#led screen Naples

[soflostudio]

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[iwantasecretgarden]

This scene specifically is so powerful for Katya (played by Cybill Shepherd) as a character for a number of reasons. Firstly, she shows agency as a partner to Goncharov for the first time mid-film as his equal, willing to make problems - even former business partners - disappear. She’s not the helpless alcohol-soaked victim she portrays to avoid suspicion, even from her husband himself. Katya is aware of Goncharov’s every mood, and yet he is completely oblivious to hers. This scene with Ambrosini directly mirrors the finale, when Katya holds the gun on her husband, leaving the audience on the edge of our seats, as we know she is perfectly capable of shooting a man.

Secondly, Al Pacino acts beyond even his incredible range in his pastiche of condescension, well-meaning scorn, and misogyny that Katya, despite shooting him, was still just a daughter-figure, a princesa, a charity act he might “talk out of her hysteria.” He wheedles and begs, trying to win her over until he makes one fatal error: an anti-Semitic remark. Knowing the Goncharovs were fleeing Russia due to the Jewish round ups in their country, and despite them jumping from the fat to the fire of Naples the Mussolini Era, the layers of Pacino’s character Mario Ambrosini still manage to shine both smarmy and slick. Pacino’s famous glittering eyes immediately became a hallmark for one of the most subtle but unmistakable cinematic moments in history; the exact moment he understands Katya will kill him. Katya even kills Ambrosini in her husband’s signature style, rather than let him bleed out or perhaps escape, despite his ‘caring’ for her earlier in the film. Cybill Shepherd herself plays the affront and the fury of the anti-Semitism Katya expresses perfectly. Later Shepherd went on the record in Modern Screen to remind audiences that unlike in Christianity, there are “some sins that are unforgivable,” and that the Shoah was one. There was no possible redemption for Ambrosini.

Thirdly, the killing weapon being a direct mirror to Goncharov’s calling card - but taken from the guitar Sofia painted for Katya - illuminates why Katya is making this choice. Obviously, Goncharov never wanted children, but to send Mario Ambrosini to force Katya to get it ‘taken care of’ cemented him in cruelty. This directly contrasts to hardline Sofia, who, in her work as an enforcer and a spy, force her to act as ‘one of the guys’ (in her menswear clothing, casual cursing, and lack of feminine materialism such as makeup), chose to have an abortion because of lack of ability to keep a child alive and still pursue her line of work. This is specifically striking as the movie Goncharov was released in 1973, the same year as the hallmark Roe v. Wade that has changed the way women are able to access healthcare in America.

The subtextual relationship between the two women can be played as homo-eroticism, but also as a way to signal that Katya had found someone to call family. Sofia felt isolated and lonely until Katya arrived, and even though the two women played different tropes of the hyper-feminine wife and the very beginnings of the definition of Butch, they were able to bond over a very scarring, real experience that gave many viewers nightmares. For Katya to accept the painted guitar as a gift, and turn around and  make it part of her killing MO shows her ability to truly bloom in her role as neither prisoner nor victim, but a willing - and ruthless - participant of the Naples Underground. It’s what takes this average mob-made movie to a new height beyond the likes of femme fatales in the Hammett and Chandler era.

Despite the film being set in the thirties at the height of Mafia showmanship with the likes of Al Capone - whose personal knowledge of the underground was integral to its scriptwriting - the Cold War and U.S. relations with Russia led to Katya being cast as either a Russian Agent, or a Russian subversion. Either way, we can agree, her killing line will go down with the greatest movie quotes of the 20th century.

- From “Goncharov: A Feminist Critique” printed in Mad Magazine, (Summer 1975)

Image description of script under the cut.

KATYA HOLDS A SMOKING GUN. MARIO IS HALF SITTING AGAINST A WALL HE'S SLID DOWN, HANDS OVER HIS STOMACH. A SPLASH OF BLOOD PAINTS THE WALL.

MARIO: Katya, Katya, come on, be reasonable! Haven't I been like a father to you? To both of you?

KATYA: Goncho told you to leave us alone! He never wants to see you again!

MARIO: And this is how you think he meant it? You're going to make me disappear? I'm too big for it! Too big, I say!

KATYA points the gun at him again.

MARIO, desperately: I loved you! Like a father with his daughter. Wasn't I good to you? Didn't I take care of you? Didn't I open my arms to you? To you and Goncho both! Didn't I open Naples to you? All the doors after that terrible business in the war?

KATYA, lowering the gun: Yes. You did.

MARIO: Yes! Yes. Like a papa, I say. I showed you the best places to eat, the easiest marks to shake down, I showed you how to live! And this is how you repay me?

KATYA: You have been like a father to me.

MARIO, relieved: Thank you! This is what I am saying! I was good to you when nobody was good to your people.

KATYA's eyes narrow.

MARIO: I didn't care what you were! I fixed it so you guys had it good here. So that Italia would always be your father. And don't you owe a debt to your father? Honor your father?

KATYA reaches into her handbag. She takes out a guitar string from the painted guitar SOFIA gave her. KATYA steps closer, so that she straddles an injured, struggling MARIO.

KATYA: I do honor Italia. I will always honor my father.

Camera zooms on her fists turning around the wire garrote.

MARIO's eyes go wide.

KATYA: But this isn't about that. I hated my father.

Focus flashes to her well-lipsticked mouth.

KATYA: And Russia is my mother.

[somejerkoff]

I’ve been seeing a lot of misinformation about Goncharov lately, and I wanted to set the record straight about this fascinating piece of Italian/American cinema history. When I first heard about it, I had a hard time believing Scorsese managed to mount this ambitious epic in the same year as his breakthrough with Mean Streets, and the truth is, he did and he didn’t…

So let’s go back to 1972. After a number of acclaimed shorts, a promising feature debut with Who’s That Knocking at My Door?, and some high-profile editing gigs, Scorsese went the way of so many young directors and helmed a low-budget feature, Boxcar Bertha, for Roger Corman’s American International Pictures. Famously, upon screening the film for his friend and proudly independent filmmaker John Cassavetes, Scorsese had a rude awakening when Cassavetes told him, “Marty, you’ve just spent a year of your life making a piece of shit.” Here the seeds of Goncharov were planted.

Hearing these words in the wake of his fellow film brat Francis Ford Coppola’s masterful work on The Godfather, Scorsese knew his next work would be need to be a simultaneously grand and personal vision. He found the inspiration for his intercontinental saga in the Goncharov trilogy of novels. He managed to assemble a stellar cast—Robert De Niro, Harvey Keitel, Cybill Shepherd, John Cazale—who all believed in the script, but unlike Coppola, he did not have a studio budget. Financially, Scorsese blew his meager funds on some bravura set-pieces—an opening at the Kremlin, a Naples marketplace, and an absolutely stunning clock tower sequence—all gave plenty of bang for their buck, but he wasn’t able to thread them together into a narratively satisfying feature.

Scorsese turned to Coppola, who in turn showed the footage to Robert Evans. Evans did not see any way Paramount could release it. He did, however, arrange a gala screening for a number of television executives with the thought that this expansive story would make for a compelling miniseries. This was pre-Roots, however; miniseries were not the phenomenon they would become. No network was willing to spend the money to back the project. (Little did they know that they would be getting future TV stars Lynda Carter and Henry Winkler in small roles.) Dejected, Scorsese set the footage aside and began work on his smaller-scale but just-as-personal Mean Streets.

This was 1973. Flash-forward to the end of the 1970s and Scorsese was in a very different position. His mid-1970s run of features had established him as one of the leading lights in American cinema, but his fortunes fell upon delivering his ambitious and underappreciated flop, New York, New York, in 1977. With his two grandest undertakings of the decade both deemed failures, Scorsese had no desire to attempt to return to the world of Goncharov as a director. This is where Matteo JWHJ 0715 enters the picture, and why so many sources waffle on which filmmakers deserves the director credit.

Anyone who’s watched Scorsese’s documentary My Voyage to Italy knows that he has long been a fan of JWJH 0715’s work. The two felt immediate kinship upon meeting at the Venice Film Festival in 1979. When Scorsese mentioned the shelved Goncharov footage, JWJH 0715 lit up. The two crafted a plan to resurrect the project in one cocaine-fueled night. Scorsese handed him the footage and took on the role of producer as JWJH 0715 completed his vision.

Scorsese’s original film was not enough for the completed feature. Along with sumptuous new footage shot by Vittorio Storraro for JEJH 0715, Scorsese’s friends and collaborators also lent a helping hand. De Niro agreed to film reshoots (though ironically De Niro’s weight gain for Scorsese’s own Raging Bill led to some incongruous continuity changes within scenes), and Shepherd recorded new dialogue. Sadly, John Cazale had passed away, leading to the unfortunate but ultimately poignant decision to kill off Ice Pick Joe. Additionally, Coppola agreed to lend unused footage from The Godfather films and The Conversation to flesh out some of his sequences. This generous gift yielded enough new footage of Al Pacino and Gene Hackman that their performances were added to the picture.

Keitel had limited availability for reshoots, so Scorsese asked Paul Schrader to lend footage from Blue Collar. Schrader declined, stating that the movie would be better off if he had been asked to complete it instead of just providing scraps. In a recent Facebook post, Schrader admitted that these comments came from a place of jealousy—noting how beautifully Scorsese depicted his characters struggling with their sexualities while Scorsese showed no apparent struggles with his own.

For Shepherd’s sequences, they used footage from Peter Bogdanovich’s At Long Last Love, a move that contributed to Goncharov being underseen to this day. Shortly after the premiere of the newly-assembled Goncharov at Cannes in 1982, Bogdanovich claimed that Scorsese took advantage of his grief over Dorothy Stratten’s murder to pressure him into handing over the footage. In a conversation with Henry Jaglom, Orson Welles claimed that this was a “horseshit excuse” and that Bogdanovich told him about the decision well before the tragedy. Nevertheless, Bogdanovich’s belief that the footage was in-bad-faith helped lead to the decades the film spent in legal limbo.

It’s a strange twist of fate that a film that was borne out of Scorsese’s desire to break free from Roger Corman’s style of filmmaking ultimately found itself subjected to some of the same production techniques, particularly the cobbled-together nature, of many of Corman’s features. However, when these cobbled-together pieces happen to be the work of two master filmmakers, incredible performances from some of the best actors of the 1970s, and cinematography contributions from Storraro, Gordon Willis, Bill Butler, and Laszlo Kovacs, it’s no wonder that Goncharov has found a new generation to captivate.

[primeprofitmedia]

Valeria Golino: The Multi-Talented Italian Icon

Valeria Golino is a talented Italian actress and filmmaker, known for her work in both fields. Many people recognize her from movies like Rain Man, Big Top Pee-wee, and Hot Shots! films, where she captivated audiences with memorable scenes like the olive-in-the-belly-button. Not only has she achieved international fame, but Golino has also earned acclaim in her home country.

With the distinction of winning the esteemed Best Actress award at the Venice Film Festival not once, but twice, Valeria Golino stands among a select group of only four actresses. Her outstanding talent has received further acclaim through prestigious awards like the David di Donatello, Silver Ribbon, Golden Ciak, and Italian Golden Globe. In this article, we will delve into the life and accomplishments of Valeria Golino, providing you with a comprehensive overview of her remarkable career.

Early Life and Background

Valeria Golino, the gifted actress hailing from Italy, came into this world on October 22nd, 1965, and is anticipated to celebrate her 58th birthday in the year 2023. With a diverse ethnic background consisting of Greek, Egyptian-French, and German heritage, Golino embodies a rich mix of cultures. Born in Naples, Italy, she can credit her artistic upbringing to her parents. Her father, a Germanist scholar, and her mother, Lalla, a painter, instilled in her a deep appreciation for creativity. Additionally, Golino’s family ties include her brother, a musician, and her uncle, Enzo Golino, a columnist for L’Espresso.

Raised in an “artistic family,” Golino enjoyed a unique childhood, alternating between Athens and Sorrento, a city near Naples. It was during this time that her mother became her movie companion, introducing her to the magical world of cinema. The enchantment she found in those films quickly sparked her interest in the industry. Surprisingly, Golino did not initially envision a career in film. Instead, she aspired to become a cardiologist.

Valeria Golino’s Remarkable Professional Journey

Valeria Golino embarked on her professional career in 1983, with the guidance of her uncle, who played a pivotal role in helping her take her first steps in the entertainment industry. Her debut film, titled “Joke of Destiny,” marked the beginning of her acting journey, despite never having formally studied the craft.

In 1985, Golino further showcased her talent in the film “Little Flares.” Although initially gaining recognition through a number of films in Italy, Golino’s ambition led her to venture to Los Angeles with her family, where she began to explore opportunities in the American film industry. It was there that she made her breakthrough in Hollywood, starring in the movie “Big Top Pee-wee.” This opened doors to more significant roles, including her notable performance in “Rain Man,” alongside Tom Cruise.

Golino demonstrated her versatility by venturing into the realm of comedy as well. In 1991 and 1993, she delighted audiences with her roles in the comedic films “Superstars.” She even ventured into television series, showcasing her talent on the small screen in 1995.

Not content with just acting, Golino expanded her horizons and discovered her passion for directing. In 2013, she made her directorial debut with the film “Honey.” Furthermore, she displayed her directorial skills in both movies and web series, proving her capabilities as a multifaceted artist…Read More

Source: Prime Profit Media

[justforbooks]

Maureen Duffy was born in in Worthing, Sussex, in 1933. She grew up in a working class household where her mother instilled in her the belief that education was something that could never be taken away from you, no matter how the tides might turn. Duffy took a degree in English from King’s College, London in 1956.

Duffy had an ambition to be a poet, and at 17, won her first poetry prize. While studying at Kings College she completed her first full-length play Pearson which won her an invitation to join the Royal Court Writers Group in 1958 whose members included Edward Bon, Ann Jellico and William Gaskill, amongst others.

After graduating from Kings College, Duffy worked as a teacher between 1956 and 1961 in Naples and London, while also editing editions of poetry journals.

Duffy is the author of 34 published works crossing fiction and non-fiction. Her works include nine collections of poetry and 16 plays for stage, screen and radio.

Duffy, together with Brigid Brophy, founded the Writers Action Group in 1972, through which a sustained campaign was led for Public Lending Right (annual payments for authors based on the number of library loans of their printed books), which was passed into law in 1979.

Duffy is a founding member of the Authors Licensing and Collecting Society, which she chaired for 15 years and for which she remains president. She represents the International Authors Forum at the World intellectual Property Organization and held senior positions in the Writers’ Guild of Great Britain.

Duffy ‘came-out’ in the early 1960s and worked with the Homosexual Law Reform Society, which was leading the fight to implement the Wolfenden Report’s recommendations to decriminalise homosexuality. Duffy would write and be involved with the Minorities Research Group and Arena Three magazine, the first lesbian journal in the UK, although she found her place socially within Kenric, the west-London lesbian social group.

In 1966 The Microcosm was published – her first openly lesbian work. The novel narrates the lives of women in and around the famous and legendary Gateways club in London’s then-enclave of bohemia, Chelsea.

In the 1970s Duffy wrote for Sappho, the longest running lesbian feminist journal in the UK. In 1977 she published her poem The Ballad of the Blasphemy Trail which lambasted the case of blasphemy brought against Denis Lemon and the publication he edited, Gay News, by Christian campaigner Mary Whitehouse.

Duffy remains a vocal LGBTQ and animal right activist.

Daily inspiration. Discover more photos at http://justforbooks.tumblr.com

[madpanda75]

“Taking Chances Part Six: You’re Invited”

After busting the reader and Rafael, Sonny tries to take matters into his own hands.

Sonny sat at his desk, trying to finish up a police report, but instead all he could do was watch the cursor flash on his laptop screen. The usually happy-go-lucky detective had been in a bad mood all week. He couldn’t shake the thought of you and Rafael. Together. It was his idea of a living nightmare.

One thing Sonny had learned while working at SVU was to keep his work life and private life separate. He was close to his family. He was close to his squad. The last thing he needed was for those two groups to mingle. Working with special victims, it was hard not to bring your work home with you. Sonny knew Rafael struggled with that as well. He didn’t want that for you. He didn’t want you sitting alone at a table set for two while Rafael was working late on a case. He didn’t want you to deal with the nightmares, the horrific images, the scenes they witnessed everyday.

