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sunaleisocial · 6 months ago

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Repurposed beer yeast may offer a cost-effective way to remove lead from water

New Post has been published on https://sunalei.org/news/repurposed-beer-yeast-may-offer-a-cost-effective-way-to-remove-lead-from-water/

Repurposed beer yeast may offer a cost-effective way to remove lead from water

Every year, beer breweries generate and discard thousands of tons of surplus yeast. Researchers from MIT and Georgia Tech have now come up with a way to repurpose that yeast to absorb lead from contaminated water.

Through a process called biosorption, yeast can quickly absorb even trace amounts of lead and other heavy metals from water. The researchers showed that they could package the yeast inside hydrogel capsules to create a filter that removes lead from water. Because the yeast cells are encapsulated, they can be easily removed from the water once it’s ready to drink.

“We have the hydrogel surrounding the free yeast that exists in the center, and this is porous enough to let water come in, interact with yeast as if they were freely moving in water, and then come out clean,” says Patricia Stathatou, a former postdoc at the MIT Center for Bits and Atoms, who is now a research scientist at Georgia Tech and an incoming assistant professor at Georgia Tech’s School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. “The fact that the yeast themselves are bio-based, benign, and biodegradable is a significant advantage over traditional technologies.”

The researchers envision that this process could be used to filter drinking water coming out of a faucet in homes, or scaled up to treat large quantities of water at treatment plants.

MIT graduate student Devashish Gokhale and Stathatou are the lead authors of the study, which appears today in the journal RSC Sustainability. Patrick Doyle, the Robert T. Haslam Professor of Chemical Engineering at MIT, is the senior author of the paper, and Christos Athanasiou, an assistant professor of aerospace engineering at Georgia Tech and a former visiting scholar at MIT, is also an author.

Absorbing lead

The new study builds on work that Stathatou and Athanasiou began in 2021, when Athanasiou was a visiting scholar at MIT’s Center for Bits and Atoms. That year, they calculated that waste yeast discarded from a single brewery in Boston would be enough to treat the city’s entire water supply.

Through biosorption, a process that is not fully understood, yeast cells can bind to and absorb heavy metal ions, even at challenging initial concentrations below 1 part per million. The MIT team found that this process could effectively decontaminate water with low concentrations of lead. However, one key obstacle remained, which was how to remove yeast from the water after they absorb the lead.

In a serendipitous coincidence, Stathatou and Athanasiou happened to present their research at the AIChE Annual Meeting in Boston in 2021, where Gokhale, a student in Doyle’s lab, was presenting his own research on using hydrogels to capture micropollutants in water. The two sets of researchers decided to join forces and explore whether the yeast-based strategy could be easier to scale up if the yeast were encapsulated in hydrogels developed by Gokhale and Doyle.

“What we decided to do was make these hollow capsules — something like a multivitamin pill, but instead of filling them up with vitamins, we fill them up with yeast cells,” Gokhale says. “These capsules are porous, so the water can go into the capsules and the yeast are able to bind all of that lead, but the yeast themselves can’t escape into the water.”

The capsules are made from a polymer called polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is widely used in medical applications. To form the capsules, the researchers suspend freeze-dried yeast in water, then mix them with the polymer subunits. When UV light is shone on the mixture, the polymers link together to form capsules with yeast trapped inside.

Each capsule is about half a millimeter in diameter. Because the hydrogels are very thin and porous, water can easily pass through and encounter the yeast inside, while the yeast remain trapped.

In this study, the researchers showed that the encapsulated yeast could remove trace lead from water just as rapidly as the unencapsulated yeast from Stathatou and Athanasiou’s original 2021 study.

Scaling up

Led by Athanasiou, the researchers tested the mechanical stability of the hydrogel capsules and found that the capsules and the yeast inside can withstand forces similar to those generated by water running from a faucet. They also calculated that the yeast-laden capsules should be able to withstand forces generated by flows in water treatment plants serving several hundred residences.

