#bulk light liquid paraffin

[skevblogs]

A Versatile and Essential Ingredient of Light Liquid Paraffin

Introduction

Light Liquid Paraffin (LLP) is a clear, odorless, and highly refined mineral oil derived from petroleum. It is a versatile product used in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial applications. Its excellent emollient and lubricating properties make it a popular choice for manufacturers and suppliers worldwide. If you are looking for a reliable bulk Light Liquid Paraffin manufacturer or bulk Light Liquid Paraffin supplier, Shree Krishna Enviro Venture Private Limited is your trusted partner. We specialize in providing high-quality bulk Light Liquid Paraffin to meet the diverse needs of industries globally.

In this blog, we will explore the uses, properties, and benefits of Light Liquid Paraffin, along with why it is a must-have ingredient for various applications. Whether you are interested in light liquid paraffin bulk price, light liquid paraffin wholesale, or its specific uses, this guide will provide you with all the essential information.

What is Light Liquid Paraffin?

Light Liquid Paraffin, also known as liquid paraffin light, is a highly refined mineral oil that is colorless, odorless, and non-toxic. It is derived from petroleum through a rigorous refining process, ensuring its purity and safety for use in sensitive applications like pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Its unique properties, such as being odorless and colorless, make it an ideal ingredient in products where fragrance and appearance matter. Additionally, its non-toxic nature ensures it is safe for use in skincare, haircare, and medicinal products.

Uses of Light Liquid Paraffin

1. In Pharmaceuticals

One of the most common uses of Light Liquid Paraffin is in the pharmaceutical industry. It is widely used as a medicinal laxative to treat constipation. By coating the intestinal walls, it helps in smooth bowel movements, providing relief from discomfort.

Moreover, Light Liquid Paraffin IP and Light Liquid Paraffin BP grades are specifically used in ointments and creams to treat dry skin, eczema, and minor skin irritations. Its moisturizing effect helps retain skin moisture, making it a key ingredient in medicinal formulations.

2. In Cosmetics and Skincare

Liquid paraffin for skin is a game-changer in the cosmetics industry. Its ability to form a protective barrier on the skin prevents moisture loss, keeping the skin soft and hydrated. This makes it a popular ingredient in:

Light liquid paraffin oil for baby care products

Creams and lotions for dry skin

Lip balms and hair care products like light liquid paraffin for hair

Its non-greasy texture and high stability ensure that it does not degrade easily, making it a long-lasting ingredient in skincare formulations.

3. In Industrial Applications

Industries rely on bulk Light Liquid Paraffin for its excellent lubricating properties. It is used in machinery to reduce friction and ensure smooth operation. Additionally, it is a key component in the production of polishes, coatings, and textile manufacturing.

Its light liquid paraffin density and light liquid paraffin boiling point make it suitable for high-temperature industrial processes, ensuring consistent performance.

Properties of Light Liquid Paraffin

Light Liquid Paraffin is known for its unique properties, which make it a preferred choice across industries:

Odorless and Colorless: Does not alter the fragrance or appearance of products.

Non-Toxic: Safe for use in sensitive applications like pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.

Highly Stable: Resists degradation, ensuring a long shelf life.

Moisturizing: Forms a protective barrier on the skin, preventing moisture loss.

Lubricating: Reduces friction in industrial applications.

These properties make it a versatile and essential ingredient in various products.

How to Use Light Liquid Paraffin

If you are wondering how to use Light Liquid Paraffin, here are some tips:

For Skin: Apply a small amount of light liquid paraffin oil to dry areas of the skin. It works as an excellent moisturizer and protects against irritation.

For Hair: Use light liquid paraffin for hair to add shine and prevent dryness. Apply a few drops to your scalp and hair, then rinse thoroughly.

For Constipation: Follow the dosage instructions provided by your healthcare provider when using liquid paraffin for constipation.

Always refer to the light liquid paraffin MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) for safety guidelines and handling instructions.

Why Choose Shree Krishna Enviro Venture Private Limited?

