him him. She used the knowledge in his mind to redouble her efforts to wipe us out. She became our avowed enemy. She will not rest, the spirits say, until we all are dead.”

Walks-with-Dawn shook her head again. “No, that’s not true.”

Arshas stood and walked back to his machine. The Heart was shining more brightly now, and Walks-with-Dawn’s eyes were beginning to hurt. There was a sound like a distant, dissonant tone, building in the room.

“I don’t know what cunning ancient made the Heart, or why,” he said. “All I know is that it is the only thing made by human hands and human science which touches both the world of the spirits and our own. I’m going to do what Kaituro should have done. I’m not going to try to parley with something vast and inhuman and unknowable. I’m not going to wait.”

The sound was louder now, and Walks-with-Dawn suspected it was not in her ears, but only in her head; but she couldn’t resist the urge to try to bury her head in her arms to escape the pain.

“Watch, Dawnwalker! For the winter of our people is over. Now there shall come a burning spring, which will consume like fire the spirit-stuff, the alien life with threatened to devour us all; and those of us who survive its tribulations will inherit a green and radiant garden.”

The light from the Heart seemed to fill the room now, and not even the outline of Arshas could be seen. The hideous noise felt to Walks-with-Dawn like a cold and terrible sea, and she felt herself scream, and the world begin to peel away.

* * *

“Pardon me, General. I didn’t mean to bother you.”

Razha looked up from the fire. The young lieutenant, whose name she could never remember, was standing at the door, turning to go back out again.

“It’s all right. Stay,” she said. “Warm yourself by the fire. We’ve got a long march tomorrow.”

“To Kuzulkunda itself, the rumor is,” the lieutenant said.

Razha nodded. “To Kuzulkunda at last.”

“Then the war is nearly over?”

“When Kuzulkunda falls, it will be. Who knows how the siege will go?”

The lieutenant’s eyes strayed to the sword leaning on the table. Of course, the men believed Elonacos would make short work of the walls of Kuzulkunda. But even after all these years, Razha found it hard to put too much faith in miracles. But he didn’t say anything, which was no small relief. The others, when they came to her, eyes full of hope, wanting to talk about religion, she hated to send them away. They wanted so badly to understand, and she, well, she was supposed to be the Prophet. The bearer of the Sword. The wielder of wonders against the dark horrors of the North. They did not want to hear that she felt just as small and afraid as them. That she, too, was afraid that one day the miracles would cease, and the horrors would return, and there would be nothing that would come to help them then.

But for now, it seemed, Kiata was still on their side.

After a little while staring at the fire together, the lieutenant spoke.

“Passed a lot of ruins on the border.”

Razha nodded. “It’s an old country. They say the Haqa have been here longer than anyone.”

“A bitter thing, to be reduced to slaves in your own land.”

“A bitter thing indeed. But there will be no slavery here when Kuzulkunda falls.”

“Do you ever wonder about the ruins, General?”

Razha was a little surprised at the question. “What about them?”

“Well, who built them? How long have they been there?”

Razha smiled. “Are you going to become a historian after the war?”

The lieutenant laughed. “All I have are questions. No answers. But I do wonder. One of our guides was telling us about the history of this place. The Haqa tales go back ten thousand years, you know.”

“And you believe that?”

“I do. They’re a wise people, with a long memory, even after what the Northerners have done to their country.”

“Maybe you could record them. I’m sure there’s scholars in Gaaizetsol who would love to hear what the Haqa have to say when this war is over.”

“Maybe not all the scholars.”

“Oh?”

The lieutenant shrugged. “It’s the damndest thing. They’re not Faithful, the Haqa, you know. They have their own gods and legends and the like. But some of them bear an eerie resemblance to our own tales.”

“That’s not so strange,” Razha said. “The world is old, Lieutenant. Perhaps long ago they had the faith, and then forgot it.”

“Perhaps,” the lieutenant said. “But their tales… are different even so. Do you know the story of how the Eletar was lost?”

Razha nodded.

“In the Haqa tale, Dawn was not a conquerer, but she was a queen. But Erzha, she was the villain. And she sought to ravage the world, just as Ascar and the Northerners do now. She sought to burn the whole world alive. And Dawn tried to take the Eletar to stop her.”

“So in their version, Dawn wins the war?”

“No. Not at all. Erzha does.”

“How strange.”

“And have you heard the tales of Rai?”

Razha raised an eyebrow. “Aren’t those technically heresy?”

The lieutenant looked a little embarrassed. “It’s possible my grandmother wasn’t exactly teaching us the Temple doctrine.”

Razha laughed. “Whose grandmothers are?”

“Rai was the sister of Kiata, born when she looked into the Mirror of the Sea. She was younger, and a shadow, and while Kiata commanded the world and the spirits, Rai could only whisper to the hearts of mortals. Kiata was angry with humans, and sought to punish us, and sent the Shadowless One to rain down calamities and punishments on our head. But Rai whispered to us words of warning and words of hope. And in time, she managed to convince her sister to calm her anger; that we should demonstrate to her that we were worthy of love.”

“Goodness. That’s *definitely* not Temple doctrine.”

“No. But the Haqa say Rai is the same as their Uqna, and their tale is stranger still.”

“Go on, let’s hear it.”

“They call the Shadowless One something else, too. Musho. It means ‘warden’ in their tongue. Anyway, they say that Rai *is* our Kiata. Or an aspect of her. And all the spirits are, too.”

“Even the rebellious ones?”

“Especially the rebellious ones. They say the faces of Uqna are many, and Uqna vengeful is our Kiata. But Uqna-as-herself is our Rai. And they say Musho was once a man.”

“How very strange!”

“Like I said, though. Not something everyone in Gaaizetsol wants to hear.”

“No, best leave that one to the Haqa.”

They stared at the fire together for a long time; and then it was Razha who spoke first.

“To answer your earlier question, Lieutenant, yes, I do think about the ruins. I think about the people who built them--the Haqa, or some other people. And I wonder what they thought and felt and did and how they lived and what they loved and the songs they sang. And I wonder what happened to them. Did they move on? Did they die? Were they carried off in war?

“And my heart is troubled. Because people are looking to me for answers right now. The Northerners, the Hacsarese, they very nearly burned Gaaizetsol to ash. They would have, if they could. Eleras, so the sages say, made a pact with God herself the Gaaizetsol would stand so long as we were true to Her word, as long as Her name was kept holy within its walls. And we have tried. We have not always been perfect, Lieutenant, but we have *tried*. And so I have to wonder, what did we do to deserve the suffering of these last fifty years? Why would God permit the sworn enemies of Her people to ravage countless cities, to take countless lives, to enslave a quarter of the Empire, and lay another quarter to ruin?

“Did the builders of those ruins have the same pact with God? Did She forget them too? Don’t look at me like that. Yes, it’s blasphemy, and if there were any priests in the room, I’m sure I’d be in for an earful. But that’s what I wonder. I have seen… strange things in this war.”

Razha walked over to the table, and picked up her sword. She slid it out of its scabbard, and laid it on the table.

“I have seen this short length of steel flash with fire and shatter solid stone. I have used it to command the wind. I have used it to split open the ground and shake the hilltops.” She sheathed it again, and put it back in its place.

“I have seen the sorcerers out of the north do things to human flesh I will try for the rest of my life to forget. I have seen--thank God, only from a distance--Ascar herself stalking the battlefield, and yes, Lieutenant, everything they say about her visage is true. And I can’t help but wonder *why*. Why was I chosen to see these things, to do these things? The priests tell me I am raised up by God. The idea is frankly baffling to me. I’m one person. I’m good with a horse and a crossbow, but that’s it.

“Did the builders of those ruins see such wonders and such terrors in their day, or have they been reserved for our wretched times? Did they understand them better, if they did? Or is the history of all humanity a history of ignorance and chaos and fear, stretching back forever into the past?”

The lieutenant nodded. “Good questions, General. Damn good questions. But I don’t think even the First Prophet herself would be much help answering them.”