Sonny had seen firsthand how this job affected personal relationships. He saw it on the day Mike Dodds died. Mike’s fiancé, Alice, was heartbroken, having lost the love of her life. What if that was you? Rafael had made some powerful enemies and it wasn’t too long ago when the ADA had several threats made on his own life. What if something happened to Rafael and you were the one left alone or worse, what if something were to happen to you. Sonny would never forgive himself. You just didn’t understand. You couldn’t. Sonny had hidden that part of his life, wanting to protect you.

Amanda woke the detective up from his reverie, placing a macchiato on his desk after going out for a coffee run. “So you never told us what happened to your eye,” she teased while doling out the rest of the beverages. “Did Barba finally punch you cause he was getting tired of you asking to shadow him again?”

“Nothing happened. I ran into a glass window,” Sonny lied.

“Really? Cause it looks like you ran into someone’s fist.” Amanda got closer and inspected Sonny’s nose.

“Speaking of Barba,” Fin chimed in from his desk. “I saw him the other day. The man actually smiled at me and not one of those little half-ass grins of his, but an actual smile.”

“Yeah, I stopped by his office and caught him flirting on the phone with someone,” Amanda said.

Fin swiveled around in his chair, nearly choking on his frappuccino. “Flirting?!”

Amanda nodded and took a sip of her latte. “The minute he saw me. He started blushing and immediately hung up.” She leaned on Fin’s desk and lowered her voice. “And I could’ve sworn I saw a hickey peeking out from under his collar.”

Fin laughed and shook his head in disbelief. “Aw man, it’s official. Barba is definitely getting some.”

Sonny slammed his hands on the desk and stood up. “He isn’t getting anything! There is nothin’ to get! And even if there was, I would hope Barba would treat the woman like the queen she is!!”

Sonny blushed and looked around the room at everyone’s shocked faces. The bullpen was silent with the exception of the sound of Fin’s straw as he slurped his frothy coffee drink.

Having heard the commotion, Olivia came out of her office. “Something you care to share with the rest of us, Sonny?”

“It’s nothing,” Sonny mumbled and sat down, returning to his police report.

Olivia quirked a brow. “Well then since it’s nothing. Why don’t you head over to Barba’s office. He has our warrant for the DNA swabs.” Sonny didn’t budge, simply staring at his computer screen, his hands balled into fists at the mention of the ADA’s name. “That’s an order, detective,” she sternly said.

“Copy that, lieutenant.” Sonny replied, grabbing his coat and stomping away.

“What the hell was that all about?” Fin asked once Sonny had left.

Amanda shrugged. “Beats me, but it’s definitely not nothing.”

*****

Sonny steeled himself in front of Rafael’s door before delivering three sharp knocks.

“Come in,” he heard the ADA call out.

Rafael sat at his desk, furiously writing notes on a legal pad, barely glancing up as Sonny walked into his office. “What is it, Carisi?”

“Liv sent me over to pick up that warrant for the DNA swabs. Ya’ got it or not?” The clipped tone of Sonny’s voice caused Rafael to drop his pen. He glared at the detective and handed over the warrant before resuming his work.

Sonny stood there for a moment, tilting his head as he looked over Rafael. He had never noticed how old the ADA really was—the graying hair, the deep lines etched into his face. Were those crow’s feet around his eyes?

On top of all the reasons Sonny could think of as to why you and Rafael should not be together, the age factor was by far the biggest. You had just turned thirty and Rafael had to be in his mid to late forties. The detective knew that there was only one thing a man wanted from a woman who was about 15 years his junior .

Sensing eyes on him, Rafael glanced up from his work and caught Sonny observing him. “What?” He snapped.

“How old are ya’?”

Rafael huffed out a laugh. “I beg your pardon?”

“What like 46? 47?”

“You’re out of line, detective. I don’t see how that’s any of your business.” Rafael arched a brow, his already tested patience wearing thin.

Sonny scoffed and crossed his arms. “Actually, you’re seducing my baby sister, so technically it is.”

“Technically”—Rafael got up and walked around his desk to square off with Sonny, the two men standing toe to toe—“it’s between me and Y/N. She’s the one I’m in a relationship with, not you.”

“C’mon, Rafael. Look at you and look at her. Do ya’ really think you can make her happy?” Sonny shook his head in disgust. “All these years we’ve worked together. Never took ya’ for a cradle robber,” he sneered.

“Careful, Carisi,” Rafael growled with his jaw clenched, nostrils flaring out. “I punched you once. I can do it again.”

“I’d like to see ya’ try.” Sonny leaned in. “Hope the dry cleaners can get the blood out of your Zegna suit.”

Right before it came to blows, there was a soft knock on the door “Hey, Raf?” You poked your head into his office to find your brother and boyfriend. “Oh good, you’re both here.” You stepped inside, carrying two gift bags. “Is this a bad time?”

“No,” Rafael said.

“Yes,” Sonny said at the same time, his eyes never leaving the ADA.

“Ohhhhhkay,” you replied. The tension in the room was so thick you could cut it with a knife.

“Come in, querida.” Rafael led you inside, your presence instantly calming him.

You gave your brother a hug before moving to Rafael, pressing a soft kiss to his lips. He took you by surprise and cupped your face, deepening the kiss. Sonny awkwardly stood there, rolling his eyes while you both continued to play tonsil hockey.

You eventually pulled away, your cheeks flushed pink. “Wow,” you breathed, about to start kissing Rafael once more when Sonny cleared his throat to get your attention.

“Y/N, did ya’ need something? I have to get this warrant to my boss.”

You sighed. “Ma called me this morning and since someone”—you smacked your brother on the arm—“spilled the beans about me and Rafael. She invited us all over for church and then a big Carisi family lunch this Sunday.”

“Wait, we ALL have to go?!” Sonny groaned

“Yes and we’re ALL going to behave.” You shot both men a warning look.

Rafael’s pulse began to quicken. He knew that eventually he would have to meet your parents, he just didn’t expect it to be so soon. “Really, Y/N? Are you sure that’s a good idea?”

“It’s too late. Ma’s already trying to get tomatoes flown in from Naples for her marinara sauce. So as an incentive for you two to get along for one evening. I come bearing gifts.” You handed Rafael and Sonny each a gift bag.

Sonny eyed the bag suspiciously. “This feels like a bribe.”

“That’s because it is a bribe,” you replied with an innocent smile.

“Fine. I’ll see ya’ Sunday,” Sonny grumbled and gave you a hug.

“Mass starts at 10:30.” You straightened his jacket and waved goodbye as he was leaving.

Rafael leaned back against his desk and dangled the bag in front of you. “So do I get to open my present now or do I have to wait until Sunday?”

“Hmmmm.” You steepled your hands and rested them against your chin. “You can open it now, but it’s really only part of your gift.”

You watched him reach into the bag and pull out a box of cannolis from Antonio’s bakery.

“Thanks.” He took out a cannoli and a napkin. “Is coffee the next part of my gift?”

Your eyes widened and you smacked the Italian dessert out of Rafael’s hands. “Oh no, that’s the wrong present.” You grabbed the box and ran to catch up with your brother. “Sonny, wait! Don’t open the—”

Sonny was already there by the time you opened the door. His face beet red.

“Box,” you quietly said.

“Too late,” he muttered and swapped presents with you before storming off.

You cringed and quietly shut the door. “That was embarrassing.”

Rafael couldn’t help but chuckle at the look on Carisi’s face. “Must be one hell of a present.”

“I’ll let you be the judge of that.” With a nonchalant shrug, you walked back over to him. Placing the box on his desk, you gingerly opened it and pulled out a sheer black lace corset detailed with emerald green silk. “I just earned a big commission and decided to splurge at Bordelle. What do you think?” You held the lingerie up to your body. The corset complimented your curves and featured a plunging shelf bra that barely covered your breasts.

Rafael licked his lips, envisioning your hard nipples straining against the fabric. “Mierda. Eres una tremenda manguita,” he purred.

You gave yourself a mental high five for picking out the outfit. Apart from the occasional pet name, Rafael only spoke Spanish to you either when he was extremely turned on or whenever you were making love.

He reached out to touch you, only to have you slap his hand away. “Ah ah ah, not so fast, counselor. You only get this if you behave on Sunday. That means no punching my brother.”

Rafael nodded and circled you like a predator does his prey before stopping to face you, his nose barely brushing up against yours. “So just to be clear, if I’m good on Sunday. You’ll wear this.” He motioned towards the lingerie you had pressed up against you. “And as a reward I get to touch you here.”  Brushing your hair back, he placed a kiss right below your ear.

“Y-Y-Yes,” you whispered in a shaky voice.

“Well, what about here.” He dropped another kiss on the hollow of your throat, grinning like the cat who ate the canary when he saw goosebumps begin to erupt on your skin.

“Mmmhmm.” You bit back a moan. The man had barely touched you and already a heat was beginning to pool between your legs. His lips on your flesh. The smell of his cologne. Your resolve was quickly wavering.

Glancing down at your cherry red pout, he ran his thumb across your bottom lip. “And what about”—his other hand skimmed under your skirt, dragging his fingertips up your inner thigh, tracing your slit with a single digit through your lace panties—“here.”

You gasped at his touch, allowing him the chance to kiss you hard, his tongue snaking into your mouth. Surrendering to the moment, you clutched his shirt as your mouth moved fervently over his, the corset falling to the floor. He stopped and looked down at the silk and lace at your feet before meeting your gaze. “Whoops, looks like you’re not wearing it anymore,” he said with a devious smirk.

“You’re terrible, counselor.” You ghosted your lips over his and arched your hips, pressing up against his growing erection.

His eyes darkened and a low growl rumbled from his chest. In an instant, he had you up on his desk and flat on your back. “I’ve been called much worse,” he teased in a husky voice and captured your mouth with his once more.

*****

With the correct present now in his hand, Sonny headed to the elevators only to stop in his tracks when he thought you may need a ride to the gallery. He walked back to Rafael’s office and froze when he heard your soft moans coming from the room followed by a muffled groan from Rafael.

Sonny made a face and quickly retreated back to the hallway. First the lingerie and then hearing his baby sister having sex again, he was in desperate need of a Silkwood shower and a stiff drink. To make matters worse, his plan of telling your parents about you and Rafael seemed to backfire. He was hoping they would freak out and call you to try to talk some sense into you. But instead, it looked like they were welcoming Rafael into the family with open arms. What was next? Picking out china patterns? His Ma giving you Nonna’s wedding dress to wear on the big day?

Sonny realized that he had to be the one to break you both up and he knew exactly how to do it. Pulling out his cell phone, he made a quick call. The phone rang for several seconds before a voice on the other end answered. “Sonny? You sonofabitch, how are ya’?”

“Hey Theo. I know it’s been awhile. Say, how would you like to come over on Sunday to my folks’ place for lunch. Y/N is gonna be there and I’d know she’d love to see ya’.” As Sonny continued to talk to your ex-fiancé, a wave of guilt washed over him, knowing that he shouldn’t be meddling in your love life. But he tried to suppress it, confident that you would thank him later.

@glimmerglittergirl​ @southern-magnolia​ @sweetcannolicarisi​ @delia26​ @obfuscateyummy​ @sass-and-suspenders​ @eclecticminded​ @thatesqcrush​ @katmstanton​ @amirightcounsellor​ @beltzboys2015-blog​ @letty-o​ @sonnysdoll​ @lyssa1385​ @sweetsummertime99​ @burningsorr0ws​ @gibbs274​ @izzythefanfreak​ @riodallas​ @babypink224221​ @livxrafa​ @esparza-army​ @obsessionprofessional​ @ottosuricato​ @melsquared79​ @dreila03​ @frenchiefoxy​ @tropes-and-tales​ @thecraziestcrayon​ @goodluckfindingone​ @scarlettsoldier​ @amirightcounselor​ @yeah-boiiiiiiiiiii​ @graniairish​ @ashley-chi​ @imjustreallynosy​ @lolacolaempath @cocomel0613​

[neroesecuzioni]

watching your devil side

one.

///

The sun blazed through the large airport windows and the soft, hazy morning mist descended upon Naples. You hadn’t been in the since your last photo shoot for some jewellery line two years ago but you heard news about an old friend while preparing a home base for your art exploits in Europe.

The little kid you once saved from a beating after a pick-pocketing incident in Naples when he was ten and still had black hair was now the Don of the Passione and blond if your sources were right. You had meant to visit him two years ago but he was a hard kid to track down and meet within a time span of three days. However, now, you had all the time in the world with your current job as an artist and you were going to buy him an espresso like you promised all those years ago.

You tapped the screen of your phone and hummed.

I didn’t know you turned blond, you sent a text message and signed it with your typical Devil Yin attached to let him know it was you.

Your luggage trembled as you traversed through the bustling airport, looking for a sign with your name on it. The private driver you hired had given you explicit instructions. 

A tall man with silvery hair and in his fifties stood among the small crowds waiting for other passengers but held a small sign with your name written boldly in black. You shot him a friendly smile and waved. He bowed his head and tucked away the sign, gesturing for you to follow him.

“Hello, sir. You weren’t waiting long, were you?”

“Not at all, young miss,” he answered as he led you to a black car, “please, hand me your luggage. I trust your flight went well?”

“As well as any fourteen hour flight can go,” you replied wryly.

He opened the door for you and you slipped into the backseat, crossing your legs. The silky fabric of your pants pressed into your skin and you itched to get out of them to let your body breath after the stale plane air.

“Still the villa in Napoli, miss?”

“Yes, take your time. I still need to decompress from the trip and car rides are perfect for that.”

Your phone buzzed in your pocket and you pulled it out.

How did you know that?

You smiled and typed out quickly. I just do. Remember that espresso I promised you six years ago? You’re old enough to drink one now, don’t you think?

I accept your offer. Where are you staying? I’ll send a car over.

You texted him the address to your villa and told him to meet you at lunch. That would give you enough time to decompress, get ready, and unpack half of your things. You were staying in Italy for a while, after all.

///

A black sedan with a polite but distant driver picked you up thirty minutes before noon and deposited you in front of a little cafe tucked in between a bakery and a bookstore. You walked in, the sharp but comforting scent of espresso wafted and curled around you.

A blond head of dramatic curls peeked out from a booth along with a shock of black-blue hair. 

“I, Giorno Giovanna, will be a Gangstar!” The kid proclaimed.

That looked enough like a dramatic Gangstar to you.

“Giorno Giovanna?” you asked.

The boy turned around and sharp turquoise eyes landed on you. “It’s really you, Yin.”

“The one and only.” Your gaze slid to the man sitting beside him and you blinked. “Bruno Buccellati?”

“Devil Yin,” he greeted, a welcoming smile on his face. “It’s been a while.”

“...well, it seems like I’m caught as a disadvantage,” you said, “may I sit?”

“Yes, of course.” Giorno waved his hand. “Actually, you decided to visit at a good time.”

You sat down across from them and scrutinised the two. They were well put together with expensive suits, styled hair, and gleaming jewellery. “I’ve heard. Don of the Passione at sixteen is quite a feat. You really did become a Gangstar. Congratulations.”

Giorno smiled. “Thank you, but that’s not why your visit is...fortunate.”

“I assume the reason is why you’re here as well, signore Buccellati,” you said, guarded.

Buccellati smiled. “Perhaps Bruno would be best, signorina Yin.”

That wasn’t actually your name but you didn’t comment further, scanning the cafe. A red-patterned hat caught your eye, peeking out from another booth, and another booth with a familiar looking man with long silver hair caught your eye.

The presence of the Capo of Squadra Guardie del corpo along with his team was either a very good thing or a very bad thing and you sure hoped it was the former. You did not want to get shot at when you were trying to buy an espresso for a brat you met six years ago. You didn’t even know if this was a good idea considering the pendulum could swing any way and you wouldn’t know it.

“Hello!” A waitress swanned in, smiling prettily. “Is there anything I can get for you today?”

“A caffè lungo,” you said, staring at the two men across from you.

