#light liquid paraffin density

[skevblogs]

A Versatile and Essential Ingredient of Light Liquid Paraffin

Introduction

Light Liquid Paraffin (LLP) is a clear, odorless, and highly refined mineral oil derived from petroleum. It is a versatile product used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial applications. Its excellent emollient and lubricating properties make it a popular choice for manufacturers and suppliers worldwide. If you are looking for a reliable bulk Light Liquid Paraffin manufacturer or bulk Light Liquid Paraffin supplier, Shree Krishna Enviro Venture Private Limited is your trusted partner. We specialize in providing high-quality bulk Light Liquid Paraffin to meet the diverse needs of industries globally.

In this blog, we will explore the uses, properties, and benefits of Light Liquid Paraffin, along with why it is a must-have ingredient for various applications. Whether you are interested in light liquid paraffin bulk price, light liquid paraffin wholesale, or its specific uses, this guide will provide you with all the essential information.

What is Light Liquid Paraffin?

Light Liquid Paraffin, also known as liquid paraffin light, is a highly refined mineral oil that is colorless, odorless, and non-toxic. It is derived from petroleum through a rigorous refining process, ensuring its purity and safety for use in sensitive applications like pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Its unique properties, such as being odorless and colorless, make it an ideal ingredient in products where fragrance and appearance matter. Additionally, its non-toxic nature ensures it is safe for use in skincare, haircare, and medicinal products.

Uses of Light Liquid Paraffin

1. In Pharmaceuticals

One of the most common uses of Light Liquid Paraffin is in the pharmaceutical industry. It is widely used as a medicinal laxative to treat constipation. By coating the intestinal walls, it helps in smooth bowel movements, providing relief from discomfort.

Moreover, Light Liquid Paraffin IP and Light Liquid Paraffin BP grades are specifically used in ointments and creams to treat dry skin, eczema, and minor skin irritations. Its moisturizing effect helps retain skin moisture, making it a key ingredient in medicinal formulations.

2. In Cosmetics and Skincare

Liquid paraffin for skin is a game-changer in the cosmetics industry. Its ability to form a protective barrier on the skin prevents moisture loss, keeping the skin soft and hydrated. This makes it a popular ingredient in:

Light liquid paraffin oil for baby care products

Creams and lotions for dry skin

Lip balms and hair care products like light liquid paraffin for hair

Its non-greasy texture and high stability ensure that it does not degrade easily, making it a long-lasting ingredient in skincare formulations.

3. In Industrial Applications

Industries rely on bulk Light Liquid Paraffin for its excellent lubricating properties. It is used in machinery to reduce friction and ensure smooth operation. Additionally, it is a key component in the production of polishes, coatings, and textile manufacturing.

Its light liquid paraffin density and light liquid paraffin boiling point make it suitable for high-temperature industrial processes, ensuring consistent performance.

Properties of Light Liquid Paraffin

Light Liquid Paraffin is known for its unique properties, which make it a preferred choice across industries:

Odorless and Colorless: Does not alter the fragrance or appearance of products.

Non-Toxic: Safe for use in sensitive applications like pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Highly Stable: Resists degradation, ensuring a long shelf life.

Moisturizing: Forms a protective barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss.

Lubricating: Reduces friction in industrial applications.

These properties make it a versatile and essential ingredient in various products.

How to Use Light Liquid Paraffin

If you are wondering how to use Light Liquid Paraffin, here are some tips:

For Skin: Apply a small amount of light liquid paraffin oil to dry areas of the skin. It works as an excellent moisturizer and protects against irritation.

For Hair: Use light liquid paraffin for hair to add shine and prevent dryness. Apply a few drops to your scalp and hair, then rinse thoroughly.

For Constipation: Follow the dosage instructions provided by your healthcare provider when using liquid paraffin for constipation.

Always refer to the light liquid paraffin MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) for safety guidelines and handling instructions.

Why Choose Shree Krishna Enviro Venture Private Limited?

As a leading bulk Light Liquid Paraffin manufacturer and bulk Light Liquid Paraffin supplier, Shree Krishna Enviro Venture Private Limited is committed to delivering high-quality products at competitive light liquid paraffin bulk price. Our light liquid paraffin wholesale services ensure that you receive the best value for your investment.

We understand the importance of quality and reliability, which is why we adhere to strict quality control measures.

Conclusion

Light Liquid Paraffin is a versatile and essential ingredient that plays a crucial role in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial applications. Its unique properties, such as being odorless, colorless, and non-toxic, make it a preferred choice for manufacturers and suppliers worldwide.

If you are looking for a trusted partner to meet your bulk Light Liquid Paraffin needs, look no further than Shree Krishna Enviro Venture Private Limited. With our commitment to quality, competitive pricing, and reliable service, we are your one-stop solution for all your Light Liquid Paraffin requirements.

Choose Shree Krishna Enviro Venture Private Limited for high-quality bulk Light Liquid Paraffin and experience the difference in quality and service. Contact us today to learn more about our products and services!

[ksma2025]

Why Light Liquid Paraffin is Popular in the Pharmaceutical Industry

Introduction

Light Liquid Paraffin is a widely used and highly refined mineral oil that serves multiple purposes across various industries. As a light liquid paraffin manufacturer and supplier, businesses ensure the availability of this essential product for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial applications. The demand for light liquid paraffin suppliers is consistently high due to its numerous beneficial properties. In this blog, we will explore the various uses, benefits, and characteristics of Light Liquid Paraffin in detail.

What is Light Liquid Paraffin?

Light Liquid Paraffin, also known as liquid paraffin light, is a clear, odorless, and tasteless oil derived from petroleum. It is highly stable and non-toxic, making it safe for use in medical, cosmetic, and industrial applications. This versatile oil is available in different grades, such as light liquid paraffin IP and light liquid paraffin BP, depending on the intended usage.

Light Liquid Paraffin Properties

Odorless and Colorless: It does not interfere with the fragrance or color of the final product.

Non-Toxic: Safe for human use in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Stable: Resistant to oxidation, ensuring a long shelf life.

Emollient: Forms a protective layer on the skin to prevent moisture loss.

Lubricating: Reduces friction in industrial applications.

Uses of Light Liquid Paraffin

1. Light Liquid Paraffin for Skin

One of the most common uses of light liquid paraffin oil is in skincare. Due to its excellent moisturizing properties, it is widely found in lotions, creams, and baby oils. It forms a barrier on the skin, locking in moisture and preventing dryness.

2. Light Liquid Paraffin for Hair

Hair care products often contain light liquid paraffin for hair due to its ability to add shine and softness. It helps reduce frizz and protects the hair from environmental damage.

3. Pharmaceutical Applications

A well-known medicinal use of LLP is as a laxative. Liquid paraffin for constipation works by coating the intestinal walls, making bowel movements smoother and reducing discomfort. Additionally, it is used in ointments and topical creams to treat dry skin conditions.

4. Industrial Uses

Lubricant: Used in machinery to reduce friction.

Textile Industry: Helps in the smooth operation of textile production.

Polishes and Coatings: Adds a glossy finish to furniture and other surfaces.

How to Use Light Liquid Paraffin

The application of how to use light liquid paraffin depends on its purpose:

For skin: Apply a small amount to dry areas.

For hair: Use sparingly to add shine and reduce frizz.

As a laxative: Follow medical guidelines for appropriate dosage.

Light Liquid Paraffin Price and Availability

The light liquid paraffin price varies depending on quality and quantity. Factors such as refining processes and packaging influence the cost. It is available in different grades, including light liquid paraffin IP and light liquid paraffin BP, ensuring suitability for various applications.

Light Liquid Paraffin MSDS and Safety Information

The light liquid paraffin MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) provides safety details, handling instructions, and storage guidelines. It is important to store LLP in a cool and dry place, away from direct heat sources.

Physical Characteristics

Light Liquid Paraffin Density: Typically ranges between 0.82 to 0.87 g/cm³.

Light Liquid Paraffin Boiling Point: Varies but generally falls between 250°C to 300°C.

Conclusion

Light Liquid Paraffin is an essential component in various industries, thanks to its versatility and beneficial properties. Whether used for skincare, hair care, pharmaceuticals, or industrial applications, it remains a valuable ingredient. As a reliable provider, KSMA ensures the supply of high-quality Light Liquid Paraffin to meet diverse industry needs. Its widespread applications, safety, and stability make it a preferred choice for manufacturers and consumers alike.

[bioadvisers]

Bioadvisers shared on Biotech Advisers

Immunofluorescence (IF) how to make pictures more colorful

Junior: Brother, brother, come out soon

Senior: What should I do to my sister and sister, little sister

Junior: The fluorescence of IF I made with NeuN antibody is not clear, is it the reason for the secondary antibody?

Junior:

Senior: NeuN is a mature nuclear antigen, which focuses on nuclear localization. There are many reasons for the blurring of fluorescence. Judging from the results, the causes of antibodies can be eliminated.

Junior: We generally think that it is the cause of antibodies if the experiment is unsuccessful. Why is this not the cause of antibodies this time?

Senior: That’s for sure! Let me tell you slowly.

Each picture of immunofluorescence is a work of art. If you are a senior player of experimental immunohistochemistry, you can take a picture of it like this:

It is from http://www.fansbio.com/content/?400.html

It is from http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/thread/38628725?sf=2&dn=5#38628725

https://www.biofavor.cn/index-show-tid-200.html

http://www.rolesbio.com/product/5069.html

Various tissue shapes, cell structures, and protein shapes are scattered and organically combined to form a colorful and exquisite fluorescent world, uncovering the mysteries of scientific research one after another. It’s really beautiful (du).

So, how to operate in order to obtain a series of perfect immunofluorescence results like a senior player?

Today, I will take you to take a closer look at the immunofluorescence experiment~

Experimental principle:

Immunofluorescence (immunofluorescence technic): Coons equal to the first use of fluorescein for labeling in 1941 and achieved success. This technique of labeling antibodies with fluorescent substances for antigen localization is called fluorescent antibody technology (fluorescent antibody technique). The method of tracing or checking the corresponding antigen with fluorescent antibodies is called the fluorescent antibody method; the method of tracing or checking the corresponding antibodies with known fluorescent antigen labels is called the fluorescent antigen method. These two methods are collectively referred to as immunofluorescence technology, because fluorescent pigments can not only bind to antibody globulin for detecting or localizing various antigens, but also bind to other proteins for detecting or localizing antibodies, but fluorescent antigens are used in actual work. Technology is rarely used, so people are accustomed to call it fluorescent antibody technology, or immunofluorescence technology. The fluorescent antibody method is more commonly used. Immunofluorescence technology to display and examine the antigen or hapten material in cells or tissues is called immunofluorescence cell (or tissue) chemical technology.

Steps:

One. Sample processing

Ⅰ Cell slide

In the cell culture well plate, the slides that have climbed the cells are rinsed with PBS 3 times, 5 min each time.

  Fix in 4% paraformaldehyde or other fixing solution at room temperature for 15 minutes, wash three times with PBST for 5 minutes each time (fixation method is not unique, depending on the total cell type).

Ⅱ Frozen section

Frozen tissues of fixed tissues were equilibrated and rewarmed at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Wash three times with PBST, 5min each time;

Ø Paraffin section

Dewaxing Hydration

Soak in xylene Ⅰ cylinder for 15min;

Immersed in xylene II tank for 15min;

Soak in the No. 1 cylinder of absolute ethanol for 5min;

Soak in absolute ethanol No. 2 cylinder for 5min;

Soak in 95% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 80% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 60% ethanol for 5min;

Wash with deionized water 3 times, 5min each time.

Here, cylinders I and II refer to different containers, but the contents are the same.