“I suppose not.”

“You could always pray.”

Razha laughed. “Yes, I suppose I could do that.”

“I always…”

“Go on.”

“It’s just… I always heard you were guided by visions. I guess that’s just a rumor.”

“It’s not a lie. But they’re not visions. Not exactly.

“More like… bad dreams. Last night I dreamed about tomorrow. About coming to Kuzulkunda. Was it my own heart guessing about the future or was it true? I suppose we will see when the time comes. I dreamed that I was going to break down the walls of that awful city with Elonacos, and that we would see… dreadful things there. Some of the worst things Ascar has done await us in Kuzulkunda. And I dreamed that I would descend below the ground into the heart of that city, to the dark fane that she has dedicated there to some hideous version of God, and that that is where I would find her. But do you know what the strangest part was?

“In my dream, she is not as I saw her on the battlefield at Gaaizetsol. There, she was a tall, rough-skinned, iron-haired, bright-eyed old woman, withered, it seemed, with anger and dark thoughts. In her chest, as they have said, is the great wound in which a strange stone lies; in her throat another; and a voice seemed to tell me in my dream, that when I see her tomorrow, she will have a third, and she will barely be human any longer.

“But when I found her in my dream, she was just a girl. Not a child, but certainly younger than you. And she was dressed in the finery of station, but her spear was cast aside, and she lay on the floor of that terrible shrine, and she wept. She wept, she said, for her long-lost love. She wept for her father and mother, who have been dead these hundred years. Her pain was so great. She sought comfort, she sought escape, and when the man with silver eyes promised it to her, she accepted his offer, despite the hideous things he demanded of her in return. And she wept, not least of all, that she could not call these things back, she could not undo the terrible things she has done.”

“You don’t think she’ll surrender, surely.”

“God, no. Ascar who sits on that throne? I think we’re in for the fight of our lives. And if we lose, all Lende will burn--and all the world. I think… I think if that dream is true, someone was trying to show me something else. Something about a part of Ascar.”

“What use is there in that?”

“Perhaps they want to remind me to choose to be merciful, if the opportunity presents itself. Perhaps they want to remind me that hatred alone for our enemies makes for a bitter peace. Or perhaps they just want to ensure that someone remembers who she used to be.”

* * *

“No. Stop. Stop! I’m sorry!”

Selith froze, then lowered his rifle; and to his astonishment, he watched as the self-proclaimed Empress of All the World, Lord of the Conn Hosts, Conqueror of Presh, Burner of Dap Mbeki and Dap Ngara, and Ravager of Nebressa, sank to her knees and began to weep. And despite his anger--and his broken leg, which was the main thing he was pissed about at the moment--he could not help but feel his heart moved to pity. But he did not put the rifle down.

He hobbled a little closer, to the great mechanical throne on which Iyara was seated. “Sorry for what?” he called out.

“For everything!”

The throne was more a strange parody of a throne than true seat; its back rose to a nest of strange, sharp instruments, at whose apex was what looked for all the world like a metal crown, with long, sharp spikes that seemed designed to descend into the flesh of any who wore it. It was as ancient as the rest of the ruins of the city, and its original purpose, Selith could only begin to guess; but the Emissary had been very clear about what would happen if Iyara tried to wear that crown.

“If you lean back in that chair, I’m going to shoot you,” he said. “Uh… no hard feelings, that’s just the way it is.”

Iyara shook her head.

“I mean yes, I am. But Yizhad told me to tell you that he’s lying to you. Symka, I mean. The chair will kill you. It’s designed to. It will destroy everything above your brain stem, because that’s useless to it.”

Iyara shook her head harder. “I know. He told me, in the end. I didn’t care. I was going to do it anyway.”

Selith raised his rifle again.

“But I’m not going to. I can’t.”

“Why… why all this then? Why the battle? Just… why?”

“I thought it had to be done. I thought it was the only way. That she would destroy us all if I didn’t. He told me that she was the wicked one. That the Shadowless One was a liar and her slave; that she would keep us ignorant and bitter and divided forever, in punishment for the things we had done.”

“Symka told you all this?” The wretched little creature had barely even spoken five words to Selith.

“No. His master. The man with the silver eyes.”

Selith felt his stomach drop. Yizhad said the alien… thing… he had spoken to was pretty clear. The containment measures used to keep the cryptoform in place were holding. The last leaks had been stopped by human action thousands of years ago. But if visions of a silver-eyed man were cropping up again, it was possible that the alien was wrong. That the present danger wasn’t just to alien life on this planet, but to all the human and Earth-derived life as well.

“Iyara, do you know what the man with silver eyes wants?”

Iyara shook her head.

“If my friends are correct, he doesn’t just want to kill her. He wants to eradicate all human life as well. Has he just been speaking to you?”

“No. He sent me visions. Told me to ignore the things she whispers to me.”

“The alien speaks to you?” Dammit, what was the name Iyara had used? “Kiata?”

“What? No. No, the other one. Rai.”

“Fuck. Well, we don’t have time to unpack that little puzzle. Iyara, listen to me. If my friend Yizhad is right--and he is often an asshole, but never wrong--if Yizhad is correct, then thirty thousand years ago, someone tried to do what you’re about to do. But it was very far away, and with deeply imperfect tools. As a result, they didn’t quite finish the job, but they did manage to kill quite a lot of people. It took the world a long, long time to recover. Symka, the man with silver eyes, *whoever* it is that’s been helping you, they want you to finish the job--on both counts. To destroy every last living xenoorganism and every last living endoorganism on this planet at once, using this fantastic piece of ancient technology to do it. If you had leaned back in that chair, it would be done by now. As it stands, Symka is going to notice that it hasn’t been, and, I’ll wager, is going to do something about it. You say you’re sorry?”

“Yes!”

“Well then. You have an opportunity not many people have, if you can face up to it. You have an opportunity to take some of the hurt you’ve caused back. You have an option to make today a really really good day for a lot of people, instead of their last day ever.

“She is sleeping. Do you understand?” How had Yizhad explained it? “Her mind, it doesn’t work like ours. It’s too big. Too diffuse. It’s like like a great big endless dream. But if we can reverse some of the changes Symka made to this device, if we can use it to help instead of to destroy, we can give her access to a different kind of consciousness. We can wake her up. And if we can do that, millions of lives will be saved.”

“What do I have to do?”

Selith felt his other leg give out beneath him; he slid slowly down the wall into a sitting position. Fuck. Sixty thousand years of human civilization on the line, and it all came down to this.

“Symka. You go find that furry little bastard and you bring him to me.”

#tanadrin's fiction #sogant raha

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leyuangroup · 3 years

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Magnetic Coupling

0.1Nm to 20Nm Low Torque Magnetic Couplers

Magnetic coupling, also called magnetic shaft coupling or magnetic drive coupling is a coupling that transfers torque between shafts with a magnetic field. They are non-contact and utilize attraction and repulsion of the magnetic poles to transmit rotational power. Widely used in a magnetic drive pump or magnetic coupling motor.

Magnetic Coupling FAQs

Are There Any Drawings Of Magnetic Couplings?

Our advantage is the low-torque magnetic drive couplings. Leyuan Group has optimized the series size of the magnetic coupler, and our customers can make adjustments based on this.

Magnetic Coupler

Please check the details data of MCM 0.1-10Nm magnetic coupling.PDF (325KB)

Magnetic Coupler

Please check the details data of MCL 3-80Nm magnetic coupling.PDF (370KB)

Sample, Price And Lead Time?

Magnetic coupling projects always need samples tested at the beginning, so as one of the magnetic coupling suppliers, we accept one sample order, but in order to screen out the customers with the intention of using the products for batches, we will charge a higher sample fee. Torque from 0.1 Nm to 80 Nm will charge a $450 to $1200USD sample fee, but the sample fee will be totally refunded upon receipt of a bulk order. The lead time is usually 35 days.

What Quantities Will Be Considered As A Bulk Order? Price?

We will quote according to the processing difficulty.

