#king gustav vii adolf

[foreverinthepagesofhistoryy]

The Four Eldest Children of King Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden and Princess Margaret of Connaught 🤍

From L to R: Bertil, Ingrid, Sigvard, and Gustaf Adolf 🖤

[andiatas]

When Norway received their Crown Princess: the wedding in Oslo between Crown Prince Olav of Norway & Princess Märtha of Sweden on March 21, 1929.

Note: it's a silent film, there is nothing wrong with your audio.

[catherinetheprincessofwales]

Royal Deaths, 25th September.

1066 - Harald III, King of Norway (1047-66). 

1066 - Tostig Godwinson, Earl of Northumbria, brother of King Harold killed at the Battle of Stamford Bridge.

1086 - William VIII, Duke of Aquitaine.

1333 - Prince Morikuni, 9th shōgun of the Kamakura shogunate of Japan, dies at 32.

1506 - Philip I, the handsome, first Hapsburg King of Castile, dies of a fever at 28.

1615 - Lady Arabella Stuart, English great-great-granddaughter of King Henry VII and possible heir to the throne, dies imprisoned in the Tower of London at 39.

1617 - Emperor Go-Yozei of Japan.

1665 - Maria Anna of Austria, Electress of Bavaria.

1826 - Frederica of Baden, Queen of Sweden, former wife of King Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden.

1983 - Leopold III, King of the Belgians.

[heavyarethecrowns]

Those that have married in to the Royal Families since 1800

Sweden

Lady Louise Alexandra Marie Irene Mountbatten (13 July 1889 – 7 March 1965), previously Princess Louise of Battenberg

Louise was born a Princess of Battenberg at Schloss Heiligenberg, Seeheim-Jugenheim, in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. Her father, Prince Louis of Battenberg, who was Admiral of the Fleet in the United Kingdom, renounced his German title during World War I and anglicised his family name to "Mountbatten" at the behest of King George V. He was then created the first Marquess of Milford Haven in the peerage of the United Kingdom. From 1917, therefore, his daughter was known as "Lady Louise Mountbatten". Her mother was Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. 

Louise was a sister of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, and of Princess Alice of Battenberg, who was the mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. She was also a niece of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia. 

Because of her father's work, the family moved around between different British territories, such as Malta, but they returned often to the Heiligenberg outside Darmstadt which they considered their holiday home, always retaining residence in England. Louise often visited her great-grandmother Queen Victoria on the Isle of Wight with her mother during her childhood. The family is described as harmonious; the parents of Louise lived in a happy loving relationship, not in an arranged marriage, and Louise was particularly close to her brother, with whom she corresponded until her death. Louise and her sister were educated by governesses, except for a brief period at Texter's girls school in Darmstadt. 

In 1914, Louise and her mother visited Russia, and were invited to a trip down the Volga with their Imperial relatives. During her visit, Louise noted the influence of Rasputin with concern. The trip was interrupted by the sudden outbreak of World War I, and Louise's father telegraphed for them to return immediately. Louise's mother gave her jewellery to the empress for safe keeping, and they left Russia by boat from Hapsal in Estonia and travelled to neutral Sweden, paying for the trip with gold, as their money was suddenly not acceptable currency in Russia. They stayed in Sweden as guests of the Crown Princely couple (her future husband and his then wife, Margaret of Connaught, who was also her first cousin once removed) at Drottningholm Palace, just one night before they returned to Great Britain. 

During World War I, Louise was first active within the Soldiers and Sailors Families Association and the Smokes for Soldiers and Sailors, but she soon enlisted in the Red Cross for service as a nurse. She was active at a French military hospital in Nevers, and then at a war hospital at Palaves outside Montpellier, from March 1915 until July 1917. She was commended for her hard work, and was awarded The British War and Victory Medals, a medal from the British Red Cross, as well as the Médaille de la Reconnaissance française. After the war, she was active in social work for the children in the slums of Battersea in London.

In 1909, Louise received a proposal from King Manuel II of Portugal. Edward VII was in favour of the match, but Louise declined, as she wished to marry for love. In 1913, having been deposed in 1910, Manuel married Princess Augusta Victoria of Hohenzollern in exile, but their marriage was childless. At the age of twenty, Louise became secretly engaged to Prince Christopher of Greece, but they were forced to give up their relationship for financial reasons. While living in exile more than 10 years later, he would wed the wealthy widow, Nancy Stewart Worthington Leeds, and after her death Christopher would marry Princess Françoise d'Orléans in 1929. Shortly before World War I broke out, Louise fell in love with a man of whom her parents approved but he was killed in the early days of the war. Later during the war, while she volunteered as a nurse in Nevers, she began a relationship with Alexander Stuart-Hill, a Scottish artist living in Paris. Anticipating that her parents would be disappointed in her choice, Louise kept their engagement a secret. Eventually, she confided in her parents, who were initially understanding, and invited Stuart-Hill for visits at Kent House twice. In fact, her family, referring to him as "Shakespeare" because of his odd appearance, found him "eccentric" and "affected". Lacking resources, the engaged couple agreed to postpone marriage until after the war. But in 1918 Louise's father explained to her that Stuart-Hill was most likely homosexual, and that a marriage with him was impossible.