Antigen retrieval

Take an appropriate amount of sodium citrate repair solution (pH 6.0) or Tris-EDTA repair solution (pH 9.0) in a glass beaker (the repair solution can not pass the slice holder), after the repair solution is boiled, put the slices in it, Close the lid and continue to boil the repair solution for 15min. Cool naturally in a fume kitchen.

two. Antibody recognition and fluorescence photography

Wash the slides 3 times with PBST, 3 minutes each time, absorb the PBST with absorbent paper, add normal goat serum onto the slides, and seal at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Absorb the blocking solution with absorbent paper, do not wash, add enough diluted primary antibody dropwise to each slide and put it in the wet box, incubate at room temperature for 2-3h (or incubate overnight at four degrees); secondary antibody incubate at room temperature Overnight at 1h or 4°C. Note: Starting with the addition of fluorescent primary antibodies, all subsequent steps should be carried out in a dark place.

Counterstaining nucleus: add DAPI and incubate in the dark for 5min to stain the specimen, PBST 5min × 4 times to wash away excess DAPI; 4. Absorb excess liquid on the slide with absorbent paper and quench with anti-fluorescence The mounting solution of the agent is mounted, and then observed and collected under a fluorescence microscope.

Troubleshooting FAQ

What should I do with irregularly shaped bright spots captured by immunofluorescence microscopy?

Irregular and more bright spots are generally due to impurities or dust on the surface of the slide material, which can be avoided by adjusting the focal plane to the tissue.

What is the method of channel switching during the photo?

First find the target position under white light, and adjust to the clearest focal length, and then switch to the fluorescent channel to shoot.

How to avoid dye fading?

In order to reduce the degree of fading of some samples, it is recommended to use neutral density filters in the light path before the light reaches the excitation filter, thereby reducing the intensity of the excitation light. In other cases, the fading effect can be reduced by changing the pH of the mounting medium or by using anti-bleaching agents (a few more important agents are listed in Table 2). For digital imaging, microphotography or simple visual observation, changing the field of view quickly can also avoid the fading effect.

What is the reason why the organization is clear in the process of taking pictures?

In the process of making tissue sections, there are some areas that are not firmly attached to the slides, and there is a tendency to take off the slide, resulting in the sample not on a focal plane, and a blurred image under the microscope.

No staining of tissue cells

One case is experimental operation problems, including inaccurate experimental operation methods, stale experimental materials, antibody species and reactivity selection, and antibody quality problems. These can be eliminated by setting up positive and negative control experiments. The second situation is the protein expression problem. Like the “WB experiment without bands” mentioned in the previous issue, the IF experiment preparation stage also needs to consult a lot of data to initially confirm the spatiotemporal expression profile of the target protein (including expression amount, expression site, and stimulation conditions Wait).

About Abbkine

Our position: to serve global users of cell and protein research, to provide users with economical and technical product solutions in the form of application processes and product portfolios.

Our mission: to stimulate our inner creativity, provide competitive biomedical products and services, and continue to create maximum value for customers.

Our vision: to be a respected, world-class supplier of biomedical products and services.

[abbkine]

BioAdvisers said on Biotech Advisers

Immunofluorescence (IF) how to make pictures more colorful

Junior: Brother, brother, come out soon

Senior: What should I do to my sister and sister, little sister

Junior: The fluorescence of IF I made with NeuN antibody is not clear, is it the reason for the secondary antibody?

Junior:

Senior: NeuN is a mature nuclear antigen, which focuses on nuclear localization. There are many reasons for the blurring of fluorescence. Judging from the results, the causes of antibodies can be eliminated.

Junior: We generally think that it is the cause of antibodies if the experiment is unsuccessful. Why is this not the cause of antibodies this time?

Senior: That’s for sure! Let me tell you slowly.

Each picture of immunofluorescence is a work of art. If you are a senior player of experimental immunohistochemistry, you can take a picture of it like this:

It is from http://www.fansbio.com/content/?400.html

It is from http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/thread/38628725?sf=2&dn=5#38628725

https://www.biofavor.cn/index-show-tid-200.html

http://www.rolesbio.com/product/5069.html

Various tissue shapes, cell structures, and protein shapes are scattered and organically combined to form a colorful and exquisite fluorescent world, uncovering the mysteries of scientific research one after another. It’s really beautiful (du).

So, how to operate in order to obtain a series of perfect immunofluorescence results like a senior player?

Today, I will take you to take a closer look at the immunofluorescence experiment~

Experimental principle:

Immunofluorescence (immunofluorescence technic): Coons equal to the first use of fluorescein for labeling in 1941 and achieved success. This technique of labeling antibodies with fluorescent substances for antigen localization is called fluorescent antibody technology (fluorescent antibody technique). The method of tracing or checking the corresponding antigen with fluorescent antibodies is called the fluorescent antibody method; the method of tracing or checking the corresponding antibodies with known fluorescent antigen labels is called the fluorescent antigen method. These two methods are collectively referred to as immunofluorescence technology, because fluorescent pigments can not only bind to antibody globulin for detecting or localizing various antigens, but also bind to other proteins for detecting or localizing antibodies, but fluorescent antigens are used in actual work. Technology is rarely used, so people are accustomed to call it fluorescent antibody technology, or immunofluorescence technology. The fluorescent antibody method is more commonly used. Immunofluorescence technology to display and examine the antigen or hapten material in cells or tissues is called immunofluorescence cell (or tissue) chemical technology.

Steps:

One. Sample processing

Ⅰ Cell slide

In the cell culture well plate, the slides that have climbed the cells are rinsed with PBS 3 times, 5 min each time.

  Fix in 4% paraformaldehyde or other fixing solution at room temperature for 15 minutes, wash three times with PBST for 5 minutes each time (fixation method is not unique, depending on the total cell type).

Ⅱ Frozen section

Frozen tissues of fixed tissues were equilibrated and rewarmed at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Wash three times with PBST, 5min each time;

Ø Paraffin section

Dewaxing Hydration

Soak in xylene Ⅰ cylinder for 15min;

Immersed in xylene II tank for 15min;

Soak in the No. 1 cylinder of absolute ethanol for 5min;

Soak in absolute ethanol No. 2 cylinder for 5min;

Soak in 95% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 80% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 60% ethanol for 5min;

Wash with deionized water 3 times, 5min each time.

Here, cylinders I and II refer to different containers, but the contents are the same.

Antigen retrieval

Take an appropriate amount of sodium citrate repair solution (pH 6.0) or Tris-EDTA repair solution (pH 9.0) in a glass beaker (the repair solution can not pass the slice holder), after the repair solution is boiled, put the slices in it, Close the lid and continue to boil the repair solution for 15min. Cool naturally in a fume kitchen.

two. Antibody recognition and fluorescence photography

Wash the slides 3 times with PBST, 3 minutes each time, absorb the PBST with absorbent paper, add normal goat serum onto the slides, and seal at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Absorb the blocking solution with absorbent paper, do not wash, add enough diluted primary antibody dropwise to each slide and put it in the wet box, incubate at room temperature for 2-3h (or incubate overnight at four degrees); secondary antibody incubate at room temperature Overnight at 1h or 4°C. Note: Starting with the addition of fluorescent primary antibodies, all subsequent steps should be carried out in a dark place.

Counterstaining nucleus: add DAPI and incubate in the dark for 5min to stain the specimen, PBST 5min × 4 times to wash away excess DAPI; 4. Absorb excess liquid on the slide with absorbent paper and quench with anti-fluorescence The mounting solution of the agent is mounted, and then observed and collected under a fluorescence microscope.

Troubleshooting FAQ

What should I do with irregularly shaped bright spots captured by immunofluorescence microscopy?

Irregular and more bright spots are generally due to impurities or dust on the surface of the slide material, which can be avoided by adjusting the focal plane to the tissue.

What is the method of channel switching during the photo?

First find the target position under white light, and adjust to the clearest focal length, and then switch to the fluorescent channel to shoot.

How to avoid dye fading?

In order to reduce the degree of fading of some samples, it is recommended to use neutral density filters in the light path before the light reaches the excitation filter, thereby reducing the intensity of the excitation light. In other cases, the fading effect can be reduced by changing the pH of the mounting medium or by using anti-bleaching agents (a few more important agents are listed in Table 2). For digital imaging, microphotography or simple visual observation, changing the field of view quickly can also avoid the fading effect.

What is the reason why the organization is clear in the process of taking pictures?

In the process of making tissue sections, there are some areas that are not firmly attached to the slides, and there is a tendency to take off the slide, resulting in the sample not on a focal plane, and a blurred image under the microscope.

No staining of tissue cells

One case is experimental operation problems, including inaccurate experimental operation methods, stale experimental materials, antibody species and reactivity selection, and antibody quality problems. These can be eliminated by setting up positive and negative control experiments. The second situation is the protein expression problem. Like the “WB experiment without bands” mentioned in the previous issue, the IF experiment preparation stage also needs to consult a lot of data to initially confirm the spatiotemporal expression profile of the target protein (including expression amount, expression site, and stimulation conditions Wait).

About Abbkine

Our position: to serve global users of cell and protein research, to provide users with economical and technical product solutions in the form of application processes and product portfolios.

Our mission: to stimulate our inner creativity, provide competitive biomedical products and services, and continue to create maximum value for customers.

Our vision: to be a respected, world-class supplier of biomedical products and services.

[inforboit]

CHICKEN POULTRY FARMING 

There are many types of poultry farming in Kenya where one can earn a decent living. Embarking on chicken farming is a good profitable idea This article will talk more about poultry farming in Kenya. Broiler and layer poultry are used for commercial meat and egg production respectively. However, there are numerous world-famous meat and egg-producing poultry breeds available. It is important to select proper breeds according to your desired production. For commercial egg production choose highly productive layer breeds that are suitable for farming in the Kenyan environment. In the case of meat production select highly meat producing broiler poultry breeds.

Housing

The ideal house should provide the birds with a comfortable environment and protect them from the extremities of the prevailing climate (rain, wind, sunshine, etc). the house should provide adequate space for the flock to be kept in the house. The ideal stocking density is two square feet per bird (2 foot²/bird).

In the tropics, the ideal house is open-sided to allow natural ventilation and have an east-west orientation to minimize the amount of sunlight entering the house directly. It is important that the house be rectangular in shape and have walls not higher than three feet on the longer side. The wall can be made from off-cuts, iron sheets, silver boards, or bricks. The rest of the side to the wall should have a wire mesh. The roof of the house should have a reflecting surface and be pitched with overlaps. All these factors aid in ensuring that the house is comfortable and well ventilated.

Cement floors are the best finish as they are easier to clean. There should be a foot-bath at the entrance to the house for those entering the house to disinfect their footwear.

To reduce the risk of rodents gaining entrance into the flock house, clear all the vegetation in an area 3-4 meters around the flock house. The feed store should also be separate from the house.

Hygiene and Sanitation

In commercial layers farms, an all-in all-out system is the best management practice as it prevents the build-up of disease-causing organisms and disease outbreaks. In cases where farmers want to keep flocks of different ages, then each flock MUST be housed in its own house, and have a distance of 10m between the units.

The flock house should be constructed in isolated areas to decrease the risk of contamination. The house should be fenced to exclude stray animals and visitors. The door should always be locked.

  Poultry Farming in Kenya – Layers House With Dimensions For 500 Layers

  The wire mesh on the sides of the house should be of a small gauge ½” mesh, to prevent the entry of wild birds, cats, dogs, and rodents.

Only essential personnel should enter the flock house. Poultry workers should always wear clean, disinfected foot ware and clothing. When visiting birds of different ages, start with the youngest flock and always visit sick flocks last, irrespective of their age.

  Take measures to control all rodents, wild birds, and insects as they are known vectors of poultry diseases. Such measures can be mechanical, biological, or chemical.

Do not permit the introduction of materials and/or equipment into the poultry house without thorough cleaning and disinfection as these items can be carriers of disease-causing organisms.

Preparing the House

As soon as the spent flock has been depopulated, the layer house and equipment must be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected.

  It is important to allow the house to remain empty for at least 2 weeks (after the manure has been removed) before the next flock is placed. This allows time to reduce the build-up of disease-causing organisms and to prepare the house effectively for the next flock.

