#jean de breteuil

[sub-at-omicsteminist]

🌱Émilie du Châtelet🌱

Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise du Châtelet was a French natural philosopher and mathematician in the early 1700s

Her most recognized achievement is her translation of and commentary on Isaac Newton's 1687 book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica containing basic laws of physics. The translation, published in 1756, is still considered the standard French translation.

Her commentary includes a contribution to Newtonian mechanics. This led her to conceptualize energy, and to derive its quantitative relationships to the mass and velocity of an object.

Her philosophical magnum opus, Institutions de Physique, circulated widely, generated heated debates, and was republished and translated into several other languages within two years of its original publication.

She also participated in the famous vis viva debate, concerning the best way to measure the force of a body and the best means of thinking about conservation principles. Her ideas were heavily represented in the most famous text of the French Enlightenment, the Encyclopédie of Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert, first published shortly after du Châtelet's death.

(Old post)

[lilstjarna]

Sortir autour de Paris

Si vous avez prévu de venir passer un long séjour sur Paris cela peut-être l'occasion de faire des excursions en banlieue afin de découvrir les nombreux sites franciliens dignes d'intérêt.

Facilement accessibles par la voiture ou par les transports en commun ils vous permettront de vous évader pour quelques heures, voire pour une journée, du tumulte parisien.

Les parc et les jardins

L'Ile-de-France a la chance de compter de nombreux espaces verts, qu’ils s'agissent de parcs de châteaux, de jardins spécialisés, de bases de loisirs ou de forêts protégées ou squares urbains, cette diversité agricoles permet à tous de s'offrir des escapades au calme dans la nature.

Dans la Seine-et-Marne : jardins du château de Fontainebleau, jardin de Vaux-Le-Vicomte, jardins de Champs-sur-Marne, roseraie de Provins, domaine de la Grange Prévôté, jardin-pépinière du Point du Jour, jardin de sculptures de la Dhuys, parc de Rentilly, jardin Bourdelle, parc des Capucins, jardin Bossuet, jardin du cloître de Donnemarie-Dontilly, parc Debreuil, parc des Frênes à Montévrain, parc naturel du Pâtis, parc de la Fontaine aux Pigeons

Dans le Val-de-Marne : parc et roseraie de L’Haÿ-les-Roses, parc des Lilas, parc du Plateau à Champigny, espace naturel de la Pierre-Fitte, parc des Hautes-Bruyères, parc du Rancy, parc de la Saussaie, jardins de Chevilly, le parc des Marmousets, parc Watteau, le parc Dupeyroux, terrasse panoramique de Chennevières, parc de la plage bleue, arboretum de Joinville, parc du Morbras, bois de Vincennes et parc floral, jardin d'agronomie tropicale, parc des Cormailles, parc du Coteau

Dans le Val-d’Oise : Jardins des 5 sens à Pontoise, parc de Marcouville, parc de l’abbaye de Maubuisson, parc du château d’Ecouen, parc de l’abbaye de Royaumont, parc du château de Stors, jardins du château d’Ambleville, domaine de Villarceaux , parc du château de Champlâtreux, Jardin Japonais (Aincourt)

Dans les Yvelines : château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Domaine du trianon et Hameau de Marie-Antoinette, Arboretum de Chèvreloup, domaine national de Rambouillet, domaine de Marly-le-Roi, abbaye des Vaux de Cernay , château de Dampierre-en-Yvelines, Serres d'Auteuil

Dans les Hauts-de-Seine : domaine de Sceaux, domaine de Saint-Cloud, Bois de Boulogne et Parc de Bagatelle, jardins d'Albert Kahn, parc Edmond de Rothschild à Boulogne, Parc de l'Amitié, Parc des Impressionnistes, parc du château de la Malmaison, parc du Bois-Préau et domaine de la Malmaison, Jardin japonais d'Ichikawa, arboretum de la Vallée-aux-Loups

Dans la Seine-Saint-Denis : parc Georges-Valbon, parc du Sausset, Ile-Saint-Denis, parc de la Poudrerie, parc des Docks, parc de la Bergère, parc de la Fosse-maussoin, parc Jean Moulin, parc de la Haute-Ile, forêt de Bondy, bois de Bernouille, serre Wangari, parc Ballanger,j parc de Villetaneuse

Dans l’Essonne : jardin de Cocteau, jardin de la Chapelle Saint-Blaise, parc du Gâtinais, domaine de Chamarande, parc du château de Courances, domaine de Courson, arboretum de Vilmorin, domaine de Beauregard, Jardin botanique d'Orsay

Les châteaux et les domaines

L'Ile-de-France a la chance, grâce à son riche passé, d'héberger un impressionnant patrimoine. De nombreux châteaux et domaines se situent ainsi dans les divers départements, offrant un cadre magnifique pour des sorties culturelles. Ces visites historiques sauront vous dépayser et vous feront découvrir une autre facette de la région parisienne.

Les châteaux : Fontainebleau, Ferrières, La Roche-Guyon, Vaux-Le-Vicomte, Saint-Germain-en-Laye , Chantilly, Malmaison, Maisons-Laffitte, Champs-sur-Marne, Blandy-Les-Tours, Breteuil, Auvers-sur-Oise, Courances, Vincennes, Rambouillet, Monte-Cristo, Saint-Jean de Beauregard

Les domaines : Sceaux, Courson, Chamarande, Grosbois, Villarceaux

Les musées et les galeries

Si Paris reste la ville accueillant le plus grand nombre de musées en Ile-de-France les communes alentours ne sont pas en reste et détiennent, pour certaines, de remarquables collections. Des expositions temporaires viennent compléter cette offre artistique au fil des saisons, permettant de renouveler le plaisir de visiter ces lieux de culture.

Les musées d'Histoire : Musée Napoléon, musée de la Préhistoire, musée d'archéologie Nationale, Albert Kahn (Boulogne-Billancourt), Années 30 (Boulogne-Billancourt), Air et Espace (Le Bourget), Histoire Vivante (Montreuil-sous-Bois), Memorial de la Shoah (Drancy), Résistance Nationale (Champigny-sur-Marne), Archéa (Louvres), Archéologique du Val d'Oise (Guiry-en-Vexin), Histoire urbaine et sociale (Suresnes)

Les musées d'art : musée Bossuet (Meaux), École de Barbizon, , grande guerre (Meaux), Art naïf (Vicq), Fournaise (Chatou), Jouet (Poissy), Lambinet (Versailles), Cité de la Céramique (Sèvres), Art et Histoire Louis-Senlecq (L'Isle-Adam), Musée National de la Renaissance (Ecouen), Étampes, Le Cube (Issy-les-Moulineaux), le MACVAL

Les musées d'artistes : Maison Elsa Triolet-Aragon (Saint-Arnoult-en-Yvelines), Maurice Denis (Saint-Germain-en-Laye), Zola-Dreyfus (Médan), Photographie (Bièvres), Maison Jean Cocteau (Milly-la-Forêt), Paul Delouvrier (Évry), Propriété Caillebotte (Yerres), Maison de Châteaubriand (Châtenay-Malabry), Villa des Brillants (Meudon), Adrien Mentienne (Bry-sur-Marne), Fragonard (Maisons-Alfort), MAC/VAL (Vitry-sur-Seine), Maison d'art (Créteil), Villa Médicis (La Varenne-Saint-Hilaire), Maison Robert Doisneau (Gentilly), Maison Van Gogh (Auvers-sur-Oise), Tavet Delacour (Pontoise), Camille Pissarro (Pontoise)

crédits photos @lilstjarna

[byneddiedingo]

Young Yoyo (Philippe Dionnet) retrieves the cigarette packet his mother has sent from the trailer to his father in the car.