Do You Sell Ready-made Couplings?

Our magnetic shaft couplings are all customized. For example, if a customer needs a different shaft, then we have to machine a new part for them and so we keep no ready-made couplings in stock.

Failure Of Magnetic Coupling?

Magnetic coupling uses permanent magnets to transmit torque. The magnetic coupling fails when the permanent magnets are demagnetized or lose their magnetism. The main causes of magnetic failure are high temperatures, vibration, reverse magnetization, etc, so, as one of the professional magnetic coupling manufacturers, our magnetic coupling must run in a synchronous state. If the load is too heavy, the inner rotor stops or runs in asynchronous state. If the reverse magnetic field comes from the outer rotor, it will reduce torque or completely damage the coupling.

What Should I Pay Attention To When Installing The Magnetic Coupling?

Magnetic coupling is a non-contact transmission. Outer rotor and isolation and the inner rotor have a certain gap, which greatly reduces the difficulty of installation. However, the wall thickness of the isolation is very thin, and if it is rubbed against other parts, the isolation will be destroyed, so a certain Unsure what is meant here. has to be ensured accordingly.

How Does A Permanent Magnet Coupling Work?

Permanent magnet coupling is divided into various structural forms. Under the principles of magnets attracting each other, the inner and outer rotors are assembled with super-strong magnets. When the magnetic coupling motor drives the outer rotor, the energy is transmitted to the inner rotor through the magnetic circuit so that the inner rotor rotates synchronously. This magnetic coupling achieves static sealing because the internal and external drive shafts are not hard-wired; thus, they are widely used in transportation systems for corrosive, toxic, and contaminated liquids or gases.

Why Choose Us:

Deep understanding on magnets, We are very familiar with all kinds of magnets, compared with other magnet manufacturers, we can do quantitative calculation and optimization on magnetic circuit, for example, after customers designate the torque of magnetic couplings, we are able to offer the most optimal and cost-effective solution based on our calculation result.

Experienced mechanical engineers involved. Mechanical engineers are essential in the team, because the mechanical performance, dimensional tolerance etc. are designed and verified by them, furthermore, they will make the most reasonable machining plan based on the resources of machining factory.

The constant pursuit of consistency, There are many types of magnetic assemblies and the processes are complex. Take the gluing process for example, manual gluing varies from person to person, and the amount of glue cannot be controlled. The automatic glue dispenser on the market can not adapt to our products. For this reason, we design and make an automatic glue dispensing system by ourselves. it eliminates human factors.

Skilled workers and continuous improvement！The assembly of magnetic couplings and magnetic assemblies can not be done without skilled assembly workers. We have designed and made a number of unique and delicate tooling & fixtures to reduce the labor intensity for workers, it not only improves working efficiency, but also further ensure product consistency.

Listen to Customers and Understand Their NeedsListen to Customers and Understand Their Needs

To fully understand the customer’s intention, in addition to the main performance indicators of the magnetic assemblies, we also consider their working environment, using methods and transport status. Master the most comprehensive information to prepare for sampling in the next step.

Calculate the Design ModelCalculate the Design Model

Calculate the Design Model

First, based on our experience and CAE calculations, an optimal model is obtained. The key point of the model is to use the minimum amount of magnets and magnet shapes are easy to machine. On this basis, our engineers will comprehensively consider the model structure which must be easy to machine and assemble. Then we sort out our opinions and communicate with customers, and finally sign sample orders.

Formulating Process and SamplingFormulating Process and Sampling

Formulating Process and Sampling

This is an example of an inspection equipment we specially designed. After signing the sample order, according to the process and assembly characteristics , we have to formulate a detailed process to increase the quality monitoring in key processes. At the same time, we make tooling & fixtures which serves two purposes: first,it is to ensure the geometric and dimensional tolerances of the parts and the entire product at this stage . and second, it is for parameter testing, and we must ensure that our products can be tested quickly and efficiently in subsequent batches

Batch Production ControlBatch Production Control

After receiving the batch orders, we will reasonably arrange the working positions and procedures for workers, then operation begins, when necessary, we will design and make the unique tooling & fixtures to reduce the labor intensity for workers and ensure the consistency of batch production.

Magnets Separating/Splitting Equipment

Permanent magnet couplings, motor magnets and some magnetic assemblies require magnets to be assembled after magnetization. The efficiency of manual magnet splitting is low. The most important thing is that workers’ fingers are very painful to peel off magnets for a long time. For this reason, we designed and made this magnets separating/splitting equipment which completely relieves workers from pain and improves efficiency.

Automatic Glue Dispenser

Glue is used to bond strong magnets and other parts together in most magnetic couplings and magnetic assemblies, usually manual gluing varies from person to person, and the amount of glue cannot be controlled, therefore, we designed and made automatic glue dispensing equipment that is exclusively for our product, compared with other glue dispensers sold on the market, ours works more efficiently and quickly.

Automatic Laser Welding Machine

Many products require laser welding. The purpose of doing so is to seal (magnets need to be completely sealed for some magnetic assemblies). In actual welding, workpieces have tolerances and welding has thermal deformation, however, our automatic laser welding machine can offer better weld strength, tighter precision, and minimal deformation for our bulk orders, we designed and made a lot of special tooling & fixtures, so even new workers also can quickly get started.

We just listed a small number of tooling & fixtures mentioned above, there still are many similar special tooling & fixtures with us. All of these are to reduce labor and improve efficiency while minimizing the effects of human operations. We have rich experience in production control. We do quantitative control in all processes so that the consistency can be ensured for each batch of products. In the current situation where workers are difficult to recruit and labor costs are rising sharply, we are pursuing high-quality products with minimal labor and continuous improvement is our goal.

https://www.leyuangroup.com/products/magnetic-coupling/

#magnetic #coupling #manufacturers

0 notes

easyfoodnetwork · 4 years

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How to Brew Truly Great Coffee at Home

Because the best part of every morning should be the act of making coffee

As the commercial goes, the best part of waking up… is a certain brand of industrial brew often made into a watery thing resembling coffee from a flimsy machine. But really the best part of every morning should be the act of making an actually-great cup of coffee, one at a time, in a Hario V60 or Chemex or French press. The ritual of brewing coffee is itself a satisfying endeavor.

There’s truly nothing wrong with using a machine to brew coffee, and some machines are even better than the methods described here: I liken it to how some people want self-driving cars while others like manual transmissions. As many people isolate at home during the novel coronavirus pandemic, there’s no better time to master the art of manually brewing coffee. Here now, five ways to make coffee almost as good as you would find in a cafe, right in the comfort of your own kitchen.

What you need to start brewing coffee at home:

The best possible locally roasted coffee beans you can buy

There are two main markers that affect a coffee’s taste: the beans and the roast. Buy whole coffee beans from roasters who source from specific coffee-growing regions and show this off on their packaging, because highlighting farms and regions is a sign they’re investing in good-quality beans. Choose either a single-origin or a good blend to start. Single-origins show off the distinct characteristics of a farm or growing region, while blends tend to balance out flavors.

Freshly roasted beans will have the most flavor and will last you the longest. When talking to a roaster, ask about a coffee’s roast profile and find something that aligns to your taste. Coffee drinkers come in all forms, and one could argue that there are two main camps when it comes to roast styles. The first favor medium-to-darker roasts with bolder but ultimately more comforting flavors (basically coffee that tastes like a really good version of what your parents drank). The other type tends to focus on lighter roasting, higher acid (or fruit-forward characteristics), and even floral notes. The flavors of coffee are virtually endless, and exploring them is why you’re getting into brewing coffee at home in the first place.

Generally speaking, for good-quality coffee, don’t expect to pay anything less than $14 to $15, and often close to $20 for a 12-ounce bag (340 grams) of beans.

A way to boil water

You don’t need a fancy kettle with a special spout. A tea kettle or something for your stove is just fine, while electric brewers tend to bring water up to boiling faster (and sometimes to a specific temperature). I reviewed a bunch of pouring kettles here in the past, and can recommend Bonavita’s electric kettle.