As a leading bulk Light Liquid Paraffin manufacturer and bulk Light Liquid Paraffin supplier, Shree Krishna Enviro Venture Private Limited is committed to delivering high-quality products at competitive light liquid paraffin bulk price. Our light liquid paraffin wholesale services ensure that you receive the best value for your investment.

We understand the importance of quality and reliability, which is why we adhere to strict quality control measures.

Conclusion

Light Liquid Paraffin is a versatile and essential ingredient that plays a crucial role in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial applications. Its unique properties, such as being odorless, colorless, and non-toxic, make it a preferred choice for manufacturers and suppliers worldwide.

If you are looking for a trusted partner to meet your bulk Light Liquid Paraffin needs, look no further than Shree Krishna Enviro Venture Private Limited. With our commitment to quality, competitive pricing, and reliable service, we are your one-stop solution for all your Light Liquid Paraffin requirements.

Choose Shree Krishna Enviro Venture Private Limited for high-quality bulk Light Liquid Paraffin and experience the difference in quality and service. Contact us today to learn more about our products and services!

[chemanalyst]

Propylene’s Manufacturing Techniques and Multiple Applications

Propylene is a vital chemical in the field of chemical engineering as it is considered as one of the most important basic chemicals that are used for the production of a number of other compounds. From Propylene oxide to acrylonitrile, cumene and acrylic acid, the derivatives derived from Propylene are a crucial factor in the production of a diverse range of products that we use in our everyday life. These chemicals are used in the production of films, fibers, containers, packaging materials and caps and closures to demonstrate the significance and usefulness of Propylene in modern industry. Let us explore the role of Propylene in various industries and the new solutions it inspires.

Introduction

Propene, also referred to as Propylene, serves as a crucial building block akin to ethene, particularly in the production of poly(propene) or Polypropylene. Unlike ethene, propene readily participates in substitution reactions, yielding a diverse array of significant chemicals. Its primary applications include the production of Polypropylene, acrolein, acrylonitrile, cumene, Propylene oxide, and butanal. These derivatives are instrumental in the manufacturing of acrylic polymers, phenol, acetone, polyurethanes, and surface coating solvents, showcasing propene's pivotal role in various industrial processes and product formulations.

Manufacturing Process

The production of Propylene is not direct, but indirectly through various other major industrial processes. Here are the two main ways Propylene is produced:

Steam Cracking: This is one of the largest processes accountings for the bulk of Propylene in the world today. Steam cracking is a process in which heavier hydrocarbons such as naphtha or natural gas liquids are cracked in a cracking furnace at high temperatures and with the use of steam. This process produces a mixture of several hydrocarbons with different chain lengths – the main product is ethylene and Propylene as a by-product.

Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC): This process is carried out in FCC units in refineries. FCC is mainly used to upgrade heavier gas oil from crude oil into gasoline. This process also produces a lighter stream of byproducts consisting of Propylene and other hydrocarbons. The significance of FCC as a Propylene source is expanding because it can process different feedstocks and likely to meet the growing Propylene demand.

Steam Cracking Units

The steam cracking process plays a pivotal role in the petrochemical sector, serving as the primary method for producing light olefins like ethylene and Propylene. It involves thermal cracking, utilizing either gas or naphtha, to generate these olefins. This review focuses on the naphtha steam cracking process, which primarily involves straight run naphtha sourced from crude oil distillation units. To qualify as petrochemical naphtha, the stream typically requires a high paraffin content, exceeding 66%.

Cracking reactions take place within the furnace tubes, and a significant concern and constraint for the operational lifespan of steam cracking units is the formation of coke deposits in these tubes. These reactions occur at elevated temperatures, typically ranging from 500°C to 700°C, depending on the feedstock's properties. For heavier feeds like gas oil, lower temperatures are employed to minimize coke formation.

The steam cracking process is characterized by high temperatures and short residence times. While the primary focus of a naphtha steam cracking unit is typically ethylene production, the yield of Propylene in such units can reach up to 15%.

Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC)

Presently, a significant portion of the Propylene market relies on steam cracking units for supply. However, a considerable share of the global Propylene demand stems from the separation of LPG generated in Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCC).