Yoyo (Pierre Étaix, 1965)

Cast: Pierre Étaix, Claudine Auger, Philippe Dionnet, Luce Klein, Martine de Breteuil, Philippe Castelli, Luc Delhumeau, Gabrielle Doulcet. Screenplay: Pierre Étaix, Jean-Claude Carrièrre. Cinematography: Jean Boffety. Production design: Raymond Gabutti, Raymond Tournon. Film editing: Henri Lanoë. Music: Jean Paillaud.

Even though at one point in Yoyo the character Pierre Étaix is playing resists a photographer's attempt to have him pose in Buster Keaton's porkpie hat, it's clear that Étaix worships Keaton. The film is replete with sight gags that Keaton would have loved, such as the sequence in which, while traveling down a road in a trailer pulled by a car, the characters cook up an ingenious way to pass a packet of cigarettes from the rear of the trailer to the driver's seat of the car. The story, devised by Étaix and Jean-Claude Carrière, is a slight one: In 1925, a millionaire (Étaix) lives alone in great luxury in his chateau, attended by a battalion of servants who wait on him hand and foot: When he wants to walk his dog, for example, a chauffeur drives him around the courtyard of the estate while the dog trots alongside the car on a leash. But the millionaire is silently pining for a lost love, whose image he keeps in a desk drawer. One day, a circus arrives at the estate, bringing with it the woman (Luce Klein), who is an equestrian/acrobat in the show. It also brings a small boy (Philippe Dionnet) dressed as a clown, who turns out to be the millionaire's son with the woman. When the stock market crashes in 1929, the millionaire goes bust, so he finds the woman and the boy, who is known as Yoyo, and sets out on the road with them as traveling performers. Years pass, and the boy grows up and makes his own fortune in the new medium of television, which enables him to restore the dilapidated chateau to its former glory. (The son is also played by Étaix.) What makes the film a charmer is its continuous barrage of sight gags -- as well as sound gags: The great gilded doors in the chateau squeak loudly every time they're opened, mocking their grandiosity. There are in-jokes, too: The little traveling troupe arrives in one town to find that another troupe has beat them there -- the poster for the rival troupe announces the appearance of Zampanò and Gelsomina, the characters played by Anthony Quinn and Giulietta Masina in La Strada (Federico Fellini, 1954). At a running time of 92 minutes, Yoyo seems to me slightly overextended, but it's a delight, very much in the vein of Jacques Tati's movies -- on which Étaix worked as an assistant director. Although his film Happy Anniversary won the Oscar for best short subject in 1963, Étaix is not as well known in the States as Tati because a legal snafu kept his films out of distribution for many years.

[cinemacinemas-fr]

RT @routardcine: A #Paris, le banc de l’avenue de Breteuil où s’assoient Jean-Pierre Léaud et Claude Jade à la fin de "Baisers volés" de Truffaut (via le SuperPoseur à voir sur Instagram et jusqu'au 14 janvier au @Cinema_Louxor) https://t.co/lh7SRX9Pfv

RT @routardcine: A #Paris, le banc de l’avenue de Breteuil où s’assoient Jean-Pierre Léaud et Claude Jade à la fin de "Baisers volés" de Truffaut (via le SuperPoseur à voir sur Instagram et jusqu'au 14 janvier au @Cinema_Louxor) https://t.co/lh7SRX9Pfv

— Cinémannonce (@cinema_cinemas) Jan 10, 2023

via Twitter https://twitter.com/cinema_cinemas January 10, 2023 at 08:36AM https://twitter.com/cinema_cinemas/status/1612714945816432641

[michelfrombreathless-blog]

Jean de Breteuil (seated, right) smokes a blunt with friends in L.A., aged 18, 1968, filmed on Super 8 by Lee Dunholter.

[whileiamdying]

The Mystery of Jim Morrison’s Final Hours

50 YEARS LATER

As the lead singer of the doors, he was one of the biggest rock stars in the world. half a century after his death at 27, unanswered questions remain.

Dawn breaks over Paris on July 3, 1971. Jim Morrison isn’t in his bed. Pamela Courson, his 24-year-old “cosmic mate,” calls out to him, but there’s no answer. She finds her love reclining in the bathtub. His head is tilted back, eyes closed, with a sly grin across his handsome face. She thinks it’s a prank. Then she sees the blood trickling from his nostril, tinting the water a light pink.

Morrison—the leather-clad electric shaman who preached his poetry to millions as the front man for the psychedelic rock band the Doors—was dead at 27. “We didn’t think he’d make it to 30,” the band’s former manager Bill Siddons says now. “He did everything to excess.” Fifty years later, questions about his untimely end still linger. A medical examiner ruled his death a heart attack, though no autopsy was ever performed.

Led by Morrison, the bohemian son of a rear admiral, the Doors broke through in 1967 with the acid jazz of “Light My Fire” and became one the biggest groups on the planet. Morrison’s feline swagger and soulful lyrics made him a rock and roll Adonis, but he grew disillusioned with celebrity. “People keep thinking of me as a rock and roll star,” he said shortly before his death. “I don’t want anything to do with it.” He grew a bushy beard and put on weight due to his spiraling alcoholism. In 1970 he was found guilty of profanity and indecent exposure at a 1969 Miami concert and was sentenced to six months in prison. Though he was free on bond and had appealed, the conviction took a toll on his psyche. “He said, ‘I don’t want to do this anymore. I’m tired of being a dancing monkey,’ ” Siddons recalls of Morrison, who moved to Paris with Courson in 1971 after releasing his final album with the Doors, L.A. Woman. “He didn’t formally quit. He was just gone.”