“Lack of mechanical robustness is a common cause of failure of previous attempts to scale-up biosorption using immobilized cells; in our work we wanted to make sure that this aspect is thoroughly addressed from the very beginning to ensure scalability,” Athanasiou says.

After assessing the mechanical robustness of the yeast-laden capsules, the researchers constructed a proof-of-concept packed-bed biofilter, capable of treating trace lead-contaminated water and meeting U.S. Environmental Protection Agency drinking water guidelines while operating continuously for 12 days.

This process would likely consume less energy than existing physicochemical processes for removing trace inorganic compounds from water, such as precipitation and membrane filtration, the researchers say.

This approach, rooted in circular economy principles, could minimize waste and environmental impact while also fostering economic opportunities within local communities. Although numerous lead contamination incidents have been reported in various locations in the United States, this approach could have an especially significant impact in low-income areas that have historically faced environmental pollution and limited access to clean water, and may not be able to afford other ways to remediate it, the researchers say.

“We think that there’s an interesting environmental justice aspect to this, especially when you start with something as low-cost and sustainable as yeast, which is essentially available anywhere,” Gokhale says.

The researchers are now exploring strategies for recycling and replacing the yeast once they’re used up, and trying to calculate how often that will need to occur. They also hope to investigate whether they could use feedstocks derived from biomass to make the hydrogels, instead of fossil-fuel-based polymers, and whether the yeast can be used to capture other types of contaminants.

“Moving forward, this is a technology that can be evolved to target other trace contaminants of emerging concern, such as PFAS or even microplastics,” Stathatou says. “We really view this as an example with a lot of potential applications in the future.”

The research was funded by the Rasikbhai L. Meswani Fellowship for Water Solutions, the MIT Abdul Latif Jameel Water and Food Systems Lab (J-WAFS), and the Renewable Bioproducts Institute at Georgia Tech.

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jcmarchi · 6 months ago

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Repurposed beer yeast may offer a cost-effective way to remove lead from water

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/repurposed-beer-yeast-may-offer-a-cost-effective-way-to-remove-lead-from-water/

Repurposed beer yeast may offer a cost-effective way to remove lead from water

The researchers envision that this process could be used to filter drinking water coming out of a faucet in homes, or scaled up to treat large quantities of water at treatment plants.

Absorbing lead

Each capsule is about half a millimeter in diameter. Because the hydrogels are very thin and porous, water can easily pass through and encounter the yeast inside, while the yeast remain trapped.

In this study, the researchers showed that the encapsulated yeast could remove trace lead from water just as rapidly as the unencapsulated yeast from Stathatou and Athanasiou’s original 2021 study.

Scaling up

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ivftreatmentcostpaloalto · 9 months ago

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San Francisco Egg Freezing: A Complete Cost Analysis For Future Planning

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historyffp · 11 months ago

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On the Korean Diaspora

The Korean Diaspora... This is the general, all-encompassing term for those Koreans who have left their homelands and live abroad, whether that be in America, China, or, in some cases, it can even refer to those North Koreans who moved to or were displaced to South Korea and vice versa.

So, why is this important? And if you want to learn more about it, where should you turn?

An unsuspecting answer is... *drumroll please* theatre!

youtube

PublicTheaterNY. “WILD GOOSE DREAMS Montage | The Public Theater” YouTubeVideo, 0:55, 2018. https://youtu.be/e-KqHPUQV0g.

Wild Goose Dreams (2017) is a play written by Hansol Jung, and it was first performed in 2017 at La Jolla Playhouse, California. While it is not her most famous production, Wild Goose Dreams is one of many plays that reflects the struggles of those involved with the current-day Korean Diaspora.

What's it all about?

Hansol Jung’s play follows the story of two companionless and increasingly despondent individuals involved in the Korean diaspora. Guk Minsung, a “goose father” who has sent his wife and daughter to America while continuing to work to support them while he, himself, stays in South Korea, has grown tremendously lonely and disconnected from his loved ones abroad.