Typically, LPG generated in FCC units contains approximately 30% Propylene, and the added value of Propylene is nearly 2.5 times that of LPG. In local markets, the installation of Propylene separation units proves to be a financially rewarding investment. However, a drawback of separating Propylene from LPG is that it results in a heavier fuel, causing specification issues, particularly in colder regions. In such cases, alternatives include segregating the butanes and redirecting them to the gasoline pool, adding propane to the LPG, or supplementing LPG with natural gas. It's important to note that some of these alternatives may decrease the availability of LPG, which could pose a significant constraint based on market demand.

A challenge in Propylene production lies in the separation of propane and Propylene, a task complicated by their close relative volatility of approximately 1.1. Traditional distillation methods struggle due to this narrow gap, necessitating distillation columns with numerous equilibrium stages and high internal reflux flow rates.

Two primary technologies employed for Propylene-propane separation are Heat-Pump and High Pressure configurations. The High Pressure approach relies on conventional separation methods, requiring sufficient pressure to condense products at ambient temperature, with a reboiler utilizing steam or another heat source. However, this method's reliance on low-pressure steam availability in refining hardware can be limiting. Alternatively, the Heat-Pump technology utilizes the heat from condensing top products in the reboiler, effectively combining the reboiler and condenser into a single unit. To address non-idealities, an auxiliary condenser with cooling water may be installed.

Implementing Heat-Pump technology enables a reduction in operating pressure from approximately 20 bar to 10 bar, thereby increasing the relative volatility of Propylene-propane and simplifying the separation process. Typically, Heat-Pump technology proves more attractive when distillation becomes challenging, particularly when relative volatilities are below 1.5.

Several variables must be considered when selecting the optimal technology for Propylene separation, including utility availability, temperature differentials in the column, and installation costs.

Propylene produced in refineries typically adheres to specific grades: Polymer grade, with a minimum purity of 99.5%, is directed towards the Polypropylene market, while Chemical grade, with purities ranging from 90 to 95%, is allocated for other applications. A comprehensive process flow diagram for a standard Propylene separation unit utilizing Heat-Pump configuration is illustrated in the following Figure.

The LPG extracted from the FCC unit undergoes a series of separation processes to isolate the light fraction, primarily comprising propane and Propylene. This fraction is then directed to a deethanizer column, while the heavier fraction, containing butanes, is either routed to the LPG or gasoline pool, depending on refinery configuration. The lighter fraction from the deethanizer column is often recycled back to the FCC unit for incorporation into the refinery fuel gas pool. Alternatively, it may be directed to petrochemical plants for the recovery of light olefins, particularly ethylene. The bottom fraction from the deethanizer column undergoes further separation in the C3 splitter column to separate propane and Propylene. Propane is recovered from the bottom of the C3 splitter and sent to the LPG pool, while Propylene is directed to the Propylene storage park. Before processing, the feed stream undergoes a caustic wash treatment to remove contaminants, such as carbonyl sulfide (COS), which can adversely affect petrochemical processes and may be produced in the FCC unit through the reaction between carbon monoxide and sulfur in the Riser.

Major Technologies Used for Producing Propylene

Process: OCT Process

Lummus Technology, one of the leading technology providers, presents two deliberate pathways to Propylene: Olefins Conversion Technology (OCT), which employs olefins metathesis, and CATOFIN propane dehydrogenation.

Traditionally, commercial on-purpose Propylene production methods have contributed to less than 5% of the global Propylene output, with the majority sourced as a by-product of steam crackers and fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units.

Through the OCT process, low- value butylenes are subjected to reaction with ethylene to yield Propylene. The ethylene feedstock can range from diluted ethylene, typical of an FCC unit, to polymer-grade ethylene. Potential C4 feedstocks encompass mixed C4s generated in steam cracking, raffinate C4s from MTBE or butadiene extraction, and C4s produced within an FCC unit.

The ultra-high purity Propylene yielded by the OCT process surpasses polymer-grade specifications and promises potential cost savings in downstream Polypropylene facilities.