After the birds have been removed from the house, remove all the equipment from the house and dampen the ceiling, walls, and litter with water. This helps to minimize dust during litter removal.

Remove all old litter and dispose of it at least 1.5 km from the farm. Do not store it on, or spread it near the farm as it can re-contaminate the clean house when the wind might blow it back into the house, or via owners’ boots if they walk over it on their way to the house.

All unused feed in the feeders should be disposed of and not stored for the next flock to minimize chances of disease transmission. Only feed in bags stored in a store separated from the house can be kept for the next flock.

Wash the house with water and soap starting with the roof followed by the walls and finally the floor. Allow the house to dry before spraying the whole house with a disinfectant solution again starting from the roof. Simultaneously, wash and disinfect all the equipment from the house. Repair and maintenance to the house and/or equipment should be done during this time.

Once the house is dry, place four inches of litter material and put back all the clean and disinfected equipment into the house. Common types of litter are wood-shavings, straw, rice husks, and coffee husks. Good litter should insulate the floor and absorb moisture from the chicken droppings.

Prepare the brooder area at least 24 hours before the chicks arrive.

  Depending on the climatic conditions, the brooders MUST be turned on at least 6 hours prior to the arrival of the chicks. This ensures that the house environment, water, and feed are at the right temperature when the chicks arrive.

Chick Arrival and Brooding

On collecting the chicks, ensure that you have the correct number and that the chicks are uniform, alert, active, and free of any obvious deformities, unhealed navels, or signs of infection.

Chicks should be transported in a well-ventilated but not windy vehicle without direct exposure to sunlight or rain. The chick boxes should be loaded so that the air circulation is not impeded nor are the lower boxes squashed. The transport should go straight from the source (hatchery/sales office) to the farm without any unnecessary stops.

On arrival at the farm carefully remove the chick boxes from the transport vehicle into the flock house. Carefully remove the chicks from the boxes into the brooder ring.

Ideally, chicks should be placed under the brooder hovers 6 to 12 hours after hatching. The longer the time between the hatch and placement, the more the chicks become adversely affected.

  Once the chicks are in the brooder, they should be provided with wholesome drinking and feed. It is advisable to add Glucose (or Sugar), Vitamins and liquid paraffin (not kerosene) to this water. This provides the birds with a ready source of energy and helps in overcoming stress caused by traveling while the liquid paraffin assists in the passage of feces.

During the first 48 hours spread feed on a paper placed on the litter or placed in trays or feeder lids that are evenly distributed in the brooder area. This makes the feed more accessible to the chicks for a better start.

During brooding, it is important to maintain the proper temperature in the brooder. Below are the guidelines of the temperatures to be maintained:

  Temperatures

  Temperatures should be monitored by installing maximum-minimum thermometers in the brooder area at the height of the chicks. Observing the chicks’ behavior is also a good guide of the ambient temperature (see diagram).

  Chick Behavior Under Different Brooding Conditions

  Excessive chick noise during brooding is an indication that the chicks are uncomfortable. This is commonly due to improper temperatures and symptoms include:-

Chilled chicks

  Chicks huddle together, especially under the brooder.

Watery intestinal and cecal contents leading to watery/wet, droppings leading to wet pasted vents.

Overheated Chicks

Chicks lie prostrate with their heads and necks stretched out on the floor.

Chicks pant.

Increased water consumption by the chicks, leading to distention of the crop and intestines by the extra water.

Chicks move away from the heat source and seek cooler parts of the house. Sometimes crowed around the drinkers.

It is essential to maintain the proper temperature during brooding as chicks which are chilled in the first days of life will be stressed, have increased mortality, dehydration, retarded growth, poor uniformity and a higher incidence of ascites. While overheated chicks will be dehydrated, resulting in high mortality, runting / stunting syndrome, and poor flock uniformity.

The brooding area should be enlarged progressively to avoid overcrowding. The birds should be allowed to occupy the whole house by the time they are three (3) weeks of age.

During brooding it is essential to maintain proper ventilation regardless of the cost of maintaining the brooder temperatures. Ventilation is important in removing the ammonia from the house and ensuring that the litter is dry thereby reducing disease challenge. Layers also require fresh air to grow and produce eggs.

Lighting Programs

An appropriate lighting program is important but not critical. In the absence of electricity alternatives such as kerosene lamps can be utilized.

Layers are sensitive to change in the period of illumination, and these influence the age of sexual maturity and feed consumption.

  During rearing these programs encourage growth and control the bird’s sexual maturity while in production the objectives is to encourage feed intake hence increased lay.

Long day-lengths throughout the rearing allow the birds to increase their feed intake and hence growth. Hence it is advisable to use slowly decreasing light program for the first 7 weeks before leaving the birds on natural day length. The long day-length allows the birds to eat during the cooler parts of the day.

In the absence of photo-stimulation, the age at the start of production is determined by body weights. Weight varies depending on climatic conditions and the day-length experienced during rearing. Once photo-stimulation has started, age at the point of lay is no longer influenced by the pullet’s weight. It is therefore important not to start light stimulation until the pullets have achieved the target weights.

It is important to achieve the target weights as low body weight at sexual maturity not only reduces the mean egg weight but can also lower the overall performance (egg per hen housed, egg-shell quality, and livability) of the flock.

Irrespective of the production system and the location of the farm, three rules that MUST be observed are:

  NEVER increase the day-length during the growing stage (8-14 .weeks)

NEVER increase the day-length when the flock’s average body weight is below 1250 grams

NEVER decrease day-length after the start of lay.

Water

Distribute drinkers evenly throughout the whole house, alternating them with the feeders so that they are easily accessible to all birds. No bird should walk more than 1.5m to get to either feed or drink.

Provide one chick fount for 50 chicks during the first week and gradually replace them with the regular drinkers allowing space as indicated below:

Poultry Farming in Kenya – Water

Wash and disinfect chick drinkers daily. Ensure the drinkers are filled with fresh water after washing. Ensure that birds have access to wholesome drinking water at all times and NEVER allow the drinkers to go dry. During vaccinations do not disinfect the drinkers after washing, if the drinkers will be used for vaccination.

The actual consumption depends on ambient temperature and humidity. Above 20%, consumption increase to enable the bird to maintain body temperature by respiratory evaporation.

In hot periods it is essential to provide the flock with cool water as this will improve productivity. It is therefore extremely important to protect the water tanks from direct sunlight or ensure they have a reflective surface.

Always adjust the drinkers and feeders levels as the birds grow to ensure that the equipment is always slightly above the level of the birds’ back. This minimizes spillage.

Use a reliable water sanitizer (like chlorine) to control disease-producing organisms in the water.

Feeding

The feed is the greatest expense in commercial layer establishments, therefore it is important to purchase feed from a reputable miller who can assure consistency in the quality and performance of the feed.

Variations in the nutrient composition and quality of feed ingredients result in variations in feed composition and texture. These are due to variations in raw feed ingredients from season to season and even shipment to shipment.

  It is important to avoid mixing feeds from several millers, adding other protein sources (fish meal, etc) and minerals salts (DCP) as this changes the balance in the feed thereby affecting performance. Excess of some of these products also negatively affects the final products e.g. fishy taint in eggs due to more than 5% fish meal in the feed.

To start a flock, feeder lids or plastic feeder trays (one per 50 chicks) should be used. The feed should also be spread on paper placed over the litter, covering 40% of the floor.

Gradually remove the feeder lids or trays, replacing them with the adult feeders. By the time the birds are two weeks (14) days old, all the lids and trays should have been removed.

Raise the feeders gradually as the birds grow. Always ensure that the top lip of the feeder is at the same level as the birds’ backs.

   Chick and Duck Mash should be fed in the first eight weeks of life followed by Growers Mashup to two (2) weeks before the expected point of lay. The flock is then put on Layers Mash until the end of production. During the changes of the rations, mix the two rations so that the change is gradual. An abrupt change is stressful to the bird and can affect performance. Vitamins can be provided during this time to reduce stress. The average feed consumption expected with the corresponding weights of the birds are indicated below.

  Equipment outlay for a layer house housing 500 layers

  6 nest boxes each with 20 slots on 2 levels @ 1 Slot for 4 birds

Ventilation can be described as the circulation of fresh air through the flock house. This is achieved by the air passing from one side of the house and exhausting through the opposite side.

  Ventilation of layer houses serves several functions including:-

Removing excess heat and moisture

Providing oxygen while removing harmful gases

Reducing dust hence improving the air quality

In the tropics, where houses are open-sided, ventilation is managed by opening the curtains when it gets warm. This lets air from outside into the house. When it gets cold, curtains are closed to restrict the flow of air.

Curtains are normally made from used, clean and disinfected feed sacks stitched together, or canvas material. The curtains should be fastened to the side-wall at the bottom and open from the top. This will minimize wind or drafts blowing directly on the birds.

To ensure effective ventilation, every effort should be made to open the curtains on both sides of the building to the same level unless the wind is consistently from one side of the flock house then the curtain on this side should be opened less than the other side.

House should be constructed to take advantage of the prevailing winds to improve the efficiency of natural ventilation. Narrow houses (10 meters [33 feet] or less) with high pitched roofs provide more natural air movement. An east-west orientation of the house on its long axis reduces the solar heat level in the house.

  Disease Control and Prevention

Infectious diseases are the greatest risk to a commercial layer operation and attempts must be made to control and prevent disease. In most instances, the cost of treating clinical outbreaks of disease is enormous.

Sub-clinical, mild or chronic disease also leads to losses due to poor performance of the affected flocks.

To detect disease in their early stages, it is important for the flock attendants to be aware of the daily status of the birds. They should judge this by the behavior of the birds, droppings, feed intake, mortality rates, etc.

Any signs of ill health should be reported immediately to a veterinarian who can make the correct diagnosis and prescribe the appropriate treatment. Since most poultry diseases have very similar manifestations diagnosis by the farmers is strongly discouraged.

A vaccination program to meet both area and individual farm needs is essential for flock health management. Vaccination programs need to be reviewed periodically and any changes approved by an experienced veterinarian.

  It is important to follow the manufacturer’s directions on the storage and administration of vaccines. Generally, vaccines must be stored between 2 and 8 degrees centigrade, and transported in a cool box and should not be exposed to direct sunlight.

When vaccinating through the drinking water, the water supply system should be completely free of chlorine, medication, and/or other chemical agents for 48 hours prior to and for 24 hours after the vaccination. Depending on the ambient temperature, water should be withheld for 2-3 hours prior to the vaccination. The vaccine should be mixed with water which the birds will consume within two hours of being mixed.

Vaccinations should be done during the cooler part of the day either early morning or late evening. Before vaccinating always ensure that, there are sufficient vaccine doses to cover the flock and the birds are healthy. Also, ensure that the vaccines have not expired.

In eastern Africa, layers should be vaccinated against Mareks Disease, Infectious Bronchitis (IB), Newcastle Disease (NCD), Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD/ Gumboro Disease), Fowl pox, Fowl Typhoid and Fowl Cholera.

Below is a suggested vaccination program for layers

    Poultry Farming in Kenya – Vaccination

Fowl Cholera Sub Cutaneous

Due to the high maternal antibodies in the chicks obtained from Kenchic, it is important that the first Gumboro vaccination is not done before 10 days of age as the maternal antibodies neutralize the vaccine, leaving the chicks unprotected.

It is important to purchase your chicks from a hatchery where the vaccination history of the parents is available as this determines the level of protection the chicks have acquired from their parents and the vaccination program to follow.

Such hatcheries would also ensure that the appropriate day-old vaccinations are done effectively.

It is also important that vaccines are purchased from reputable vaccine manufactures or their appointed outlets (pharmacies, agro vet shops, etc)

  Such outlets are capable of ensuring that the vaccine cold chain is maintained and normally offer professional advice on various aspects of vaccinations.

Beak Trimming

Beak Trimming is done for two main reasons: To prevent feather pecking, cannibalism, and to reduce feed wastage. The operation is delicate and should be performed by specially trained personnel only. Poor beak trimming often leads to the unevenness of the beaks and in some birds causes difficulties in feeding and drinking thus low body weight.