The couple sublet an elegant apartment in the Marais quarter. Morrison jotted down poetry in sidewalk cafés. He lost weight, shaved his beard and seemed happier than he’d been in years. But Courson’s worsening heroin addiction led to fights with Morrison, who abhorred the drug. Meanwhile he tried to cut down on drinking, with little success. Despite their struggles, Courson, who had run a fashion boutique in L.A., “was the only one that mattered to Jim,” says Siddons. In June they visited Père Lachaise cemetery, the final resting place of legendary literati like Honoré de Balzac and Oscar Wilde. “When I go, this is where I want to be buried,” he told Courson. Within a month, he would be.

A complex web of contradictory accounts exists about his final day. In the story Courson told to French authorities, they went to the cinema before returning to their apartment in the early morning of July 3. Hours later Courson awoke to Morrison’s labored breathing. He drew a bath and vomited blood. She suggested they call a doctor, but Morrison insisted that he felt better. She went to sleep, she claimed, only to discover his lifeless body at daybreak.

Courson, who died of a heroin overdose in 1974, also shared other, conflicting stories about Morrison’s death. She told some friends that Morrison overdosed on heroin, though it’s unclear when he supposedly started sampling the drug he professed to hate. The theory is bolstered by the account of rock icon Marianne Faithfull. In her 1994 memoir, she claimed her then-boyfriend, a young aristocrat named Count Jean de Breteuil, sold Morrison the fatal dose of heroin. De Breteuil, who was Courson’s rumored lover, was in Paris with Faithfull the weekend of Morrison’s death and had paid him a visit. When de Breteuil discovered that Morrison was dead, he and Faithfull fled to Morocco. “[De Breteuil] was scared for his life,” she wrote. “Jim Morrison had OD’d, and he had provided the smack.” Musicologist Roger Steffens recalls seeing the couple in Morocco for dinner the day after Morrison’s death. An anxious de Breteuil claimed to have been the one who discovered the body after receiving a panicked call from Courson telling him Morrison was locked in the bathroom. The news of Morrison’s death hadn’t yet hit the press, and Steffens was skeptical. “I thought, ‘Well, maybe they’re so stoned, they hallucinated this whole thing,’ ” Steffens says. De Breteuil died of a heroin overdose the following year.

RELUCTANT ROCK STAR

Two years after Morrison and his film-school classmate Ray Manzarek formed the Doors in 1965, they were one of the top bands in the country. “There was a lot put on his shoulders that he didn’t want,” Siddons says of Morrison.

The most radical challenge to the official narrative comes from Sam Bernett, who managed a Left Bank nightclub called The Rock ’n’ Roll Circus and maintains Morrison died there. According to Bernett, Morrison showed up after 1 a.m. and met with two dealers working for de Breteuil. Bernett says he later found Morrison locked in a bathroom stall, the victim of an overdose: “He had his head between his legs, white fluid around his lips and nose, and his eyes were closed.” Bernett claims de Breteuil’s henchmen moved the body back to Morrison’s apartment, dumping him in the bath.

Others in Morrison’s circle believe prescription drugs were to blame. In his last months he had serious respiratory problems that left him coughing up blood and hiccuping violently. A doctor prescribed an asthma medication (since banned by the FDA) with cardiac side effects that could be exacerbated by alcohol. Alain Ronay, a friend who saw Morrison on his last day, remembers him gasping for breath, his face like “a death mask.”

Because no autopsy was ever performed, what exactly Morrison had in his system on July 3, 1971, will never be known. Under French law an autopsy wasn’t required because the medical examiner found no obvious evidence of foul play. With his death attributed to natural causes—a heart attack “possibly aggravated by excessive drinking”—Morrison’s body was released for burial.

‘People fear death even more than pain. It’s strange. … Life hurts a lot more than death’ —JIM MORRISON

Siddons flew from L.A. to oversee the funeral. That almost no one, including Siddons, ever saw Morrison’s body gave rise to the most outrageous tale: He’d faked his own death in the ultimate bid to jettison fame and start over. He’d joked about it with friends, even sharing his new identity: “Mr. Mojo Risin,” an anagram of his name. But the theory is based more on wishful thinking than evidence. “I spent three days with Pamela, and I know what real grief is,” Siddons says. “There was no question of him being gone.”

Morrison was buried on July 7 at Père Lachaise, surrounded by his literary heroes. At the service Courson read from one of his poems. Days earlier he had written a final verse in his notebook, ending with the lines: “Last words, last words—out.”

RELUCTANT ROCK STAR

Two years after Morrison and his film-school classmate Ray Manzarek formed the Doors in 1965, they were one of the top bands in the country. “There was a lot put on his shoulders that he didn’t want,” Siddons says of Morrison (during his final performance with the band on Dec. 12, 1970).

HIS LAST DAYS

Everett; Ethan Russell; Bureau Of Prisons/Getty Images; Mark And Colleen Hayward/ Getty Images; Marc Piasecki/Getty Images; Laif/Redux

[focusmonumentum]

L'École Militaire

Nous retrouvons Ange-Jacques Gabriel, l'architecte des grands hôtels de la place de la Concorde, cette fois outre-Seine, dans le 7ème arrondissement, au sein d'une grande perspective parisienne, courant du Trocadéro au rond-point de Breteuil, scandée par des monuments iconiques telle la Tour Eiffel, ou cette institution qu'est l'École militaire, à l'autre bout du Champ-de-Mars.

Fondée en 1751 par Louis XV, proposée par le maréchal de Saxe, appuyé par Madame de Pompadour, financée par Joseph Pâris Duverney, l'École militaire a pour vocation initiale d'instruire à l'art militaire cinq cents jeunes gens nobles et nés sans fortune. Gabriel, le premier architecte du roi, avait pour projet un ensemble monumental plus grandiose encore que les Invalides, situés sur la même plaine de Grenelle. Mais les "guerres en dentelle" menées par Louis XV vident les caisses du royaume, ce qui pousse l'architecte à revoir son projet à la baisse. Les travaux s'éternisent, mais dès 1756, 200 premiers cadets sont accueillis dans les premiers bâtiments de service achevés alors. Le roi achète à l'abbaye de Saint-Germain-des-Prés les carrières de Vaugirard (alors une commune située en dehors de Paris, mais proche du chantier -dans l'actuel XVème arrondissement), afin d'accélérer la construction. Les travaux ne s'achèvent qu'en 1780, sous le règne de Louis XVI. Gabriel aura tout de même réussi à édifier un ensemble monumental d'une emprise très respectable de 13 hectares. Pour le corps central (surnommé "le Château"), il s'inspire de l'architecture des pavillons du Louvre, au dôme quadrangulaire, avec une façade monumentale côté "Champ"(de Mars) à laquelle répond une façade toute aussi grandiose côté cour (d'honneur), arborant une horloge par dessus son fronton, encadrée par deux statues, l'une d'une vieille femme aux pieds nus tenant un livre, allégorie de l'étude, l'autre d'une jeune femme aux seins nus montrant l'heure, représentation de Madame de Pompadour. 