The mixture of ethylene feed and recycled ethylene is combined with the C4/C5 feed and recycled butenes/pentenes, and then heated before entering the fixed-bed metathesis reactor. Within the reactor, the catalyst facilitates the reaction of ethylene with butene-2 to produce Propylene, and the conversion of ethylene and pentenes to Propylene and butenes, while also isomerizing butene-1 to butene-2. Some coke buildup occurs on the catalyst, necessitating periodic regeneration of the beds using nitrogen-diluted air. The process is engineered for high utilization of olefins, typically ranging from 90 to 97%, with a Propylene selectivity of around 94 to 95%. After cooling and fractionation to remove ethylene for recycling, a portion of the recycle stream is purged to eliminate methane, ethane, and other light impurities. The bottoms from the ethylene column are directed to the Propylene column, where butenes/pentenes are separated for recycling to the reactor, and some are purged to eliminate unreacted butenes, isobutenes, butanes, unreacted pentenes, isopentenes, pentanes, and heavier compounds from the process. The overhead product from the Propylene column constitutes high-purity, polymer-grade Propylene.

Applications of Propylene

Polypropylene

The vast majority of Propylene, a key industrial ingredient, goes into making Polypropylene. This versatile plastic is used in everything from clothes and water bottles to patio furniture and countless other items. The most prominent among Propylene’s stars is Polypropylene (PP). This is a strong plastic that is used in packaging and is significantly lightweight. PP dominates the food container and beverage bottle market as well as the textile bag and carpet industry. It is resistant to moisture, chemicals, and heat that makes it ideal for food packaging and protecting some items when being transported. And its price makes it the first choice of the manufacturers.

Cumene

Cumene, a crucial intermediate compound, is predominantly synthesized through the Friedel-Crafts alkylation process involving Propylene and Benzene. This organic chemical holds significant value and finds widespread application in various products including plastics, pharmaceuticals, and adhesives. Moreover, cumene's exceptional solvency properties make it a preferred solvent in formulations for paints, inks, and cleaners. Its derivatives play a pivotal role in the production of polymers such as PET and polycarbonates, essential materials utilized in packaging, electronics, and construction industries. Additionally, cumene serves as an effective octane booster in gasoline, enhancing combustion efficiency and engine performance while reducing exhaust emissions.

Oxo Alcohol

Oxo alcohols form an important class of chemical intermediates that are used to produce plasticizers, coatings, and detergents. Oxo alcohols are used in a wide variety of industries from plastics and coatings to pharmaceuticals and cosmetics industries thus emphasizing their significance in various industrial processes.

Isopropanol

In the indirect-hydration method, Propylene undergoes a reaction with sulfuric acid to generate mono- and diisopropyl sulfates, which are subsequently hydrolyzed to produce isopropanol. This versatile compound is commonly diluted with water and employed as a rubbing-alcohol antiseptic, and it also serves as a key ingredient in aftershave lotions, hand lotions, and various cosmetic products. In industrial applications, isopropanol functions as a cost-effective solvent for cosmetics, medications, shellacs, and gums, in addition to its role in denaturing ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

Market Outlook

The majority of globally produced Propylene is utilized in the manufacturing of Polypropylene through polymerization. Propylene and its derivatives play crucial roles in various industries, including packaging, electronics, automotive, textiles, cosmetics, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, construction, and others. Polypropylene stands as the predominant thermoplastic polymer, serving as a pivotal material for plastic components across a multitude of industries such as packaging, electronics, automotive, textiles, and beyond. Furthermore, various derivatives of Propylene are utilized across an array of sectors including cosmetics, personal care, food and beverage, pharmaceuticals, construction, automotive, and others, encompassing textiles, paper, pulp, electronics, consumer goods, and chemicals. As these sectors expand, the demand for Propylene is expected to increase.

Propylene Major Global Producers

Notable players in the Global Propylene market are Reliance Industries Limited, Indian Oil Corporation Limited, HPCL-Mittal Energy Limited, Haldia Petrochemicals Limited, Mangalore Refinery & Petrochemicals Ltd, Brahmaputra Cracker and Polymers Limited, Shenhua Ningxia Coal Group Corporation Limited, Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited, Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited, GAIL (India) Limited, Nayara Energy Limited, Fujian Refining & Petrochemical Co Ltd, Zhong Tian He Chuang Energy, Sinopec Sabic Tianjin Petrochemical Co., Ltd., Wanhua Chemical Group Co., Ltd,  and Others.