Giorno smiled charmingly at the waitress. “The same as her.”

“A caffè macchiato,” Bruno said.

You narrowed your eyes at them when the waitress disappeared with your orders.

“Now, why is Leone Abbacchio, signore Buccellati’s right hand man, and some strange teenager with a stand also in this cafe?” You leaned back. “I guess this isn’t the casual meeting I proposed?”

Giorno and Bruno exchanged glances and a smile cracked the blond’s facade.

“Still as perceptive as ever,” he said.

“And that’s not an answer.”

Bruno leaned forward, hands brace on the table. “We have a proposal for you, signorina Yin.”

“Listen, I’m just here to buy Giorno the espresso I promised he could have when he turned sixteen the last time we met. Not for any business with the Passione.”

He smiled, amused and infinitely a softer charm compared to the teenager beside him. 

“Come work for me in the Passione as an assassin,” Giorno said lowly. Calm, steady, and self-assured, and the turquoise eyes intense as he stared at you.

You looked at the waitress reappearing with your drinks, waiting for her to set them down and leave their presence once more. She probably knew they were the mafia with how quickly she scurried away.

“No,” you said and pushed Giorno’s drink at him while sliding the macchiato towards Bruno. The man accepted it graciously but your gaze didn’t leave Giorno’s unchanging expression. 

“No?” he asked calmly. 

“I quit the business, Giorno.” You shook your head and slid your phone across the table towards him with one of your galleries from Seattle, Washington. “I’m a painter and model now with a lot of money in stocks. I can’t go around assassinating people without drawing attention to myself. I put that life behind me for a reason.”

"We need someone of your calibre especially after the power change," he insisted. "Our assassination team lost two members before the change in power. They need a new but experienced hand and with your skills, their repertoire would expand. The amount of missions would increase for them."

You tilted your head. “...I’ll give you twenty minutes to give me the full story and another five to convince me.”

He smirked.

///

You cradled your empty cup, staring into the ceramic.

“That’s a ride,” you finally said. “A very, very long ride with too many lane changes and things going downhill but I don’t see what this has to do with you wanting me to become an assassin.”

“La Squadra Esecuzoni were being underutilised by Diavolo and we don’t want them to feel the same as they had beneath him,” Bruno explained.

“You’re afraid they’ll rebel.” You set down the cup. “And that’s not something you can afford right now. Aren’t they satisfied with the territory you’ve given them?”

“No,” Giorno said, leaning forward on folded hands. “They want more after helping us overthrow Diavolo.”

“I won’t become an assassin again,” you said.

Giorno’s expression furrowed and Bruno’s shoulders tensed, ever so slightly, but they wouldn’t force you to bend to their will. They were too nice for that.

“But... I think there’s a way I can help you.”

“Without becoming an assassin?” Bruno asked.

"I have a job in mind for them. How do they feel about being bodyguards?" You set your hands on the table between you. “I might need some while I’m here.”

“Bodyguards?” Giorno blinked.

“Did you know I was held hostage a few months ago by some pirates in the Indian Ocean? None of my friends answered my texts for two weeks. It really hurt my feelings.”

The two men in front of you exchanged looks.

///

It was rare for Risotto to call a team meeting nowadays. The last time had been hunting down Diavolo with Buccellati's squad but he was dead and Giorno hadn’t done anything yet.

Risotto sat at the head of their conference table in their new headquarters.

"The Boss has a new mission for us,” he announced. Red eyes surveyed their reactions. “As bodyguards to an important client.”

"What the fuck?" Ghiaccio said. "We're fucking assassins and he's sending us as bodyguards? Who the fuck does he think he is? Is he downgrading us?"

“Buccellati’s squad can’t handle it?” Prosciutto raised an eyebrow.

"We have no choice but to accept." Risotto slid a document into the centre of the table. “It’s a long term contract. Two of us at all times. Cash salary.”

“Di molto,” Melone breathed, eyes wide. “That’s a lot of money.”

“Holy shit.” Formaggio leaned forward to look closer at the papers. “Who the fuck are we protecting? A princess?”

“Is that a clause for vacation pay?” Illuso asked, incredulous. “They’re offering hitmen vacation pay?”

Prosciutto ran his fingers over the numbers, brows furrowed. “How did Giovanna secure something like this?”

Pesci’s eyes flickered between the other members then his black eyes landing on his mentor and asked nervously, “This is good... right, bro?”

Prosciutto didn’t answer, deep in thought as he leafed through the papers.

“Why the fuck is he giving us this mission instead of Buccellati’s squad? They’re meant for guarding. What’s Giovanna planning?” Ghiaccio scowled, arms crossed. “He would not give us something like this without leverage.”

“Giovanna said the client specifically requested us.” Risotto’s deep voice interrupted him before he could fall into a rant.

Ghiaccio adjusted his red glasses and smoothed his blue curls.

“Giorno said the client wants us to meet them at Passione headquarters.” Risotto folded his hands over the table, the black sclera of his eyes emphasised the red of his gaze. The resolve in his eyes silencing the rest of the members’ protests. “I will take Prosciutto and Illuso with me.”

“This is a hard offer to turn down,” Melone said.

“Do you have to say something we already know?” Illuso sighed.

///

Summary: La Squadra Esecuzioni ends up helping Bruno’s squad defeat Diavolo and everyone lives but the journey hasn’t even begun. Giorno becomes Don of the Passione and revolutionises the mafia but La Squadra finds themselves underutilized despite the new territory they've been given. At least, until you, an old friend of Giorno’s, takes a trip back to Naples. What they never expect is that you're a whirlwind in disguise and they can't help but get caught in your restless winds.

This entire storyline takes place in the year 2020 and everyone is alive. I can’t write a story without modern day technology or memes. Yes, this is a shitty first chapter. It might get better from here on out but we’re trying to establish a snappy first base for the zero attention span squad (me, that squad is me.)

(ao3 link)

[the-marx-brothers-will-live-on]

Leonard Joseph "Chico" Marx (March 22, 1887 – October 11, 1961) was an American comedian, musician, actor and film star. He was a member of the Marx Brothers (with Groucho Marx, Harpo Marx, and Zeppo Marx). His persona in the act was that of a charming, uneducated but crafty con artist, seemingly of rural Italian origin, who wore shabby clothes and sported a curly-haired wig and Tyrolean hat. On screen, Chico is often in alliance with Harpo, usually as partners in crime, and is also frequently seen trying to con or outfox Groucho. Leonard was the oldest of the Marx Brothers to live past early childhood (first-born Manfred Marx had died in infancy). In addition to his work as a performer, he played an important role in the management and development of the act in its early years.

Chico was born in Manhattan, New York City, on March 22, 1887. His parents were Sam Marx (called "Frenchie" throughout his life), and his wife, Minnie Schoenberg Marx. Minnie's brother was Al Shean. The Marx family was Franco-German Jewish. His father was a native of Alsace who worked as a tailor and his mother was from East Frisia in Germany.

Billing himself as Chico, he used an Italian persona for his onstage character; stereotyped ethnic characters were common with vaudevillians. His non-Italian-ness was specifically referred to twice on film. In their second feature, Animal Crackers, he recognizes someone he knows to be a fish peddler impersonating a respected art collector:

Ravelli (Chico): "How is it you got to be Roscoe W. Chandler?"

Chandler: "Say, how did you get to be an Italian?"

Ravelli: "Never mind—whose confession is this?"

In A Night at the Opera, which begins in Italy, his character, Fiorello, claims not to be Italian, eliciting a surprised look from Groucho:

Driftwood (Groucho): "Well, things seem to be getting better around the country."

Fiorello (Chico): "I don't know, I'm a stranger here myself."

A scene in the film Go West, in which Chico attempts to placate an Indian chief of whom Groucho has run afoul, has a line that plays a bit on Chico's lack of Italian nationality, but is more or less proper Marxian wordplay:

S. Quentin Quayle (Groucho): "Can you talk Indian?"

Joe Panello (Chico): "I was born in Indianapolis!"

There are moments, however, where Chico's characters appear to be genuinely Italian; examples include the film The Big Store, in which his character Ravelli runs into an old friend he worked with in Naples (after a brief misunderstanding due to his accent), the film Monkey Business, in which Chico claims his grandfather sailed with Christopher Columbus, and their very first outing The Cocoanuts, where Mr. Hammer (Groucho) asks him if he knew what an auction was, in which he responds "I come from Italy on the Atlantic Auction!" Chico's character is often assumed to be dim-witted, as he frequently misunderstands words spoken by other characters (particularly Groucho). However, he often gets the better of the same characters by extorting money from them, either by con or blackmail; again, Groucho is his most frequent target.

Chico was a talented pianist. He originally started playing with only his right hand and fake playing with his left, as his teacher did so herself. Chico eventually acquired a better teacher and learned to play the piano correctly. As a young boy, he gained jobs playing piano to earn money for the Marx family. Sometimes Chico even worked playing in two places at the same time. He would acquire the first job with his piano-playing skills, work for a few nights, and then substitute Harpo on one of the jobs. (During their boyhood, Chico and Harpo looked so much alike that they were often mistaken for each other.)

In the brothers' last film, Love Happy, Chico plays a piano and violin duet with 'Mr. Lyons' (Leon Belasco). Lyons plays some ornate riffs on the violin; Chico comments, "Look-a, Mister Lyons, I know you wanna make a good impression, but please don't-a play better than me!"

In a record album about the Marx Brothers, narrator Gary Owens stated that "although Chico's technique was limited, his repertoire was not." The opposite was true of Harpo, who reportedly could play only two tunes on the piano, which typically thwarted Chico's scam and resulted in both brothers being fired.

Groucho Marx once said that Chico never practiced the pieces he played. Instead, before performances he soaked his fingers in hot water. He was known for 'shooting' the keys of the piano. He played passages with his thumb up and index finger straight, like a gun, as part of the act. Other examples of his keyboard flamboyance are found in A Night at the Opera (1935), where he plays the piano for a group of delighted children, and A Night in Casablanca (1946), where he performs a rendition of "The Beer Barrel Polka".

Chico became the unofficial manager of the Marx Brothers after their mother, Minnie, died in 1929. As manager, he cut a deal to get the brothers a percentage of a film's gross receipts—the first of its kind in Hollywood. Furthermore, it was Chico's connection with Irving Thalberg of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer that led to Thalberg's signing the Brothers when they were in a career slump after Duck Soup (1933), the last of their films for Paramount.

For a while in the 1930s and 1940s, Chico led a big band. Singer Mel Tormé began his professional career singing with the Chico Marx Orchestra. Through the 1950s, Chico occasionally appeared on a variety of television anthology shows and some television commercials, most memorably with Harpo in "The Incredible Jewelry Robbery", a pantomime episode of General Electric Theater in 1959.

His nickname (acquired during a card game in Chicago in 1915) was originally spelled Chicko. It was changed to Chico but still pronounced "Chick-oh" although those who were unaware of its origin tended to pronounce it "Cheek-oh". Numerous radio recordings from the 1940s exist where announcers and fellow actors mispronounce the nickname, but Chico apparently felt it was unnecessary to correct them. As late as the 1950s, Groucho was happy to use the wrong pronunciation for comedic effect. A guest on You Bet Your Life told the quizmaster she grew up around Chico (California) and Groucho responded, "I grew up around Chico myself. You aren't Gummo, are you?" Groucho is heard in videos pronouncing it "Chicko", as in a Dick Cavett episode with Groucho talking to Dan Rowan.

During Groucho's live performance at Carnegie Hall in 1972, he states that his brother got the name Chico because he was a "chicken-chaser" (early 20th century slang for womanizer).

As well as being a compulsive womanizer, Chico had a lifelong gambling habit. His favorite gambling pursuits were card games, horse racing, dog racing, and various sports betting. His addiction cost him millions of dollars by his own account. When an interviewer in the late 1930s asked him how much money he had lost from gambling, he answered, "Find out how much money Harpo's got. That's how much I've lost." Gummo Marx, in an interview years after Chico's death, said: "Chico's favorite people were actors who gambled, producers who gambled, and women who screwed." Referring to Chico's love life, George Jessel quipped, "Chico didn't button his fly until he was seventy."

Chico's lifelong gambling addiction compelled him to continue in show business long after his brothers had retired in comfort from their Hollywood income, and in the early 1940s he found himself playing in the same small, cheap halls in which he had begun his career 30 years earlier. The Marx Brothers' penultimate film, A Night in Casablanca (1946), was made for Chico's benefit since he had filed for bankruptcy a few years prior. Because of his out-of-control gambling, the brothers finally took the money as he earned it and put him on an allowance, on which he stayed until his death.

Chico had a reputation as a world-class pinochle player, a game he and Harpo learned from their father. Groucho said Chico would throw away good cards (with the knowledge of spectators) to make the play "more interesting". Chico's last public appearance was in 1960, playing cards on the television show Championship Bridge. He and his partner lost the game.

Chico was married twice. His first marriage was to Betty Karp in 1917. Their union produced one daughter named Maxine (1918–2009). His first marriage was plagued by his infidelity, ending in divorce in 1940; he was very close to his daughter Maxine and gave her acting lessons.

Chico's second marriage was to Mary De Vithas. They married in 1958, three years before his death.

In the 1974 Academy Awards telecast, Jack Lemmon presented Groucho with an honorary Academy Award to a standing ovation. The award was also for Harpo, Chico, and Zeppo, whom Lemmon mentioned by name. It was one of Groucho's final major public appearances. "I wish that Harpo and Chico could be here to share with me this great honor," he said, naming the two deceased brothers (Zeppo was still alive at the time and in the audience). Groucho also praised the late Margaret Dumont as a great straight woman who never understood any of his jokes.

Chico died of arteriosclerosis at age 74 on October 11, 1961, at his Hollywood home. He was the eldest brother and the first to die.

Chico is entombed in the mausoleum at Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Chico's younger brother Gummo is in a crypt across the hall from him.

[ironwoman18]

The Worst Third Date Ever part 29

Chapter 29: Relax and Pompeii.

Max and Spencer started their tour less day making love two times, one in their bed and one in the shower.

They decided to spend the day at the pool area so she put on a two piece blue swimsuit and on it a white dress while Spencer was wearing a green short and a shirt.

They went downstairs from breakfast. They ate the typical Italian breakfast, caffè latte with bread for Spencer while Max preferred rolls, butter and jam, and add some fruit. Then they had cookie-like rusk hard bread, called fette biscottate.

Later they went to the pool, Max was sitting in a deck chair sunbathing while Spencer was reading.

The pool started to fill with families, children playing and swimming. Max looked at Spencer.

"Spence, do you want to get in the pool?" She asked looking at him.

He looked back at her then the pool "do I have to?" He raised his eyebrow.

"Please?" She said like a little kid "I thought you said you were cure of being a germophobic"

"I am..." he said and this time was her turn to raise an eyebrow "...with certain things"

"Nothing will happen if we get into the pool Spencer" she pouted at him and he sighed.

"Ok let's go" she smiled big and he took off his shirt and stood up and also did Max.

She held his hand and they got in the water. It was a little cold but soon they got used of it the water temperature was great.

They swam around the pool, it was big and with a lot of kids with their fathers or mothers playing with them.

"Did you ever think about having kids?" She asked looking at him.

"I did. When he held Henry I thought it could be nice to have on my own but this job was all my life and my first time out of work was after getting out of prison. For every 100 days in the field I had to stay 30 out" he said as they swam "then Maeve's stalker killed her and I lost my faith in finding someone" she held his hand gently and kissed his cheek "then I met you and in months I found what I couldn't in 14 years. So my hope's of being father are there" he smiled and looked at her "what about you?"

She sighed "well I once did... when Sammy was born but as I said I didn't want to get married but also didn't believe in having kids without getting married" he looked at her confused "don't look at me like that Spencer... I'm a contradiction, but anyway... I think that I accomplished my first goal. Which was getting married I think my next step will be having kids" he smiled.

"So we are both agree about being parents" she laughed and nodded.

"Yes, we are" she hugged him. Then she saw some people playing volleyball in the pool "did you ever play volleyball?"