In commercial laying flocks beak trimming should be done twice. A light trimming at 10 days and the second operation between 8 and 10 weeks of age. This is because trimming only at around 10 days will not prevent pecking entirely while if done too severely at that age will lead to a reduction in growth rate and uniformity.

Before Beak Trimming

Ensure that the birds are healthy and have not been vaccinated recently

Add vitamins (especially vitamin K) to the drinking water to prevent hemorrhages.

Ensure that the temperature of the trimming blade is high enough to prevent hemorrhages but not so high as to burn the birds.

Beak trimming at about 10 days

Hold the chick in one hand with the thumb behind the head

Hold the head firmly in position resting on the thumb

Cauterize or cut the beak tip and the lateral edges at least 2mm from the nostrils.

Beak trimming at 8 to 10 weeks

It is necessary to cut the beak perpendicularly at a right angle to its long axis so that after cauterization, about half of the beak between the tip and the nostrils is left.

To beak trim correctly at 10 weeks, insert a finger between the 2 mandibles and then beak trim and cauterize each mandible. For day 10 debeaking, put both mandibles through the middle hole of the machine. The blade should be at the right temperature. Cauterize with care, particularly at the side of the beak to ensure that the sides are rounded off to avoid lateral re-growths.

It is advisable to check the state of the beak trimming just before the point of lay and, if necessary do a re-trim of the overgrown beaks.

  After beak trimming

Make it easier for the birds to drink and eat by increasing the level of water in the drinkers and providing an adequate depth of feed in the feeders.

Parasites Control

Deworming– Layers are susceptible to infestation with a variety of species of worms, especially if raised on a deep litter system. These parasites reduce feed conversion efficiency causing a reduction in weight gain during the growing period and a drop in egg production in the production period.

The most common drugs for deworming layers flocks are Piperazine or Levamisole based and should be used according to the manufacturer’s instructions. These drugs cause production drops if used during production and should only be used on a veterinarian’s advice.

Layer flocks are routinely de-wormed at around 8 weeks of age and again at around 18-20 weeks of age, just before production commences. The flocks are not de-wormed again until after peak production unless there is a serious worm infestation. This is because de-worming during this time would lead to the flock NOT attaining peak production. Subsequently, the flock is de-wormed every 2-3 months or when worms are detected or identified.

External parasites-  Layer flocks are at times infected with red mites and fleas which suck blood and affect the performance. The birds should be dusted with an approved poultry insecticide and also the nest boxes and perches. After depleting the flock use an insecticide in the final disinfection.

Poultry Farming Business Plan and Record-Keeping

Keep complete and accurate records of daily feed intake, mortality, culls, and egg production. These will help you determine the level of profit or loss the system is making. Samples of record cards are attached at the end of the manual. It is also important to weigh the flock every week during its growing period. It is important that the weighing is done on the same day and time each week. This gives the farmer an idea of the growth rate of the flock and an indication of when the first egg is expected. Vaccination and medication records are also important. This should include the age of flock when vaccinated/medicated, vaccine/drug type used, method of administration, batch numbers, expiry dates, and who has given the medication. These are important in a disease situation as it guides the veterinarian to the probable source of the problem and the best management protocol.

General Management Tips

The following factors may predispose layers to disease or poor productivity

Over-crowding or over-stocking

High environmental temperatures

Poor ventilation and sanitation

Inadequate drinkers and/or feeders

Poor feed quality or inadequate feed

Changes in feed texture

Disease outbreaks in the surrounding areas

Improper lighting system / program

Some medications or vaccinations during production

Stress due to sudden noise

Stress due to poor handling of birds

Changes in climatic condition

If you feel this post has been of help, please share and like in order to reach out to others..and don’t forget to follow my web for more content.

Get it right and be the next egg merchant CHICKEN POULTRY FARMING  There are many types of poultry farming in Kenya where one can earn a decent living.

[phamios]

6 pcs/Lot Cake Musical Lotus Flower Rotating Happy Birthday Candle Holiday Wedding Birthday Party Candles Home Decoration

6 pcs/Lot Cake Musical Lotus Flower Rotating Happy Birthday Candle Holiday Wedding Birthday Party Candles Home Decoration

Feature:   The main ingredient is paraffin wax, which has a low melting point and a density less than water and insoluble in water. It is melt into a liquid state by heat, and is slightly heated and volatile. Paraffin has a characteristic odor. It solidifies into a solid when it is cold, and it is absolutely environmentally friendly and non-toxic. When they are exposed to strong light for…

[hudsonespie]

IMO Sub-Committee On PPR 7 Agrees Draft Amendments To MARPOL Annex I

Prohibiting the use and carriage for use as fuel of heavy fuel oil by ships in the Arctic waters- draft MARPOL amendments agreed

The Sub-Committee on Pollution Prevention and Response (PPR) agreed draft amendments to MARPOL Annex I (addition of a new regulation 43A) to introduce a prohibition on the use and carriage for use as fuel of heavy fuel oil (HFO) by ships in Arctic waters on and after 1 July 2024.

The draft amendments will be submitted to the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC 76) (19-23 October 2020) with a view to approval and circulation for adoption at MEPC 77 (spring 2021).

Representation Image – Credits: flikr.com/IMO

The prohibition would cover the use and carriage for use as fuel of oils having a density at 15°C higher than 900 kg/m3 or a kinematic viscosity at 50°C higher than 180 mm2/s.

Ships engaged in securing the safety of ships, or in search and rescue operations, and ships dedicated to oil spill preparedness and response would be exempted.

Ships which meet certain construction standards with regard to oil fuel tank protection would need to comply on and after 1 July 2029.

A Party to MARPOL with a coastline bordering Arctic waters may temporarily waive the requirements for ships flying its flag while operating in waters subject to that Party’s sovereignty or jurisdiction, up to 1 July 2029.

Currently, a MARPOL regulation prohibits the use or carriage of heavy grade oils on ships in the Antarctic; and under the Polar Code, ships are encouraged not to use or carry such oil in the Arctic.

Meanwhile, the Sub-Committee established a correspondence group to further develop draft guidelines on measures to reduce risks of use and carriage of HFO as fuel by ships in Arctic waters. The draft guidelines would cover ship operation, ship construction and heavy fuel oil bunkering, infrastructure and communication, enhancement of heavy fuel oil spill preparedness, early detection and response, and drills and training.

 Implementation of the IMO 2020 sulphur limit – verifying sulphur content of fuel on board – guidelines agreed

IMO 2020, the 0.50% limit for sulphur in ships’ fuel oil, has been in effect since 1 January 2020, cutting sulphur oxide emissions from ships operating worldwide. From 1 March 2020, the carriage ban on non-compliant fuel oil (except for ships with exhaust gas cleaning systems installed) will enter into force under MARPOL Annex VI, helping to support implementation of the global sulphur limit.

To support the safe and consistent sampling of fuel oil being carried for use, and the enforcement of the carriage ban, the Sub-Committee finalized draft guidelines which provide a recommended method for the sampling of liquid fuel oil intended to be used or carried for use on board a ship.

The draft 2020 Guidelines for sampling of fuel oil intended to be used or carried for use on board a ship will be forwarded to the next session of the Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC 75), which meets 30 March to 3 April 2020, with a view to adoption.

Revised guidelines on exhaust gas cleaning systems (scrubbers) agreed

The Sub-Committee finalized its work on revising the 2015 Guidelines for exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS, also known as “scrubbers”).

The revision is aimed at enhancing the uniform application of the guidelines, in light of recent technical developments and experience gathered from approvals and operation of such alternative compliance systems.

The draft 2020 EGCS Guidelines will be submitted to MEPC 75 for adoption.

The Guidelines specify the criteria for the testing, survey, certification and verification of EGCS under regulation 4 of MARPOL Annex VI to ensure that they provide effective equivalence to the sulphur oxide emission requirements of regulations 14.1 or 14.4 of MARPOL Annex VI, as applicable. They cover continuous monitoring requirements and discharge water quality criteria, including minimum pH, maximum PAHs (Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons) concentration; provisions to minimize suspended particulate matter, including heavy metals and ash, and to prevent discharge of nitrates beyond specified levels.

The Guidelines note that discharge water quality criteria should be reviewed in the future as more data becomes available. Guidance for voluntary discharge water data collection, by means of a recommended procedure for sampling, is included.

The Guidelines are expected to be applied to new exhaust gas cleaning systems installed after a date to be decided by the Committee.

Discharges from exhaust gas cleaning systems – evaluating and harmonizing rules and guidance

The Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) at its last session in May 2019 asked the PPR Sub-Committee to look into evaluating and harmonizing rules and guidance on the discharge of liquid effluents from EGCS.

To assist the discussions, a report from a task team established by the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP) was submitted. This report contains the conclusions of the task team in relation to the available evidence on the environmental effects of discharge water from EGCS, as well as recommendations on the data, tools and approaches that could be used as basis for conducting a risk assessment of the possible effects of discharges.

Following discussion in a working group, the Sub-Committee agreed to recommend to the MEPC that its future work should look at evaluation and harmonization of rules and guidance on the discharge of discharge water from EGCS into the aquatic environment, including conditions and areas.

The scope of the work should include:

risk assessment (development of risk assessment guidelines for the evaluation of possible harmful effects of the discharge water from EGCS, taking into account existing methods and mathematical models);

impact assessment (to consider developing impact assessment guidelines);

delivery of EGCS residues (developing guidance on delivery of EGCS residues to port reception facilities, regarding volumes and composition of residues);

regulatory matters (including assessing state of technology for EGCS discharge water treatment and control, identifying possible regulatory measures, developing a database of local/regional restrictions/conditions on the discharge water from EGCS;

database of substances (establishing a database of substances identified in EGCS discharge water, covering physico-chemical data, ecotoxicological data and toxicological data, leading to relevant endpoints for risk assessment purposes).

The MEPC was invited to approve the planned scope of work and to consider involving GESAMP for scientific advice.

Reducing the impact on the Arctic of Black Carbon emissions from international shipping.

Black Carbon in the context of international shipping is the product of incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels. Black Carbon emissions contribute to climate change as a ‘Short-Lived Climate Pollutant’.

IMO has been looking at how to measure and report on Black Carbon emissions, as part of its work to consider the impact on the Arctic of Black Carbon emissions from international shipping. A reporting protocol for voluntary measurement studies to collect Black Carbon data and Black Carbon measurement methods for data collection have already been agreed.

The Sub-Committee noted a number of submissions, including proposals to look at the aromatic content of blends of fuel oil. A high aromatic content, among other factors, could increase Black Carbon emissions from ships.

The International Standardization Organization (ISO) advised the Sub-Committee that it was already in the process of monitoring properties of very low sulphur fuel oil and high sulphur fuel oil and would provide feedback on their performance. ISO also advised the Sub-Committee that it would also consider whether it was possible to add a further measure to provide an approximate indication as to whether a fuel is more paraffinic or aromatic, based on the characteristics already included in the ISO 8217 standard, which specifies the requirements for fuels for use in marine diesel engines and boilers.

The Sub-Committee established a correspondence group to advance the development of a standardized sampling, conditioning, and measurement protocol, including a traceable reference method and an uncertainty analysis, taking into account the three most appropriate Black Carbon measurement methods (light absorption filter smoke number (FSN);  photo-acoustic spectroscopy (PAS); and laser induced incandescence (LII)), to make accurate and traceable (comparable) measurements of Black Carbon emissions; and investigate the linkages between the measurement systems and policy options.

Prohibiting cybutryne in anti-fouling systems 

The Sub-Committee finalized a proposed amendment to the IMO Convention for the Control of Harmful Anti-fouling Systems on Ships (AFS Convention), to include controls on the biocide cybutryne. The draft amendment will be forwarded to MEPC 75 for approval, with a view to adoption at MEPC 76.

The AFS Convention already prohibits the use of biocides using organotin compounds.