Conclusion:

In summary, Propylene can be considered as a highly important, versatile and indispensable chemical compound that is used as an input for various industries around the globe. Its importance as a major producer of Polypropylene, an important thermoplastic material used in packaging and automobile industries, among others, attests to its significance in the economy. Furthermore, Propylene and other derivatives are used in various chemical industries such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and construction industries. The anticipated growth of the Polypropylene industry is expected to significantly propel the market in the coming years. Additionally, various derivatives of Propylene, including Propylene oxide, acrylic acid, acetone, IPA, Polypropylene glycol, and cumene, find extensive applications across numerous industries, further driving demand for Propylene in the forecast period. Moreover, the rapidly expanding construction, automotive, and packaging industries present promising growth prospects in the global Propylene market.

[littlewoodenworld]

Zero Waste: Low Hanging Fruit

I thought I’d share a few of my thoughts on moving toward waste reduction.

1. Use it up. Finish the products you already have in your home. I spent 2020 diligently working my way through all kinds of products: crappy shampoos I don’t like, half-empty body washes, weird travel toothpastes, you name it. Recycle the packaging if you can.

2. Replace as you go. While you’re using things up, research waste-free alternatives and replace things as you go. For example, I’ve got half a tube of regular toothpaste left, and before it runs out completely, I’ll order some toothpaste tablets to replace the plastic tube. This is what I mean by “low hanging fruit” — it’s easiest to swap out something when you have to buy a replacement anyway. You don’t need to do a dramatic (and wasteful) purge and an expensive all-at-once lifestyle change. Just do better a little bit at a time!

3. Beware Greenwashing. Most plastic is not curbside-recyclable, even if it says “recyclable” on the container. “Compostable” packaging will need to be sent to an industrial composting facility that actually accepts compostable products. (You can try to find a place by going to http://www.findacomposter.com and select compostable products as the feedstock). The best packaging is no packaging, followed by paper or cardboard which can actually be composted in your home bins.

Here are a few swaps I’ve made.

- Swiffers - Steam Mop (bonus, chemical-free!)

- Toothpaste, Toothbrushes, Floss - https://bitetoothpastebits.com

- Aluminum Antiperspirant - Natural deodorant in cardboard packaging https://meowmeowtweet.com/collections/deodorant/products/baking-soda-free-deodorant-stick

- Paraffin tea lights in disposable aluminium cups- beeswax tea lights with reusable steel cups https://www.katesmerc.com

- Plastic Ziplocks - reusable silicone ziplocks

- Household cleaning spray (409, Mrs. Myers) - Diluted Castile soap (bulk purchase) in glass spray bottles, white vinegar in glass spray bottle

Paper napkins - cloth napkins

Hand soap - diluted Castile soap in foaming dispenser

- Paper towels - cloth “unpaper” towels, I use Gerber Birdseye cloth flat fold diapers (cheaper, last forever)

- Shampoo & Conditioner - Refill bottles from local bulk soap shop

- Body wash - Bar soap in compostable cardboard box

- Tampons - silicone menstrual cup

- Diet Coke & Carbonated Water - plain water in reusable steel water bottle

- Dishwasher Pods (yikes plastic!) - Plastic-free tablets https://www.blueland.com

- Laundry Detergent - tablets from https://www.blueland.com or powder from https://meliorameansbetter.com

- Makeup - Cake mascara (also doubles as liquid liner and brow filler) and lipstick https://besamecosmetics.com

- Hand creams, cuticle cream, lip balm - Bag Balm https://bagbalm.com

I hope this helps give you a few ideas and resources for making easy swaps. I’m definitely not an expert and I know there is a lot more I can do to improve my footprint, but these are baby steps I’m taking ☺️ (not sponsored by any of these companies, just sharing what I use)

[chemanalystsblog]

Naphtha Price In USA | Naphtha production, demand and supply | ChemAnalyst

In contrast to the market fundamentals of Naphtha across the globe, saturated US market has made light Naphtha dive to its lowest level in the first week of September from June. As the force measure caused by Hurricane Laura negatively affected the export margins of various oil refiners, market players eyed to make up for their loss by catering to the large export demand in late September. However, few players showed resistance towards voyages to Asia due to the volatile freight charges in the region. During the second quarter of 2021, the overall Naphtha output by the US refineries improved as several crackers in the US Gulf region were seen ramping up run rates after the winter storm Uri affected production levels in Q1.  As per the EIA report, net U.S.