In 1923 Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, having been for three years the widower of Louise's mother's cousin Princess Margaret of Connaught, paid a visit to London and, to Louise's surprise, began to court her. Although as a young woman Louise had said that she would never marry a King or a widower, she accepted the proposal of a man destined to be both. However, under §5 of the 1810 Swedish Succession Law (Act 1810:0926), a Prince of the Swedish royal house forfeited his right of succession to the throne if he "with or without the King’s knowledge and consent, married a private Swedish or foreign man’s daughter" (med eller utan Konungens vetskap och samtycke, tager till gemål enskild svensk eller utländsk mans dotter). Once the couple's engagement was announced, there were lively discussions in the media about whether the bride-to-be was constitutionally eligible to become Sweden's future queen. In response the Swedish Foreign Ministry, citing the law in question, clarified the term "a private Swedish or foreign man's daughter" to mean "he who did not belong to a sovereign family or to a family which, according to international practice, would not be equal thereto" (som icke vore medlem av suverän familj eller familj som enligt internationell praxis vore därmed likställd), and announced that the Swedish government had "requested the British government's explanation of Lady Louise Mountbatten's position in this respect." The ministry further announced that following the British government's reply to its inquiry and the subsequent investigation into the matter, it had been determined that the Crown Prince's choice of a future wife was in compliance with the succession law, thereby concluding debate on the imminent nuptials.

On 27 October 1923 Sweden and Britain's respective plenipotentiaries signed the "Treaty between Great Britain and Sweden for the Marriage of Lady Louise Mountbatten with His Royal Highness Prince Gustaf Adolf, Crown Prince of Sweden". The treaty stated, in part, that the kings of the United Kingdom and Sweden "having judged it proper that an alliance should again be contracted between their respective Royal Houses by a marriage...have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles", which articles declared that the marriage would be celebrated in London and duly authenticated, that the couple's financial settlements would be expressed in a separate marriage contract which was declared to be "an integral part of the present Treaty", and that the two nations' ratifications of the treaty would be exchanged in Stockholm, which formally occurred 12 November 1923. On 3 November 1923, at age 34, Louise married Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf, in the Chapel Royal at St. James's Palace in the presence of King George V and members of both royal families.

The marriage between Louise and Gustav Adolf was by all accounts a love match and described as very happy. She was also liked by her mother-in-law because of her friendly nature, although they seldom saw each other, as Queen Victoria spent most of her time in Italy. The fact that the Queen spent most of her time abroad meant that Louise took on many royal duties from the beginning, which was initially hard for her as she was at this point described as quite shy. After the queen's death in 1930, Louise was officially the first lady of the nation, expected to perform all the duties of a Queen, twenty years before she actually became Queen. This meant that Louise was to take over the protection of all the organisations and associations traditionally assigned to the Queen. Regarding this matter, Louise remarked: "It is hard for me to be the protector of different institutions, as I have been accustomed to practical work, as an ordinary person, before my marriage". As a former nurse, a fact she was proud to point out, Louise was interested in improving the working conditions for nurses. Louise's only child, a daughter, was stillborn on 30 May 1925. 

In 1926–1927, the Crown Princely Couple made an international trip around the world to benefit Swedish interests, which was described as a great success, especially the trip to the United States, during which they travelled across the nation from New York City to San Francisco. Public interest was high, and the couple acquired a reputation for being "democratic", after having refused such formalities as greeting the guests at a reception sitting on thrones, which they had been invited to do at the reception of an American millionaire. During an interview in Salt Lake City, Louise stated that she believed in gender equality and that women are fully capable of being active within all professions and in the business world, as well as within politics: "Women are completely intellectually equal to men and, provided they are given sufficient education, are just as capable to deserve respect and admiration as men in this field". In 1934–35, she made a similar trip with Gustav Adolf to Greece and around the Middle East and Africa, called the Orient Tour. 

During World War II, Louise was active in aid work within the Red Cross. She collected candles and other non-electric light sources for the needy during the campaign "Vinterljus" (English: Winter Lights). Another contribution was Kronprinsessans Gåvokommitté för Neutralitetsvakten (English:"The Crown Princess Gift Association For the Neutral Defence Forces"), which provided the soldiers mobilised to guard the borders of neutral Sweden with gifts: normally socks, scarfs and caps knitted by contributors from all over the country. As a citizen of a neutral country, Louise was also able to act as a messenger between relatives and friends across warfaring borders. She also provided supplies to many private citizens in this way, such as "two old ladies in Münich", the former German language teacher of her husband's late wife, and the exiled Princess Tatiana of Russia in Palestine. It is said many would have died, had it not been for Louise's help. In 1940, for example, she sent supplies to the British major Michael Smiley at the Rifle Brigade, who was captured and placed in a prisoner of war camp, after his mother-in-law Alicia Pearson had asked for her help. During the Finnish Winter War, Louise set up a home for Finnish war orphans at Ulriksdal Palace