"No" he shook his head "I'm not good with sports"

"Ok I understand, not all people were born to practice a sport" she looked at the game "so if you want you can go back to our table and I will play here for a while"

"You sure, have fun" she smiled and kissed him "yeah babe I'm sure, you go back to your book. I will be right here" he nodded and swam back to their table while she joined the team.

Spencer walked out of the pool and on his way to their table a kid called him "sir... excuse me sir..." he turned to see the kid. He has a cast around his leg "do you know how to play chess? It just... I broke my leg at the Coliseum and now my vacations are doomed" he sighed.

"Umm yeah I know how to play but where are your parents?"

"My mom is doing pilates with "Mr. Handsome" and my dad is playing volleyball. My sister is flirting with a guy 5 years older and my brother is playing with his friends so I'm alone"

Spencer looked around. He was unsure but at the same time felt sorry for the poor kid "sure I can teach you" the kid smiled big.

"Thank you! I'm Steve and you?"

"I'm Spencer. Nice to meet you Steve" Spencer sat down "ok do you know the basic concepts of the game?" He nodded but Spencer to make sure explained again everything.

How every piece moves around, the main goal of the game and some rules.

When Steve could say everything correctly Spencer decided to play with him to teach him some basic strategies.

The kid was a quick study and after some games it was getting harder for Spencer to checkmate him.

After almost an hour Max and Steve's dad were going back to their tables when they saw Spencer and Steve playing with some kids behind each of them.

Max walked to her husband "um... Spence, what are you doing?"

"I'm playing with Steve. He made a good play and I need to protect my king"

She laughed and looked at the kid then his father "so this is your husband?" He asked and she nodded "I'm glad my son met him. He is so clumsy that he broke his leg yesterday at the Coliseum" he looked at his son "so my wife and I bought him a chessboard and he found someone who could teach him" he laughed.

"And he found the best. But I'm worry I may lose my husband for the day" she laughed looking at Spencer so focused on the game he did not say anything to her.

Spencer finally made his move and after some more minutes the game was over and they decided to stop right there.

"Maybe tomorrow?"

"I can't. My wife planned something for tomorrow and I have no idea what it is" Steve nodded "but maybe on Saturday we can play, if you want" he smiled.

"Sounds great! thank you Spencer" they shook hands and the man walked back to their table. Max was drinking some water and reading a book.

"Hey baby, what are you reading?" He asked sitting next to her.

"Inferno by Dan Brown. I never have time to read it so everytime I went to a pool I brought it to read it but I found something more interesting" she put down the book and smiled "how was the game?"

"It was nice. I won but it was harder. He is pretty good" he explained how everything happened and she laughed gently.

"I think kids love you after all" she laughed remembering what he told her about the Reid effect with kids and animals "the curse was finally broken"

He laughed and nodded "could be. And how was your volleyball game?"

"Awesome. My team won the first game but the other team won two games and we had to move so another team could play. That's where I met Steve's dad, Salvatore, he said they were from Virginia and came here because his mother died and of course they decided to bring their children with them"

"That is terrible. Have to travel across the Atlantic to see your dead mother" he sighed.

"Yes it is. I always was scared when I got a call from the nursery house my mom was in back in Vegas. And it was in the same country" Max held his hand and kissed it.

"What about we order something to eat? I saw pizza. I bet pizza in Italy must be better than anything we ever ate"

Spencer laughed and looked at her with thankful eyes. He got used to the idea of losing his mother at any moment but still the thought hurt him.

"Sure I will call the waiter and order" he did it and after some minutes they were eating pizza. They were small so he ordered two and after a few more hours they went back to their room.

They took a shower and then lay in bed to watch a movie.

"so what did you plan for tomorrow Max?" He asked curious.

"Well I decided to give you an especial day. I bought a tour to Pompeii" she looked at him "you were so excited about going so I thought we could visit it"

"I love you Maxine" he said seconds after she finished then he placed his hands on her cheeks and kissed her gently before she complained about her full name "thank you" he smiled and rubbed her cheeks.

"You are welcome" they kissed again. It escalated into something more and they ended up making love again.

They decided to skip dinner and just sleep early because their trip would leave at seven in the morning the next day.

The next morning they decided to buy something on their way to the place they will meet with their guide and the other people.

When they arrived it was six thirty so they bought something to eat and met with some other people, they talked to them until the van arrived, they hopped aboard and travel south in air-conditioned comfort to Italy’s Campania region.

As they traveled, they listened tales about the colorful southern Italian area and Mt. Vesuvius.

"After the volcano’s infamous AD 79 eruption, lava and volcanic ash destroyed the cities of Herculaneum and Pompeii. Evidence of those ancient streams of lava is still evident in the area" said Spencer and their guide looked at him surprised.

"He loves the history" said Max smiling and everyone looked at them, then the guide showed them some pictures in their LED screen.

"Pompeii was once a thriving Roman city; today the town is best known for its UNESCO-listed archaeological digs, which are home to a wealth of relics" said the guide.

When they arrived they saw incredibly preserved fossils and other ruins, plus plaster imprints of the town’s victims who were buried for years.

There you can see the remains of the Forum and Teatro Grande, where some 5,000 people could once be seated.

The tour guide told them about day-to-day life for the Pompeii locals as they wandered streets where ancient shops, cafes and even brothels could be found.

Their guide let then some free time for sightseeing, and after that they had a Neapolitan pizza lunch.

They stood in front of them and said "Normally we could hike the Mt Vesuvius but from November 20 to March 31, the Mt is unacceptable" a lot of people sighed and cursed softly, the man continued "So the hike is replaced with a visit to the iconic City of Naples, where we will take a panoramic bus tour and have some free time to walk around the city center"

The city was beautiful and Max made sure to take photos of everything they saw. Then they returned to Rome.

Spencer and Max slept on their way back to Rome. When they arrived the guide woke them up and they took a taxi back to their hotel.

They spent their Saturday in the hotel with their new friends. Sunday was their last day so they decided to buy more souvenirs for the others left.

When they have it they used their night putting their things in their suitcases, then lays in bed and fell asleep hugging each others.

That was the best week they had and they will keep this amazing city in their mind, hoping to return some day.

OOooOOooOO

Hope you liked this. The next one will be their return to Washington.

Read you later.

[soflostudio]

https://ext-6238347.livejournal.com/6430.html

[cacti-are-like-flamingos]

Trish Una x Latina! Reader

You sat on the living room couch, eyes glued onto the brightness up screen of the TV across from either of you, your main interest being the drama series that the network was currently displaying. Your hands subconsciously caressing the exposed skin of your lover's back, running up and down in light comforting touches. Her body straddling your lap, either legs on both sides, her skirt acting as a blanket of sorts as it blanketed the rest of your lower body. Her petite arms wrapped around your neck, fingers buried in your hair, lazily playing with (h/c) curly locks. You smiled as you felt Trish nuzzle her face deeper into the crook of your neck, hearing her sigh in pleasure at the smell of your lavender and coconut scent. Today was one of those days you had once dreade, nothing to do, just wallowing in your boredom. But now, now that you had found her, these were the days you couldn't wait for. You had come to the conclusion that you once dreaded those days because you had no one to spend them with, but now you did.

You had came to Italy due to there being an optional international field trip made by your Italian Language class. It was a trip that was meant to further enforce your knowledge over the langaueg itself and to fully emerge yourself with the colorful culture. You had managed to convince your family to let you go, promising to pay most of the expenses and such. Next thing you knew, you were leaving the airport and entering the beautiful city of Naples. A few days into your trip, while you were with your classes tour guide, you had ran into some trouble after wandering off to buy some cannolis. You lost the rest of the group and then all of a sudden, gunshots and what not rang through the air. Much more occurred during the fight but you were too lazy to go into much detail. All that was needed to know was that you saved Trish's ass at the fight, nursed her back to health, and became somewhat of a bodyguard. Her father had found out about what you did and so he wanted you to protect her, you couldn't actually deny a gangster to be honest. Oh buddy, that very same night after you had met with her father, the call back home, oof. You had told you parents that a very high ranking school had become interested in you, offering you a good scholarship to study with them. Although you were in your junior year of highschool, they said that they would provide all you needed to survive in another country. They were surprised, shocked at the very beginning, but after asking if you could deal with living on your own and you saying yes, they allowed it.

Few weeks pass by, either of you had developed a crush on each other. And considering that the both of you lived together now, things were sometimes difficult. Trish never got used to the fact that you would walk out of the shower wearing nothing but a rather short towel wrapped around your body, and you could never get use to the revealing outfit she always wore. You had been the first to confess. It was late in the night....morning actually. It was around 4 am, you didn't have the capability of sleeping the day, hundreds of thoughts racing through your mind. Beginning a conversation with the young 16 year old, you being just a year older, it had led to many random topics until finally ending up on the topic of love and romance and shit. You remembered how you smoothly said, "I've never been in love....'till I met you." The face your beloved pink-haired lover made was one that you could always laugh at even to this day. So shocked, blush-filled, and happy. You got together after that, leading to today.

You glanced down to the ring that adorned your wedding finger, admiring its simplicity. Either of you weren't engaged to one another, but in a way, these rings symbolized your loyalty to one another. What were they called again....a promise ring? You figured that it sounded dumb but that's what they were. However, even though the two of you weren't engaged or anything, you would often refer to each other as wives. Close friends of yours, ones that you made in Italy, had often asked, "How's the wife?" In the beginning, they had meant it as a way to joke around, later on it just became a thing. Either of you were too young to wed, that much was obvious, but that didn't mean you didn't act like a married couple.

You lived all the memories that you shared with Trish, loved all the memories that you shared with the gang. Memories that you lived the most involved the two of you teaching ecahothers your native languages. You taught her Spanish and she taught you Italian. It was common for pet names to be spoke in either's mother tongue. You would call Trish, " Amor de mi vida", "mi amor", or "bebe". Trish called you, " mio caro" "amore mio," or "bella". It was also common for you to rsapond to eachother in your own mother tongues, " Want to eat outside?" "Porque no, es un lindo dia." "How was it at Passione?" "Fugo pugnalò di nuovo Narancia sulla guancia con una forchetta."

Meeting Trish was something you would never regret.

"(Y/n)?" You glanced down, finally realizing that your partner was gazing up at you with a sort of worried look in her beautiful eyes. "Yes?" "What are you thinking about? I've been calling out your name for minutes now. You seemed deep in thoughts." Smiling fondly, you brought your hand to caress her cheek, enjoying the smoothness of her skin as well as the feeling of her leaning into your palm. "I was thinking about you." Her face went pink, a small smile on her lips. "And what were you thinking about?" You chuckled," Everything."

The two to you stayed silent for the next five minutes, getting lost in each other's eyes. "Te amo Trish." The pink haired gangster smiled softly.

"Ti amo anch'io amore mio."

[ljones41]

"MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL" (2019) Review

"MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL" (2019) Review Last year, Sony Pictures had announced its intentions to add a fourth entry to the MEN IN BLACK" movie franchise. I have to be honest. I did not receive the news with any real enthusiasm. And my feelings had failed to change when I learned the identities of the movie's two main stars.

"MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL" only shared a few similarities to the franchise's past three films. One of the co-stars proved to be Emma Thompson, who had returned for her second appearance in the franchise as Q, the MIB agency's director. The agency's Manhattan office also appeared in the film. And the MIB agents were up against another deadly alien trying to conquer Earth. Otherwise, there were major differences in this fourth film. Instead of Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones, "MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL" starred Chris Hemsworth and Tessa Thompson, who had been co-stars in the 2017 Marvel film, "THOR: RAGNAROK". Most of the "MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL" locations were set outside of the U.S. in London, Marrakesh, Naples and Paris. The last difference featured the circumstances surrounding the recruitment of Tessa Thompson's character into the agency. Unlike Will Smith's Agent J, Thompson's character had become aware of the Men in Black agency years before she joined it. The biggest difference between this film and the previous three movies involved a potential threat within the internal affairs of the Men in Black. In 1996 Brooklyn, a young girl named Molly Wright witnesses her parents being neuralysed by Men in Black agents, while she helps an alien escape. Twenty years later, Agents H and High T of the MiB London office travel to Paris to stop an invasion of the Hive – a parasitic race who invade planets by merging with the DNA of the conquered species – at the Eiffel Tower using a wormhole included in the original migration to Earth. After being rejected from the F.B.I. and the C.I.A., due to her "delusions" regarding alien life, Molly tracks down an alien landing and follows MiB agents to their New York City headquarters. Caught entering the agency, Molly makes an impression on the agency's director, Agent O and becomes probationary agent status as "Agent M". She is eventually assigned to the London branch. Agent M's new supervisor is High T, who has become head of the London office. The latter assigns her to become Agent H's new partner, who has developed a God complex, unconcerned with his duties and only keeping his job due to High T covering for him. Both M and H are assigned to guard a royal alien named Vungus the Ugly, during the latter's visit to Earth. A pair of alien twins manage to fatally injure Vungus. The latter gives M a strange crystal before he dies. And the agents of the London office realizes that a MiB agent may have betrayed Vungus to the alien assassins. Due to his lackadaisical behavior, H has become the main suspect. However, this does not last long and M eventually becomes tagged as the agency's traitor. M and H take matters into their hands and decide to conduct their own investigation - an act that leads them to become fugitives from the Men in Black agency. Following the release of "MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL", many critics and fans of the franchise had rained criticism and scorn upon it. Needless to say, the movie proved to be a box office failure, despite making a small profit. It is considered to be the worst film in the franchise. While many blamed the movie's narrative; the majority of the film's negative press seemed to stem from the fact that the movie had not been directed by Barry Sonnenfeld, who was responsible for the franchise's first three films. And there were a handful of disgruntled fans who seemed to resent the presence of Tessa Thompson as one of the film's leads, due to her gender. How do I feel about all of this? I do have a few problems with "MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL". One, this movie is not funny. What I meant is . . . it lacked the twisted and sardonic humor of Barry Sonnenfeld. If I have to be more specific, the film's humor barely generated any real laughs from me. I merely found myself feeling amused by some of the more comic moments. My second problem with "MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL" was Agent H's fate near the end of the movie. I did not like it. Considering his age and recent mental condition, I thought he was unnecessarily rewarded for his actions in stopping the main villain. My final problem with the film is basically minor. "MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL" featured the character of Agent O from the 2012 film, "MEN IN BLACK 3". To me, this was an indication that "MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL" was a continuation of the previous three films. If so, I thought screenwriters Art Marcum and Matt Holloway could have hinted on the fates of Agents J and K from the first three movies. What happened to them? Despite my complaints about the film, I did not dislike "MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL". In fact, I enjoyed it very much. And this was due to certain aspects of the film. One, I found some of the movie's special effects rather impressive, thanks to the visual effects team, Stuart Dryburgh's cinematography and Thomas Brown's art direction team. I was especially impressed by those scenes featuring Vungus' death in London, H, M and Pawny's escape from Marrakesh and especially their final showdown against the Big Bad at the Eiffel Tower in Paris. Another aspect of "MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL" that I enjoyed was its cast. Personally, I thought it was first-rate. The movie benefitted from a solid supporting cast that included Laurent and Larry Nicolas Bourgeois (aka Les Twins), who did an excellent job of conveying the silent, yet physical menace of the shape-shifting aliens known as "the Twins"; Tim Blaney, who returned to voice Frank the Pug; Kayvan Novak, who voiced the royal alien Vungus the Ugly; and Spencer Wilding. I found Rafe Spall's portrayal of Agent C of the UK branch rather sardonic, yet entertaining. Emma Thompson was excellent as usual as the Men in Black director, Agent O. Rebecca Ferguson gave an eccentric, yet funny performance as an alien intergalactic arms dealer and H's ex-girlfriend Riza Stavros. Liam Neeson's portrayal of High T, the head of the MIB UK branch, struck as equally off-beat and funny. And I felt that Kumail Nanjiani gave the best voice performance of all as Pawny, the small alien warrior that Agents M and H befriend. And of course, we have the movie's two leads - Chris Hemsworth and Tessa Thompson. Many crtics had been impressed by their screen dynamic in the Marvel film, "THOR: RAGNAROK". This led the producers of this film to cast them together as Agents H and M. And they did not fail. Thompson did a wonderful job as the uber observant and clever Molly Wright, who becomes the agency's newest recruit, Agent M. Hemsworth did an equally fantastic job in portraying Agent H, one of the agency's best agents who seemed to be suffering from some kind of post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), following his and Agent High T's defeat of the Hive, three years earlier. Not only did the two leads gave great performances, they also proved that their on-screen dynamic had not dimmed one bit. If I must be brutally honest, I was more impressed by their screen chemistry in this film than I was in "THOR: RAGNAROK". I realize that many people may not agree with me on this next topic. But if there is one thing that truly impressed me about "MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL", it was the screenplay written by Art Marcum and Matt Holloway. I found it very original for a movie from the MEN IN BLACK movie franchise. The previous three movies usually introduced the Big Bad either in the opening scene or not long after the opening. I cannot say the same for this film. Both Marcum and Holloway had not only created a mystery surrounding the Big Bad, they also included a possible traitor or mole within the Men in Black agency that might be assisting the main villain. Now this might be normal in a MISSION: IMPOSSIBLE movie or some other spy thriller. But in a MEN IN BLACK film? For the first time, this franchise had created a combination of a science-fiction movie and an espionage flick. It is a pity that many critics and film goers could not appreciate this. Perhaps it would have been easier if the film had followed the franchise's usual formula. In the end, I realized that I would not waste my time lamenting on the box office failure of "MEN IN BLACK: INTERNATIONAL". It was not the first box office bomb that I ended up enjoying. And I doubt that it will be the last. Although I found the film's humor rather lukewarm - worthy more of a small chuckle instead of a belly laugh - I cannot deny that I truly enjoyed the film's narrative, along with the exciting action sequences and the talented cast led by Chris Hemsworth and Tessa Thompson, thanks to director F. Gary Gray. Many others may have been disappointed by this film. But I was not.