A way to grind the coffee

Skip the cheap blade grinders in the appliance section of a drugstore or supermarket; they grind unevenly. Instead, aim to get a decent burr mill grinder, as these will be much more consistent. I use a Breville smart coffee grinder because it can be programmed to a specific length of grind time. But I’ve also owned Baratza grinders such as the Encore and the Preciso. The Encore was a fantastic grinder and performed well for years, while the more expensive Preciso broke on me a few times (I sent it in to get it serviced, too). You could also use hand grinders, and I’ve reviewed them extensively. Personally, I wouldn’t recommend owning one if you plan to brew coffee every day at home — they’re best for camping or traveling.

A kitchen scale

To properly “dial in” or brew coffee to a certain specification, you’ll want to use a kitchen scale to weigh out both the ground coffee and the water. A fancy one with a timer and weight to the gram is probably overkill for most people. Just make sure whatever scale you use is sturdy and water resistant enough to endure a few errant splashes of liquid. I like the Hario drip scale because it comes with a timer, but for a budget option, I recommend the Etekcity digital scale.

A timing device

A wristwatch or a kitchen timer is really helpful brewing coffee. You’ll see why below.

A good mug

Enjoying coffee is about the complete experience — sight, smell, and even sound and touch — so the drinking vessel makes a big difference. Get a nice vintage diner-style mug, or something to maybe swirl around the last few sips. Either way, pick a mug that makes you happy, because you’ve just made yourself a damn fine cup of coffee.

The brewing methods:

Here’s how to make great coffee at home, depending on your skill level and interest. These five brewing methods, from the old-school French press to the more technically challenging, but ultimately fulfilling Kalita Wave brewer, can appeal to every at-home-brewing personality. All of them are something even a novice home barista could learn within a few weeks, and the best part is that almost any result is going to be better than that burnt-tasting Starbucks drip. Remember: Always use fresh, filtered water, because the quality of the water will have a major impact on the flavor of the coffee. I like to brew coffee as hot as possible, bringing water up to a boil and then brewing as soon as possible.

A note about ratios: Each recipe here has specific weights that you can follow, but if you’d like to make more or less, a good ratio to keep is 15 to 1 hot water to ground coffee. If you like your coffee lighter, increase the ratio to 17 or 18 to 1, and if you want it stronger, reduce to 14 to 1.

For the minimalist who likes to keep it simple: Clever Coffee Dripper

The background: When people ask me how they should start making “good” coffee at home, I always direct them to this. The Clever brewer is essentially a French press with a paper filter: full immersion coffee (which refers to the process that takes all the coffee grounds and fully incorporates them into water all at once) without the sludge or grit. The brewer itself can be hard to find, but Amazon or Espresso Parts has it for a bit over $20. It’s very durable and should last years of use at home, and it’s pretty good for traveling, despite its odd shape.

How it works: Grounds go into a filter on the top of the device. Then, when the Clever is placed over a cup or serving kettle, a valve releases the liquid.

How to brew on a Clever: Fold the edges of a No. 4 Melitta filter (which can be found at any grocery store) and place into the brewer. Rinse the filter carefully with hot water and drain through the valve over a sink or a mug (to warm the mug): Rinsing the filter reduces any residual paper flavors. Weigh out 25 grams of medium-fine coffee, reset (aka “tare”) the scale, then carefully pour in 375 grams of nearly boiling hot water (around 200 degrees Fahrenheit). Cover with the plastic lid and wait for two minutes. Using a spoon, gently break the “crust” of coffee on top and give the coffee a little swirl in the brewer so it distributes evenly. Then place the entire Clever over a mug (you’ll want a pretty big mug since the coffee you get will be about 11 ounces), which will automatically release the brewed coffee. Or you can dispense the coffee into a nice glass kettle or other container (like a fancy thick-walled cocktail mixing glass). Cleaning is easy: throw away the filter and grounds, then rinse and wash the brewer before air drying.

For the enthusiast who wants to take their coffee brewing to the next level: Hario V60

The background: When “third wave,” aka hipster, coffee surfaced in the late aughts across the country’s major cities, the Hario V60 was the preferred single-cup pour over for cafes: Any barista worth their salt gets trained to brew on a V60, which was invented in Japan in 1921. Hario makes multiple types of V60s, including glass, plastic, ceramic, and even metal. Plastic is the cheapest and is the best for heat retention, but doesn’t look great. Ceramic and glass look cool, but can chip or break easily. Metal is virtually impossible to break, but the little handles can and will detach over time. Either way, the Hario V60 is the perfect entryway to brewing pour-over coffee. You’ll want a kettle that can pour nice gentle ribbons of water to best control the flow of water.

What I like about the V60 is how it is simple to use, yet challenging to come up with a great cup. If you have some really special coffee and want to get the best out of it, I find the Hario is a way to draw out the most nuances. The sheer clarity of the filter and speed of the relative brewing amplifies the subtle fruit, floral, or spice flavors of a high-quality coffee, and it’s thrilling to taste those notes.

How it works: Grounds go into a filter on the top of the device, which has a big dime-sized hole at the bottom through which the brewed coffee flows out. It requires a specific conical paper filter and ridges inside to keep the paper from sticking to the brewer.

How to brew on a Hario V60: There are multiple schools of thought about brewing on a Hario V60, so I’ll combine some elements from Scott Rao’s excellent instructional video here, and James Hoffmann’s delightful clip here.

Start by folding over the special V60 filter (which you can get on Amazon or at your local coffee shop) and placing into the cone. Wash through with a bit of hot water into a glass kettle or large mug and discard the water. Add 28 grams of medium-fine coffee, then tare the scale. Carefully add about 60 grams of hot water and swirl around the sludge to distribute the water. This allows the coffee to “bloom” and “degas,” releasing any carbon dioxide in the bean from the roasting process. This makes more room for the water to extract the soluble matter from the coffee and draw out the most flavor.

Let the coffee bloom for 45 seconds, then continue brewing. Pour the hot water in a steady stream, almost painfully slow, in a small circular motion, avoiding the walls of the brewer if possible. Stop once after a minute to swirl the cone and redistribute the grinds. Continue pouring until reaching 420 grams of water, stop pouring, then swirl the brewer again to redistribute the grinds. Hoffman’s method employs a small spoon to swirl the grinds so they don’t create a channel for the water to flow unevenly. Either method is pretty good from my experience. Aim for a total brewing time of about three minutes.

The stylish coffee lover who wants a handsome all-in-one brewing device: Chemex

The background: The Chemex is essentially a one-piece brewer and coffee server with some quirks. The design, which was introduced in 1941 by chemist Dr. Peter Schlumbohm, makes it the most beautiful device out there, with thick glass in a conical shape hemmed in by a wooden collar and leather laces. Early versions used hand-blown glass and a more perfectly symmetrical shape, though newer ones have a rounder bulb and even glass handles for easier cleaning.

It looks great on the counter, kitchen table, or anywhere really, and the way the laboratory-like glass refracts and plays with the light when the coffee is in there makes the drink look alluring. Take it from renowned coffee expert and co-founder of London’s Square Mile Coffee James Hoffmann, who seems particularly smitten by the way coffee looks when brewed into a Chemex. And the standard 6-cup size makes more than enough coffee for two people, which makes the Chemex a great weekend brewing method for the family.

How it works: Grounds go into a filter on the top of the flask-shaped device, then you pour water over the top as the coffee drips into the compartment below. Hoffmann asserts that the Chemex isn’t a perfect brewer, as the filters can sometimes lock in air and prevent a smooth flow of water, which is why the pouring spout has a divet to allow air to escape. The paper filters are thick, allowing for even extraction, but Chemex alone sells the filters you need (and they’re not necessarily cheap).