In 1950, Louise became Queen after accession to the throne of her husband. Louise is described as a true democrat at heart, and was therefore somewhat disturbed at being celebrated merely in her capacity of Queen. In reference to the attention, she remarked: "People look at me as if I were something special. Surely I do not look differently today from how I looked yesterday!" Louise disliked the strict pre-World War I protocol at court, retained during her mother-in-law's era, and reformed it when she became Queen, instituting new guidelines in 1954 which democraticised many old customs. In 1962, she abolished the court presentations, replaced them with "democratic ladies' lunches", to which she invited professional career women, a custom which was to continue under Princess Sibylla after her death. Louise also renovated and redecorated the interior of the Royal Palace in Stockholm.

Queen Louise had several Pomeranian dogs which she would hide about her person when visiting abroad which caused problems when travelling through customs (which she usually did under the pseudonym "Countess of Gripsholm" or "Mrs Olsson") After having taken summer vacations with her husband in Italy every year, she always departed before he did to visit England prior to returning to Sweden. A popular story told of her alleges that Louise, after almost being hit by a bus in London (because she would often jay-walk), took to carrying a small card with the words, "I am the Queen of Sweden" printed on it, so that people would know who she was in case she was hit by a vehicle. In London, she often stayed at the Hyde Park Hotel, often crossing a heavily trafficked street there to shop, which prompted her note.

In 1963, Louise accompanied her spouse on a state visit to France, where she made a great impression on President Charles de Gaulle. At dinner, she said to him: "I must ask you to excuse my ugly French. My French is the one spoken in the trenches of 1914." De Gaulle later attended her memorial in Paris, which was the first occasion for a French president to visit the Swedish church there, as well as one of only two occasions de Gaulle visited a memorial service of this kind. Queen Louise's last official engagement was the Nobel Prize dinner of 1964, during which no one noticed that she was in fact already ill.

Queen Louise died on 7 March 1965 at Saint Göran Hospital, in Stockholm, Sweden, following emergency surgery after a period of severe illness. She had made her last public appearance at the Nobel Prize Ceremony in December 1964. Queen Louise is buried beside her husband and his first wife, Crown Princess Margaret, in the Royal Cemetery in Solna north of Stockholm.

[becwinger]