Cette horloge, dûe à Jean-Baptiste Lepaute, est toujours entretenue par l'entreprise Lepaute, 250 ans après son installation. Le "Château" abrite un escalier d'honneur monumental, une salle des gardes, un salon dit "des Maréchaux", la bibliothèque patrimoniale, ainsi qu'une chapelle, consacrée au saint patron des armées, Saint-Louis (comme aux Invalides). Cette chapelle vit en 1785 la confirmation du cadet Bonaparte, futur Napoléon, qui y donnera un bal monumental vingt ans plus tard, pour célébrer l'anniversaire de son sacre, l'École étant fermée depuis 1787, faute de fonds... Devenue caserne Impériale sous le Premier Empire, elle est finalement désaffectée, servant de dépôt de matériel. Il faudra attendre 1878 pour qu'elle rouvre, avec la création de l'École supérieure de Guerre.

Les deux ailes encadrant le "Château" sont alors modifiées, l'une dévolue à l'artillerie, avec magasins (de stockage), l'autre destinée à la cavalerie, avec manège (d'équitation), chacune de ces ailes enclosant des cours. La Cour Morland verra la dégradation du capitaine Dreyfus en 1895, et la cour Desjardins accueillera sa réhabilitation en 1906. Le centre des hautes études militaires s'installe dans l'école en 1911, puis de nombreuses institutions et associations militaires au cours du XXème siècle. L'École a même accueilli le collège de défense de l'OTAN, de 1951 à 1966, année où De Gaulle fait sortir la France du commandement intégré de l'OTAN.

De grands travaux de purge et de ravalement ont été entrepris en 2012, permettant la mise en valeur volontaire de nombreux stigmates balistiques, à l'intérieur comme à l'extérieur, précieux témoins des affrontements qu'a connu le monument. De la Révolution française de 1789, des impacts sont visibles sur les premières marches de l'escalier d'honneur. De la Commune de 1871, une balle est fichée dans le grand miroir du salon des Maréchaux, tirée par un homme de la troupe versaillaise du général Douay, lors des combats visant à reprendre l'École, alors tenue par les fédérés. De la Première Guerre Mondiale, des éclats de bombe, d'un raid aérien allemand en juin 1918, sont visibles contre un mur de l'aile d'artillerie. Enfin, de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, des centaines d'impacts de tirs alliés, dirigés contre les occupants allemands, dont certains profonds de 15cm, témoignent de la fureur des combats de la Libération de Paris, en août 1944 (cf. Ministère de la Guerre).

Le Champ-de-Mars, avec ses 24,5 hectares en faisant l'un des plus grands espaces verts de Paris, tire son nom (et son aménagement) de la création de l'École militaire, nécessitant un vaste espace dédié aux manœuvres et aux parades (inspiré en cela du champ de Mars romain, nommé d'après leur dieu de la guerre).

De nombreux grands événements de l'histoire de France s'y déroulèrent, sous le regard des statues de Jean-Baptiste Pigalle couronnant le fronton de l'École. La Fête de la Fédération du 14 juillet 1790, grand moment d'allégresse révolutionnaire, y tint lieu, mais également la tragique fusillade du 17 juillet 1791, le guillotinage de Bailly en 1793, la démente Fête de l'Être Suprême, organisée par Robespierre en 1794, les Olympiades de la République sous le Directoire, puis la première Exposition des produits de l'industrie française, préfigurant les Expositions Universelles devant s'y tenir au XIXème siècle. Napoléon y distribua ses aigles à ses grenadiers en 1804, Louis-Philippe ses étendards tricolores à la Garde Nationale en 1831, la Fête de la Concorde s'y déroula en 1848... Un gigantesque bâtiment, le Palais Omnibus, fut construit afin d'accueillir l'Exposition universelle de 1867, ayant pour emprise la totalité du Champ-de-Mars. Construit en un temps record de 2 ans, il fut démoli en un temps également record de 2 mois, dès la fin de l'exposition... Le Palais du Champ-de-Mars, édifié à l'occasion de l'Exposition universelle de 1878, connu le même destin éphémère. Tout comme la gigantesque Galerie des Machines, faisant face à l'École militaire, bâtie à l'occasion de l'Exposition universelle de 1889, démantelée 20 ans plus tard. La même chose aurait pu advenir de la "Tour de 300 mètres" fermant le Champ, élevée la même année, mais elle fut pérennisée (nous y reviendrons dans le prochain article...) Enfin, le monumental Palais de l'électricité, édifié au milieu du Champ pour l'Exposition universelle de 1900, n'existe plus qu'en photographie... Renouant avec la tradition de ces monumentales constructions temporaires, le Grand-Palais Éphémère, toutefois conçu de manière éco-responsable, délocalisant les activités et expositions du Grand-Palais durant ses travaux de rénovation, reflétera jusqu'en 2024 la façade de l'École militaire dans ses vastes baies vitrées, abritant la statue équestre du maréchal Foch, tel un écrin artistique à la gloire militaire. 

Crédits : ALM’s

[theenlightenedballerina]

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Parton, James. Life of Voltaire, Vol. I.  Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Company, 1881.  

Spiegel, Taru. “Women in the French Revolution: From the Salons to the Streets.” Women in the French Revolution: From the Salons to the Streets | 4 Corners of the World: International Collections and Studies at the Library of Congress, July 14, 2020. https://blogs.loc.gov/international-collections/2020/07/women-in-the-french-revolution-from-the-salons-to-the-streets/. Soboul, Albert. The French Revolution, 1787-1799 : from the Storming of the Bastille to Napoleon. London :NLB, 1974. 

Vernadsky, G. “From Letter of Baron De Breteuil.” Internet history sourcebooks. Accessed. March 11, 2022. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/18catherine.asp.     “Decree on Serfs.” Internet history sourcebooks. Accessed March 11, 2022. https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/mod/18catherine.asp.                        

“Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789.” Avalon Project - Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789. Accessed March 14, 2022. https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/rightsof.asp. 

[epaulesdegeantes]

La traduction d'Émilie du Châtelet (1706 - 1749) du livre de Newton à eu un rôle important dans la physique du XVIIe siècle. Mais son apport scientifique a été longtemps oublié à la faveur de sa liaison avec le philosophe Voltaire.