 Naphtha production for petrochemical feedstock usage surged to 6.08 million barrels in April 2021. As the regional industrial infrastructure showed better efficiency backed by strong enquiries for petrochemical intermediates, the domestic Naphtha market reported improved dynamics in the North American region. Even though the prices of Brent Crude observed continuous hike in the North American market, Naphtha prices showed some ease during the second quarter of 2021. FOB Texas discussions were assessed at USD 882 per tonne in June.

About: Naphtha is a liquid hydrocarbon mixture, mainly utilized for gasoline blending, reforming and petrochemical cracking. Naphtha can be categorized as Light Paraffin Naphtha and Heavy Naphtha, depending upon the production method. Since Light Naphtha is rich in olefins and boils at a comparatively lower temperature than Heavy Naphtha, it is widely utilized to manufacture various olefins/polyolefins like Propylene, Ethylene and others. Whereas Heavy Naphtha, being rich in aromatic and naphthenic content, is efficiently utilized as a feedstock for compounds such as Benzene, Toluene and others. It is also used to increase the octane number in gasoline reforming. Naphtha solvent of ideal properties is widely preferred for polymers, paint and coating and printing applications. Naphtha is primarily produced by crude refining in a crude distillation unit along with four other compounds namely light and heavy gas oil, kerosene and atmospheric residue. Development of advanced technology has enabled the production of Naphtha from gas to gas liquid processing and condensate splitting.

Product Specific Details: 

CAS No.: 8030-30-6; HS Code: 27101221 & 27101222; Grades: Light, Heavy, Open-Spec; Packaging Size: Tank; Incoterms: CFR, FOB, Ex-Works, Bulk Contracted, Spot

Countries Covered:

APAC – China, Japan, India, South Korea, Singapore, Europe – Germany, France, Belgium America – USA, Brazil MEA – Saudi Arabia, UAE, South Africa

[worldwide2018-blog]

DIY Candles: Best Presents for Your Loved Ones

Make the perfect gift for your loved ones through candle making. Candle making is one of the most convenient ways to prepare a present for any event. It is made with thought and careful consideration so the ones who will be accepting it will appreciate the work you put in it.

Candles have been used for various things. Of course, it is used mainly for light since many years ago, the only way humans could see through the dark was with the help of candles. There was no electricity back in the day. Nowadays, candles are often used for relaxation or aromatherapy. It is also used when you are trying to set up an ambiance during special events such as romantic candlelit dinners with your partner, for example. 

To make your own special candle, follow the steps below:

1. Pick your Wax

The most important part of candle making is the wax. Firstly, there are three types of waxes to choose from for your candle making. These are paraffin, beeswax, and soy.

Paraffin is the most used and popular wax. You can often see candles in stores made of this material. It is cheap and comes in a variety of colors too. The only downside to this wax is that it contains harmful toxins. So, if you don’t want that, might as well choose safer options.

Beeswax is the most expensive wax compared to the other three. From the word itself, it is the material that comes from the honey-making process of the bees. It is also considered the oldest wax used for candles. It has a yellowish color and has a naturally sweet scent. Because it is a natural ingredient, its scent often overpowers those of additives that you would want to mix it with.

Soy is the wax that is gaining popularity these days. It is derived from soybean oil. It is also much preferred than paraffin because it doesn’t have chemicals. Although sometimes, it can be mixed with other waxes. It is cheaper than beeswax too, and it can also absorb any fragrance or additives that you would like to mix it with.

After choosing the kind of wax that you want, then you just need to measure how much wax you should use for your candle.