How to brew with a Chemex: The method is pretty similar to the Hario V60. Rinse the paper filter (putting the thick three-ply toward the spout), discard water, and place 42 grams of medium-fine coffee in the filter. You don’t need a coarser grind than a V60, but you can adjust your grinder if you think it helps the coffee brew faster. Tare the scale. Add 100 grams of water to bloom the coffee for 45 to 60 seconds. Then carefully pour water until the scale hits 650 grams. Swirl the brewer and let the coffee drip through, which will take four to five minutes. Discard filter and enjoy.

For the old-school coffee drinker who has a little extra time to burn: French press

The background: The French press was my first foray into brewing coffee at home, and I ended up with grit and sludge in every cup. Brewing with a French press takes more time, and it’s a pain to clean up, but the lack of a paper filter allows some of the oils, texture, and mouthfeel of a coffee to come through. Sometimes I brew a French press because I want to taste a single-origin coffee in a different way after making a bunch of filtered cups. A French press can still make an amazing cup of coffee, and the ritual of making a cup with this still carries that analog satisfaction of years past, feeling positively vintage in the best way. And thankfully, I’ve since picked up some modern techniques to minimize the particulates.

How it works: The device takes ground coffee beans and immerses them fully into hot water, much like the Clever Coffee Brewer, but in a cylindrical vessel. The difference here is that the only thing separating the grinds from the water is a mesh filter and gravity. While brewing, much of the coffee will actually sit at the top of the water and will need to be broken up with a spoon or other utensil. Allowing the grinds to gently fall to the bottom (letting gravity do its work) means that more of the sediment separates and stays out of the cup.

How to brew a French press: Weigh out 30 grams of coffee and pour 500 grams of water into the brewer. Let it sit for five minutes, then use a spoon to break the crust floating on top. Use the spoon to scoop up any floating grinds or foam, then place the top part, which includes the mesh filter, right on top of the coffee (but don’t plunge it down!). Let the coffee sit for another three to four minutes, allowing the grinds to fall to the bottom. Carefully pour coffee into a mug and leave just that last bit of sludge in the brewer. Use a paper towel to scrape out the grinds and wash carefully.

For the perfectionist: Kalita Wave

The background: This circular style of brewer is perhaps the final destination for many home coffee brewers. All the equipment is difficult to find in a retail setting, though easily available online. The brewing method is essentially a pour over, but with a specific circular filter with smooth ridges to encourage a steady flow of water. The flat bottom with just three small holes ensures an even extraction, preventing the coffee from channeling to one side as it would in a conical shape (looking at you, Hario V60 and Chemex). If the Hario V60 was the first pour-over brewer of choice in the late aughts, the Kalita Wave gained prominence and popularity in cafes in the past five to eight years. It’s my preferred coffee-making method every morning, unless I run out of those pesky (and expensive) Wave filters.

How it works: Gently place the somewhat delicate filter into the brewer and place ground coffee inside. In design, the Kalita Wave probably most resembles a standard automatic coffee machine (like a Krups or Mr. Coffee), but the shape of the paper filter allows for water to flow evenly through the coffee. And since you can control the temperature and flow of that water manually, the resulting brew is fine-tuned instead of erratic, as it often is with a countertop machine.

How to brew a Kalita Wave: Similar to a V60, carefully place a Wave filter onto a glass kettle or even just a large mug, and rinse with hot water. Dump out the hot water, then place the brewer and kettle onto the scale and tare. Add 24 grams of medium-fine coffee and bloom with 60 grams of water for 30 to 45 seconds. Then pour water in a circular motion, making sure to get the coffee stuck on the edges of the filter every few pours. Stop pouring when the water gets close to the top and wait for the water to flow. Continue doing this until scale hits 380 grams total.

from Eater - All https://ift.tt/3fwfIyL https://ift.tt/2A8XAef

Because the best part of every morning should be the act of making coffee

What you need to start brewing coffee at home:

The best possible locally roasted coffee beans you can buy

Generally speaking, for good-quality coffee, don’t expect to pay anything less than $14 to $15, and often close to $20 for a 12-ounce bag (340 grams) of beans.

A way to boil water

A way to grind the coffee

A kitchen scale

A timing device

A wristwatch or a kitchen timer is really helpful brewing coffee. You’ll see why below.

A good mug

The brewing methods:

For the minimalist who likes to keep it simple: Clever Coffee Dripper

How it works: Grounds go into a filter on the top of the device. Then, when the Clever is placed over a cup or serving kettle, a valve releases the liquid.

For the enthusiast who wants to take their coffee brewing to the next level: Hario V60

The stylish coffee lover who wants a handsome all-in-one brewing device: Chemex

For the old-school coffee drinker who has a little extra time to burn: French press

For the perfectionist: Kalita Wave

from Eater - All https://ift.tt/3fwfIyL via Blogger https://ift.tt/2zm2Mew

#Blogger #cooking #Eater #food #recipes

0 notes

lunely · 8 years

Text

what in

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dcwaterpump · 2 years

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What is a brushless DC mini water pump

I. Definition of Micro Brushless DC Mini Water Pump Brushless Mini DC water Pump refers to a machine that uses DC 4.5V ~ 24V to drive a brushless motor to run, and the brushless motor rotation drives the impeller to rotate, thereby increasing the pressure of the liquid to achieve the effect of transferring liquid. The water pump is generally composed of pump body, motor stator, shaft, bearing, rotor (magnets and impellers) and so on. There are one inlet and one outlet on the pump body, water enters from the water inlet, and exits through the outlet. Any water pump that adopts this form and in small size is called brushless DC mini water pump. With the development of all walks of life and the progress of science and technology, some customers want to make the pump smaller and lower power consumption, even portable and can be powered by DC. Therefore, miniaturization of water pumps has become an inevitable trend. II. Principle of Micro Brushless Mini DC Water Pump Micro brushless DC water pump adopts advanced magnetic drive technology, liquid through the permanent magnet rotor high-speed rotation, static seal design instead of traditional mechanical shaft seal. The liquid is completely isolated from the motor to avoid liquid leakage and improve product life and performance. The water pump has a built-in frequency conversion brushless DC motor, no need for carbon brush commutation, no mechanical friction and heat generation, low power, and small temperature rise. The brushless magnetic drive overcomes the inherent defects of the brushed motor and replaces the mechanical commutator with an electronic commutator. Therefore, the BLDC motor not only has the characteristics of good speed regulation performance of the DC motor, but also has the advantages of a simple structure of the AC motor. Reversing sparks, reliable operation and easy maintenance.There is no commutator and carbon brush wear, which reduces mechanical noise and prolongs the service life of the water pump. It is not only related to performance indicators, noise, vibration, reliability and service life, etc., but also involves the manufacturing cost of the product. At the same time, the brushless DC motor can also accurately feed back the target number of revolutions, torque, etc. Heat generation and power consumption of the motor can be suppressed by precise control. III. Characteristics of Brushless DC Mini Water Pump 1. No leakage. Using advanced magnetic drive technology, the stator part and rotor part of the water pump are completely isolated, statically sealed, and leak-free. 2. Long life. It can work continuously for 24 hours for a long time; the service life can reach more than 20,000 hours. 3. Low noise. One-piece injection molded silent rotor is adopted, with low rotor unbalance; imported high-precision ceramic shaft, imported materials and high-precision molds, high-precision control of component size and perfect fit, the noise is 5-10dBA lower than that of water pumps with the same parameters in the market. 4. High temperature resistance. Imported high-temperature food-grade plastic parts are used, which can withstand high temperatures of 100°C for a long time without cracking or deformation. 5. Complete certification. Topsflo pumps have passed multiple authoritative certifications such as NSF, FDA, WRAS, and meet food-grade safety requirements. 6. Customization. With strong research and development strength, water pump products can be customized according to the special needs of customers. IV. Application range of Brushless DC Mini Water Pump Micro brushless DC water pumps are widely used in many industries including cooling circulation system, 3D laser printer cooling, battery cooling system, hot water circulation, radiator, heater, water purifier, water dispenser, coffee machine, vending machines, water heaters, water purification humidifier, sweepers, automotive air-conditioning systems, air-conditioning drainage, automotive cooling circulation systems, cleaning equipment, computer CPU cooling circulation, bathroom equipment and many other fields. http://www.topsflo.com/news/dc-mini-water-pump.html

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gudfinds-game-changers · 4 years

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i-pleasantcollectorzombie-t-blog · 6 years

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topsolarpanels · 7 years

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The Modern, Molecular Hunt For The Worlds Biodiversity

The news is full of announcements about newly discovered different forms of life. This fall, we learned of a 30, 000 -year-old giant virus found in frozen Siberia. Up to now, known viruses have contained so few genetic information that people have questioned whether they can even be thought of as living. But giant viruses like this one contain so much better information as many bacteria, which are certainly alive, and are so big they can be seen with an ordinary microscope.