The Great Northern War and the Death of Carolus Rex

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 6.6

913 – The 8-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, Constantine VII, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire, under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointed by Constantine's uncle Alexander III on his deathbed. 1513 – Italian Wars: Battle of Novara. Swiss troops defeat the French under Louis II de la Trémoille, forcing the French to abandon Milan. Duke Massimiliano Sforza is restored. 1523 – Gustav Vasa, the Swedish regent, is elected King of Sweden, marking a symbolic end to the Kalmar Union. This is the Swedish national day. 1586 – Francis Drake's forces raid St. Augustine in Spanish Florida. 1674 – Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire, is crowned. 1749 – The Conspiracy of the Slaves in Malta is discovered. 1762 – Seven Years' War: British forces begin a siege of Havana, Cuba, and temporarily capture the city in the Battle of Havana. 1808 – Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, is crowned King of Spain. 1809 – Sweden promulgates a new Constitution, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates after 20 years of enlightened absolutism. At the same time, Charles XIII is elected to succeed Gustav IV Adolf as King of Sweden. 1813 – War of 1812: Battle of Stoney Creek: A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeats an American force twice its size under William Winder and John Chandler. 1822 – Alexis St. Martin is accidentally shot in the stomach, leading to William Beaumont's studies on digestion. 1832 – The June Rebellion in Paris is put down by the National Guard. 1844 – The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in London. 1844 – The Glaciarium, the world's first mechanically frozen ice rink, opens. 1857 – Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden–Norway. 1859 – Australia: Queensland is established as a separate colony from New South Wales (Queensland Day). 1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Memphis: Union forces capture Memphis, Tennessee, from the Confederates. 1882 – The Shewan forces of Menelik II of Ethiopia defeat the Gojjame army in the Battle of Embabo. The Shewans capture Negus Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam, and their victory leads to a Shewan hegemony over the territories south of the Abay River. 1889 – The Great Seattle Fire destroys all of downtown Seattle. 1892 – The Chicago "L" elevated rail system begins operation. 1894 – Governor Davis H. Waite orders the Colorado state militia to protect and support the miners engaged in the Cripple Creek miners' strike. 1909 – French troops capture Abéché (in modern-day Chad) and install a puppet sultan in the Ouaddai Empire. 1912 – The eruption of Novarupta in Alaska begins. It is the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. 1916 – The death of Yuan Shikai marks the beginning of China's Warlord Era. 1918 – World War I: Battle of Belleau Wood: The U.S. Marine Corps suffers its worst single day's casualties while attempting to recapture the wood at Château-Thierry. 1919 – After eight days of existence, the Republic of Prekmurje is conquered by the Hungarian Soviet Republic. 1921 – Southwark Bridge in London is opened to traffic by King George V and Queen Mary. 1932 – The Revenue Act of 1932 is enacted, creating the first gas tax in the United States, at a rate of 1 cent per US gallon (​1⁄4¢/L) sold. 1933 – The first drive-in theater opens in Camden, New Jersey, United States. 1934 – New Deal: The U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 1939 – Judge Joseph Force Crater, known as the "Missingest Man in New York", is declared legally dead. 1942 – World War II: Battle of Midway. U.S. Navy dive bombers sink the Japanese cruiser Mikuma and four Japanese carriers. 1944 – World War II: The Allied invasion of Normandy—codenamed Operation Overlord—begins with the execution of Operation Neptune (commonly referred to as D-Day), the landing of 155,000 Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy in France. The Allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland in the largest amphibious military operation in history. 1946 – The Basketball Association of America is founded in New York City; the BAA was the precursor to the modern National Basketball Association. 1954 – The grand opening of the sculpture of Yuriy Dolgorukiy took place in Moscow. This statue is one of the main monuments of Moscow. 1964 – Under a temporary order, the rocket launches at Cuxhaven, Germany are terminated. They never resume. 1971 – Soyuz program: Soyuz 11 is launched. 1971 – A midair collision between a Hughes Airwest Douglas DC-9 jetliner and a United States Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II jet fighter near Duarte, California, claims 50 lives. 1971 – Vietnam War: The Battle of Long Khanh between Australian and Vietnamese communist forces begins. 1974 – A new Instrument of Government is promulgated making Sweden a parliamentary monarchy. 1981 – Bihar train disaster: A passenger train travelling between Mansi and Saharsa, India, jumps the tracks at a bridge crossing the Bagmati River. The government places the official death toll at 268 plus another 300 missing; however, it is generally believed that the death toll is closer to 1,000. 1982 – The Lebanon War begins. Forces under Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon invade southern Lebanon during Operation Peace for the Galilee, eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut. 1985 – The grave of "Wolfgang Gerhard" is opened in Embu, Brazil; the exhumed remains are later proven to be those of Josef Mengele, Auschwitz's "Angel of Death"; Mengele is thought to have drowned while swimming in February 1979. 1993 – Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat wins the first presidential election in Mongolia. 1994 – China Northwest Airlines Flight 2303 crashes near Xi'an, China, killing all 160 people on board. 2002 – Eastern Mediterranean event. A near-Earth asteroid estimated at ten meters in diameter explodes over the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Libya. The explosion is estimated to have a force of 26 kilotons, slightly more powerful than the Nagasaki atomic bomb. 2004 – Tamil is established as a "classical language" by the President of India, Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, in a joint sitting of the two houses of the Indian Parliament. 2005 – In Gonzales v. Raich, the United States Supreme Court upholds a federal law banning cannabis, including medical marijuana.

[jistnews2016]