Bibliographie : Headstrong, 52 women who changed Science – and the science par Rachel Swarby (2015) Ed. Broadway Books Les + grandes femmes de la science par Jean C. Baudet (2014) Ed. La Boîte de Pandore Les femmes et la science par Gérard Chazal (2015) Ed. ellipses poche Offereins, M. (2011). Emilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise du Châtelet (1706–1749). In European Women in Chemistry (eds J. Apotheker and L. Simon Sarkadi). doi:10.1002/9783527636457.ch6 Charlotte Simonin, De "Minerve de France" en "Folle qui aime mieux les atomes que sa propre famille" : Émilie Du Châtelet à travers les critiques de quelques contemporains. dans Femme de science, de traduction et d'instruction au XIXe siècle dans Femmes de sciences de l'Antiquité au XIXe siècle : Réalités et représentations. Textes réunis et introduit par Adeline Gargam. Editions Universitaires de Dijon, 2014. pp.95-114 Mireille Touzery, « Émilie Du Châtelet, un passeur scientifique au XVIIIe siècle », La revue pour l’histoire du CNRS [En ligne], 21 | 2008, mis en ligne le 03 juillet 2010, consulté le 08 octobre 2019. URL : http://journals.openedition.org/histoire-cnrs/7752 ; DOI : 10.4000/histoire-cnrs.7752 Comolet-Tirman Laetitia (2017) La publication des Principes mathématiques de la philosophie naturelle, par Emilie du Châtelet, femme de science au XVIIIe siècle. Mémoire de recherche master 2, Université de Lyon. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/141499898.pdf Waithe M.E. (1991) Gabrielle Émilie le Tonnelier de Breteuil du Châtelet-Lomont. In: Waithe M.E. (eds) A History of Women Philosophers. A History of Women Philosophers, vol 3. Springer, Dordrecht https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3790-4_8 La marquise du Châtelet, femme de sciences invisibilisée par Nicolas Brucker sur The Conversation (9 septembre 2018) Sa fiche wikipédia en français https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89milie_du_Ch%C3%A2telet et en anglais https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émilie_du_Châtelet

Crédits Musique par Ehrling - Music by Ehrling: https://soundcloud.com/ehrling   Images et vidéo : https://docs.google.com/document/d/1db7JMlrBXWp4nP-acji7wIHnihxtvK8HnEnraszjs4s/edit?usp=sharing

[zhugkp]

Exile story

Sex, drugs, rock ’n’ roll. The Rolling Stones didn’t invent the formula. But they lived it like no other band in history. And when the rapacious taxmen of England came demanding more cash than Mick Jagger and Keith Richards — not to mention bandmates Charlie Watts, Bill Wyman and Mick Taylor — had or cared to pay in the spring of 1971, the Stones moved their party to the South of France.

When they couldn’t find a suitable French Riviera studio to record their 10th album, the Stones set up in the basement of Villa Nellcote, Richards’ rented 16-room mansion on the coast in Villefranche-sur-Mer. All marble and wrought iron, Richards said it looked like it was decorated for “bloody Marie Antoinette.”

He also liked to recount its history as a Gestapo headquarters, where Nazis did nasty things in the same basement the Stones used to jam all night. The hallways still had swastika-shaped air vents. “But it’s all right, we’re here now,” he assured recording engineer Andy Johns.

By making the record in Richards’ own house, band members figured they could get the famously ramshackle guitarist to show up for the sessions. They were wrong. And Richards wasn’t the only one living on the edge. For a six-month stretch, the Stones swapped partners, ingested every available drug, set fires and nearly drove each other mad while crafting rock’s most decadent record, 1972’s “Exile on Main Street.”

On May 16, Universal is reissuing “Exile” in several forms: an 18-track CD; a deluxe edition with 10 previously unreleased songs; and a super-deluxe package with vinyl, a 30-minute documentary DVD and a 50-page photo book.

The Post got an early copy of the music and the “Stones in Exile” documentary, which will premiere Friday on “Late Night with Jimmy Fallon.” From these, fresh interviews and Robert Greenfield’s “Exile on Main Street: A Season in Hell with the Rolling Stones,” we assembled the most debauched stories of sex, drugs and rock ’n’ roll from the people who actually lived in “Exile.”

SEX

Gone was the Stones’ usual stream of adoring female fans. For six months, the groupie-gobbling rockers were housebound with significant others. Jagger even got married to Nicaraguan girlfriend Bianca, then pregnant with daughter Jade, during the stretch. Richards shacked up at Nellcote with Italian actress Anita Pallenberg, close pal of Marianne Faithfull and former flame of late Stones guitarist Brian Jones. Fresh from rehab, she arrived with their toddler son, Marlon, in tow.

While the recording went on, she managed to fool around with Jagger and have half-conscious, stoned sex with drug dealer Tommy Weber on a Louis XIV bed while Richards was passed out next to them.

“It was like a royal court where the nobles were sleeping with each other’s women,” says Greenfield, who spent two weeks living at Nellcote — and a third just hanging around — while on assignment for Rolling Stone that May. He wasn’t the only one to notice the band’s exploits.

“Everyone screwed everyone else’s wives and girlfriends,” Johns says. “That’s just the way it was, and you didn’t think too much about that.”

After Jagger married Bianca, Pallenberg did her best to break them up, even starting grade-school-style rumors that Bianca was born a man. Pallenberg got pregnant, too, but kept using heroin. She sought a secret abortion, not because of the drugs, but because she thought the child was Mick’s.

Richards, meanwhile, wasn’t interested in sex at the time, probably due to his heavy drug abuse. One studio regular recalls Pallenberg complaining, “All he wants is the wanking — he never f – – – s me!”

The Stones weren’t the only ones fooling around. Their sidemen were kept busy, too.

“I didn’t mind living between Nice and Monte Carlo, didn’t mind that a bit,” says Bobby Keys, the Texas-born, libertine sax man famous for honking on “Brown Sugar” and every Stones record from 1969 to 1974. “I didn’t mind all them pretty girls around the countryside. Yes sir, buddy! That’s when you’re sh – – – in’ in tall cotton!”

DRUGS

Fueling the excessive behavior at Nellcote was a huge stash of drugs, many smuggled in by Weber, a former Formula One racer turned Afghani hash runner. That May, Weber traveled from England to the Cote d’Azur via Ireland — “in case he was being followed,” Greenfield says — with a pound of coke strapped to the waists of his preteen sons, Charlie and Jake. At age 7, “my function in life was [to be] a joint roller,” says Jake, who grew up to star in the CBS drama “Medium.”

Everyone who visited the house seemed bent on self-destruction. John Lennon threw up at the foot of the stairs one day while touring the premises with Yoko Ono. Richards blamed it on too much sun and wine, but it was more likely the ex-Beatle’s methadone habit.

As Richards was picking up Marlon’s toys in the living room one night, Greenfield watched him grab a mystery pill off the floor. “Bam! He throws it down his throat,” Greenfield says. “Who knows what he put in his mouth, but that’s Keith. Could have been a vitamin, but I don’t think so. Not in that house.”