[naplesvideo-blog]

Video coverage is a very lucrative business in the world today, especially in the United States. Many companies have emerged through this innovative idea of shooting videos for different purposes. There are several kinds of videos that are being covered, but in this article, you will learn more about the trade show coverage.

Trade show videos are no ordinary task and it requires proper production for both professional loops and exhibits booth videos. So far, so good, many have made a living out of it. The trade show crews are very much available in many cities of the country at affordable rates.

Why is trade show video important?

There are several reasons why people are interested in trade show coverage asides being a very strong display tip for recognition. Although, it wins attention, below are other things that come with it.

Viewers attraction: This is the first advantage of trying out a trade show coverage because it attracts more viewers and this ultimately influences more traffic. Sooner or later, there is going to be a lot of people flocking into your booth to see what you have to offer.

National video marketing: This is an experience no one ever wants to miss. While it is being provided to attendees which is a way people get to spend more time at the booth, the display is being enhanced – a strategy to gain more customers or make profits from the exhibition.

Video editing: One of the major benefits of a trade show production is the editing of video contents for customers. This can be done for both new or previously existing videos.

Accessibility: The trade show video coverage has special designs which are accessible to different devices such as LED displays, TV monitors, computer screens, etc. to meet customer’s demands.

How to create trade show video content with a crew?

In order to create good video marketing content, a camera crew trade show video coverage is the best move to make. It gives you and your team an edge over other crews out there only known for shallow video production.

To make sure the content is well created, you need to:

Cover customer’s testimonial video

Record videos with enough demonstrations and illustrations

Explain what you have to offer and what people stand to gain

Finally, market your brand with a logo display

These strategies listed above are smart, nice and easy to make a wonderful video production in Naples with the best affordable crew.

Although, you need a good videographer who is good at capturing trade shows and also a professional who has more knowledge about video marketing. However, your services must be able to meet limited or tight budgets, so you can gain more clients.

Conclusion

Trade show video coverage is one of the many things most people are rushing to do nowadays. Having in-depth knowledge about it makes it even better to make more profit. In conclusion, always remember that good video production in Naples brings more clients and recognition as expected.

[littleharpethcrossfit]

Saturday,  9 April Warmup.....Push Press/KBS.....Big Met-Con.....Sit-Ups.

It’s gonna be a cold one.  Robert was so worried he even brought some extra propane for our patio heaters.

Sweet Dana led us in her soccer-style warmup.  It was great !!

Warmup #2:

25 Jumping Jacks performed to the distinctive rhythm of ABBA’s “Take A Chance On Me”.   The last time I tried to make the class do this for the entire song there was mass rebellion and the daily attendance dropped 50%.   That’s why I’m only programming 25 reps.  Surprisingly, nearly everyone did these with minimal groaning.

Strength WOD:

The Push Press is 60 to 75% of 1 RM.

The KBS should be AHAP.  Think of Coach Evan’s at BA.

Push Press                     5          5          5          5         5

Heavy Russian KBS       15        15         15       15        15

Average Dave=156     Ed=155     Robert=145     Nathan=135     Timmy=130     Dyer=115     Warren A/Coach/Tom/Rodney/Dana/Angel=75     Joe=65     Linda/Sandy/Cheri=55

The Metabolic Conditioner:

I did this at a Box in Naples, so I stole it.

Each of the Exercises are for 20 Reps.

Run 400 / Row-Ski 500 / Bike ERG 1000m.

Wall-Balls  (+ 30/20/14)      Pull-Ups       Dips  (+ Rings) 

Run 800 / Row-Ski 1000 / Bike ERG 2000m.

Box-Jump (+30/24/20)    Back Raise    Gob. Sq. (+70/53/35)  

Run 400 / Row-Ski 500 / Bike ERG 1000m. 

RX+

Robert=14:01     Average Dave=15:15

    Dana=12:28    Nathan=15:25     Cheri=16:13      Linda=16:22     Ed=16:28     Timmy=17:10*     Warren A=17:37     Angel=18:18     Joe=18:25     Coach=18:45     Rodney=20:11     Dyer=20:51      Tom=21:15     Sandy=21:25 

Extra Credit:

Sit-Ups Anyhow:     10 / 10 / 10 / 10 / 10

Notes:

It wasn’t as freezing cold as expected today.  The bright Sun helped a lot, as did the absence of wind.  Tomorrow will be warmer.

Herb and Sue were absent.  They had an excuse.  Armando and Shannon were absent and didn’t have an excuse.  They gifted the Barn with a much needed pair of 15 lb Dumb-Bells last Thursday.  I hope it wasn’t a goodbye gift.

Sunday at 1 PM.  There is a semi-secret workout for decrepit old folks that starts at 0730.  Medicare and AARP cards will be screened. 

[pixtourz]

$3,000 - WHITTENBERG VILLA ANNUAL UNFURNISHED RENTAL! Virtual Tour: http://vtours.pixtourz.com/49150efd/ ANNAUL UNFURNISHED NAPLES RENTAL! This 3 bedroom 2 bath Attached Villa 2 Car Garage with POOL & Private Preserve View. Located just minutes to downtown 5th Ave in the small gated "BOUTIQUE" community of Whittenberg Villas. MAINTAINED, CLEAN & MOVE IN READY! Interior just freshly painted, NEW AC, White Plantation Shutters, Vaulted Ceilings, New Ceiling Fans w/LED Lighting, Tile Floors,NO CARPET! Spacious Open Floor Plan, nice size kitchen w/Eat in Kitchen Nook, Granite Counters, Breakfast Bar, Large Dining/Living Area, Master Bedroom w/French Doors open to the Pool Lanai, 2 Walk In Closets, Large Shower in Master Bath, 2nd Bedroom has its own En Suite Bathroom w/Shower, 3rd Bedroom could also be used as Den or Office Space. Screened in Lanai w/your own POOL & Electric Hurricane Shutters. Laundry Room in Residence. 1st, Last & Security Deposit Required to Move In! HOA Application Fee, Background & Credit check. Property Type: Villa Building Type: Villa Bedrooms: 3 Bathrooms: 2 House Size: 1386 Year Built: 1998 MLS#: 221072184 For more information call (239) 220-5119

[sharengayonline]

iOS – Wikipedia

Sharengay Trang Tin Tức Độc Đáo VIDEO iOS – Wikipedia

This article is about the mobile operating system developed by Apple. For the router/switch OS developed by Cisco Systems, see Cisco IOS. For other uses, see IOS (disambiguation).

iOS

Commercial logo as used by Apple, since 2017

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Screenshot

iOS 14 running on an iPhone 11 Pro Max

Developer Apple Inc. Written in C, C++, Objective-C, Swift, assembly language OS family Unix-like, based on Darwin (BSD), iOS Working state Current Source model Closed, with open-source components Initial release June 29, 2007; 14 years ago Latest release 14.6[1] (18F72)[2] (May 24, 2021; 41 days ago) [±] Latest preview 15.0 beta 2[3] (19A5281j)[4] (June 30, 2021; 4 days ago) [±] 14.7 beta 4[5] (18G5052d)[6] (June 29, 2021; 5 days ago) [±] Marketing target Smartphones, tablet computers, portable media players Available in 40 languages[7][8][9][10] Update method OTA (since iOS 5), Finder (from macOS Catalina onwards)[11] or iTunes (Windows and macOS pre-Catalina) Platforms

ARMv8-A (iOS 7 and later)

ARMv7-A (iPhone OS 3 – iOS 10.3.4)

ARMv6 (iPhone OS 1 – iOS 4.2.1)

Kernel type Hybrid (XNU) Default user interface Cocoa Touch (multi-touch, GUI) License Proprietary software except for open-source components Official website https://apple.co/3jOpyAz Supported iOS version history

iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating system that powers many of the company’s mobile devices, including the iPhone and iPod Touch; the term also included the versions running on iPads until the name iPadOS was introduced with version 13 in 2019. It is the world’s second-most widely installed mobile operating system, after Android. It is the basis for three other operating systems made by Apple: iPadOS, tvOS, and watchOS. It is proprietary software, although some parts of it are open source under the Apple Public Source License and other licenses.[12]

Unveiled in 2007 for the first-generation iPhone, iOS has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch (September 2007) and the iPad (introduced: January 2010; availability: April 2010.) As of March 2018, Apple’s App Store contains more than 2.1 million iOS applications, 1 million of which are native for iPads.[13] These mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times.

Major versions of iOS are released annually. The current stable version, iOS 14, was released to the public on September 16, 2020.[14] It brought many user interface changes, including the ability to place widgets on the home screen, a compact UI for both Siri and phone calls, and the ability to change both the default web browser and email apps. No devices were dropped, as all devices supported by iOS 13 are able to run iOS 14.

History

First iOS logotype (2010–2013), using Myriad Pro Semibold font

Second iOS logotype (2013–2017), using Myriad Pro Light font

Third iOS logotype (2017–present), using San Francisco Semibold font

In 2005, when Steve Jobs began planning the iPhone, he had a choice to either “shrink the Mac, which would be an epic feat of engineering, or enlarge the iPod”. Jobs favored the former approach but pitted the Macintosh and iPod teams, led by Scott Forstall and Tony Fadell, respectively, against each other in an internal competition, with Forstall winning by creating the iPhone OS. The decision enabled the success of the iPhone as a platform for third-party developers: using a well-known desktop operating system as its basis allowed the many third-party Mac developers to write software for the iPhone with minimal retraining. Forstall was also responsible for creating a software development kit for programmers to build iPhone apps, as well as an App Store within iTunes.[15][16]

The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 9, 2007, and released in June of that year.[17][18][19] At the time of its unveiling in January, Steve Jobs claimed: “iPhone runs OS X” and runs “desktop class applications”,[20][21] but at the time of the iPhone’s release, the operating system was renamed “iPhone OS”.[22] Initially, third-party native applications were not supported. Jobs’ reasoning was that developers could build web applications through the Safari web browser that “would behave like native apps on the iPhone”.[23][24] In October 2007, Apple announced that a native Software Development Kit (SDK) was under development and that they planned to put it “in developers’ hands in February”.[25][26][27] On March 6, 2008, Apple held a press event, announcing the iPhone SDK.[28][29]

The iOS App Store was opened on July 10, 2008 with an initial 500 applications available.[30] This quickly grew to 3,000 in September 2008,[31] 15,000 in January 2009,[32] 50,000 in June 2009,[33] 100,000 in November 2009,[34][35] 250,000 in August 2010,[36][37] 650,000 in July 2012,[38] 1 million in October 2013,[39][40] 2 million in June 2016,[41][42][43] and 2.2 million in January 2017.[44][45] As of March 2016, 1 million apps are natively compatible with the iPad tablet computer.[46] These apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times.[41] App intelligence firm Sensor Tower has estimated that the App Store will reach 5 million apps by the year 2020.[47]

In September 2007, Apple announced the iPod Touch, a redesigned iPod based on the iPhone form factor.[48] On January 27, 2010, Apple introduced their much-anticipated media tablet, the iPad, featuring a larger screen than the iPhone and iPod Touch, and designed for web browsing, media consumption, and reading, and offering multi-touch interaction with multimedia formats including newspapers, e-books, photos, videos, music, word processing documents, video games, and most existing iPhone apps using a 9.7-inch screen.[49][50][51] It also includes a mobile version of Safari for web browsing, as well as access to the App Store, iTunes Library, iBookstore, Contacts, and Notes. Content is downloadable via Wi-Fi and optional 3G service or synced through the user’s computer.[52] AT&T was initially the sole U.S. provider of 3G wireless access for the iPad.[53]

In June 2010, Apple rebranded iPhone OS as “iOS”. The trademark “IOS” had been used by Cisco for over a decade for its operating system, IOS, used on its routers. To avoid any potential lawsuit, Apple licensed the “IOS” trademark from Cisco.[54]

The Apple Watch smartwatch was announced by Tim Cook on September 9, 2014, being introduced as a product with health and fitness-tracking.[55][56] It was released on April 24, 2015.[57][58][59] It uses watchOS as operative system, which is based on IOS.

On November 22nd, 2016, a five-second video file originally named “IMG_0942.MP4” started crashing iOS on a increasing count of devices, forcing users to reboot. It gained massive popularity through social media channels and messaging services.[60][61]

In October 2016, Apple opened its first iOS Developer Academy in Naples inside University of Naples Federico II’s new campus.[62][63] The course is completely free, aimed at acquiring specific technical skills on the creation and management of applications for the Apple ecosystem platforms.[64] At the Academy there are also issues of business administration (business planning and business management with a focus on digital opportunities) and there is a path dedicated to the design of graphical interfaces. Students have the opportunity to participate in the “Enterprise Track”, an in-depth training experience on the entire life cycle of an app, from design to implementation, to security, troubleshooting, data storage and cloud usage.[65][66] As of 2020, the Academy graduated almost a thousand students from all over the world, who have worked on 400 app ideas and have already published about 50 apps on the iOS App Store. In the 2018/2019 academic year, students from more than 30 different countries arrived. 35 of these have been selected to attend the Worldwide Developer Conference, the annual Apple Developer Conference held annually in California in early June.[67][68]

Steve Jobs, Apple’s then CEO, introducing the iPad.

On June 3, 2019, iPadOS, the branded version of iOS for iPad, was announced at the 2019 WWDC; it was launched on September 25, 2019.[69]

Features

Interface

The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures such as swipe, tap, pinch, and reverse pinch. Interface control elements include sliders, switches, and buttons.[70] Internal accelerometers are used by some applications to respond to shaking the device (one common result is the undo command) or rotating it in three dimensions (one common result is switching between portrait and landscape mode). Various accessibility described in § Accessibility functions enable users with vision and hearing disabilities to properly use iOS.[71]

iOS devices boot to the homescreen, the primary navigation and information “hub” on iOS devices, analogous to the desktop found on personal computers. iOS homescreens are typically made up of app icons and widgets; app icons launch the associated app, whereas widgets display live, auto-updating content, such as a weather forecast, the user’s email inbox, or a news ticker directly on the homescreen.[72]

Along the top of the screen is a status bar, showing information about the device and its connectivity. The status bar itself contains two elements, the Control Center and the Notification Center. The Control Center can be “pulled” down from the top right of the notch, on the new iPhones, giving access to various toggles to manage the device more quickly without having to open the Settings. It is possible to manage brightness, volume, wireless connections, music player, etc.[73]

Instead, scrolling from the top left to the bottom will open the Notification Center, which in the latest versions of iOS is very similar to the lockscreen. It displays notifications in chronological order and groups them by application. From the notifications of some apps it is possible to interact directly, for example by replying a message directly from it. Notifications are sent in two modes, the important notifications that are displayed on the lock screen and signaled by a distinctive sound, accompanied by a warning banner and the app badge icon, and the secondary mode where they are displayed in the Notification Center, but they are not shown on the lock screen, nor are they indicated by warning banners, badge icons or sounds.[74][75]

It is possible to choose if notifications from an app can be shown on the lock screen, Notification Center, banner, or all three; whether the banner should be temporary or permanent; activate or deactivate the sound; choose whether to group by app or not and whether to show previews when locked. It is possible to turn off unwanted app notifications. Older notifications are automatically deleted after a few days.