Earlier this year, we heard that deep in the ocean, by the boil hot sulfurous ventilate called Lokis Castle after the Norse god, a species called Lokiarchaeota was detected. It uniquely straddles the three domains of life: Eukaryota, including animals and plants; Bacteria; and Archaea, a domain that includes species pumping out methane in your gut right now.

Not merely are new life sorts being discovered, but so are entirely new ways of living. In the last week we learned of rich communities of bacteria that communicate with one another electrically, in the same ways as the neurons in our brain.

The way researchers stimulated these three discoveries illustrates how much the modern study of biodiversity has changed in the last 200 years. Instead of visiting pleasantly warm places with binoculars and a butterfly net, we are today look for life in places we never would have before, and we use the same molecular techniques that help catch criminals.

To Boldly Go

Traditionally, such studies of biodiversity was carried out by gentlemen such as Charles Darwin and Joseph Banks, sailing the high seas of global empires and sending back specimens to be stored in drawers of museums of natural history.

Alvin built discoveries of life at depths that had never been visited before. OAR/ National Undersea Research Program( NURP ); Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst, CC BY

For this kind of exploration, out of sight was genuinely out of intellect. Until 1977, we had no idea the ocean floor was home to life at all, never mind rich communities including Lokiarchaeota. They were first discovered by the submersible Alvin which wasnt even looking for life. Its original mission was to study the ocean floor go looking for evidence of plate tectonics. As well as discovering evidence that the sea floors are spreading, Alvin sent back images of a rich new ecosystem of wholly unknown species fueled wholly by chemical energy, instead of solar energy like all other ecosystems previously known.

A fact we now take for awarded is that wherever we look for life, we find it, including concentrated acids, liquids as corrosive as floor stripper, in rock and kilometers beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. It can even survive in outer space( though of course we havent identified any non-Earth-originated life yet ).

Comparative DNA profiles of 14 people, obtained via PCR. Wellcome Images, CC BY-NC-ND

Genetic Fingerprints

But whats amazing about the discovery of Lokiarchaeota is that no one has ever actually find it. Everything we know about it is discovered by the new field of metagenomics, which allows us to extract fragments of Dna from the environment, read the sequence information and examined it with computational techniques.

The starting point for metagenomic research can be anything, including feces, in the case of the human microbiome, or a sample of ocean sediment, in case of Lokiarcheota. Ultimately these genetic profiles are known to us only as an electronic string of 1s and 0s in computer memory and described to us by mathematical algorithms.

Such molecular and computer technologies are also how modern detectives use DNA to catch murderers.

First, we find some DNA in the environment that may be of interest to us, by fishing for it with molecular probes called primers. Then we can use the Polymerase Chain Reaction( PCR) to make a huge number of copies of the Dna of interest. That allows machines to read the genetic information it contains immediately into computer databases.

These digital databases are where biodiversity information is now stored. Theyre replacing the dusty drawers of natural history museums, filled with corpses of specimens collected over the centuries.

Is The Concept Of Species Itself Endangered ?

Anyone who watches crime reveals knows well the detective value of such databases in identifying felons by allowing the comparison of enormous sums of information.

Its the same for biodiversity study. For instance, a new species of elephant was recently discovered employing these techniques to analyze and compare the DNA of living elephants and even DNA removed from museum specimen of the extinct mammoth. We now know that African elephants that live in the woods are as genetically different from those on the savanna as humans are from chimpanzees.

Eschericia coli perhaps the most famous microbial species of all is an excellent example of how the idea of species itself is on its style to extinction. Seem at one genome of E coli and you will find that more than half the genes may or may not be found in some other E coli . Seeming at the sequences, many isolates of the food-poisoning bacteria Shigella appear more like E coli and vice versa.

So these days questions of molecular diversity arise , not the issue of species number. How and why does gene content change , not just in microbes like E coli but in us as well: we have about 20,000 genes and have recently discovered that at least 200 of them may be dispensable, given that perfectly healthy people do not have them at all.

How promiscuous is life with its genetic information? We have find viruses borrowing cassettes of photosynthetic information from their hosts. How does our genetic diversity interact with that of the rich ecosystem living in our gut with its impacts on human health? One entire domain of life, the Archaea, has not a single instance of a species causing cancer in anything why?

Not a butterfly net in sight in the modern biodiversity lab. QIAGEN, CC BY-NC-ND

What Do We Gain By Studying Biodiversity ?

We study biodiversity for two reasons that run hand in hand. First, of course, we value scientific knowledge for its own sake.

Remarkable discoveries in pure knowledge abound. We now know that an organism detected so recently that most people have still never heard of it, Prochlorococcus, makes 20% of the worlds oxygen. Thats one in every five breaths you take! The research spotlight has recently focused on the biodiversity of your gut, an ecosystem at the least as complex and interesting as the tropical forest.

Secondly, this knowledge lets us lay claim to the natural world and exploit our knowledge of it. The European examine of biodiversity have all along had imperial motivations. Jefferson commissioned the Lewis and Clark expedition to further Americas Manifest Destiny but ensured it had a pure biodiversity research component as well: Jeffersons interest in botany and its applications was well-known.

People have a long history of exploiting the knowledge that comes from fundamental research. For instance, the molecular detective work that identified HIV as the cause of AIDS has enabled us to turn a dreadful fatal disease into a chronic, manageable adversity. The commercial potential in Archaea is famous and almost unbelievable, as batteries or optical computer memory, for example.

New forms of life continue to turn up. Most viruses, like HIV and influenza, have about 10 genes. Giant viruses, only discovered in the last decade, have over 1,000, the same order of magnitude as Prochlorococcus. The huge Pandoravirus is full of genes that are unlike anything known hence the name prompting the question whether theyre a fourth domain of life.

As the hunt for biodiversity get ever more technological and specific, get ready for a continuing stream of radical new discoveries. As Hamlet told: There are more things in heaven and ground, Horatio, than are dream of in your philosophy.

Sean Nee, Research Professor of Ecosystem Science and Management, Pennsylvania State University

Read more: www.iflscience.com

The post The Modern, Molecular Hunt For The Worlds Biodiversity appeared first on Top Rated Solar Panels.