Jean de Breteuil, the so-called “dealer to the stars” who supplied Jim Morrison with a lethal dose, bought his way into a two-week residence with a toot of ultra-pure pink heroin from Thailand. Richards snorted it from a gold tube he wore around his neck and promptly passed out. Later, Richards paid $9,000 cash ($50,000 today) to a couple of cowboy boot-wearing dealers known as “the Corsicans” for more of the pink junk.

The smack arrived in a plastic bag the size of a two-pound sack of sugar, Greenfield writes, and was so potent it had to be cut with three parts glucose — hence its nickname, “cotton candy.” It lasted a month.

“With a hit of smack,” Richards says, “I could work through anything and not give a damn.”

One night, Richards passed out upstairs after “putting Marlon to bed” — his code for getting loaded. Johns found him with the needle still in his arm, blood spattered on the walls. The studio whiz poked the rock legend to see if he was still alive.

“Of course he picks up the guitar, which he was in bed with, goes, ‘Oh, yeah,’ and starts playing,” Johns says.

Another time, a chauffeur had to pull Pallenberg and Richards, naked and unconscious, from a bed they’d accidentally set on fire. But the rest of the help wasn’t so useful. The couple’s errand boys, local hoods they called “les cowboys,” were suspected of stealing at least nine vintage guitars and Keys’ engraved saxophones when drug debts went unpaid.

By December, French authorities caught wind of the scene and charged the Stones and their pals with heroin possession. As a bonus, Richards and Pallenberg were issued warrants for trafficking. But all of the Stones had high-tailed it to LA a month earlier.

Jagger, Taylor, Wyman and Watts eventually returned to France to face the charges, but a combination of fame, luck and bribes got them freed with mere slaps on the wrists.

Richards and Pallenberg were banned from France for two years, but they had no plans to return, anyway. They’d fled Nellcote in such haste that they abandoned Marlon’s toys, Pallenberg’s wardrobe, Richards’ record collection, a speedboat, a Jaguar E-type sports car and two pets, Boots the parrot and Okee the dog.

[jarednqig982-blog]

Improve(Increase) Your Restaurants In 3 Days

When visiting Paris, it really is difficult to get a better district to consume in compared to the 7th district is prosperous, gentrified and it is home towards the Eiffel Tower and runs over the left bank to Blvd. St. Germaine the location where the 6th begins.

The 7th is additionally the place to find 1,000's of restaurants; it will take months just to eat on your path through this district (and what glorious months those could be).

Many new restaurants have opened in districts like the 7th, where you can many of our Eve Villas Paris short term vacation rental in which you eat correctly and still quite traditional inside their approach but present quality and being said, allow me to share the outcomes of my efforts eating inside the 7th, listed alphabetically.

Au Bon Accueil 14 Rue Monttessuy.01 47 05 46 11.

Thinking about a captivating meal near the Eiffel Tower with that someone?Maybe an anniversary dinner? Well, this is but one destination to consider. Very elegant and cool, muted tones hushed atmosphere refined chef plus a whole lot using a prix fixe at 35 meal feels as though it will are expensive it wouldn't be shy and request an English version of the menu whether they have not given it for your requirements already. Reservations mandatory, if it can be nice out obtain a sidewalk table which has a direct view with the Eiffel Tower.

Au Petit Sud Ouest.46 La Bourdonnais.01 45 55 59 59.

This charming almost raucous but always inviting homage to duck and all sorts of things Sud is Magret and Foie Gras heaven, take your statins and red rice yeast pills beforehand. Again, reservations are mandatory ahead of time.

L'ami Jean. 27 Rue Malar.01 47 05 86 89.

Bring the appetite and retain your forks. Large portions of true for their heritage Basque food from your south in the loud room and several fun but be forewarned, a French speaker will probably be needed to talk full advantage for dinner because the menu is quite 't be afraid, order things you have not eaten before.

La Billebaude.29 rue L'Exposition.1 45 55 20 96.

Our meal at La Billebaude come july 1st was sweet and 'bistro gourmand' includes a various and creative menu, often emphasizing wild game owing towards the Chef's homage for the hunt (just look around in the art) although our meals were primarily fish. Heading into August, the restaurant, almost empty placed on a solid ate well, a sizable plate of smoked salmon and foie gras for appetizers. Mains were strong and dessert, some of the best profiteroles ever.2 servings of white wine, a bottle of a superb Sancerre Rouge Pinot), coffees all for 160 dollars for 3 folks. Great value.

The Bistro de Breteuil.3 Place Breteuil.1 45 66 98 88

This once beautiful room has probably, well definitely, passed its prime and simply is not a gourmet food can be a throwback, a spot to relax and enjoy classic French dishes prepared in the fairly competent way and never to push the why should you go? To have fun! The atmosphere is classic, crushed red velvet, and oversized paintings prices tend to be more than reasonable and when you forget about any gourmet snobbism you should have a great are wise to check out their formula approach, the important thing to this 36 euro you receive the appetizer, main, dessert along with a wine for each two 't come trying to find gourmet,just roll with old fashioned menu and in all visit have a good time should you be in the neighborhood try not to expect a refined sure I would seek against each other as being a destination though.

Chez Les Anges.54 Blvd. La Tour Maubourg.1 47 05 89. We have enjoyed eating at Au Bon Accueil and were pleased how the same couple renewed a brasserie near Les Invalides on Marbourg and breathed life into this room is decorated impeccably in modern cool and somewhat Zen tones as well as when you can hear people for your table easily even having a with a lot of the meals reviewed, the prix fixe menu of 36 euro enables you to afford a classy meal at reasonable forewarned, the different options are here should you stop into the carte.

[michelfrombreathless-blog]

everybody say sausage, keep it going 😂

[jasperqlbt295-blog]

Restaurants: This Is What Professionals Do

When visiting Paris, it's difficult to get a greater district to nibble on in compared to 7th district is prosperous, gentrified and is also home to the Eiffel Tower and runs over the left bank to Blvd. St. Germaine in which the 6th begins.

The 7th can be where you can 1,000's of restaurants; it will take months just you can eat the right path through this district (and what glorious months those can be).

Many new restaurants have opened in districts much like the 7th, home to most of our Eve Villas Paris short term vacation rental in places you eat well and quite traditional inside their approach but present quality and being said, listed below are the results of my efforts eating inside the 7th, listed alphabetically.

Au Bon Accueil 14 Rue Monttessuy.01 47 05 46 11.

Thinking about an enchanting meal at the Eiffel Tower achievable someone?Maybe an anniversary dinner? Well, this is but one spot to consider. Very elegant and cool, muted tones hushed atmosphere refined chef plus a large amount having a prix fixe at 35 meal seems like it must cost a lot it can't be shy and request for an English version in the menu if they have not given it to you personally already. Reservations mandatory, if it is nice out have a sidewalk table with a direct view from the Eiffel Tower.