Kate Middleton And Prince William Won't Know Baby's Gender Until Birth

William and Kate did not ask if they would be welcoming a son or daughter. They have opting to be surprised as with Duchess's previous pregnancies. Parking stopped outside Lindo Wing of private St Mary's Hospital in London. Kate, 36, is expected to give birth at some point over the next three weeks. Mary : 3/1. Alice : 6/1. Victoria : 8/1. Elizabeth : 12/1. Albert : 14/1. Arthur : 14/1. Fred / Frederick : 14/1. Alexandra : 16/1. Grace : 16/1. James : 16/1. Philip : 16/1 . April 16 - Comedian Spike Milligan (born in 1918), star of The Crown Claire Foy, Queen Margrethe of Denmark. April 17 - Novelist Nick Hornby, actor Sean Bean, fashion designer and former Spice Girl Victoria Beckham, actress Rooney Mara. April 18 - Actresses Hayley Mills, Melissa Joan Hart, and America Ferrera , reality TV star Kourtney Kardashian. April 19 - Actress Kate Hudson, actor Hayden Christensen, former Olympic athlete Dame Kelly Holmes, tennis player Maria Sharapova. April 20 - Adolf Hitler, TV presenter Peter Snow, actor Ryan O'Neal. April 21 - The Queen, Iggy Pop, Princess Isabella of Denmark, The Cure's Robert Smith. April 22 - Actor Jack Nicholson, Vladimir Lenin, footballer David Luiz. April 23 - St George's Day. Actor John Hannah, Lady Gabriella Windsor - daughter of Prince and Princess Michael of Kent, model Gigi Hadid. April 24 - Singer Barbra Streisand, football manager Stuart Pearce. April 25 - Actor Al Pacino, Abba's Bjorn Ulvaeus. April 26 - Duke of York's ex-girlfriend Koo Stark, Duran Duran musician Roger Taylor. April 27 - Former ballerina Darcey Bussell, Doctor Who actress Jenna-Louise Coleman. April 28 - Novelist Harper Lee, cyclist Sir Bradley Wiggins, Duke of Kent's daughter Lady Helen Taylor. April 29 - William and Kate's seventh wedding anniversary. Actor Sir Daniel Day-Lewis, former cricketer Phil Tufnell, actress Michelle Pfeiffer, Edward VII's mistress Alice Keppel. April 30 - King Carl XVI Gustav of Sweden, actor Leslie Grantham, actress Kirsten Dunst. The late Queen Juliana of the Netherlands. May 1 - May Day - International Workers' Day. Queen Victoria's Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, actress Joanna Lumley, Lady Sarah Chatto - Princess Margaret's daughter, actor Matt Di Angelo. May 2 - The royal baby's older sister Princess Charlotte of Cambridge. David Beckham and singers Lily Allen and Engelbert Humperdinck, broadcaster Alan Titchmarsh. September 4, 2017 - Kensington Palace announces that William and Kate are expecting their third child. The Duchess, who is suffering from severe morning sickness known as hyperemesis gravidarum, pulls out of a planned appearance at the Hornsey Road Children's Centre in London. September 5 - At his first public appearance since it was disclosed he was to become a father again, William says, at the National Mental Health and Policing Conference in Oxford: 'It's very good news,' but admits the family is not getting much sleep. September 7 - Prince George starts school - but Kate is too poorly to accompany him to the school gates, with William taking the young prince on his first day. September 14 - William says Kate is doing 'very well' when he visits Aintree University Hospital in Liverpool. September 18 - The Duchess appears in a video message, backing the You're Never Too Young To Talk Mental Health campaign run by the Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families. October 10 - Kate, showing a slight baby bump, makes her first public appearance since her pregnancy was announced as she attends a Buckingham Palace reception honouring mental health campaigners. October 16 - Kate makes a surprise appearance at Paddington Station, joining William and Prince Harry at a charity event, where she dances on the platform with Paddington Bear. October 17- William and Kate reveal their baby is due in April. BBC newsreader Simon McCoy reacts by declaring on air: 'Clear your diaries. Get the time booked off, 'cos that's what I'm doing.'. The Palace also announces William is to make a solo trip to Finland. A visit to Sweden and Norway by the Duke and Duchess is shifted to January to ensure Kate is well enough to attend, it is thought. October 18 - Kate makes another surprise visit when she turns up at West Ham's London Stadium for a Coach Core event with William and Harry. October 31 - Kate steps out in sports gear for a visit to the National Tennis Centre. November 7 - The Duchess, in a black floor-length dress by Diane von Furstenberg, attends an Anna Freud National Centre for Children and Families gala in Kensington Palace's 18th-century Orangery. November 8 - Kate addresses a Place2Be mental health forum and stresses that getting help and support to young children at the very earliest stage helps improve their outcomes later in life. November 12 - Kate joins other royals to watch the Remembrance Day service from a balcony overlooking the Cenotaph in Whitehall, central London. The night before, the Duchess attended the Festival of Remembrance at the Royal Albert Hall. November 14 - The Duchess tells a single father how William initially found it difficult adjusting to parenthood when she visits Hornsey Road Children's Centre in north