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vitamincserum1 · 7 years

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Vitamin C Serum fiiling Machine – Reliance Machinery

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dcwaterpump · 2 years

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7 matters needing attention in the use of brushless DC mini water pumps

The brushless DC pump uses a DC power supply to drive the brushless motor to run. When the brushless motor runs, it drives the impeller to run, so that the liquid in the pump generates pressure and the pressure gradually increases to achieve the function of transferring liquid. Due to its low price, small size, high efficiency, long life, safety, and quietness, brushless dc mini water pumps are widely used as functional parts for fluid delivery in various equipment, such as water dispensers, coffee machines, electric vehicles, ,EV charger,solar water circulation system, computer water circulation heat dissipation, refrigeration, medical equipment, cooling system, bathroom products and other fields. When using a DC mini water pump, you need to pay special attention to the following 7 major matters: 1. Power supply correctly Use a 12V or 24V DC transformer to supply power, and connect the positive and negative poles of the pump power line correctly. The red power wire of the water pump is connected to the positive pole, and the black wire is connected to the negative pole. The positive and negative poles cannot be reversed, otherwise the pump will be short-circuited and burned. 2. Operate the pump within the allowed voltage range The water pump cannot be used with excess voltage, and the brushless DC pump should be used within the specified operating voltage range. If the water pump has an over-voltage protection function, when the voltage exceeds the range, the water pump will automatically stop and resume work after returning to the normal voltage range. 3.Strictly forbidden use non-conductive liquid with magnetic particles or impurities. Ferromagnetic impurities and particles enter the magnetic drive and bearings, which will be adsorbed on the magnet rotor and cause blockage. Impurities and particles enter the pump body and damage the pump. Filtration measures should be taken as far as possible. When transporting media containing solid particles, it should be filtered at the water inlet of the brushless DC pump to prevent impurities from entering the pump and blocking it. Liquids with impurities or magnetically conductive particles are strictly prohibited. Flush in time after conveying the medium that is easy to crystallize or settle (fill the pump chamber with clean water after stopping the pump, and drain it after running for 1 minute), so as to protect the service life of the sliding bearing. 4. Operated at the specified temperature The water pump should be operated at the specified temperature, and the temperature of the medium is strictly prohibited to exceed the standard, which will easily lead to demagnetization of the magnet and degradation of the performance of the control circuit. A platinum resistance temperature sensor can be installed on the outer surface of the isolation sleeve of the magnetic pump to detect the temperature rise in the ring gap area, so as to alarm or stop when the temperature exceeds the limit. 5. Strictly forbidden for the water pump to dry-running The brushless DC mini centrifugal pump is strictly prohibited from dry-running, because there is no medium lubrication during running, and the rotor will rotate at a high speed, causing its temperature to rise to 200-300 degrees, which is easy to wear the rotor and cause the pump to be stuck. Therefore, you can customize dry running protection to protect the pump motor if there is a risk of running dry for prolonged periods of time. 6. The minimum pipe diameter is not smaller than the inlet and outlet Ensure that the minimum pipe diameter in the pipeline is not smaller than the inner diameter of the water inlet and outlet. If it is less than that, the pressure of the water pump cannot be released normally, so that the rotor of the water pump rotates at a high speed, and the noise is large. On the one hand, it will also reduce the life of the water pump. 7. Installed below the liquid level The brushless DC water pump is a centrifugal pump, which cannot automatically exhaust air or self-priming, and must be submerged or installed below the liquid level when in use (the liquid can flow in automatically when the pump is not working).