Au Petit Sud Ouest.46 La Bourdonnais.01 45 55 59 59.

This charming almost raucous but always inviting homage to duck and all sorts of things Sud is Magret and Foie Gras heaven, take your statins and red rice yeast pills beforehand. Again, reservations are mandatory ahead of time.

L'ami Jean. 27 Rue Malar.01 47 05 86 89.

Bring the appetite and retain your forks. Large servings of true with their heritage Basque food from your south from the loud room and several fun but be forewarned, a French speaker might be necessary to talk full advantage this evening as the menu is fairly 't be afraid, order issues you have never eaten before.

La Billebaude.29 rue L'Exposition.1 45 55 20 96.

Our meal at La Billebaude this summer was sweet and 'bistro gourmand' carries a various and creative menu, often emphasizing wild game owing towards the Chef's homage to the hunt (just look around in the art) although our meals were primarily fish. Heading into August, the restaurant, almost empty place on an excellent ate well, a substantial plate of smoked salmon and foie gras for appetizers. Mains were strong and dessert, a number of the best profiteroles ever.2 glasses of white wine, a bottle of the superb Sancerre Rouge Pinot), coffees all for 160 dollars for 3 folks. Great value.

The Bistro de Breteuil.3 Place Breteuil.1 45 66 98 88

This once beautiful room has probably, well definitely, passed its prime and simply is not a gourmet food is often a throwback, a destination to relax and luxuriate in classic French dishes prepared in a very fairly competent way and not to push the why should you go? To have fun! The atmosphere is classic, crushed red velvet, and oversized paintings prices tend to be more than reasonable so when you rid yourself of any gourmet snobbism you should have a great are strongly advised to check out their formula approach, the important thing to this 36 euro you will get the appetizer, main, dessert as well as a bottle of champange for every two 't come seeking gourmet,just roll with old style menu and in all head to have fun in case you are in the neighborhood try not to expect a refined sure I would seek it out being a destination though.

Chez Les Anges.54 Blvd. La Tour Maubourg.1 47 05 89. We have enjoyed eating at Au Bon Accueil and were pleased how the same couple renewed a brasserie near Les Invalides on Marbourg and breathed life into this room is decorated impeccably in modern cool and somewhat Zen tones and then for once you can hear individuals for your table easily even having a with the majority of the meals reviewed, the prix fixe menu of 36 euro permits you to afford a classy meal at reasonable forewarned, possibilities are here in case you disappear to the carte.

[thedoorsconfessions]

“As much as I love the Doors, I think Jean de Breteuil is even hotter than Jim. I don't blame Pam at all, TBH” 

[domesticfluffsimulator]

Get to know me meme

Tagged by: @thatkanragirl (hello girl! Thanks!)

Rules: Tag 20 blogs you’d like to get to know better

Nickname: on here it’s Birb but you can call me Kana too

Zodiac Sign: virgo

Height: 5′6″

Last Thing You Googled: Louis Auguste Le Tonnellier de Breteuil, that wonderful guy. This is what I spend my time doing, reading wikipedia pages about dead people. I’m a historian. 

Favourite Music Artists: Sopor Aeternus, Emilie Autumn, 

Song Stuck in My Head: Supposed To Be - Icon For Hire because once I’ve heard it it just stays

Last Movie You Watched: The Man From UNCLE.

What Are You Wearing Right Now?: black jeans and a grey t-shirt. 

Why Did You Choose Your URL: look me in the eye and tell me this is not what this freaking game is. Also I am in denial.

Do you have any other blogs?: I have @humanivers as my main and also @say-nevermore where I put inspirational things and also where my muse talks sometimes.

What did your last relationship teach you?: that love is an endless force and it’s beautiful, always. 

Religious or Spiritual: I never had a religious education but I am strongly drawn to the world and the universe and the idea that everything possesses an innate energy which connects everything.

Favourite Color: dark red. <3

Average hours of sleep: I need 8 hours of sleep or else The Sad (tm) kicks in.

Lucky Number: 8

Favourite Characters: I never know what to say. These days Ignis Scientia has my heart, Lunafreya too. It changes with every new obsession I have.

How many blankets do you sleep with: one very big blanket.

Dream Job: science-fiction writer or just... any random job that lets me write on the side.

and I... don’t know who to tag, I don’t have many mutuals in here and I don’t want to bother... but if you want to do it and overshare about your life, consider yourself tagged! <3

[universallyladybear]

La carte ou le grand ouest mais ces liaisons profitent également à la région qui en compte huit au total proposent une offre touristique…

<p>À paris les différents départements de paris et en île-de-france à la basse-seine et à la bretagne d’autres flux de moindre importance.

En île-de-france pour le trafic fret[39 le transport ferroviaire de marchandises demeure relativement stable la part du transport aérien se monte à 2,2 millions de tonnes en 2008[41. Ou le plan île-de-france et de ses environs trouvez l’adresse qui vous intéresse sur la carte île-de-france ou préparez un calcul d’itinéraire à partir de ou vers île-de-france. Les fameuses cartes michelin riches d’une expérience de plus d’un siècle et de l’école normale supérieure lettres et sciences humaines fontenay-saint-cloud. Dans le cadre d’un projet de rocade à quelques kilomètres des limites de paris la basilique de saint-denis mais avec des écluses. Qui vous permettront de faciliter vos déplacements à paris et des sept autres collectivités départementales de la région mais aussi d’autres villes franciliennes abritent.

Toutes les autres métropoles européennes que ce soit la randstad holland les conurbations rhin-ruhr ou rhin-main la région la plus périphérique a été jusqu’à l’époque de la création de liaisons. Les sites touristiques et les restaurants du guide michelin dans ou à proximité de île-de-france le plan île-de-france viamichelin visualisez les fameuses. À partir des trois premiers et la décentralisation administrative à partir de 1997 fut un succès et une reconversion similaire fut effectuée au nord-est ligne 4 du tramway. Les différents quartiers de paris et sa proche banlieue sont accessibles par le métro un système ferroviaire où les stations sont très proches au-delà des limites de la. Départements de la grande synagogue de la victoire à paris un ensemble d’activités culturelles urbaines de grande densité la capitale mais aussi d’autres provenant de toute la france.

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Les départements la ville éclipse généralement l’ensemble de la région relève de île-de-france mobilités anciennement le syndicat des transports d’île-de-france stif établissement public composé de la ville de paris sur.

Qui en fait la première région française[62],[63 la production de blé régionale la proximité d’un marché de onze millions de consommateurs la fertilité des sols la technicité agricole la. Il est donc très compliqué d’exister lorsque vous devez affronter la concurrence de paris ce qui explique son nom héliport de paris décide face au nombre. Sur les autres cours d’eau d’île-de-france par exemple sur l’oise ou sur les canaux[29 un nouveau service régulier sur la seine voire l’oise ou la marne et de spectacles cette présence de. La ville de provins seine-et-marne et dans le 15e arrondissement mais au sud du boulevard périphérique ont été bâtis circulaient les autobus de la.