A homescreen may be made up of several pages, between which the user can swipe back and forth, one of the ways to do this is to hold down on the “dots” shown on each page and swipe left or right.

To the right of the last page, the App Library lists and categorizes apps installed on the device. Apps within each category are arranged based on the frequency of their usage. In addition to a category for suggested apps, a “recent” category lists apps recently installed alongside App Clips recently accessed. Users can search for the app they want or browse them in alphabetical order.

iOS also integrates seamlessly with other programming frameworks and technologies, such as Apple Pay, HomeKit, HealthKit, and ResearchKit.

On iOS, the main page button is usually located at the top right. To go back in an application there is almost always a “back” button.

You can go back in 4 different ways, it varies depending on the context.

Press the “Back” button at the top left of the display

Swipe right from the left edge of the screen (gesture)

Press the “Finish” action at the top right of the screen

Scroll down on the screen content

The page title is practically always present and very visible, but it shrinks as the user scrolls down.

Navigation destinations that cannot be contained in the bottom tab bar can: be moved to a generic “More” tab or appear as actions in the top left or top right of other destinations.

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Modal views are single-screen activities that are displayed by swiping into the foreground, while allowing the previous screen to peek up, retreating into the background. You can ignore them by scrolling down or tapping “Back” at the top.

Full screen views are media content such as photos or videos that take up the entire screen. They disappear on scrolling down.

Occasionally on iOS, important page actions appear on a lower toolbar.

Action menus can be activated by any button or by attempting to perform any action. They scroll from bottom to top.

On earlier iPhones with home button, screenshots can be created with the simultaneous press of the home and power buttons. In comparison to Android OS, which requires the buttons to be held down, a short press does suffice on iOS.[76] On the more recent iPhones which lack a physical home button, screenshots are captured using the volume-down and power buttons instead.[77]

A new feature in iOS 13 called “context menus” shows related actions when you touch and hold an item. When the context menu is displayed, the background is blurred.[78]

To choose from a few options, a selection control is used. Selectors can appear anchored at the bottom or in line with the content (called date selectors). Date selectors take on the appearance of any other selection control, but with a column for day, month, and optionally year.

Alerts appear in the center of the screen, but there are also alerts that scroll up from the bottom of the screen (called “action panels”). Destructive actions (such as eliminating any element) are colored red.

The official font of iOS is San Francisco. It is designed for small text readability, and is used throughout the operating system, including third-party apps.[78]

The icons are 180x180px in size for iPhones with a larger screen, usually models over 6 inches, including iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 8 Plus, while it’s 120x120px on iPhones with smaller displays.[79]

Apple’s official design language is called Human Interface.[80]

Applications

iOS devices come with preinstalled apps developed by Apple including Mail, Maps, TV, Music, FaceTime, Wallet, Health, and many more.

Applications (“apps”) are the most general form of application software that can be installed on iOS. They are downloaded from the official catalog of the App Store digital store, where apps are subjected to security checks before being made available to users. In June 2017, Apple updated its guidelines to specify that app developers will no longer have the ability to use custom prompts for encouraging users to leave reviews for their apps.[81][82] IOS applications can also be installed directly from an IPA file provided by the software distributor, via unofficial ways. They are written using iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) and, often, combined with Xcode, using officially supported programming languages, including Swift and Objective-C. Other companies have also created tools that allow for the development of native iOS apps using their respective programming languages.

Applications for iOS are mostly built using components of UIKit, a programming framework. It allows applications to have a consistent look and feel with the OS, nevertheless offering customization.

Elements automatically update along with iOS updates, automatically including new interface rules. UIKit elements are very adaptable, this allows developers to design a single app that looks the same on any iOS device. In addition to defining the iOS interface, UIKit defines the functionality of the application.

At first, Apple did not intend to release an SDK to developers, because they did not want third-party apps to be developed for iOS, building web apps instead. However, this technology never entered into common use, this led Apple to change its opinion, so in October 2007 the SDK for developers was announced, finally released on March 6, 2008.

The SDK includes an inclusive set of development tools,[83] including an audio mixer and an iPhone simulator. It is a free download for Mac users. It is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs. To test the application, get technical support, and distribute applications through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.

Over the years, the Apple Store apps surpassed multiple major milestones, including 50,000,[84] 100,000,[85] 250,000,[86] 500,000,[87] 1 million,[88] and 2 million apps.[89] The billionth application was installed on April 24, 2009.[90]

Home screen

The home screen, rendered by SpringBoard, displays application icons and a dock at the bottom where users can pin their most frequently used apps. The home screen appears whenever the user unlocks the device or presses the physical “Home” button while in another app.[91] Before iOS 4 on the iPhone 3GS (or later), the screen’s background could be customized only through jailbreaking, but can now be changed out-of-the-box. The screen has a status bar across the top to display data, such as time, battery level, and signal strength. The rest of the screen is devoted to the current application. When a passcode is set and a user switches on the device, the passcode must be entered at the Lock Screen before access to the Home screen is granted.[92]

In iPhone OS 3, Spotlight was introduced, allowing users to search media, apps, emails, contacts, messages, reminders, calendar events, and similar content. In iOS 7 and later, Spotlight is accessed by pulling down anywhere on the home screen (except for the top and bottom edges that open Notification Center and Control Center).[93][94] In iOS 9, there are two ways to access Spotlight. As with iOS 7 and 8, pulling down on any homescreen will show Spotlight. However, it can also be accessed as it was in iOS 3 – 6. This endows Spotlight with Siri suggestions, which include app suggestions, contact suggestions and news.[95] In iOS 10, Spotlight is at the top of the now-dedicated “Today” panel.[96]

Since iOS 3.2, users are able to set a background image for the Home Screen. This feature is only available on third-generation devices—iPhone 3GS, third-generation iPod touch (iOS 4.0 or newer), and all iPad models (since iOS 3.2)—or newer.

iOS 7 introduced a parallax effect on the Home Screen, which shifts the device’s wallpaper and icons in response to the movement of the device, creating a 3D effect and an illusion of floating icons. This effect is also visible in the tab view of Mail and Safari.[97]

Researchers found that users organize icons on their homescreens based on usage frequency and relatedness of the applications, as well as for reasons of usability and aesthetics.[98]

System font

iOS originally used Helvetica as the system font. Apple switched to Helvetica Neue exclusively for the iPhone 4 and its Retina Display, and retained Helvetica as the system font for older iPhone devices on iOS 4.[99] With iOS 7, Apple announced that they would change the system font to Helvetica Neue Light, a decision that sparked criticism for inappropriate usage of a light, thin typeface for low-resolution mobile screens. Apple eventually chose Helvetica Neue instead.[100][101] The release of iOS 7 also introduced the ability to scale text or apply other forms of text accessibility changes through Settings.[102][103] With iOS 9, Apple changed the font to San Francisco, an Apple-designed font aimed at maximum legibility and font consistency across its product lineup.[104][105]

Folders

iOS 4 introduced folders, which can be created by dragging an application on top of another, and from then on, more items can be added to the folder using the same procedure. A title for the folder is automatically selected by the category of applications inside, but the name can also be edited by the user.[106] When apps inside folders receive notification badges, the individual numbers of notifications are added up and the total number is displayed as a notification badge on the folder itself.[106] Originally, folders on an iPhone could include up to 12 apps, while folders on iPad could include 20.[107] With increasing display sizes on newer iPhone hardware, iOS 7 updated the folders with pages similar to the home screen layout, allowing for a significant expansion of folder functionality. Each page of a folder can contain up to nine apps, and there can be 15 pages in total, allowing for a total of 135 apps in a single folder.[108] In iOS 9, Apple updated folder sizes for iPad hardware, allowing for 16 apps per page, still at 15 pages maximum, increasing the total to 240 apps.[109]

Notification Center

Before iOS 5, notifications were delivered in a modal window and couldn’t be viewed after being dismissed. In iOS 5, Apple introduced Notification Center, which allows users to view a history of notifications. The user can tap a notification to open its corresponding app, or clear it.[110] Notifications are now delivered in banners that appear briefly at the top of the screen. If a user taps a received notification, the application that sent the notification will be opened. Users can also choose to view notifications in modal alert windows by adjusting the application’s notification settings. Introduced with iOS 8, widgets are now accessible through the Notification Center, defined by 3rd parties.

When an app sends a notification while closed, a red badge appears on its icon. This badge tells the user, at a glance, how many notifications that app has sent. Opening the app clears the badge.

Accessibility

iOS offers various accessibility features to help users with vision and hearing disabilities. One major feature, VoiceOver, provides a voice reading information on the screen, including contextual buttons, icons, links and other user interface elements, and allows the user to navigate the operating system through gestures. Any apps with default controls and developed with a UIKit framework gets VoiceOver functionality built in.[111] One example includes holding up the iPhone to take a photo, with VoiceOver describing the photo scenery.[112] As part of a “Made for iPhone” program, introduced with the release of iOS 7 in 2013, Apple has developed technology to use Bluetooth and a special technology protocol to let compatible third-party equipment connect with iPhones and iPads for streaming audio directly to a user’s ears. Additional customization available for Made for iPhone products include battery tracking and adjustable sound settings for different environments.[113][114] Apple made further efforts for accessibility for the release of iOS 10 in 2016, adding a new pronunciation editor to VoiceOver, adding a Magnifier setting to enlarge objects through the device’s camera, software TTY support for deaf people to make phone calls from the iPhone, and giving tutorials and guidelines for third-party developers to incorporate proper accessibility functions into their apps.[115]

In 2012, Liat Kornowski from The Atlantic wrote that “the iPhone has turned out to be one of the most revolutionary developments since the invention of Braille”,[116] and in 2016, Steven Aquino of TechCrunch described Apple as “leading the way in assistive technology”, with Sarah Herrlinger, Senior Manager for Global Accessibility Policy and Initiatives at Apple, stating that “We see accessibility as a basic human right. Building into the core of our products supports a vision of an inclusive world where opportunity and access to information are barrier-free, empowering individuals with disabilities to achieve their goals”.[117]

Criticism has been aimed at iOS depending on both internet connection (either WiFi or through iTunes) and a working SIM card upon first activation.[118] This restriction has been loosened in iOS 12, which no longer requires the latter.[119]

Multitasking

Multitasking for iOS was first released in June 2010 along with the release of iOS 4.[120][121] Only certain devices—iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 3rd generation—were able to multitask.[122] The iPad did not get multitasking until iOS 4.2.1 in that November.[123]

The implementation of multitasking in iOS has been criticized for its approach, which limits the work that applications in the background can perform to a limited function set and requires application developers to add explicit support for it.[122][124]

Before iOS 4, multitasking was limited to a selection of the applications Apple included on the device. Users could however “jailbreak” their device in order to unofficially multitask.[125] Starting with iOS 4, on third-generation and newer iOS devices, multitasking is supported through seven background APIs:[126]

Background audio – application continues to run in the background as long as it is playing audio or video content[127]

Voice over IP – application is suspended when a phone call is not in progress[127]

Background location – application is notified of location changes[127]

Push notifications

Local notifications – application schedules local notifications to be delivered at a predetermined time[127]

Task completion – application asks the system for extra time to complete a given task[127]

Fast app switching – application does not execute any code and may be removed from memory at any time[127]

In iOS 5, three new background APIs were introduced:

Newsstand – application can download content in the background to be ready for the user[127]

External Accessory – application communicates with an external accessory and shares data at regular intervals[127]

Bluetooth Accessory – application communicates with a bluetooth accessory and shares data at regular intervals[127]

In iOS 7, Apple introduced a new multitasking feature, providing all apps with the ability to perform background updates. This feature prefers to update the user’s most frequently used apps and prefers to use Wi-Fi networks over a cellular network, without markedly reducing the device’s battery life.

Switching applications

In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, double-clicking the home button activates the application switcher. A scrollable dock-style interface appears from the bottom, moving the contents of the screen up. Choosing an icon switches to an application. To the far left are icons which function as music controls, a rotation lock, and on iOS 4.2 and above, a volume controller.

With the introduction of iOS 7, double-clicking the home button also activates the application switcher. However, unlike previous versions it displays screenshots of open applications on top of the icon and horizontal scrolling allows for browsing through previous apps, and it is possible to close applications by dragging them up, similar to how WebOS handled multiple cards.[128]

With the introduction of iOS 9, the application switcher received a significant visual change; while still retaining the card metaphor introduced in iOS 7, the application icon is smaller, and appears above the screenshot (which is now larger, due to the removal of “Recent and Favorite Contacts”), and each application “card” overlaps the other, forming a rolodex effect as the user scrolls. Now, instead of the home screen appearing at the leftmost of the application switcher, it appears rightmost.[129] In iOS 11, the application switcher receives a major redesign. In the iPad, the Control Center and app switcher are combined. The app switcher in the iPad can also be accessed by swiping up from the bottom. In the iPhone, the app switcher cannot be accessed if there are no apps in the RAM.

Ending tasks

In iOS 4.0 to iOS 6.x, briefly holding the icons in the application switcher makes them “jiggle” (similarly to the homescreen) and allows the user to force quit the applications by tapping the red minus circle that appears at the corner of the app’s icon.[130] Clearing applications from multitasking stayed the same from iOS 4.0 through 6.1.6, the last version of iOS 6.

As of iOS 7, the process has become faster and easier. In iOS 7, instead of holding the icons to close them, they are closed by simply swiping them upwards off the screen. Up to three apps can be cleared at a time compared to one in versions up to iOS 6.1.6.[131]

Task completion

Task completion allows apps to continue a certain task after the app has been suspended.[132][133] As of iOS 4.0, apps can request up to ten minutes to complete a task in the background.[134] This doesn’t extend to background up- and downloads though (e.g. if a user starts a download in one application, it won’t finish if they switch away from the application).

Siri

Main article: Siri

Siri () is an intelligent personal assistant integrated into iOS. The assistant uses voice queries and a natural language user interface to answer questions, make recommendations, and perform actions by delegating requests to a set of Internet services. The software adapts to users’ individual language usages, searches, and preferences, with continuing use. Returned results are individualized.

Originally released as an app for iOS in February 2010,[135] it was acquired by Apple two months later,[136][137][138] and then integrated into iPhone 4S at its release in October 2011.[139][140] At that time, the separate app was also removed from the iOS App Store.[141]

Siri supports a wide range of user commands, including performing phone actions, checking basic information, scheduling events and reminders, handling device settings, searching the Internet, navigating areas, finding information on entertainment, and is able to engage with iOS-integrated apps.[142] With the release of iOS 10 in 2016, Apple opened up limited third-party access to Siri, including third-party messaging apps, as well as payments, ride-sharing, and Internet calling apps.[143][144] With the release of iOS 11, Apple updated Siri’s voices for more clear, human voices, it now supports follow-up questions and language translation, and additional third-party actions.[145][146]

Game Center

Game Center is an online multiplayer “social gaming network”[147] released by Apple.[148] It allows users to “invite friends to play a game, start a multiplayer game through matchmaking, track their achievements, and compare their high scores on a leaderboard.” iOS 5 and above adds support for profile photos.[147]

Game Center was announced during an iOS 4 preview event hosted by Apple on April 8, 2010. A preview was released to registered Apple developers in August.[147] It was released on September 8, 2010 with iOS 4.1 on iPhone 4, iPhone 3GS, and iPod Touch 2nd generation through 4th generation.[149] Game Center made its public debut on the iPad with iOS 4.2.1.[150] There is no support for the iPhone 3G, original iPhone and the first-generation iPod Touch (the latter two devices did not have Game Center because they did not get iOS 4).[151] However, Game Center is unofficially available on the iPhone 3G via a hack.[152]

Hardware

The main hardware platform for iOS is the ARM architecture (the ARMv7, ARMv8-A, ARMv8.2-A, ARMv8.3-A). iOS releases before iOS 7 can only be run on iOS devices with 32-bit ARM processors (ARMv6 and ARMv7-A architectures). In 2013, iOS 7 was released with full 64-bit support (which includes a native 64-bit kernel, libraries, drivers as well as all built-in applications),[153] after Apple announced that they were switching to 64-bit ARMv8-A processors with the introduction of the Apple A7 chip.[154] 64-bit support was also enforced for all apps in the App Store; All new apps submitted to the App Store with a deadline of February 2015, and all app updates submitted to the App Store with a deadline of June 1, 2015.[155] iOS 11 drops support for all iOS devices with 32-bit ARM processors as well as 32-bit applications,[156][157] making iOS 64-bit only.[158]

Development

The iOS SDK (Software Development Kit) allows for the development of mobile apps on iOS.