London. November 20 - William, Kate and the rest of the royal family celebrate the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh's platinum wedding anniversary at a special party in Windsor Castle. November 22 - The Duke and Duchess visit Solihull where Kate takes part in an off-road Land Rover driving experience not recommended for pregnant women. November 24 - William, in black tie, and four months pregnant Kate, in a sequinned cornflower blue Jenny Packham gown, attend the Royal Variety Performance, but their arrival is delayed by an hour after an incident nearby which saw armed police rush to London's Oxford Street. November 28 - Kate congratulates Prince Harry and Meghan Markle on their engagement. November 29 - William makes a solo visit to Finland, celebrating the centenary of the country's independence. Kate visits Robin Hood Primary School in south-west London to see its work with the Royal Horticultural Society's campaign for school gardening. She tells pupils she has 'fond memories' of being outdoors as a child and is passing that passion on to her own children. December 12 - The Duchess hears stories of mothers caught up in the Grenfell Tower blaze as she visits the Rugby Portobello Trust centre which is supporting the local community. William and Kate receive Gold Blue Peter badges from the CBBC children's show for their work around mental health issues affecting children. December 14 - William and Kate join victims of the Grenfell Tower fire at a memorial service in St Paul's Cathedral. December 25 - The Duke and Duchess, Prince Harry, Meghan Markle and the royal family attend church at Sandringham on Christmas Day. January 8 2018 - Two-year-old Princess Charlotte starts at Willcocks Nursery School, with Kate taking the photographs released to celebrate her big day. January 10 - The Duchess speaks about the addictive nature of social media, saying it can be 'hard to break away from' as she meets teenagers at the Reach Academy Feltham in west London. January 17 - Kate pats her bump and jokes how she is less 'sporty' with two children and a third on the way as she visits a tennis session for pupils at Bond Primary School in Mitcham. January 23 - The Duchess says she is committed to helping the 'youngest and most vulnerable' in society as she launches a mental health website for teachers supporting pupils. January 24 - Kate sympathises with the mental health plight faced by many mothers, saying how generally they were supposed to be 'super happy' but one in four were not, as she meets psychiatrists, midwives and health visitors specialising in treating mothers with mental health issues. January 30 - William and Kate pay an official visit to Sweden and Norway. Engagements amid freezing temperatures include playing an unusual form of hockey called bandy in Stockholm, and joining children round a camp fire in Oslo. February 5 - Kate records a personal message to try to spur. children on to be comfortable in their own skin as part of Children's Mental Health Week. February 7 - Kate, as patron of the Action on Addiction charity, opens a new community-based treatment facility in Wickford, Essex. Her heel gets stuck in a grate as she arrives. February 18 - Kate wears dark green to the Baftas. Most nominees and other guests wear black to the awards in support of the Time's Up campaign in the wake of the Hollywood sexual harassment scandal. February 19 - The Duchess shows off her growing baby bump at the Commonwealth Fashion Exchange at Buckingham Palace. February 21 - The Duke and Duchess go on an away day to Sunderland to open the music and arts hub The Fire Station and visit the new Northern Spire, bridge over the River Wear. February 27 - The Duchess hugs Professor Jacqueline Dunkley-Bent, who helped to deliver one of her children, when they are reunited during Kate's visit to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in London. She also jokes William is in denial about a third baby while visiting the Snow Leopard ward at St Thomas' Hospital, London, to launch the Nursing Now campaign. February 28 - Kate, Meghan Markle, Harry and William appear on stage at a Royal Foundation forum - the first time the 'fab four' have carried out an official engagement together. March 6 - Kate visits Pegasus Primary School in Oxford and is given a book of lullabies to help the new baby sleep. March 7 - Kate opens the new Place2Be headquarters in central London. March 12 - The Duke and Duchess join the Queen, Prince Harry, Meghan Markle and the royal family at the Commonwealth Day service at Westminster Abbey. March 17 - Pregnant Kate sips water, while the Duke has a pint of Guinness with the Irish Guards during the St Patrick's Day parade in Hounslow, west London. March 21 - Kate attends a symposium on early intervention with social and emotional support for children. March 22 - The Duchess carries out her final engagements before going on maternity leave. She shows off her culinary skills with William and takes part in a general knowledge Commonwealth quiz. March 26 - Kensington Palace announces that Kate has become the first royal patron of the V&A museum. April 1 - Kate attends the Easter Sunday service at St George's Chapel, Windsor. For Jist.News go here