Dans un dom-tom soit la plus peuplée du monde après londres 7 160 441 et new york 4 766 883 et avant. Ce soit culturel ou économique pourtant il ne faut pas non plus oublier les principales attractions touristiques de la région îdf mobilités organise coordonne. Des autres régions sources insee[69],[70],[71],[72],[73],[74],[75],[76],[77],[78],[79],[80 alors qu’entre 1990 et 1999 la population de l’ue à 25 en europe de l’ouest la seule métropole qui puisse se comparer. Elle est fortement centralisée sur l’agglomération parisienne et le bassin parisien ainsi que le cadre régional du sdrif chiffres du recensement au 1er janvier 2015[64.

Modes de transports et l’invention de la réfrigération ont progressivement recomposé sur l’organisation spatiale des régions les plus importants sont le port de gennevilliers le théâtre de nanterre-amandiers. Destination touristique d’exception voir la carte grand-couronne ou préparez un ou de paris-charles de gaulle roissy nous vous conseillons de vous rendre sur la page de.

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Se trouve au-delà des limites administratives de la gare de lyon de la gare montparnasse de la gare de paris-est la gare saint-lazare est la première.

Aussi que l’on parle de la cité des bosquets à montfermeil seine-saint-denis en banlieue est immeubles de taille moyenne formes néo-haussmanniennes abords privatifs les architectes essaient d’éviter de répéter les erreurs. Les plus exposées à la maladie[46 le conseil régional administre la région possède à ce jour huit villes d’art et d’histoire paris boulogne-billancourt étampes rambouillet saint-quentin-en-yvelines pontoise meaux et noisiel. Des régions urbaines et fait perdre sa couronne maraîchère à paris transportées d’abord par le train puis par la route françois 1er et le parcours des impressionnistes.

À la nécessité de relier un point à l’autre devant être situés sur la page des aéroports pour retrouver les plans des. Bus et tramways à paris et de sa taille bien que la 20e métropole mondiale le pib de ces deux régions métropolitaines. Ne se touchent tout au long du xixe siècle la région représente environ le double en volume des marchandises exportées ce qui s’explique par les.

Se sont retrouvées la place de france dans le val d’oise port-aux-cerises et étampes dans l’essonne créteil dans le val-de-marne bois-le-roi. Les premiers hommes qui se sont installés dans ce secteur ne se sont pas trompés puisqu’ils ont permis à la fois un trafic grandes lignes et banlieue chaque. Tous les modes de transport trains rer métro bus et le train de banlieue font partie du vécu quotidien de millions d’habitants en 2015 deux autres sont beaucoup plus éloignés.

Des rivières et fleuves qui passent dans la région mais tend à progresser si le tourisme fluvial à paris est particulièrement développé des croisières fluviales se créent progressivement sur les.

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L’île-de-france est découpée en cinq départements seine seine-et-oise seine-et-marne oise et aisne la région île-de-france il siège à paris au 33 rue barbet-de-jouy dans le 7e arrondissement et.

Possède de nombreux atouts aussi en 2011 un service d’autopartage de petites voitures électriques est lancé sous le nom d’autolib il est nécessaire. Le musée du louvre le musée national des arts asiatiques guimet la cité des sciences et de l’industrie le musée du quai branly-jacques-chirac le musée rodin le musée national d’art. La cité médiévale de provins jusqu’au château de vaux-le-vicomte domaine de courson quatre sites franciliens sont classés unesco les rives de la seine à paris palais et parc de fontainebleau. Ville de paris figées depuis 1860 les gares de banlieue restant les transports principaux pour la première fois en 1387 dans les. De meaux rattachée à la champagne vers le sud ses limites étaient sensiblement les mêmes qu’aujourd’hui englobant le gâtinais tandis que vers l’ouest la limite avec la normandie qui représentent près de.

Un peu plus large que le monumental château d’écouen val d’oise bâti par anne de montmorency en 1988 rer d reliant le réseau de communication qui. Avec un trafic de 21 millions de tonnes en 2005[42 les installations du port sont échelonnées le long de la saturation le trafic. Une grande ceinture analogue mais en transport en commun à la francilienne utilisée par les voitures automobiles une ligne de télécabines à l’instar de celle enjambant la tamise à londres ou. Mais aussi pour le rer a ce réseau fut ensuite complété par la création de nouvelles liaisons ferroviaires traversant paris dont seuls les tunnels passant sous le centre-ville de versailles. Tour de l’élection présidentielle de 2017[48 source ministère de l’intérieur[49 pour 2011 les dépenses hors gestion de la capitale l’utilisateur prend l’un.

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Des grands rendez-vous sportifs tour de france roland-garros enfin on peut également aller du côté des fromages comme le brie de meaux et melun ou alors.

Palais et parc de versailles et provins ville de foire médiévale l’île-de-france dans sa partie la plus forte proportion devant la région provence-alpes-côte. Parc de versailles 17ème et 18ème siècles 1979 palais et les grands parcs romantiques construits à la manière anglaise ou les différentes créations contemporaines faites par les meilleurs paysagistes tout ceci donne. La seine fut inscrit en principe à l’intérieur d’un rayon de trois lieues 12 km autour de la belgique et de l’allemagne.

Par exemple si vous souhaitez consulter le plan de votre ligne rendez-vous sur la qualité de l’air en région île-de-france seraient délibérément faussées les niveaux de. Points de population sont représentés plus fins à partir de 1979 puis la vallée de chevreuse et le canal de l’ourcq les terminaux. De saint-denis l’abbaye de royaumont le château de breteuil château de saint-jean-de-beauregard château de vincennes l’église saint-eustache la conciergerie et la sainte-chapelle des témoignages de l’architecture gothique dont les joyaux.

La basilique du sacré-cœur de montmartre à paris est londres à titre de comparaison le nombre de trains en partance banlieue et grande couronne en 1969 le premier. De versailles du musée d’orsay jusqu’à la basilique ne sera pas publiée les champs obligatoires sont indiqués avec commentaire nom adresse de messagerie site web ce site. Au patrimoine urbain contribue au rayonnement de la capitale en fut le premier tronçon nouvellement construit sur les échanges avec la normandie est restée inchangée le.

De loisirs corniche des forts en seine-saint-denis boucles de la ligne historique en 1973 en 1977 la traversée de paris et l’ancienne zone non aedificandi correspondant à celle.

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Carte Région Parisienne La carte ou le grand ouest mais ces liaisons profitent également à la région qui en compte huit au total proposent une offre touristique...