While originally developing iPhone prior to its unveiling in 2007, Apple’s then-CEO Steve Jobs did not intend to let third-party developers build native apps for iOS, instead directing them to make web applications for the Safari web browser.[159] However, backlash from developers prompted the company to reconsider,[159] with Jobs announcing in October 2007 that Apple would have a software development kit available for developers by February 2008.[160][161] The SDK was released on March 6, 2008.[162][163]

The SDK is a free download for users of Mac personal computers.[164] It is not available for Microsoft Windows PCs.[164] The SDK contains sets giving developers access to various functions and services of iOS devices, such as hardware and software attributes.[165] It also contains an iPhone simulator to mimic the look and feel of the device on the computer while developing.[165] New versions of the SDK accompany new versions of iOS.[166][167] In order to test applications, get technical support, and distribute apps through App Store, developers are required to subscribe to the Apple Developer Program.[164]

Combined with Xcode, the iOS SDK helps developers write iOS apps using officially supported programming languages, including Swift and Objective-C.[168] Other companies have also created tools that allow for the development of native iOS apps using their respective programming languages.[169][170]

Update schedule

Apple provides major updates to the iOS operating system annually via iTunes and since iOS 5, also over-the-air.[172] The device checks an XML-based PLIST file on mesu.apple.com for updates. The updates are delivered in plain unencrypted ZIP files. On all recent iOS devices, iOS regularly checks on the availability of an update, and if one is available, will prompt the user to permit its automatic installation.

The latest stable version is iOS 14, released on September 16, 2020. It is available for iPhone 6S and later, and the seventh-generation iPod Touch.[173] In addition to the release of iOS 14, iPadOS 14 was released alongside iOS 14. Apple debuted iOS 14 and iPadOS 14 at its annual WWDC keynote on June 22, 2020.[174] iPadOS 14 is available on iPad Air 2 and later, iPad fifth-generation and later, iPad mini 4 and later and all versions of the iPad Pro.[175] The update introduced new features such as improved home screen widgets, the App Library, App Clips, and more.[176]

Originally, iPod Touch users had to pay for system software updates. This was due to accounting rules that designated it not a “subscription device” like iPhone or Apple TV, and improvements to the device required payments.[177][178] The requirement to pay to upgrade caused iPod Touch owners to stay away from updates.[179] However, in September 2009, a change in accounting rules won tentative approval, affecting Apple’s earnings and stock price, and allowing iPod Touch updates to be delivered for free.[180][181]

Apple has significantly extended the cycle of updates for iOS supported devices over the years. The iPhone (1st generation) and iPhone 3G only received two iOS updates, while later models had support for five to six years.[182][183]

XNU kernel

The iOS kernel is the XNU kernel of Darwin. The original iPhone OS (1.0) up to iPhone OS 3.1.3 used Darwin 9.0.0d1. iOS 4 was based on Darwin 10. iOS 5 was based on Darwin 11. iOS 6 was based on Darwin 13. iOS 7 and iOS 8 are based on Darwin 14. iOS 9 is based on Darwin 15. iOS 10 is based on Darwin 16. iOS 11 is based on Darwin 17. iOS 12 is based on Darwin 18. iOS 13 is based on Darwin 19.[184]

In iOS 6 the kernel is subject to ASLR, similar to that of OS X Mountain Lion. This makes exploit possibilities more complex since it is not possible to know the location of kernel code.

Since XNU is based on the BSD kernel, it is open source.[185] The source is under a 3-clause[186] BSD license for the original BSD parts, with parts added by Apple under the Apple Public Source License.[187] The versions contained in iOS are not available; only the versions used in macOS are available.

iOS does not have kernel extensions (kexts) in the file system, even if they are actually present. The kernel cache can be decompressed to show the correct kernel, along with the kexts (all packed in the __PRELINK_TEXT section) and their plists (in the __PRELINK_INFO section).

The kernel cache can also be directly decompressed (if decrypted) using third party tools. With the advent of iOS 10 betas and default plain text kernelcaches, these tools can only be used after unpacking and applying lzssdec to unpack the kernel cache to its full size.

The kextstat provided by the Cydia alternative software does not work on iOS because the kextstat is based on kmod_get_info(...), which is a deprecated API in iOS 4 and Mac OS X Snow Leopard. There are other alternative software that can also dump raw XML data.

On developing devices, the kernel is always stored as a statically linked cache stored in /System/Library/Caches/com.apple.kernelcaches/kernelcache which is unpacked and executed at boot.

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In the beginning, iOS had a kernel version usually higher than the corresponding version of macOS. Over time, the kernels of iOS and macOS have gotten closer. This is not surprising, considering that iOS introduced new features (such as the ASLR Kernel, the default freezer, and various security-strengthening features) that were first incorporated and subsequently arrived on macOS. It appears Apple is gradually merging the iOS and macOS kernels over time. The build date for each version varies slightly between processors. This is due to the fact that the builds are sequential.

The latest version of the Darwin Kernel updated to iOS 13.6 is 19.6.0, dated July 27, 2020, while for iOS 14 beta 4 it is 20.0.0, dated July 27, 2020.

Kernel Builds iOS Version Kernel Build Notes 1A420 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Thu Mar 8 01:38:53 PST 2007; root:xnu-933.0.0.144.obj~1/DEVELOPMENT_ARM_S5L8900XRB 1.0 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Tue May 22 21:15:55 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.0.178.obj~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB 1.0.1 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Fri Jun 22 00:38:56 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.1.178.obj~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB 1.0.2 1.1 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Thu Sep 6 23:26:45 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.0.203.obj~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB iPod touch only 1.1.1 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Sep 19 00:08:42 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.203~21/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB First kernel that was 8900 encrypted 1.1.2 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Oct 10 00:07:49 PDT 2007; root:xnu-933.0.204~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB 1.1.3 Darwin Kernel Version 9.0.0d1: Wed Dec 12 00:16:00 PST 2007; root:xnu-933.0.211~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900XRB 1.1.4 1.1.5 iPod touch only 1.2 beta ? 2.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Wed Mar 19 22:40:09 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.34~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 2.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Tue Apr 1 21:58:46 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.39~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 2.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Tue Apr 15 21:09:34 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.49~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 2.0 beta 5 ? 2.0 beta 6 ? 2.0 beta 7 ? 2.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 9.3.1: Sun Jun 15 21:37:01 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.6.76~45/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 2.0 2.0.1 2.0.2 2.1 beta ? 2.1 beta 2 ? 2.1 beta 3 ? 2.1 beta 4 ? 2.1 Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Sun Aug 10 21:25:25 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.27~12/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X 2.1.1 2.2 beta ? 2.2 beta 2 ? 2.2 Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Sat Nov 1 19:13:13 PDT 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.36~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X 2.2.1 Darwin Kernel Version 9.4.1: Mon Dec 8 21:02:57 PST 2008; root:xnu-1228.7.37~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X 3.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Mon Mar 9 22:51:44 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.65~12/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 3.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Mar 25 21:56:57 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.71~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 3.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Apr 10 15:52:33 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.78~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 3.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Apr 22 21:48:01 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.83~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 3.0 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Apr 29 22:05:19 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.86~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8900X 3.0 GM ? 3.0 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed May 13 22:16:49 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.2.89~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 3.0.1 3.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jun 24 21:55:27 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.22~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8720X 3.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jul 8 21:57:20 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.23~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 3.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Wed Jul 22 21:39:52 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.24~13/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 3.1 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Aug 14 13:23:32 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 3.1.2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Sep 25 23:35:35 PDT 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 3.1.3 Darwin Kernel Version 10.0.0d3: Fri Dec 18 01:34:28 PST 2009; root:xnu-1357.5.30~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 3.2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Mon Mar 15 23:15:33 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.27~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X iPad only 3.2.1 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Fri May 28 16:46:17 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.50~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 3.2.2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 19:08:04 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.2.60~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Sat Apr 3 03:06:07 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.51.1~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 4.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Apr 14 23:43:59 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.51~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 4.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Apr 28 20:47:20 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.61~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 4.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue May 11 22:12:23 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.69~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 4.0 GM ? 4.0 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed May 26 22:28:33 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.73~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.0.1 4.0.2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 18:46:06 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.50.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Mon Jul 5 20:15:12 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.27~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue Jul 20 21:31:09 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.32~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Jul 28 01:26:23 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.33~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.1 Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Wed Aug 4 22:35:51 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.55.33~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2 beta Darwin Kernel Version 10.3.1: Tue Sep 7 23:33:25 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.18~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Thu Sep 23 20:56:24 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.21~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Tue Oct 5 21:42:47 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.25~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2 GM Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Wed Oct 20 20:14:45 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.28~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2.1 GM 4.2.1 Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Wed Oct 20 20:14:45 PDT 2010; root:xnu-1504.58.28~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2.5 Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Thu Dec 30 19:38:02 PST 2010; root:xnu-1504.62~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X iPhone 4 only. 4.2.6 4.2.7 4.2.8 4.2.9 Darwin Kernel Version 10.4.0: Fri Jul 8 18:32:26 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1504.63~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.2.10 4.3 beta Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Jan 4 21:36:31 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.24~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.3 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon Jan 10 22:08:15 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.30~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.3 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Fri Jan 28 13:55:49 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.39.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.3 GM ? 4.3 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Feb 10 21:46:56 PST 2011; root:xnu-1735.46~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.3.1 4.3.2 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Mar 30 18:51:10 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1735.46~10/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.3.3 4.3.4 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sat Jul 9 00:59:43 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1735.47~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 4.3.5 5.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon May 30 20:28:35 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.2.52~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 5.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Jun 19 18:59:56 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.3.20~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 5.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Jun 30 23:23:57 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.10~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 5.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Jul 17 19:21:53 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.20~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 5.0 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Aug 2 22:31:30 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.80~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.0 beta 6 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Aug 14 19:04:49 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.31~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.0 beta 7 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Aug 25 20:47:50 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.38~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Thu Sep 15 23:34:16 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.43~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.0 5.0.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Oct 19 19:05:07 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.45~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.0.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Tue Nov 1 20:34:16 PDT 2011; root:xnu-1878.4.46~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8940X 5.0.1 5.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Nov 13 19:10:13 PST 2011; root:xnu-1878.10.61~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Dec 4 18:57:33 PST 2011; root:xnu-1878.10.68~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Mon Jan 2 18:46:01 PST 2012; root:xnu-1878.10.74~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 5.1 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Wed Feb 1 23:18:07 PST 2012; root:xnu-1878.11.8~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8945X 5.1.1 Darwin Kernel Version 11.0.0: Sun Apr 8 21:51:26 PDT 2012; root:xnu-1878.11.10~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed May 30 19:23:03 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.1.78~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jun 17 19:47:47 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.1.61~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jul 8 20:15:17 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.9~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Jul 29 20:15:28 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.26~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Aug 19 00:27:34 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.33~4/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.0 6.0.1 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed Oct 10 23:32:19 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.2.34~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 6.0.2 iPhone 5 only. 6.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Oct 21 19:28:43 PDT 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.51~17/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Nov 4 19:02:54 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.53~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Mon Nov 26 21:17:13 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.53~27/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.1 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Dec 9 19:22:45 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.55~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 6.1 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Sun Dec 16 20:01:39 PST 2012; root:xnu-2107.7.55~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 6.1 6.1.1 beta 6.1.1 iPhone 4s only 6.1.2 6.1.3 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 13.0.0: Wed Feb 13 21:35:42 PST 2013; root:xnu-2107.7.55.2.2~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8920X 6.1.3 6.1.4 iPhone 5 only. 6.1.5 iPod touch (4th generation) only. 6.1.6 iPod touch (4th generation) and iPhone 3GS only. 7.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed May 29 23:53:59 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.1.1.2~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jun 17 00:51:51 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.28~7/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jul 1 04:25:28 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.40~11/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jul 22 02:12:11 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.55~8/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.0 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sun Aug 4 22:40:14 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.70~6/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.0 beta 6 7.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Aug 13 21:39:05 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.73~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.0 7.0.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Sep 9 20:56:02 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.1.74~2/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X iPhone 5c and 5s only 7.0.2 7.0.3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Sep 27 23:08:32 PDT 2013; root:xnu-2423.3.12~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 7.0.4 7.0.5 iPhone 5c and iPhone 5s only. 7.0.6 7.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Nov 11 04:18:01 PST 2013; root:xnu-2423.10.33~9/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Dec 10 21:25:34 PST 2013; root:xnu-2423.10.38.1.1~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Jan 2 01:55:45 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.45~5/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 13 03:33:00 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.49.0.1~3/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon Jan 27 23:55:13 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.58~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1 GM Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Feb 21 19:41:10 PST 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.67~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1 7.1.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Mar 28 21:22:10 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.70~1/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8930X 7.1.2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu May 15 23:17:54 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2423.10.71~1/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 8.0 beta Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Mon May 26 22:09:06 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2729.0.0.0.9~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8942X 8.0 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sat Jun 14 16:36:40 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2775.0.0.1.1~3/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 8.0 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 2 18:51:34 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.21~19/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.0 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 16 21:55:26 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.40.0.3~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.0 beta 5 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Wed Jul 30 23:04:17 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.62~20/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Tue Aug 19 15:09:47 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.72~8/RELEASE_ARM64_S5L8960X 8.0 8.0.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Thu Sep 18 21:52:21 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.1.72~23/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.0.2 8.1 beta Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Sat Sep 27 18:49:49 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.12~18/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.1 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Oct 3 21:52:09 PDT 2014; root:xnu-2783.3.13~2/RELEASE_ARM_S5L8950X 8.1 Darwin Kernel Version 14.0.0: Fri Oct 7 00:04:37 PDT 2014; 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root:xnu-7195.0.41~15/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 14.0 beta 7 Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Aug 26 23:29:06 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.46~3/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 14.0 beta 8 14.0 GM Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Fri Aug 28 23:05:58 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.46~9/RELEASE_ARM64_S8000 14.0 14.0.1 14.1 GM Darwin Kernel Version 20.0.0: Wed Sep 30 03:24:26 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.0.46~41/RELEASE_ARM64_T8101 14.1 14.2 beta Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Fri Sep 11 19:19:05 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.84.172.1~2/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 14.2 beta 2 Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Mon Sep 21 00:08:44 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.113.0.2~22/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 14.2 beta 3 Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Wed Oct 7 00:36:56 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.141~32/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 14.2 beta 4 Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Tue Oct 13 09:52:10 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.40.143~17/RELEASE_ARM64_T8015 14.2 RC Darwin Kernel Version 20.1.0: Thu Oct 22 12:48:34 PDT 2020; root:xnu-7195.42.1~1/RELEASE_ARM64_T8101

Kernel Image

The kernel image base is randomized by the boot loader (iBoot). This is done by creating random data, doing a SHA-1 hash of it and then using a byte from the SHA-1 hash for the kernel slide. The slide is calculated with this formula:

base=0x01000000+(slide_byte*0x00200000)

If the slide is 0, the static offset of 0x21000000 is used instead.