Revised guidance on commissioning testing of ballast water management systems agreed

Ballast water management systems (BWMS) may be used on ships to meet the requirements of IMO’s Ballast Water Management Convention, which has been in force since 2017 and aims to prevent the spread of invasive aquatic species in ballast water. An amendment to regulation E-1 of the BWM Convention, which is expected to be adopted by MEPC 75, mandates the commissioning testing of BWMS. The Sub-Committee completed its revision of guidance on this testing, which is intended to validate the installation of a BWMS by demonstrating that its mechanical, physical, chemical and biological processes are working properly.

Review of the Biofouling Guidelines

The Ballast Water Management Convention aims to prevent the spread of potentially harmful aquatic species in ballast water. But invasive species can also attach themselves to the outside of ships.

The Sub-Committee began its review of the IMO Biofouling Guidelines, which provide a globally consistent approach to the management of biofouling – the accumulation of various aquatic organisms on ships’ hulls.

The Sub-Committee identified key elements that require further attention and discussion, considered areas for potential revision of the Guidelines, and established a correspondence group on the review of the Biofouling Guidelines, to progress the relevant work and facilitate more effective deliberations at PPR 8.

IMO is executing the GEF-UNDP-IMO GloFouling Partnerships  project which aims to drive actions to implement the Biofouling Guidelines. The project will also spur the development of best practices and standards for improved biofouling management in other ocean industries.

Marine plastic litter – draft circulars agreed

The Sub-Committee prepared a draft MEPC circular on Provision of adequate facilities at ports and terminals for the reception of plastic waste from ships and a draft MEPC circular on Sharing of results from research on marine litter and encouraging studies to better understand microplastics from ships.

A correspondence group was established to consider how to amend MARPOL Annex V and the 2017 Guidelines for the implementation of MARPOL Annex V (resolution MEPC.295(71)), to facilitate and enhance reporting of the accidental loss or discharge of fishing gear, as currently provided in regulation 10.6 of MARPOL Annex V, and consider the information to be reported to Administrations and the IMO, the reporting mechanisms and modalities.

This work is in the context of the IMO Action Plan to address marine plastic litter from ships, which aims to enhance existing regulations and introduce new supporting measures to reduce marine plastic litter from ships. The action plan was adopted by the MEPC in 2018.

The MEPC agreed actions to be completed by 2025, which relate to all ships, including fishing vessels. The action plan supports IMO’s commitment to meeting the targets set in the UN 2030 Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14) on the oceans.

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The Simplest ways to make the best of Light Liquid Paraffin Oil

Being one of the main Light Liquid Paraffin Oil Importers and Suppliers in India, we carefully secure it from the dependable and guaranteed sources as it were. Utilized in different enterprises, for example, beauty care products, material, pharmaceutical, and so on our Light Liquid Paraffin Oil is highly sought after in the Indian markets. The Light Liquid paraffin IP is given by us at sensible costs. 

Utilized In 

Facial creams and salves 

Gelatin containers 

Nourishment additives 

Defensive coatings for organic products and vegetables 

Veterinary arrangements 

Egg additives 

As auxiliary plasticizer in plastic and petrochemical industry 

As a non-recoloring oil 

Paper industry 

We are occupied with offering a wide scope of Liquid Paraffin Oil in India which is a purged blend of liquid immersed hydrocarbons that are acquired from oil. These are additionally known by the name of light mineral oil or light liquid oil and are straightforward, drab and unscented in properties. Our Light Liquid paraffin IP stays free from fluorescence by sunlight and unscented when kept in virus condition. Application Areas: Ointment Textile Auxiliaries Leather industry Cosmetics Specification of Light Liquid Paraffin Appearance Clear Density 

We are occupied with offering a wide scope of paraffin oil which is a refined blend of liquid soaked hydrocarbons that are gotten from oil. These are utilized generally as fixings in child moisturizers, hair oil, healthy skin cream, material synthetic compounds, cold cream, balms and incense stick making. Our range incorporates Light Liquid paraffin IP, white mineral oil, material oil, mineral oil, substantial liquid paraffin oil and white delicate paraffin.

Liquid Paraffin for Hair 

[thehappyavenuebouquet-blog]

Crude Oil Refining about Diesel Fuel

The beginnings of the petrochemical industry date back to the 1850s. The first modern oil refineries were built by Ignacy Łukasiewicz near Jasło, Poland (then under Austrian rule) in 1854–56 [Frank 2005]. The refined products were used in Łukasiewicz’s kerosene lamp, as well as in artificial asphalt, machine oil and lubricants. A few years later, in 1859, crude oil was discovered in Pennsylvania in the United States. The first product refined from crude in Pennsylvania was also kerosene, used as lamp oil [Chevron 1998].

Since only a fraction of the crude could be refined into kerosene, the early refiners were left with quantities of petroleum by-products. These petroleum by-products attracted the attention of Rudolf Diesel, the inventor of compression ignition reciprocating engine. Diesel—whose first engine concept was designed to use coal dust as the fuel—recognized that liquid petroleum products might be better fuels than coal. The engine was re-designed for operation with liquid fuels, resulting in a successful prototype in 1895. Both the engine and the fuel still bear the name of Diesel.

Diesel fuel is a mixture of hydrocarbons���with boiling points in the range of 150 to 380°C—which are obtained from petroleum. Petroleum crude oils are composed of hydrocarbons of three major classes: (1) paraffinic, (2) naphthenic (or cycloparaffinic), and (3) aromatic hydrocarbons. Unsaturated hydrocarbons (olefins) rarely occur in the crude. It should be noted that the terms ‘paraffinic’ and ‘naphthenic’ sound obsolescent; we use them because they are still common in the petrochemical industry. In modern chemistry, the respective groups of hydrocarbons are called alkanes and cycloalkanes.

The composition of the crude can vary from thin light-colored brownish or greenish crude oils of low density, to thick and black oils resembling melted tar. The thin, low density oils are called “high-gravity” crude oils, and the thick high density ones, “low-gravity” crude oils. This convention, rather confusing to those outside the petroleum industry, is explained by the use of “API gravity” which is a fuel property inversely proportional to its density,

In the refining process, the crude oil is converted into transportation fuels—gasoline, jet fuel, and diesel fuel—and other petroleum products, such as liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), heating fuel, lubricating oil, wax, and asphalt. High-gravity crude oils contain more of the lighter products needed for the production of transportation fuels, and generally have lower sulfur content. Modern refining processes can also convert low-gravity crude oils into lighter products, at an added expense of more complex processing equipment, more processing steps, and more energy.

Modern refining processes can be classified into three basic categories:

Separation: The crude is separated into components based on some physical property. The most common separation process is distillation, where the components of the crude are separated into several streams based on their boiling temperature. Separation processes do not change the chemical structure of feedstock components.

Conversion: These processes change the molecular structure of feedstock components. The most common conversion processes are catalytic cracking and hydrocracking, which—as suggested by the names—involve “cracking” of large molecules into smaller ones.

Upgrading: Commonly used in reformulated fuels to remove compounds present in trace amounts that give the material some undesired qualities. The most commonly used upgrading process for diesel fuel is hydrotreating, which involves chemical reactions with hydrogen.

A schematic of modern refinery with diesel streams highlighted is shown in Figure 1 [Chevron 1998]. In the primary distillation column, operating under atmospheric pressure, the crude oil feedstock is separated into a number of streams of increasingly higher boiling point, which are called straight-run products (e.g., straight-run diesel). The material that is too heavy to vaporize in atmospheric distillation is removed from the bottom of the column (so called “atmospheric bottoms”). In most refineries, the atmospheric bottoms are further fractionated by a second distillation carried out under vacuum.

The quantity and quality of the streams drawn off from distillation depends on the chemical composition of the crude oil. Crude oils also yield proportions of gasoline, diesel, residual fuel oil, and other products which are usually different from the product demand patterns in particular markets. The only way to balance the refinery production pattern with market demands is through downstream conversion processes. In these conversion processes large hydrocarbon molecules are broken into smaller ones by application of heat, pressure, or catalysts. Refineries use thermal cracking (visbreaking and coking), catalytic cracking, and hydrocracking (also utilizing catalyst, but carried out under a high pressure of hydrogen) to increase the yield of desired products by cracking unwanted heavy fractions. The final products are obtained by blending conversion products (crack components) with the primary distillation streams.

Both blended and straight-run products may require a varying degree of upgrading, to reduce the content of sulfur, nitrogen, and other compounds. A range of processes called hydroprocessing use hydrogen with an appropriate catalyst to upgrade refinery streams. Hydroprocessing can vary from mild condition hydrofinishing that removes reactive compounds like olefins and some sulfur and nitrogen compounds, to more severe condition hydrotreating that saturates aromatic rings and removes almost all sulfur and nitrogen compounds.

As apparent from Figure 1, diesel fuels used in road transportation are distillate fuels, i.e., they do not contain (uncracked) residuum fractions. Petroleum residuum materials are contained in heating oils, as well as in marine fuels (also known as bunker fuels). Those products usually have largely different properties from distillate diesel fuels.

[hydraulics-en-blog]

Mineral oil

For crude oil found in geological deposits, see Petroleum. Bottle of mineral oil as sold in the U.S. A mineral oil is any of various colorless, odorless, light mixtures of higher alkanes from a mineral source, particularly a distillate of petroleum. The name mineral oil by itself is imprecise, having been used for many specific oils over the past few centuries. Other names, similarly imprecise, include white oil, liquid paraffin, pariffinum liquidum (Latin), and liquid petroleum. Baby oil is a perfumed mineral oil. Most often, mineral oil is a liquid by-product of refining crude oil to make gasoline and other petroleum products. This type of mineral oil is a transparent, colorless oil composed mainly of alkanes and cycloalkanes, related to petroleum jelly. It has a density of around 0.8 g/cm3. Mineral oil is a substance of relatively low value, and it is produced in very large quantities. Mineral oil is available in light and heavy grades, and can often be found in drug stores. Three basic classes of mineral oils exist: Alkanes, based on n-alkanes Naphthenic oils, based on cycloalkanes Aromatic oils, based on aromatic hydrocarbons (distinct from essential oils) ^ Mineral oil (Dictionary.com) ^ , efsa.europa.eu[dead link] ^ "Mechanical properties of materials". Kaye and Laby Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants. National Physical Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-03-06.  More details Android, Windows

[bioadvisers]

Bioadvisers shared on Biotech Advisers

Immunofluorescence (IF) how to make pictures more colorful

Junior: Brother, brother, come out soon

Senior: What should I do to my sister and sister, little sister

Junior: The fluorescence of IF I made with NeuN antibody is not clear, is it the reason for the secondary antibody?

Junior:

Senior: NeuN is a mature nuclear antigen, which focuses on nuclear localization. There are many reasons for the blurring of fluorescence. Judging from the results, the causes of antibodies can be eliminated.

Junior: We generally think that it is the cause of antibodies if the experiment is unsuccessful. Why is this not the cause of antibodies this time?

Senior: That’s for sure! Let me tell you slowly.

Each picture of immunofluorescence is a work of art. If you are a senior player of experimental immunohistochemistry, you can take a picture of it like this:

It is from http://www.fansbio.com/content/?400.html

It is from http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/thread/38628725?sf=2&dn=5#38628725

https://www.biofavor.cn/index-show-tid-200.html

http://www.rolesbio.com/product/5069.html

Various tissue shapes, cell structures, and protein shapes are scattered and organically combined to form a colorful and exquisite fluorescent world, uncovering the mysteries of scientific research one after another. It’s really beautiful (du).

So, how to operate in order to obtain a series of perfect immunofluorescence results like a senior player?