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easyfoodnetwork · 4 years

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Because the best part of every morning should be the act of making coffee As the commercial goes, the best part of waking up… is a certain brand of industrial brew often made into a watery thing resembling coffee from a flimsy machine. But really the best part of every morning should be the act of making an actually-great cup of coffee, one at a time, in a Hario V60 or Chemex or French press. The ritual of brewing coffee is itself a satisfying endeavor. There’s truly nothing wrong with using a machine to brew coffee, and some machines are even better than the methods described here: I liken it to how some people want self-driving cars while others like manual transmissions. As many people isolate at home during the novel coronavirus pandemic, there’s no better time to master the art of manually brewing coffee. Here now, five ways to make coffee almost as good as you would find in a cafe, right in the comfort of your own kitchen. What you need to start brewing coffee at home: The best possible locally roasted coffee beans you can buy There are two main markers that affect a coffee’s taste: the beans and the roast. Buy whole coffee beans from roasters who source from specific coffee-growing regions and show this off on their packaging, because highlighting farms and regions is a sign they’re investing in good-quality beans. Choose either a single-origin or a good blend to start. Single-origins show off the distinct characteristics of a farm or growing region, while blends tend to balance out flavors. Freshly roasted beans will have the most flavor and will last you the longest. When talking to a roaster, ask about a coffee’s roast profile and find something that aligns to your taste. Coffee drinkers come in all forms, and one could argue that there are two main camps when it comes to roast styles. The first favor medium-to-darker roasts with bolder but ultimately more comforting flavors (basically coffee that tastes like a really good version of what your parents drank). The other type tends to focus on lighter roasting, higher acid (or fruit-forward characteristics), and even floral notes. The flavors of coffee are virtually endless, and exploring them is why you’re getting into brewing coffee at home in the first place. Generally speaking, for good-quality coffee, don’t expect to pay anything less than $14 to $15, and often close to $20 for a 12-ounce bag (340 grams) of beans. A way to boil water You don’t need a fancy kettle with a special spout. A tea kettle or something for your stove is just fine, while electric brewers tend to bring water up to boiling faster (and sometimes to a specific temperature). I reviewed a bunch of pouring kettles here in the past, and can recommend Bonavita’s electric kettle. A way to grind the coffee Skip the cheap blade grinders in the appliance section of a drugstore or supermarket; they grind unevenly. Instead, aim to get a decent burr mill grinder, as these will be much more consistent. I use a Breville smart coffee grinder because it can be programmed to a specific length of grind time. But I’ve also owned Baratza grinders such as the Encore and the Preciso. The Encore was a fantastic grinder and performed well for years, while the more expensive Preciso broke on me a few times (I sent it in to get it serviced, too). You could also use hand grinders, and I’ve reviewed them extensively. Personally, I wouldn’t recommend owning one if you plan to brew coffee every day at home — they’re best for camping or traveling. A kitchen scale To properly “dial in” or brew coffee to a certain specification, you’ll want to use a kitchen scale to weigh out both the ground coffee and the water. A fancy one with a timer and weight to the gram is probably overkill for most people. Just make sure whatever scale you use is sturdy and water resistant enough to endure a few errant splashes of liquid. I like the Hario drip scale because it comes with a timer, but for a budget option, I recommend the Etekcity digital scale. A timing device A wristwatch or a kitchen timer is really helpful brewing coffee. You’ll see why below. A good mug Enjoying coffee is about the complete experience — sight, smell, and even sound and touch — so the drinking vessel makes a big difference. Get a nice vintage diner-style mug, or something to maybe swirl around the last few sips. Either way, pick a mug that makes you happy, because you’ve just made yourself a damn fine cup of coffee. The brewing methods: Here’s how to make great coffee at home, depending on your skill level and interest. These five brewing methods, from the old-school French press to the more technically challenging, but ultimately fulfilling Kalita Wave brewer, can appeal to every at-home-brewing personality. All of them are something even a novice home barista could learn within a few weeks, and the best part is that almost any result is going to be better than that burnt-tasting Starbucks drip. Remember: Always use fresh, filtered water, because the quality of the water will have a major impact on the flavor of the coffee. I like to brew coffee as hot as possible, bringing water up to a boil and then brewing as soon as possible. A note about ratios: Each recipe here has specific weights that you can follow, but if you’d like to make more or less, a good ratio to keep is 15 to 1 hot water to ground coffee. If you like your coffee lighter, increase the ratio to 17 or 18 to 1, and if you want it stronger, reduce to 14 to 1. For the minimalist who likes to keep it simple: Clever Coffee Dripper The background: When people ask me how they should start making “good” coffee at home, I always direct them to this. The Clever brewer is essentially a French press with a paper filter: full immersion coffee (which refers to the process that takes all the coffee grounds and fully incorporates them into water all at once) without the sludge or grit. The brewer itself can be hard to find, but Amazon or Espresso Parts has it for a bit over $20. It’s very durable and should last years of use at home, and it’s pretty good for traveling, despite its odd shape. How it works: Grounds go into a filter on the top of the device. Then, when the Clever is placed over a cup or serving kettle, a valve releases the liquid. How to brew on a Clever: Fold the edges of a No. 4 Melitta filter (which can be found at any grocery store) and place into the brewer. Rinse the filter carefully with hot water and drain through the valve over a sink or a mug (to warm the mug): Rinsing the filter reduces any residual paper flavors. Weigh out 25 grams of medium-fine coffee, reset (aka “tare”) the scale, then carefully pour in 375 grams of nearly boiling hot water (around 200 degrees Fahrenheit). Cover with the plastic lid and wait for two minutes. Using a spoon, gently break the “crust” of coffee on top and give the coffee a little swirl in the brewer so it distributes evenly. Then place the entire Clever over a mug (you’ll want a pretty big mug since the coffee you get will be about 11 ounces), which will automatically release the brewed coffee. Or you can dispense the coffee into a nice glass kettle or other container (like a fancy thick-walled cocktail mixing glass). Cleaning is easy: throw away the filter and grounds, then rinse and wash the brewer before air drying. For the enthusiast who wants to take their coffee brewing to the next level: Hario V60 The background: When “third wave,” aka hipster, coffee surfaced in the late aughts across the country’s major cities, the Hario V60 was the preferred single-cup pour over for cafes: Any barista worth their salt gets trained to brew on a V60, which was invented in Japan in 1921. Hario makes multiple types of V60s, including glass, plastic, ceramic, and even metal. Plastic is the cheapest and is the best for heat retention, but doesn’t look great. Ceramic and glass look cool, but can chip or break easily. Metal is virtually impossible to break, but the little handles can and will detach over time. Either way, the Hario V60 is the perfect entryway to brewing pour-over coffee. You’ll want a kettle that can pour nice gentle ribbons of water to best control the flow of water. What I like about the V60 is how it is simple to use, yet challenging to come up with a great cup. If you have some really special coffee and want to get the best out of it, I find the Hario is a way to draw out the most nuances. The sheer clarity of the filter and speed of the relative brewing amplifies the subtle fruit, floral, or spice flavors of a high-quality coffee, and it’s thrilling to taste those notes. How it works: Grounds go into a filter on the top of the device, which has a big dime-sized hole at the bottom through which the brewed coffee flows out. It requires a specific conical paper filter and ridges inside to keep the paper from sticking to the brewer. How to brew on a Hario V60: There are multiple schools of thought about brewing on a Hario V60, so I’ll combine some elements from Scott Rao’s excellent instructional video here, and James Hoffmann’s delightful clip here. Start by folding over the special V60 filter (which you can get on Amazon or at your local coffee shop) and placing into the cone. Wash through with a bit of hot water into a glass kettle or large mug and discard the water. Add 28 grams of medium-fine coffee, then tare the scale. Carefully add about 60 grams of hot water and swirl around the sludge to distribute the water. This allows the coffee to “bloom” and “degas,” releasing any carbon dioxide in the bean from the roasting process. This makes more room for the water to extract the soluble matter from the coffee and draw out the most flavor. Let the coffee bloom for 45 seconds, then continue brewing. Pour the hot water in a steady stream, almost painfully slow, in a small circular motion, avoiding the walls of the brewer if possible. Stop once after a minute to swirl the cone and redistribute the grinds. Continue pouring until reaching 420 grams of water, stop pouring, then swirl the brewer again to redistribute the grinds. Hoffman’s method employs a small spoon to swirl the grinds so they don’t create a channel for the water to flow unevenly. Either method is pretty good from my experience. Aim for a total brewing time of about three minutes. The stylish coffee lover who wants a handsome all-in-one brewing device: Chemex The background: The Chemex is essentially a one-piece brewer and coffee server with some quirks. The design, which was introduced in 1941 by chemist Dr. Peter Schlumbohm, makes it the most beautiful device out there, with thick glass in a conical shape hemmed in by a wooden collar and leather laces. Early versions used hand-blown glass and a more perfectly symmetrical shape, though newer ones have a rounder bulb and even glass handles for easier cleaning. It looks great on the counter, kitchen table, or anywhere really, and the way the laboratory-like glass refracts and plays with the light when the coffee is in there makes the drink look alluring. Take it from renowned coffee expert and co-founder of London’s Square Mile Coffee James Hoffmann, who seems particularly smitten by the way coffee looks when brewed into a Chemex. And the standard 6-cup size makes more than enough coffee for two people, which makes the Chemex a great weekend brewing method for the family. How it works: Grounds go into a filter on the top of the flask-shaped device, then you pour water over the top as the coffee drips into the compartment below. Hoffmann asserts that the Chemex isn’t a perfect brewer, as the filters can sometimes lock in air and prevent a smooth flow of water, which is why the pouring spout has a divet to allow air to escape. The paper filters are thick, allowing for even extraction, but Chemex alone sells the filters you need (and they’re not necessarily cheap). How to brew with a Chemex: The method is pretty similar to the Hario V60. Rinse the paper filter (putting the thick three-ply toward the spout), discard water, and place 42 grams of medium-fine coffee in the filter. You don’t need a coarser grind than a V60, but you can adjust your grinder if you think it helps the coffee brew faster. Tare the scale. Add 100 grams of water to bloom the coffee for 45 to 60 seconds. Then carefully pour water until the scale hits 650 grams. Swirl the brewer and let the coffee drip through, which will take four to five minutes. Discard filter and enjoy. For the old-school coffee drinker who has a little extra time to burn: French press The background: The French press was my first foray into brewing coffee at home, and I ended up with grit and sludge in every cup. Brewing with a French press takes more time, and it’s a pain to clean up, but the lack of a paper filter allows some of the oils, texture, and mouthfeel of a coffee to come through. Sometimes I brew a French press because I want to taste a single-origin coffee in a different way after making a bunch of filtered cups. A French press can still make an amazing cup of coffee, and the ritual of making a cup with this still carries that analog satisfaction of years past, feeling positively vintage in the best way. And thankfully, I’ve since picked up some modern techniques to minimize the particulates. How it works: The device takes ground coffee beans and immerses them fully into hot water, much like the Clever Coffee Brewer, but in a cylindrical vessel. The difference here is that the only thing separating the grinds from the water is a mesh filter and gravity. While brewing, much of the coffee will actually sit at the top of the water and will need to be broken up with a spoon or other utensil. Allowing the grinds to gently fall to the bottom (letting gravity do its work) means that more of the sediment separates and stays out of the cup. How to brew a French press: Weigh out 30 grams of coffee and pour 500 grams of water into the brewer. Let it sit for five minutes, then use a spoon to break the crust floating on top. Use the spoon to scoop up any floating grinds or foam, then place the top part, which includes the mesh filter, right on top of the coffee (but don’t plunge it down!). Let the coffee sit for another three to four minutes, allowing the grinds to fall to the bottom. Carefully pour coffee into a mug and leave just that last bit of sludge in the brewer. Use a paper towel to scrape out the grinds and wash carefully. For the perfectionist: Kalita Wave The background: This circular style of brewer is perhaps the final destination for many home coffee brewers. All the equipment is difficult to find in a retail setting, though easily available online. The brewing method is essentially a pour over, but with a specific circular filter with smooth ridges to encourage a steady flow of water. The flat bottom with just three small holes ensures an even extraction, preventing the coffee from channeling to one side as it would in a conical shape (looking at you, Hario V60 and Chemex). If the Hario V60 was the first pour-over brewer of choice in the late aughts, the Kalita Wave gained prominence and popularity in cafes in the past five to eight years. It’s my preferred coffee-making method every morning, unless I run out of those pesky (and expensive) Wave filters. How it works: Gently place the somewhat delicate filter into the brewer and place ground coffee inside. In design, the Kalita Wave probably most resembles a standard automatic coffee machine (like a Krups or Mr. Coffee), but the shape of the paper filter allows for water to flow evenly through the coffee. And since you can control the temperature and flow of that water manually, the resulting brew is fine-tuned instead of erratic, as it often is with a countertop machine. How to brew a Kalita Wave: Similar to a V60, carefully place a Wave filter onto a glass kettle or even just a large mug, and rinse with hot water. Dump out the hot water, then place the brewer and kettle onto the scale and tare. Add 24 grams of medium-fine coffee and bloom with 60 grams of water for 30 to 45 seconds. Then pour water in a circular motion, making sure to get the coffee stuck on the edges of the filter every few pours. Stop pouring when the water gets close to the top and wait for the water to flow. Continue doing this until scale hits 380 grams total. from Eater - All https://ift.tt/3fwfIyL

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