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 6.6

913 – The 8-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, Constantine VII, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire, under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointed by Constantine's uncle Alexander III on his deathbed.[1] 1513 – Italian Wars: Battle of Novara. Swiss troops defeat the French under Louis II de la Trémoille, forcing the French to abandon Milan.[2] Duke Massimiliano Sforza is restored. 1523 – Gustav Vasa, the Swedish regent, is elected King of Sweden, marking a symbolic end to the Kalmar Union. This is the Swedish national day.[3] 1586 – Francis Drake's forces raid St. Augustine in Spanish Florida. 1644 – The Qing dynasty Manchu forces led by the Shunzhi Emperor capture Beijing during the collapse of the Ming dynasty. 1674 – Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire, is crowned.[4] 1749 – The Conspiracy of the Slaves in Malta is discovered. 1762 – Seven Years' War: British forces begin a siege of Havana, Cuba, and temporarily capture the city in the Battle of Havana. 1808 – Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, is crowned King of Spain. 1809 – Sweden promulgates a new Constitution, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates after 20 years of enlightened absolutism. At the same time, Charles XIII is elected to succeed Gustav IV Adolf as King of Sweden. 1813 – War of 1812: Battle of Stoney Creek: A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeats an American force twice its size under William Winder and John Chandler. 1822 – Alexis St. Martin is accidentally shot in the stomach, leading to William Beaumont's studies on digestion. 1832 – The June Rebellion in Paris is put down by the National Guard. 1844 – The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in London. 1844 – The Glaciarium, the world's first mechanically frozen ice rink, opens. 1857 – Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden–Norway. 1859 – Australia: Queensland is established as a separate colony from New South Wales (Queensland Day). 1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Memphis: Union forces capture Memphis, Tennessee, from the Confederates. 1882 – More than 100,000 inhabitants of Bombay are supposedly killed in the so-called 'Bombay Cyclone of 1882', but this has proved a hoax and did not happen. 1882 – The Shewan forces of Menelik II of Ethiopia defeat the Gojjame army in the Battle of Embabo. The Shewans capture Negus Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam, and their victory leads to a Shewan hegemony over the territories south of the Abay River. 1889 – The Great Seattle Fire destroys all of downtown Seattle. 1892 – The Chicago "L" elevated rail system begins operation. 1894 – Governor Davis H. Waite orders the Colorado state militia to protect and support the miners engaged in the Cripple Creek miners' strike. 1909 – French troops capture Abéché (in modern-day Chad) and install a puppet sultan in the Ouaddai Empire. 1912 – The eruption of Novarupta in Alaska begins. It is the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. 1916 – With the death of Yuan Shikai, who has ruled much of China since 1912, the central government virtually collapses in the face of warlords who assert themselves, including Sun Yat-sen. 1918 – World War I: Battle of Belleau Wood: The U.S. Marine Corps suffers its worst single day's casualties while attempting to recapture the wood at Château-Thierry. 1919 – The Republic of Prekmurje ends. 1921 – Southwark Bridge in London is opened to traffic by King George V and Queen Mary. 1932 – The Revenue Act of 1932 is enacted, creating the first gas tax in the United States, at a rate of 1 cent per US gallon (​1⁄4¢/L) sold. 1933 – The first drive-in theater opens in Camden, New Jersey, United States. 1934 – New Deal: The U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 1939 – Judge Joseph Force Crater, known as the "Missingest Man in New York", is declared legally dead. 1942 – World War II: Battle of Midway. U.S. Navy dive bombers sink the Japanese cruiser Mikuma and four Japanese carriers. 1944 – World War II: The Allied invasion of Normandy—codenamed Operation Overlord—begins with the execution of Operation Neptune (commonly referred to as D-Day), the landing of 155,000 Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy in France. The Allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland in the largest amphibious military operation in history. 1946 – The Basketball Association of America is founded in New York City; the BAA was the precursor to the modern National Basketball Association. 1954 – The grand opening of the sculpture of Yuriy Dolgorukiy took place in Moscow. This statue is one of the main monuments of Moscow. 1964 – Under a temporary order, the rocket launches at Cuxhaven, Germany are terminated. They never resume. 1971 – Soyuz program: Soyuz 11 is launched. 1971 – A midair collision between a Hughes Airwest Douglas DC-9 jetliner and a United States Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II jet fighter near Duarte, California, claims 50 lives. 1971 – Vietnam War: The Battle of Long Khanh between Australian and Vietnamese communist forces begins. 1974 – A new Instrument of Government is promulgated making Sweden a parliamentary monarchy. 1981 – Bihar train disaster: A passenger train travelling between Mansi and Saharsa, India, jumps the tracks at a bridge crossing the Bagmati River. The government places the official death toll at 268 plus another 300 missing; however, it is generally believed that the death toll is closer to 1,000. 1982 – The Lebanon War begins. Forces under Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon invade southern Lebanon during Operation Peace for the Galilee, eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut. 1985 – The grave of "Wolfgang Gerhard" is opened in Embu, Brazil; the exhumed remains are later proven to be those of Josef Mengele, Auschwitz's "Angel of Death"; Mengele is thought to have drowned while swimming in February 1979. 1993 – Mongolia holds its first direct presidential elections. 2002 – Eastern Mediterranean event. A near-Earth asteroid estimated at ten meters in diameter explodes over the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Libya. The explosion is estimated to have a force of 26 kilotons, slightly more powerful than the Nagasaki atomic bomb. 2004 – Tamil is established as a "classical language" by the President of India, Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, in a joint sitting of the two houses of the Indian Parliament. 2005 – In Gonzales v. Raich, the United States Supreme Court upholds a federal law banning cannabis, including medical marijuana.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 6.6