Today, I will take you to take a closer look at the immunofluorescence experiment~

Experimental principle:

Immunofluorescence (immunofluorescence technic): Coons equal to the first use of fluorescein for labeling in 1941 and achieved success. This technique of labeling antibodies with fluorescent substances for antigen localization is called fluorescent antibody technology (fluorescent antibody technique). The method of tracing or checking the corresponding antigen with fluorescent antibodies is called the fluorescent antibody method; the method of tracing or checking the corresponding antibodies with known fluorescent antigen labels is called the fluorescent antigen method. These two methods are collectively referred to as immunofluorescence technology, because fluorescent pigments can not only bind to antibody globulin for detecting or localizing various antigens, but also bind to other proteins for detecting or localizing antibodies, but fluorescent antigens are used in actual work. Technology is rarely used, so people are accustomed to call it fluorescent antibody technology, or immunofluorescence technology. The fluorescent antibody method is more commonly used. Immunofluorescence technology to display and examine the antigen or hapten material in cells or tissues is called immunofluorescence cell (or tissue) chemical technology.

Steps:

One. Sample processing

Ⅰ Cell slide

In the cell culture well plate, the slides that have climbed the cells are rinsed with PBS 3 times, 5 min each time.

  Fix in 4% paraformaldehyde or other fixing solution at room temperature for 15 minutes, wash three times with PBST for 5 minutes each time (fixation method is not unique, depending on the total cell type).

Ⅱ Frozen section

Frozen tissues of fixed tissues were equilibrated and rewarmed at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Wash three times with PBST, 5min each time;

Ø Paraffin section

Dewaxing Hydration

Soak in xylene Ⅰ cylinder for 15min;

Immersed in xylene II tank for 15min;

Soak in the No. 1 cylinder of absolute ethanol for 5min;

Soak in absolute ethanol No. 2 cylinder for 5min;

Soak in 95% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 80% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 60% ethanol for 5min;

Wash with deionized water 3 times, 5min each time.

Here, cylinders I and II refer to different containers, but the contents are the same.

Antigen retrieval

Take an appropriate amount of sodium citrate repair solution (pH 6.0) or Tris-EDTA repair solution (pH 9.0) in a glass beaker (the repair solution can not pass the slice holder), after the repair solution is boiled, put the slices in it, Close the lid and continue to boil the repair solution for 15min. Cool naturally in a fume kitchen.

two. Antibody recognition and fluorescence photography

Wash the slides 3 times with PBST, 3 minutes each time, absorb the PBST with absorbent paper, add normal goat serum onto the slides, and seal at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Absorb the blocking solution with absorbent paper, do not wash, add enough diluted primary antibody dropwise to each slide and put it in the wet box, incubate at room temperature for 2-3h (or incubate overnight at four degrees); secondary antibody incubate at room temperature Overnight at 1h or 4°C. Note: Starting with the addition of fluorescent primary antibodies, all subsequent steps should be carried out in a dark place.

Counterstaining nucleus: add DAPI and incubate in the dark for 5min to stain the specimen, PBST 5min × 4 times to wash away excess DAPI; 4. Absorb excess liquid on the slide with absorbent paper and quench with anti-fluorescence The mounting solution of the agent is mounted, and then observed and collected under a fluorescence microscope.

Troubleshooting FAQ

What should I do with irregularly shaped bright spots captured by immunofluorescence microscopy?

Irregular and more bright spots are generally due to impurities or dust on the surface of the slide material, which can be avoided by adjusting the focal plane to the tissue.

What is the method of channel switching during the photo?

First find the target position under white light, and adjust to the clearest focal length, and then switch to the fluorescent channel to shoot.

How to avoid dye fading?

In order to reduce the degree of fading of some samples, it is recommended to use neutral density filters in the light path before the light reaches the excitation filter, thereby reducing the intensity of the excitation light. In other cases, the fading effect can be reduced by changing the pH of the mounting medium or by using anti-bleaching agents (a few more important agents are listed in Table 2). For digital imaging, microphotography or simple visual observation, changing the field of view quickly can also avoid the fading effect.

What is the reason why the organization is clear in the process of taking pictures?

In the process of making tissue sections, there are some areas that are not firmly attached to the slides, and there is a tendency to take off the slide, resulting in the sample not on a focal plane, and a blurred image under the microscope.

No staining of tissue cells

One case is experimental operation problems, including inaccurate experimental operation methods, stale experimental materials, antibody species and reactivity selection, and antibody quality problems. These can be eliminated by setting up positive and negative control experiments. The second situation is the protein expression problem. Like the “WB experiment without bands” mentioned in the previous issue, the IF experiment preparation stage also needs to consult a lot of data to initially confirm the spatiotemporal expression profile of the target protein (including expression amount, expression site, and stimulation conditions Wait).

About Abbkine

Our position: to serve global users of cell and protein research, to provide users with economical and technical product solutions in the form of application processes and product portfolios.

Our mission: to stimulate our inner creativity, provide competitive biomedical products and services, and continue to create maximum value for customers.

Our vision: to be a respected, world-class supplier of biomedical products and services.

[bioadvisers]

Bioadvisers shared on Biotech Advisers

Immunofluorescence (IF) how to make pictures more colorful

Junior: Brother, brother, come out soon

Senior: What should I do to my sister and sister, little sister

Junior: The fluorescence of IF I made with NeuN antibody is not clear, is it the reason for the secondary antibody?

Junior:

Senior: NeuN is a mature nuclear antigen, which focuses on nuclear localization. There are many reasons for the blurring of fluorescence. Judging from the results, the causes of antibodies can be eliminated.

Junior: We generally think that it is the cause of antibodies if the experiment is unsuccessful. Why is this not the cause of antibodies this time?

Senior: That’s for sure! Let me tell you slowly.

Each picture of immunofluorescence is a work of art. If you are a senior player of experimental immunohistochemistry, you can take a picture of it like this:

It is from http://www.fansbio.com/content/?400.html

It is from http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/thread/38628725?sf=2&dn=5#38628725

https://www.biofavor.cn/index-show-tid-200.html

http://www.rolesbio.com/product/5069.html

Various tissue shapes, cell structures, and protein shapes are scattered and organically combined to form a colorful and exquisite fluorescent world, uncovering the mysteries of scientific research one after another. It’s really beautiful (du).

So, how to operate in order to obtain a series of perfect immunofluorescence results like a senior player?

Today, I will take you to take a closer look at the immunofluorescence experiment~

Experimental principle:

Immunofluorescence (immunofluorescence technic): Coons equal to the first use of fluorescein for labeling in 1941 and achieved success. This technique of labeling antibodies with fluorescent substances for antigen localization is called fluorescent antibody technology (fluorescent antibody technique). The method of tracing or checking the corresponding antigen with fluorescent antibodies is called the fluorescent antibody method; the method of tracing or checking the corresponding antibodies with known fluorescent antigen labels is called the fluorescent antigen method. These two methods are collectively referred to as immunofluorescence technology, because fluorescent pigments can not only bind to antibody globulin for detecting or localizing various antigens, but also bind to other proteins for detecting or localizing antibodies, but fluorescent antigens are used in actual work. Technology is rarely used, so people are accustomed to call it fluorescent antibody technology, or immunofluorescence technology. The fluorescent antibody method is more commonly used. Immunofluorescence technology to display and examine the antigen or hapten material in cells or tissues is called immunofluorescence cell (or tissue) chemical technology.

Steps:

One. Sample processing

Ⅰ Cell slide

In the cell culture well plate, the slides that have climbed the cells are rinsed with PBS 3 times, 5 min each time.

  Fix in 4% paraformaldehyde or other fixing solution at room temperature for 15 minutes, wash three times with PBST for 5 minutes each time (fixation method is not unique, depending on the total cell type).

Ⅱ Frozen section

Frozen tissues of fixed tissues were equilibrated and rewarmed at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Wash three times with PBST, 5min each time;

Ø Paraffin section

Dewaxing Hydration

Soak in xylene Ⅰ cylinder for 15min;

Immersed in xylene II tank for 15min;

Soak in the No. 1 cylinder of absolute ethanol for 5min;

Soak in absolute ethanol No. 2 cylinder for 5min;

Soak in 95% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 80% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 60% ethanol for 5min;

Wash with deionized water 3 times, 5min each time.

Here, cylinders I and II refer to different containers, but the contents are the same.

Antigen retrieval

Take an appropriate amount of sodium citrate repair solution (pH 6.0) or Tris-EDTA repair solution (pH 9.0) in a glass beaker (the repair solution can not pass the slice holder), after the repair solution is boiled, put the slices in it, Close the lid and continue to boil the repair solution for 15min. Cool naturally in a fume kitchen.

two. Antibody recognition and fluorescence photography

Wash the slides 3 times with PBST, 3 minutes each time, absorb the PBST with absorbent paper, add normal goat serum onto the slides, and seal at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Absorb the blocking solution with absorbent paper, do not wash, add enough diluted primary antibody dropwise to each slide and put it in the wet box, incubate at room temperature for 2-3h (or incubate overnight at four degrees); secondary antibody incubate at room temperature Overnight at 1h or 4°C. Note: Starting with the addition of fluorescent primary antibodies, all subsequent steps should be carried out in a dark place.

Counterstaining nucleus: add DAPI and incubate in the dark for 5min to stain the specimen, PBST 5min × 4 times to wash away excess DAPI; 4. Absorb excess liquid on the slide with absorbent paper and quench with anti-fluorescence The mounting solution of the agent is mounted, and then observed and collected under a fluorescence microscope.

Troubleshooting FAQ

What should I do with irregularly shaped bright spots captured by immunofluorescence microscopy?

Irregular and more bright spots are generally due to impurities or dust on the surface of the slide material, which can be avoided by adjusting the focal plane to the tissue.

What is the method of channel switching during the photo?

First find the target position under white light, and adjust to the clearest focal length, and then switch to the fluorescent channel to shoot.

How to avoid dye fading?

In order to reduce the degree of fading of some samples, it is recommended to use neutral density filters in the light path before the light reaches the excitation filter, thereby reducing the intensity of the excitation light. In other cases, the fading effect can be reduced by changing the pH of the mounting medium or by using anti-bleaching agents (a few more important agents are listed in Table 2). For digital imaging, microphotography or simple visual observation, changing the field of view quickly can also avoid the fading effect.

What is the reason why the organization is clear in the process of taking pictures?

In the process of making tissue sections, there are some areas that are not firmly attached to the slides, and there is a tendency to take off the slide, resulting in the sample not on a focal plane, and a blurred image under the microscope.

No staining of tissue cells

One case is experimental operation problems, including inaccurate experimental operation methods, stale experimental materials, antibody species and reactivity selection, and antibody quality problems. These can be eliminated by setting up positive and negative control experiments. The second situation is the protein expression problem. Like the “WB experiment without bands” mentioned in the previous issue, the IF experiment preparation stage also needs to consult a lot of data to initially confirm the spatiotemporal expression profile of the target protein (including expression amount, expression site, and stimulation conditions Wait).

About Abbkine

Our position: to serve global users of cell and protein research, to provide users with economical and technical product solutions in the form of application processes and product portfolios.

Our mission: to stimulate our inner creativity, provide competitive biomedical products and services, and continue to create maximum value for customers.

Our vision: to be a respected, world-class supplier of biomedical products and services.

[bioadvisers]

Bioadvisers shared on Biotech Advisers

Immunofluorescence (IF) how to make pictures more colorful

Junior: Brother, brother, come out soon

Senior: What should I do to my sister and sister, little sister

Junior: The fluorescence of IF I made with NeuN antibody is not clear, is it the reason for the secondary antibody?

Junior:

Senior: NeuN is a mature nuclear antigen, which focuses on nuclear localization. There are many reasons for the blurring of fluorescence. Judging from the results, the causes of antibodies can be eliminated.

Junior: We generally think that it is the cause of antibodies if the experiment is unsuccessful. Why is this not the cause of antibodies this time?

Senior: That’s for sure! Let me tell you slowly.

Each picture of immunofluorescence is a work of art. If you are a senior player of experimental immunohistochemistry, you can take a picture of it like this:

It is from http://www.fansbio.com/content/?400.html

It is from http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/thread/38628725?sf=2&dn=5#38628725

https://www.biofavor.cn/index-show-tid-200.html

http://www.rolesbio.com/product/5069.html

Various tissue shapes, cell structures, and protein shapes are scattered and organically combined to form a colorful and exquisite fluorescent world, uncovering the mysteries of scientific research one after another. It’s really beautiful (du).