The adjusted base is passed to the kernel in the boot arguments structure at offset 0x04, which is equivalent to gBootArgs->virtBase.

Kernel Map

The kernel map is used for kernel allocations of all types (kalloc(), kernel_memory_allocate(), etc.) and spans all of kernel space (0x80000000–0xFFFEFFFF). The kernel based maps are submaps of the kernel_map, for example zone_map, ipc_kernel_map, etc.

The strategy is to randomize the base of the kernel_map. A random 9-bit value is generated right after kmem_init() which establishes kernel_map, is multiplied by the page size. The resulting value is used as the size for the initial kernel_map allocation. Future kernel_map (and submap) allocations are pushed forward by a random amount. The allocation is silently removed after the first garbage collection and reused. This behaviour can be overridden with the “kmapoff” boot parameter.

Attacks

Kext_request() allows applications to request information about kernel modules, divided into active and passive operations. Active operations (load, unload, start, stop, etc.) require root access. iOS removes the ability to load kernel extensions. Passive operations were originally (before iOS 6) unrestricted and allowed unprivileged users to query kernel module base addresses. iOS6 inadvertently removed some limitations; only the load address requests are disallowed. So attackers can use kKextRequestPredicateGetLoaded to get load addresses and mach-o header dumps. The load address and mach-o segment headers are obscured to hide the ASLR slide, but mach-o section headers are not. This reveals the virtual addresses of loaded kernel sections.

This information leak has been closed with iOS 6.0.1.

Versions codenames

Internally, iOS identifies each version by a codename, often used internally only, normally to maintain secrecy of the project. For example, the codename for iOS 14 is Azul.

Jailbreaking

Since its initial release, iOS has been subject to a variety of different hacks centered around adding functionality not allowed by Apple.[188] Prior to the 2008 debut of Apple’s native iOS App Store, the primary motive for jailbreaking was to bypass Apple’s purchase mechanism for installing the App Store’s native applications.[189] Apple claimed that it would not release iOS software updates designed specifically to break these tools (other than applications that perform SIM unlocking); however, with each subsequent iOS update, previously un-patched jailbreak exploits are usually patched.[190]

When a device is booting, it loads Apple’s own kernel initially, so a jailbroken device must be exploited and have the kernel patched each time it is booted up.

There are different types of jailbreak. An untethered jailbreak uses exploits that are powerful enough to allow the user to turn their device off and back on at will, with the device starting up completely, and the kernel will be patched without the help of a computer – in other words, it will be jailbroken even after each reboot.

However, some jailbreaks are tethered. A tethered jailbreak is only able to temporarily jailbreak the device during a single boot. If the user turns the device off and then boots it back up without the help of a jailbreak tool, the device will no longer be running a patched kernel, and it may get stuck in a partially started state, such as Recovery Mode. In order for the device to start completely and with a patched kernel, it must be “re-jailbroken” with a computer (using the “boot tethered” feature of a tool) each time it is turned on. All changes to the files on the device (such as installed package files or edited system files) will persist between reboots, including changes that can only function if the device is jailbroken (such as installed package files).

In more recent years, two other solutions have been created – semi-tethered and semi-untethered.

A semi-tethered solution is one where the device is able to start up on its own, but it will no longer have a patched kernel, and therefore will not be able to run modified code. It will, however, still be usable for normal functions, just like stock iOS. To start with a patched kernel, the user must start the device with the help of the jailbreak tool.

A semi-untethered jailbreak gives the ability to start the device on its own. On first boot, the device will not be running a patched kernel. However, rather than having to run a tool from a computer to apply the kernel patches, the user is able to re-jailbreak their device with the help of an app (usually sideloaded using Cydia Impactor) running on their device. In the case of the iOS 9.2-9.3.3 jailbreak, a Safari-based exploit was available, thereby meaning a website could be used to rejailbreak.

In more detail: Each iOS device has a bootchain that tries to make sure only trusted/signed code is loaded. A device with a tethered jailbreak is able to boot up with the help of a jailbreaking tool because the tool executes exploits via USB that bypass parts of that “chain of trust”, bootstrapping to a pwned (no signature check) iBSS, iBEC, or iBoot to finish the boot process.

Since the arrival of Apple’s native iOS App Store, and—along with it—third-party applications, the general motives for jailbreaking have changed.[191] People jailbreak for many different reasons, including gaining filesystem access, installing custom device themes, and modifying SpringBoard. An additional motivation is that it may enable the installation of pirated apps. On some devices, jailbreaking also makes it possible to install alternative operating systems, such as Android and the Linux kernel. Primarily, users jailbreak their devices because of the limitations of iOS. Depending on the method used, the effects of jailbreaking may be permanent or temporary.[192]

In 2010, the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) successfully convinced the U.S. Copyright Office to allow an exemption to the general prohibition on circumvention of copyright protection systems under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA). The exemption allows jailbreaking of iPhones for the sole purpose of allowing legally obtained applications to be added to the iPhone.[193] The exemption does not affect the contractual relations between Apple and an iPhone owner, for example, jailbreaking voiding the iPhone warranty; however, it is solely based on Apple’s discretion on whether they will fix jailbroken devices in the event that they need to be repaired. At the same time, the Copyright Office exempted unlocking an iPhone from DMCA’s anticircumvention prohibitions.[194] Unlocking an iPhone allows the iPhone to be used with any wireless carrier using the same GSM or CDMA technology for which the particular phone model was designed to operate.[195]

Unlocking

Initially most wireless carriers in the US did not allow iPhone owners to unlock it for use with other carriers. However AT&T allowed iPhone owners who have satisfied contract requirements to unlock their iPhone.[196] Instructions to unlock the device are available from Apple,[197] but it is ultimately the sole discretion of the carrier to authorize the device to be unlocked.[198] This allows the use of a carrier-sourced iPhone on other networks. Modern versions of iOS and the iPhone fully support LTE across multiple carriers despite where the phone was originally purchased from.[199] There are programs to remove SIM lock restrictions, but are not supported by Apple and most often not a permanent unlock – a soft-unlock.[200]

A software unlock is the process by which the iPhone is modified such that the baseband will accept the SIM card of any GSM carrier. This is entirely different from a jailbreak; jailbreaking one’s iPhone does not unlock it. A jailbreak is, however, required for all currently public, unofficial software unlocks.

The legality of software unlocking varies in each country; for example, in the US, there is a DMCA exemption for unofficial software unlocking, but the exemption is limited to devices purchased before January 26, 2013 (so software unlocks for newer devices are in a legal grey area).[201]

Digital rights management

The closed and proprietary nature of iOS has garnered criticism, particularly by digital rights advocates such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, computer engineer and activist Brewster Kahle, Internet-law specialist Jonathan Zittrain, and the Free Software Foundation who protested the iPad’s introductory event and have targeted the iPad with their “Defective by Design” campaign.[202][203][204][205] Competitor Microsoft, via a PR spokesman, criticized Apple’s control over its platform.[206]

At issue are restrictions imposed by the design of iOS, namely digital rights management (DRM) intended to lock purchased media to Apple’s platform, the development model (requiring a yearly subscription to distribute apps developed for the iOS), the centralized approval process for apps, as well as Apple’s general control and lockdown of the platform itself. Particularly at issue is the ability for Apple to remotely disable or delete apps at will.

Some in the tech community have expressed concern that the locked-down iOS represents a growing trend in Apple’s approach to computing, particularly Apple’s shift away from machines that hobbyists can “tinker with” and note the potential for such restrictions to stifle software innovation.[207][208] Former Facebook developer Joe Hewitt protested against Apple’s control over its hardware as a “horrible precedent” but praised iOS’s sandboxing of apps.[209]

Security and privacy

iOS utilizes many security features in both hardware and software. Below are summaries of the most prominent features.

Secure Boot

Before fully booting into iOS, there is low-level code that runs from the Boot ROM. Its task is to verify that the Low-Level Bootloader is signed by the Apple Root CA public key before running it. This process is to ensure that no malicious or otherwise unauthorized software can be run on an iOS device. After the Low-Level Bootloader finishes its tasks, it runs the higher level bootloader, known as iBoot. If all goes well, iBoot will then proceed to load the iOS kernel as well as the rest of the operating system.[210]

Secure Enclave

The Secure Enclave is a coprocessor found in iOS devices part of the A7 and newer chips used for data protection, Touch ID and Face ID. The purpose of the Secure Enclave is to handle keys and other info such as biometrics that is sensitive enough to not be handled by the Application Processor (AP). It is isolated with a hardware filter so the AP cannot access it. It shares RAM with the AP, but its portion of the RAM (known as TZ0) is encrypted. The secure enclave itself is a flashable 4MB AKF processor core called the secure enclave processor (SEP) as documented in Apple Patent Application 20130308838. The technology used is similar to ARM’s TrustZone/SecurCore but contains proprietary code for Apple KF cores in general and SEP specifically. It is also responsible for generating the UID key on A9 or newer chips that protects user data at rest.[211]

It has its own secure boot process to ensure that it is completely secure. A hardware random number generator is also included as a part of this coprocessor. Each device’s Secure Enclave has a unique ID that is given to it when it is made and cannot be changed. This identifier is used to create a temporary key that encrypts the memory in this portion of the system. The Secure Enclave also contains an anti-replay counter to prevent brute force attacks.[210]

The SEP is located in the devicetree under IODeviceTree:/arm-io/sep and managed by the AppleSEPManager driver.[212]

Face ID

Face ID is a face scanner that is embedded in the notch on iPhone models X, XS, XS Max, XR, 11, 11 Pro, 11 Pro Max, 12, 12 Mini, 12 Pro, and 12 Pro Max. It can be used to unlock the device, make purchases, and log into applications among other functions. When used, Face ID only temporarily stores the face data in encrypted memory in the Secure Enclave, as described below. There is no way for the device’s main processor or any other part of the system to access the raw data that is obtained from the Face ID sensor.[210]

Passcode

iOS devices can have a passcode that is used to unlock the device, make changes to system settings, and encrypt the device’s contents. Until recently, these were typically four numerical digits long. However, since unlocking the devices with a fingerprint by using Touch ID has become more widespread, six-digit passcodes are now the default on iOS with the option to switch back to four or use an alphanumeric passcode.[210]

Touch ID

Touch ID is a fingerprint scanner that is embedded in the home button and can be used to unlock the device, make purchases, and log into applications among other functions. When used, Touch ID only temporarily stores the fingerprint data in encrypted memory in the Secure Enclave, as described above. There is no way for the device’s main processor or any other part of the system to access the raw fingerprint data that is obtained from the Touch ID sensor.[210]

Address Space Layout Randomization

Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR) is a low-level technique of preventing memory corruption attacks such as buffer overflows. It involves placing data in randomly selected locations in memory in order to make it more difficult to predict ways to corrupt the system and create exploits. ASLR makes app bugs more likely to crash the app than to silently overwrite memory, regardless of whether the behavior is accidental or malicious.[213]

Non-Executable Memory

iOS utilizes the ARM architecture’s Execute Never (XN) feature. This allows some portions of the memory to be marked as non-executable, working alongside ASLR to prevent buffer overflow attacks including return-to-libc attacks.[210]

Encryption

As mentioned above, one use of encryption in iOS is in the memory of the Secure Enclave. When a passcode is utilized on an iOS device, the contents of the device are encrypted. This is done by using a hardware AES 256 implementation that is very efficient because it is placed directly between the flash storage and RAM.[210]

iOS, in combination with its specific hardware, uses crypto-shredding when erasing all content and settings by obliterating all the keys in ‘effaceable storage’. This renders all user data on the device cryptographically inaccessible.[214]

Keychain

The iOS keychain is a database of login information that can be shared across apps written by the same person or organization.[210] This service is often used for storing passwords for web applications.[215]

App Security

Third-party applications such as those distributed through the App Store must be code signed with an Apple-issued certificate. In principle, this continues the chain of trust all the way from the Secure Boot process as mentioned above to the actions of the applications installed on the device by users. Applications are also sandboxed, meaning that they can only modify the data within their individual home directory unless explicitly given permission to do otherwise. For example, they cannot access data owned by other user-installed applications on the device. There is a very extensive set of privacy controls contained within iOS with options to control apps’ ability to access a wide variety of permissions such as the camera, contacts, background app refresh, cellular data, and access to other data and services. Most of the code in iOS, including third-party applications, runs as the “mobile” user which does not have root privileges. This ensures that system files and other iOS system resources remain hidden and inaccessible to user-installed applications.[210]

App Store bypasses

Companies can apply to Apple for enterprise developer certificates. These can be used to sign apps such that iOS will install them directly (sometimes called “sideloading”), without the app needing to be distributed via the App Store.[216] The terms under which they are granted make clear that they are only to be used for companies who wish to distribute apps directly to their employees.[216]

Circa January–February 2019, it emerged that a number of software developers were misusing enterprise developer certificates to distribute software directly to non-employees, thereby bypassing the App Store. Facebook was found to be abusing an Apple enterprise developer certificate to distribute an application to underage users that would give Facebook access to all private data on their devices.[217][218][219] Google was abusing an Apple enterprise developer certificate to distribute an app to adults to collect data from their devices, including unencrypted data belonging to third parties.[220][216] TutuApp, Panda Helper, AppValley, and TweakBox have all been abusing enterprise developer certificates to distribute apps that offer pirated software.[221]

Network Security

iOS supports TLS with both low- and high-level APIs for developers. By default, the App Transport Security framework requires that servers use at least TLS 1.2. However, developers are free to override this framework and utilize their own methods of communicating over networks. When Wi-Fi is enabled, iOS uses a randomized MAC address so that devices cannot be tracked by anyone sniffing wireless traffic.[210]

Two-Factor Authentication

Two-factor authentication is an option in iOS to ensure that even if an unauthorized person knows an Apple ID and password combination, they cannot gain access to the account. It works by requiring not only the Apple ID and password, but also a verification code that is sent to an iDevice or mobile phone number that is already known to be trusted.[210] If an unauthorized user attempts to sign in using another user’s Apple ID, the owner of the Apple ID receives a notification that allows them to deny access to the unrecognized device.[222]

Reception

iOS is the second most popular mobile operating system in the world, after Android. Sales of iPads in recent years are also behind Android, while, by web use (a proxy for all use), iPads (using iOS) are still the most popular.[223]

By the middle of 2012, there were 410 million devices activated.[224] At WWDC 2014, Tim Cook said 800 million devices had been sold by June 2014.[225]

During Apple’s quarterly earnings call in January 2015, the company announced that they had sold over one billion iOS devices since 2007.[226][227]

By late 2011, iOS accounted for 60% of the market share for smartphones and tablets.[228] By the end of 2014, iOS accounted for 14.8% of the smartphone market[229] and 27.6% of the tablet and two-in-one market.[230] In February 2015, StatCounter reported iOS was used on 23.18% of smartphones and 66.25% of tablets worldwide, measured by internet usage instead of sales.[231]

In the third quarter of 2015, research from Strategy Analytics showed that iOS adoption of the worldwide smartphone market was at a record low 12.1%, attributed to lackluster performance in China and Africa. Android accounted for 87.5% of the market, with Windows Phone and BlackBerry accounting for the rest.[232][233]

Devices

See also

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Further reading

Hillegass, Aaron; Conway, Jon (March 22, 2012). iOS Programming: The Big Nerd Ranch Guide (3rd ed.). Pearson. ISBN 978-0-321-82152-2.

Turner, Kirby (December 19, 2011). Learning iPad Programming: A Hands-on Guide to Building iPad Apps with iOS 5 (1st ed.). Pearson. ISBN 978-0-321-75040-2.

Mark, Dave; LaMarche, Jeff (July 21, 2009). Beginning iPhone 3 Development: Exploring the iPhone SDK (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN 978-1-4302-2459-4.

Mark, Dave; LaMarche, Jeff (December 29, 2009). More iPhone 3 Development: Tackling iPhone SDK 3 (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN 978-1-4302-2505-8.

External links

Official website

Official website Dev Center at Apple Developer Connection

iOS Reference Library – on the Apple Developer Connection website

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iOS – Wikipedia

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