913 – Emperor Alexander III dies of exhaustion while playing the game tzykanion (Byzantine name for polo). He is succeeded by his 8-year-old nephew Constantine VII. 1513 – Italian Wars: Battle of Novara. Swiss troops defeat the French under Louis II de la Trémoille, forcing the French to abandon Milan. Duke Massimiliano Sforza is restored. 1523 – Gustav Vasa, the Swedish regent, is elected King of Sweden, marking a symbolic end to the Kalmar Union. This is the Swedish national day. 1586 – Francis Drake's forces raid St. Augustine in Spanish Florida. 1644 – The Qing dynasty Manchu forces led by the Shunzhi Emperor capture Beijing during the collapse of the Ming dynasty. 1654 – Queen Christina abdicates the Swedish throne and is succeeded by her cousin Charles X Gustav. 1674 – Shivaji, founder of the Maratha Empire, is crowned. 1749 – The Conspiracy of the Slaves in Malta is discovered. 1762 – Seven Years' War: British forces begin a siege of Havana, Cuba, and temporarily capture the city in the Battle of Havana. 1808 – Napoleon's brother, Joseph Bonaparte, is crowned King of Spain. 1809 – Sweden promulgates a new Constitution, which restores political power to the Riksdag of the Estates after 20 years of enlightened absolutism. At the same time, Charles XIII is elected to succeed Gustav IV Adolf as King of Sweden. 1813 – War of 1812: Battle of Stoney Creek: A British force of 700 under John Vincent defeats an American force twice its size under William Winder and John Chandler. 1822 – Alexis St. Martin is accidentally shot in the stomach, leading to William Beaumont's studies on digestion. 1832 – The June Rebellion in Paris is put down by the National Guard. 1844 – The Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) is founded in London. 1844 – The Glaciarium, the world's first mechanically frozen ice rink, opens. 1857 – Sophia of Nassau marries the future King Oscar II of Sweden–Norway. 1859 – Australia: Queensland is established as a separate colony from New South Wales (Queensland Day). 1862 – American Civil War: Battle of Memphis: Union forces capture Memphis, Tennessee, from the Confederates. 1882 – More than 100,000 inhabitants of Bombay are killed when a cyclone in the Arabian Sea pushes huge waves into the harbour. 1882 – The Shewan forces of Menelik II of Ethiopia defeat the Gojjame army in the Battle of Embabo. The Shewans capture Negus Tekle Haymanot of Gojjam, and their victory leads to a Shewan hegemony over the territories south of the Abay River. 1889 – The Great Seattle Fire destroys all of downtown Seattle. 1892 – The Chicago "L" commuter rail system begins operation. 1894 – Governor Davis H. Waite orders the Colorado state militia to protect and support the miners engaged in the Cripple Creek miners' strike. 1909 – French troops capture Abéché (in modern-day Chad) and install a puppet sultan in the Ouaddai Empire. 1912 – The eruption of Novarupta in Alaska begins. It is the largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century. 1918 – World War I: Battle of Belleau Wood: The U.S. Marine Corps suffers its worst single day's casualties while attempting to recapture the wood at Château-Thierry. 1919 – The Republic of Prekmurje ends. 1921 – Southwark Bridge in London is opened to traffic by King George V and Queen Mary. 1932 – The Revenue Act of 1932 is enacted, creating the first gas tax in the United States, at a rate of 1 cent per US gallon ( 1⁄4¢/L) sold. 1933 – The first drive-in theater opens in Camden, New Jersey, United States. 1934 – New Deal: The U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Securities Act of 1933 into law, establishing the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. 1939 – Judge Joseph Force Crater, known as the "Missingest Man in New York", is declared legally dead. 1942 – World War II: Battle of Midway. U.S. Navy dive bombers sink the Japanese cruiser Mikuma and four Japanese carriers. 1944 – World War II: The Battle of Normandy begins. D-Day, code named Operation Overlord, commences with the landing of 155,000 Allied troops on the beaches of Normandy in France. The allied soldiers quickly break through the Atlantic Wall and push inland in the largest amphibious military operation in history. 1946 – The Basketball Association of America is founded in New York City; the BAA was the precursor to the modern National Basketball Association 1954 – The grand opening of the sculpture of Yuriy Dolgorukiy took place in Moscow. This statue is one of the main monuments of Moscow. 1964 – Under a temporary order, the rocket launches at Cuxhaven, Germany are terminated. They never resume. 1968 – Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy: Robert F. Kennedy, Democratic Party senator from New York and brother of 35th President John F. Kennedy, dies from gunshot wounds inflicted on June 5. 1971 – Soyuz program: Soyuz 11 is launched. 1971 – A midair collision between a Hughes Airwest Douglas DC-9 jetliner and a United States Marine Corps McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II jet fighter near Duarte, California, claims 50 lives. 1971 – Vietnam War: The Battle of Long Khanh between Australian and Vietnamese communist forces begins. 1974 – A new Instrument of Government is promulgated making Sweden a parliamentary monarchy. 1981 – Bihar train disaster: A passenger train travelling between Mansi and Saharsa, India, jumps the tracks at a bridge crossing the Bagmati River. The government places the official death toll at 268 plus another 300 missing; however, it is generally believed that the death toll is closer to 1,000. 1982 – The Lebanon War begins. Forces under Israeli Defense Minister Ariel Sharon invade southern Lebanon during Operation Peace for the Galilee, eventually reaching as far north as the capital Beirut. 1985 – The grave of "Wolfgang Gerhard" is opened in Embu, Brazil; the exhumed remains are later proven to be those of Josef Mengele, Auschwitz's "Angel of Death"; Mengele is thought to have drowned while swimming in February 1979. 1993 – Mongolia holds its first direct presidential elections. 2002 – Eastern Mediterranean event. A near-Earth asteroid estimated at ten meters in diameter explodes over the Mediterranean Sea between Greece and Libya. The resulting explosion is estimated to have a force of 26 kilotons, slightly more powerful than the Nagasaki atomic bomb. 2004 – Tamil is established as a "classical language" by the President of India, Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, in a joint sitting of the two houses of the Indian Parliament. 2005 – In Gonzales v. Raich, the United States Supreme Court upholds a federal law banning cannabis, including medical marijuana. 2016 – Major news outlets report Hillary Clinton as having become the presumptive nominee for US president, the first female in a major party to do so in the country's 240-year history.