So, how to operate in order to obtain a series of perfect immunofluorescence results like a senior player?

Today, I will take you to take a closer look at the immunofluorescence experiment~

Experimental principle:

Immunofluorescence (immunofluorescence technic): Coons equal to the first use of fluorescein for labeling in 1941 and achieved success. This technique of labeling antibodies with fluorescent substances for antigen localization is called fluorescent antibody technology (fluorescent antibody technique). The method of tracing or checking the corresponding antigen with fluorescent antibodies is called the fluorescent antibody method; the method of tracing or checking the corresponding antibodies with known fluorescent antigen labels is called the fluorescent antigen method. These two methods are collectively referred to as immunofluorescence technology, because fluorescent pigments can not only bind to antibody globulin for detecting or localizing various antigens, but also bind to other proteins for detecting or localizing antibodies, but fluorescent antigens are used in actual work. Technology is rarely used, so people are accustomed to call it fluorescent antibody technology, or immunofluorescence technology. The fluorescent antibody method is more commonly used. Immunofluorescence technology to display and examine the antigen or hapten material in cells or tissues is called immunofluorescence cell (or tissue) chemical technology.

Steps:

One. Sample processing

Ⅰ Cell slide

In the cell culture well plate, the slides that have climbed the cells are rinsed with PBS 3 times, 5 min each time.

  Fix in 4% paraformaldehyde or other fixing solution at room temperature for 15 minutes, wash three times with PBST for 5 minutes each time (fixation method is not unique, depending on the total cell type).

Ⅱ Frozen section

Frozen tissues of fixed tissues were equilibrated and rewarmed at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Wash three times with PBST, 5min each time;

Ø Paraffin section

Dewaxing Hydration

Soak in xylene Ⅰ cylinder for 15min;

Immersed in xylene II tank for 15min;

Soak in the No. 1 cylinder of absolute ethanol for 5min;

Soak in absolute ethanol No. 2 cylinder for 5min;

Soak in 95% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 80% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 60% ethanol for 5min;

Wash with deionized water 3 times, 5min each time.

Here, cylinders I and II refer to different containers, but the contents are the same.

Antigen retrieval

Take an appropriate amount of sodium citrate repair solution (pH 6.0) or Tris-EDTA repair solution (pH 9.0) in a glass beaker (the repair solution can not pass the slice holder), after the repair solution is boiled, put the slices in it, Close the lid and continue to boil the repair solution for 15min. Cool naturally in a fume kitchen.

two. Antibody recognition and fluorescence photography

Wash the slides 3 times with PBST, 3 minutes each time, absorb the PBST with absorbent paper, add normal goat serum onto the slides, and seal at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Absorb the blocking solution with absorbent paper, do not wash, add enough diluted primary antibody dropwise to each slide and put it in the wet box, incubate at room temperature for 2-3h (or incubate overnight at four degrees); secondary antibody incubate at room temperature Overnight at 1h or 4°C. Note: Starting with the addition of fluorescent primary antibodies, all subsequent steps should be carried out in a dark place.

Counterstaining nucleus: add DAPI and incubate in the dark for 5min to stain the specimen, PBST 5min × 4 times to wash away excess DAPI; 4. Absorb excess liquid on the slide with absorbent paper and quench with anti-fluorescence The mounting solution of the agent is mounted, and then observed and collected under a fluorescence microscope.

Troubleshooting FAQ

What should I do with irregularly shaped bright spots captured by immunofluorescence microscopy?

Irregular and more bright spots are generally due to impurities or dust on the surface of the slide material, which can be avoided by adjusting the focal plane to the tissue.

What is the method of channel switching during the photo?

First find the target position under white light, and adjust to the clearest focal length, and then switch to the fluorescent channel to shoot.

How to avoid dye fading?

In order to reduce the degree of fading of some samples, it is recommended to use neutral density filters in the light path before the light reaches the excitation filter, thereby reducing the intensity of the excitation light. In other cases, the fading effect can be reduced by changing the pH of the mounting medium or by using anti-bleaching agents (a few more important agents are listed in Table 2). For digital imaging, microphotography or simple visual observation, changing the field of view quickly can also avoid the fading effect.

What is the reason why the organization is clear in the process of taking pictures?

In the process of making tissue sections, there are some areas that are not firmly attached to the slides, and there is a tendency to take off the slide, resulting in the sample not on a focal plane, and a blurred image under the microscope.

No staining of tissue cells

One case is experimental operation problems, including inaccurate experimental operation methods, stale experimental materials, antibody species and reactivity selection, and antibody quality problems. These can be eliminated by setting up positive and negative control experiments. The second situation is the protein expression problem. Like the “WB experiment without bands” mentioned in the previous issue, the IF experiment preparation stage also needs to consult a lot of data to initially confirm the spatiotemporal expression profile of the target protein (including expression amount, expression site, and stimulation conditions Wait).

About Abbkine

Our position: to serve global users of cell and protein research, to provide users with economical and technical product solutions in the form of application processes and product portfolios.

Our mission: to stimulate our inner creativity, provide competitive biomedical products and services, and continue to create maximum value for customers.

Our vision: to be a respected, world-class supplier of biomedical products and services.

[bioadvisers]

Bioadvisers shared on Biotech Advisers

Immunofluorescence (IF) how to make pictures more colorful

Junior: Brother, brother, come out soon

Senior: What should I do to my sister and sister, little sister

Junior: The fluorescence of IF I made with NeuN antibody is not clear, is it the reason for the secondary antibody?

Junior:

Senior: NeuN is a mature nuclear antigen, which focuses on nuclear localization. There are many reasons for the blurring of fluorescence. Judging from the results, the causes of antibodies can be eliminated.

Junior: We generally think that it is the cause of antibodies if the experiment is unsuccessful. Why is this not the cause of antibodies this time?

Senior: That’s for sure! Let me tell you slowly.

Each picture of immunofluorescence is a work of art. If you are a senior player of experimental immunohistochemistry, you can take a picture of it like this:

It is from http://www.fansbio.com/content/?400.html

It is from http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/thread/38628725?sf=2&dn=5#38628725

https://www.biofavor.cn/index-show-tid-200.html

http://www.rolesbio.com/product/5069.html

Various tissue shapes, cell structures, and protein shapes are scattered and organically combined to form a colorful and exquisite fluorescent world, uncovering the mysteries of scientific research one after another. It’s really beautiful (du).

So, how to operate in order to obtain a series of perfect immunofluorescence results like a senior player?

Today, I will take you to take a closer look at the immunofluorescence experiment~

Experimental principle:

Immunofluorescence (immunofluorescence technic): Coons equal to the first use of fluorescein for labeling in 1941 and achieved success. This technique of labeling antibodies with fluorescent substances for antigen localization is called fluorescent antibody technology (fluorescent antibody technique). The method of tracing or checking the corresponding antigen with fluorescent antibodies is called the fluorescent antibody method; the method of tracing or checking the corresponding antibodies with known fluorescent antigen labels is called the fluorescent antigen method. These two methods are collectively referred to as immunofluorescence technology, because fluorescent pigments can not only bind to antibody globulin for detecting or localizing various antigens, but also bind to other proteins for detecting or localizing antibodies, but fluorescent antigens are used in actual work. Technology is rarely used, so people are accustomed to call it fluorescent antibody technology, or immunofluorescence technology. The fluorescent antibody method is more commonly used. Immunofluorescence technology to display and examine the antigen or hapten material in cells or tissues is called immunofluorescence cell (or tissue) chemical technology.

Steps:

One. Sample processing

Ⅰ Cell slide

In the cell culture well plate, the slides that have climbed the cells are rinsed with PBS 3 times, 5 min each time.

  Fix in 4% paraformaldehyde or other fixing solution at room temperature for 15 minutes, wash three times with PBST for 5 minutes each time (fixation method is not unique, depending on the total cell type).

Ⅱ Frozen section

Frozen tissues of fixed tissues were equilibrated and rewarmed at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Wash three times with PBST, 5min each time;

Ø Paraffin section

Dewaxing Hydration

Soak in xylene Ⅰ cylinder for 15min;

Immersed in xylene II tank for 15min;

Soak in the No. 1 cylinder of absolute ethanol for 5min;

Soak in absolute ethanol No. 2 cylinder for 5min;

Soak in 95% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 80% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 60% ethanol for 5min;

Wash with deionized water 3 times, 5min each time.

Here, cylinders I and II refer to different containers, but the contents are the same.

Antigen retrieval

Take an appropriate amount of sodium citrate repair solution (pH 6.0) or Tris-EDTA repair solution (pH 9.0) in a glass beaker (the repair solution can not pass the slice holder), after the repair solution is boiled, put the slices in it, Close the lid and continue to boil the repair solution for 15min. Cool naturally in a fume kitchen.

two. Antibody recognition and fluorescence photography

Wash the slides 3 times with PBST, 3 minutes each time, absorb the PBST with absorbent paper, add normal goat serum onto the slides, and seal at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Absorb the blocking solution with absorbent paper, do not wash, add enough diluted primary antibody dropwise to each slide and put it in the wet box, incubate at room temperature for 2-3h (or incubate overnight at four degrees); secondary antibody incubate at room temperature Overnight at 1h or 4°C. Note: Starting with the addition of fluorescent primary antibodies, all subsequent steps should be carried out in a dark place.

Counterstaining nucleus: add DAPI and incubate in the dark for 5min to stain the specimen, PBST 5min × 4 times to wash away excess DAPI; 4. Absorb excess liquid on the slide with absorbent paper and quench with anti-fluorescence The mounting solution of the agent is mounted, and then observed and collected under a fluorescence microscope.

Troubleshooting FAQ

What should I do with irregularly shaped bright spots captured by immunofluorescence microscopy?

Irregular and more bright spots are generally due to impurities or dust on the surface of the slide material, which can be avoided by adjusting the focal plane to the tissue.

What is the method of channel switching during the photo?

First find the target position under white light, and adjust to the clearest focal length, and then switch to the fluorescent channel to shoot.

How to avoid dye fading?

In order to reduce the degree of fading of some samples, it is recommended to use neutral density filters in the light path before the light reaches the excitation filter, thereby reducing the intensity of the excitation light. In other cases, the fading effect can be reduced by changing the pH of the mounting medium or by using anti-bleaching agents (a few more important agents are listed in Table 2). For digital imaging, microphotography or simple visual observation, changing the field of view quickly can also avoid the fading effect.

What is the reason why the organization is clear in the process of taking pictures?

In the process of making tissue sections, there are some areas that are not firmly attached to the slides, and there is a tendency to take off the slide, resulting in the sample not on a focal plane, and a blurred image under the microscope.

No staining of tissue cells

One case is experimental operation problems, including inaccurate experimental operation methods, stale experimental materials, antibody species and reactivity selection, and antibody quality problems. These can be eliminated by setting up positive and negative control experiments. The second situation is the protein expression problem. Like the “WB experiment without bands” mentioned in the previous issue, the IF experiment preparation stage also needs to consult a lot of data to initially confirm the spatiotemporal expression profile of the target protein (including expression amount, expression site, and stimulation conditions Wait).

About Abbkine

Our position: to serve global users of cell and protein research, to provide users with economical and technical product solutions in the form of application processes and product portfolios.

Our mission: to stimulate our inner creativity, provide competitive biomedical products and services, and continue to create maximum value for customers.

Our vision: to be a respected, world-class supplier of biomedical products and services.

[bioadvisers]

Bioadvisers shared on Biotech Advisers

Immunofluorescence (IF) how to make pictures more colorful

Junior: Brother, brother, come out soon

Senior: What should I do to my sister and sister, little sister

Junior: The fluorescence of IF I made with NeuN antibody is not clear, is it the reason for the secondary antibody?

Junior:

Senior: NeuN is a mature nuclear antigen, which focuses on nuclear localization. There are many reasons for the blurring of fluorescence. Judging from the results, the causes of antibodies can be eliminated.