2. Melt your Wax in a Double Boiler and Add your Additives

With your wax ready, the next step is to melt it. You just have to stir it for at least 10 to 15 minutes, until the wax has turned into liquid. After all the wax has melted, the next step is to pour your fragrances or essential oils. This is to give it that wonderful scent. It is advisable that you choose one that can help for relaxation. 

 3. Prepare your Wick and Pour the Wax into the Container

Prepare the wick for your candle by sticking the wick into the container with superglue. You can also dip the wick into the melted wax and then stick it in the container. You can choose either as long as it sticks well to the bottom. After that, you then pour the wax carefully. You should then secure the wick with either a pen or chopsticks until the wax hardens.

4. Make the Final Touches

After the wax hardens, you should check the top if there are holes in it or cracks and if there were, then pour another hot melted wax to cover it. When all of that is done, you should then cut your wick to the desired length. Your candle is finally done.

 Where can you buy your materials for candle making?

We at Worldwide Wholesale Warehouse Inc. offer candle making supplies in bulk and wholesale. We have natural beeswax that comes at an affordable price and natural fragrances too! You can now make the best presents for the most special moments. It will be a memorable gift for those you care about.

[thehappyavenuebouquet-blog]

Light Crude Oil

The terms light and heavy in reference to crude can be misleading. Rather than referring to weight, they actually refer to density, with “light” crude being less dense than heavy crude. Light crude has a low viscosity and because it has low wax content, it is a liquid at room temperature. These properties make it easy to pump and extract. Light oil constitutes approximately 30% of the world’s petroleum reserves.

Light crude is composed of a high number of paraffins, which are straight and branched chain hydrocarbons that have a high hydrogen to carbon ratio. Essentially, they have two hydrogen atoms for every carbon atom they contain. Because hydrogen weighs roughly 12 times less than carbon, paraffins are lighter and less dense than hydrocarbons with a lower hydrogen to carbon ratio. The best light crudes contain roughly 60% paraffin.

Light crude not only has a high number of paraffins, but the paraffins that is does contain tend to be shorter in length. Currently, gasoline is the most valuable product derived from crude oil. The bulk of “typical” gasoline contains paraffins that are 10 carbon atoms in length. That is, the hydrocarbons in gasoline are mostly made up by linking 10 carbon atoms end to end to create a chain. The chain length range in gasoline is 4 to 12 carbons. Because light crude naturally contains a high number of these short chains, it does not have to be refined to a great extent to produce gasoline.

Light crude is traded on several exchanges, but none as important as the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) where light crude is traded as a commodity under the designation “CL.” Prices set on the NYMEX determine the prices that will be paid for a product throughout the world. In general, when the “cost of a barrel of crude” is referenced it is the price of light crude on the NYMEX that is being quoted. Usually that light crude is either West Texas Intermediate or Brent Crude. When trading crude, the minimum price fluctuation is $0.01. However, because the smallest contract size allowed is 1,000 barrels, this equates to a change in price on the exchange of $10.00.

The NYMEX is so important that it even dictates the cutoff API gravity value used to determine what is light or heavy crude. The term “light crude” is not set in stone and is not consistent across the globe. The region that crude comes from helps determine if its API gravity falls into the light or the heavy category. U.S. oil with an API between 37 degrees and 42 degrees is considered light. By comparison, the NYMEX designates any non-U.S. oil between 32 and 42 degrees API as light. So, “light” oil from outside of the U.S. may be denser than “light” oil produced inside the United States. Arabian standards are different as are those set by the Canadian National Energy Board and the government of Mexico. In the end, the NYMEX has the largest sway in terms of what oil gets the financial incentive of being called “light.” Remember that API is inversely related to density, so the greater the API, the lighter the oil.

Light crude is found through-out the world, but three benchmarks are commonly referenced and tend to set the standard in terms of price. They are West Texas Intermediate (API 39.6), Brent Crude (API 38.06), and Dubai Crude (API 31.0). Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia, the largest oil field in the world produces light crudes with API values that range from 33 degrees to 40 degrees. Note that an API of 31 is considered light by Arabian standards, but would not be light if produced inside of the United States.

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