Junior: We generally think that it is the cause of antibodies if the experiment is unsuccessful. Why is this not the cause of antibodies this time?

Senior: That’s for sure! Let me tell you slowly.

Each picture of immunofluorescence is a work of art. If you are a senior player of experimental immunohistochemistry, you can take a picture of it like this:

It is from http://www.fansbio.com/content/?400.html

It is from http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/thread/38628725?sf=2&dn=5#38628725

https://www.biofavor.cn/index-show-tid-200.html

http://www.rolesbio.com/product/5069.html

Various tissue shapes, cell structures, and protein shapes are scattered and organically combined to form a colorful and exquisite fluorescent world, uncovering the mysteries of scientific research one after another. It’s really beautiful (du).

So, how to operate in order to obtain a series of perfect immunofluorescence results like a senior player?

Today, I will take you to take a closer look at the immunofluorescence experiment~

Experimental principle:

Immunofluorescence (immunofluorescence technic): Coons equal to the first use of fluorescein for labeling in 1941 and achieved success. This technique of labeling antibodies with fluorescent substances for antigen localization is called fluorescent antibody technology (fluorescent antibody technique). The method of tracing or checking the corresponding antigen with fluorescent antibodies is called the fluorescent antibody method; the method of tracing or checking the corresponding antibodies with known fluorescent antigen labels is called the fluorescent antigen method. These two methods are collectively referred to as immunofluorescence technology, because fluorescent pigments can not only bind to antibody globulin for detecting or localizing various antigens, but also bind to other proteins for detecting or localizing antibodies, but fluorescent antigens are used in actual work. Technology is rarely used, so people are accustomed to call it fluorescent antibody technology, or immunofluorescence technology. The fluorescent antibody method is more commonly used. Immunofluorescence technology to display and examine the antigen or hapten material in cells or tissues is called immunofluorescence cell (or tissue) chemical technology.

Steps:

One. Sample processing

Ⅰ Cell slide

In the cell culture well plate, the slides that have climbed the cells are rinsed with PBS 3 times, 5 min each time.

  Fix in 4% paraformaldehyde or other fixing solution at room temperature for 15 minutes, wash three times with PBST for 5 minutes each time (fixation method is not unique, depending on the total cell type).

Ⅱ Frozen section

Frozen tissues of fixed tissues were equilibrated and rewarmed at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Wash three times with PBST, 5min each time;

Ø Paraffin section

Dewaxing Hydration

Soak in xylene Ⅰ cylinder for 15min;

Immersed in xylene II tank for 15min;

Soak in the No. 1 cylinder of absolute ethanol for 5min;

Soak in absolute ethanol No. 2 cylinder for 5min;

Soak in 95% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 80% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 60% ethanol for 5min;

Wash with deionized water 3 times, 5min each time.

Here, cylinders I and II refer to different containers, but the contents are the same.

Antigen retrieval

Take an appropriate amount of sodium citrate repair solution (pH 6.0) or Tris-EDTA repair solution (pH 9.0) in a glass beaker (the repair solution can not pass the slice holder), after the repair solution is boiled, put the slices in it, Close the lid and continue to boil the repair solution for 15min. Cool naturally in a fume kitchen.

two. Antibody recognition and fluorescence photography

Wash the slides 3 times with PBST, 3 minutes each time, absorb the PBST with absorbent paper, add normal goat serum onto the slides, and seal at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Absorb the blocking solution with absorbent paper, do not wash, add enough diluted primary antibody dropwise to each slide and put it in the wet box, incubate at room temperature for 2-3h (or incubate overnight at four degrees); secondary antibody incubate at room temperature Overnight at 1h or 4°C. Note: Starting with the addition of fluorescent primary antibodies, all subsequent steps should be carried out in a dark place.

Counterstaining nucleus: add DAPI and incubate in the dark for 5min to stain the specimen, PBST 5min × 4 times to wash away excess DAPI; 4. Absorb excess liquid on the slide with absorbent paper and quench with anti-fluorescence The mounting solution of the agent is mounted, and then observed and collected under a fluorescence microscope.

Troubleshooting FAQ

What should I do with irregularly shaped bright spots captured by immunofluorescence microscopy?

Irregular and more bright spots are generally due to impurities or dust on the surface of the slide material, which can be avoided by adjusting the focal plane to the tissue.

What is the method of channel switching during the photo?

First find the target position under white light, and adjust to the clearest focal length, and then switch to the fluorescent channel to shoot.

How to avoid dye fading?

In order to reduce the degree of fading of some samples, it is recommended to use neutral density filters in the light path before the light reaches the excitation filter, thereby reducing the intensity of the excitation light. In other cases, the fading effect can be reduced by changing the pH of the mounting medium or by using anti-bleaching agents (a few more important agents are listed in Table 2). For digital imaging, microphotography or simple visual observation, changing the field of view quickly can also avoid the fading effect.

What is the reason why the organization is clear in the process of taking pictures?

In the process of making tissue sections, there are some areas that are not firmly attached to the slides, and there is a tendency to take off the slide, resulting in the sample not on a focal plane, and a blurred image under the microscope.

No staining of tissue cells

One case is experimental operation problems, including inaccurate experimental operation methods, stale experimental materials, antibody species and reactivity selection, and antibody quality problems. These can be eliminated by setting up positive and negative control experiments. The second situation is the protein expression problem. Like the “WB experiment without bands” mentioned in the previous issue, the IF experiment preparation stage also needs to consult a lot of data to initially confirm the spatiotemporal expression profile of the target protein (including expression amount, expression site, and stimulation conditions Wait).

About Abbkine

Our position: to serve global users of cell and protein research, to provide users with economical and technical product solutions in the form of application processes and product portfolios.

Our mission: to stimulate our inner creativity, provide competitive biomedical products and services, and continue to create maximum value for customers.

Our vision: to be a respected, world-class supplier of biomedical products and services.

[bioadvisers]

Bioadvisers shared on Biotech Advisers

Immunofluorescence (IF) how to make pictures more colorful

Junior: Brother, brother, come out soon

Senior: What should I do to my sister and sister, little sister

Junior: The fluorescence of IF I made with NeuN antibody is not clear, is it the reason for the secondary antibody?

Junior:

Senior: NeuN is a mature nuclear antigen, which focuses on nuclear localization. There are many reasons for the blurring of fluorescence. Judging from the results, the causes of antibodies can be eliminated.

Junior: We generally think that it is the cause of antibodies if the experiment is unsuccessful. Why is this not the cause of antibodies this time?

Senior: That’s for sure! Let me tell you slowly.

Each picture of immunofluorescence is a work of art. If you are a senior player of experimental immunohistochemistry, you can take a picture of it like this:

It is from http://www.fansbio.com/content/?400.html

It is from http://www.dxy.cn/bbs/thread/38628725?sf=2&dn=5#38628725

https://www.biofavor.cn/index-show-tid-200.html

http://www.rolesbio.com/product/5069.html

Various tissue shapes, cell structures, and protein shapes are scattered and organically combined to form a colorful and exquisite fluorescent world, uncovering the mysteries of scientific research one after another. It’s really beautiful (du).

So, how to operate in order to obtain a series of perfect immunofluorescence results like a senior player?

Today, I will take you to take a closer look at the immunofluorescence experiment~

Experimental principle:

Immunofluorescence (immunofluorescence technic): Coons equal to the first use of fluorescein for labeling in 1941 and achieved success. This technique of labeling antibodies with fluorescent substances for antigen localization is called fluorescent antibody technology (fluorescent antibody technique). The method of tracing or checking the corresponding antigen with fluorescent antibodies is called the fluorescent antibody method; the method of tracing or checking the corresponding antibodies with known fluorescent antigen labels is called the fluorescent antigen method. These two methods are collectively referred to as immunofluorescence technology, because fluorescent pigments can not only bind to antibody globulin for detecting or localizing various antigens, but also bind to other proteins for detecting or localizing antibodies, but fluorescent antigens are used in actual work. Technology is rarely used, so people are accustomed to call it fluorescent antibody technology, or immunofluorescence technology. The fluorescent antibody method is more commonly used. Immunofluorescence technology to display and examine the antigen or hapten material in cells or tissues is called immunofluorescence cell (or tissue) chemical technology.

Steps:

One. Sample processing

Ⅰ Cell slide

In the cell culture well plate, the slides that have climbed the cells are rinsed with PBS 3 times, 5 min each time.

  Fix in 4% paraformaldehyde or other fixing solution at room temperature for 15 minutes, wash three times with PBST for 5 minutes each time (fixation method is not unique, depending on the total cell type).

Ⅱ Frozen section

Frozen tissues of fixed tissues were equilibrated and rewarmed at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Wash three times with PBST, 5min each time;

Ø Paraffin section

Dewaxing Hydration

Soak in xylene Ⅰ cylinder for 15min;

Immersed in xylene II tank for 15min;

Soak in the No. 1 cylinder of absolute ethanol for 5min;

Soak in absolute ethanol No. 2 cylinder for 5min;

Soak in 95% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 80% ethanol for 5min;

Soak in 60% ethanol for 5min;

Wash with deionized water 3 times, 5min each time.

Here, cylinders I and II refer to different containers, but the contents are the same.

Antigen retrieval

Take an appropriate amount of sodium citrate repair solution (pH 6.0) or Tris-EDTA repair solution (pH 9.0) in a glass beaker (the repair solution can not pass the slice holder), after the repair solution is boiled, put the slices in it, Close the lid and continue to boil the repair solution for 15min. Cool naturally in a fume kitchen.

two. Antibody recognition and fluorescence photography

Wash the slides 3 times with PBST, 3 minutes each time, absorb the PBST with absorbent paper, add normal goat serum onto the slides, and seal at room temperature for 30 minutes;

Absorb the blocking solution with absorbent paper, do not wash, add enough diluted primary antibody dropwise to each slide and put it in the wet box, incubate at room temperature for 2-3h (or incubate overnight at four degrees); secondary antibody incubate at room temperature Overnight at 1h or 4°C. Note: Starting with the addition of fluorescent primary antibodies, all subsequent steps should be carried out in a dark place.

Counterstaining nucleus: add DAPI and incubate in the dark for 5min to stain the specimen, PBST 5min × 4 times to wash away excess DAPI; 4. Absorb excess liquid on the slide with absorbent paper and quench with anti-fluorescence The mounting solution of the agent is mounted, and then observed and collected under a fluorescence microscope.

Troubleshooting FAQ

What should I do with irregularly shaped bright spots captured by immunofluorescence microscopy?

Irregular and more bright spots are generally due to impurities or dust on the surface of the slide material, which can be avoided by adjusting the focal plane to the tissue.

What is the method of channel switching during the photo?

First find the target position under white light, and adjust to the clearest focal length, and then switch to the fluorescent channel to shoot.

How to avoid dye fading?

In order to reduce the degree of fading of some samples, it is recommended to use neutral density filters in the light path before the light reaches the excitation filter, thereby reducing the intensity of the excitation light. In other cases, the fading effect can be reduced by changing the pH of the mounting medium or by using anti-bleaching agents (a few more important agents are listed in Table 2). For digital imaging, microphotography or simple visual observation, changing the field of view quickly can also avoid the fading effect.

What is the reason why the organization is clear in the process of taking pictures?

In the process of making tissue sections, there are some areas that are not firmly attached to the slides, and there is a tendency to take off the slide, resulting in the sample not on a focal plane, and a blurred image under the microscope.

No staining of tissue cells

One case is experimental operation problems, including inaccurate experimental operation methods, stale experimental materials, antibody species and reactivity selection, and antibody quality problems. These can be eliminated by setting up positive and negative control experiments. The second situation is the protein expression problem. Like the “WB experiment without bands” mentioned in the previous issue, the IF experiment preparation stage also needs to consult a lot of data to initially confirm the spatiotemporal expression profile of the target protein (including expression amount, expression site, and stimulation conditions Wait).

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