Explanation of Terms: Minsung is a working man or “goose father” for what is referred to as a “wild goose family”. These families have become increasingly common in Korean society since the middle of the 1990s, in which the mother and child move abroad for the child’s education or other reasons and the father stays in Korea to support them financially. Originally, the term “goose” was given to these families and fathers not only because geese are migratory birds, but also because geese are known as “very devoted bird sacrificing oneself for children.” Kyounghee Kim, “Change and Challenge of Korean Family in the Era of Globalization: Centering Transnational Families,” Journal of Ritsumeikan Social Sciences and Humanities 1, 2009, 169. https://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/re/k-rsc/hss/book/pdf/vol01_10.pdf.

Yoo Nanhee, a defector from North Korea, is also lonely being away from her family and is becoming uncertain if her decision to leave her home behind was the morally right thing for her to do. One day while swiping through a mobile dating app (like many of the rest of us lonely souls), these two connect and form a "relationship" thanks to the communication ability and accessibility of modern technology.

Nanhee ignores the large red flag of herself assisting Minsung in engaging in an affair, and the two continue to see each other on occasion to relieve their feelings of loneliness (even as Nanhee begins to have hallucinations of her father and a penguin in the toilet during their sexual interactions. Yeah, that one threw me for a loop too). Through each other the pair search for meaning in their lonely identities and seek connection and understanding.

However, as Nanhee is more convinced by her illusions and a deal gone wrong to contact her family in North Korea, she flees back to North Korea. At the same time, Minsung’s wife in America informs him that she will be marrying another man, and his daughter cuts contact with him on social media. The play ends with Minsung writing a song for Nanhee, gaining brief internet celebrity, and then committing suicide just before Nanhee returns to South Korea and is detained as a defector.

And how's this supposed to help me understand the Korean Diaspora?

So glad you asked! Or didn't. But if you've read this far, you might as well stick around for the important stuff, right?

In Hansol Jung's play, the struggles of Nanhee and Minsung reflect those of many in the Korean Diaspora. She reveals these conflicts through a majority of ongoing themes that question the importance of family in the modern era, the feelings of disconnection with others brought about by technology, and the pondering of one’s own identity and desires when the world around one’s self is changing.

One of the areas she makes the largest commentary on is the impact of technology and social media on daily lives of not just those wishing to connect with their loved ones, but also just individuals in general.

youtube

PublicTheaterNY. “Hansol Jung and Leigh Silverman Explore Korea and Humanizing the Internet | WILD GOOSE DREAMS.” YouTube Video, 02:17, 2018. https://youtu.be/bubo1Tx_yfM.

"Despite the internet connecting all aspects of the world, technology can make individuals feel even more isolated than they might without it."

In the age of technology, it is easier than ever before to talk with and connect to loved ones abroad and ease loneliness with the company of strangers. However, the reality of this is not always so simple. Minsung’s daughter blocks him on social media, and his wife won't talk to him. He's only able to see his family’s lives through pictures on posts. Nanhee struggles with finding connections through technology. Did the phone she sent through a broker to her father really reach him? Was it truly her father she spoke with? Would she ever be able to truly connect with her family again?

Both of the characters try to connect with their families through technology and fail to do so, which is when they use technology to have a relationship with each other.

The scenes and portrayals of technology and the internet make it clear to the audience that technology hasn’t helped either of these characters involved with the Korean Diaspora with their loneliness. Arguably, 「having technology may have made their disconnection more obvious and negatively influential on their mental states」. Not only that, but the judgment of individuals online can be irrevocably damaging to one’s mental health and public image.

In Minsung’s case, he not only lost his family and lover but, as a goose father, he also lost his identity. While the encouragement and brief period of fame he received from the internet gave him another identity as an internet celebrity for a brief moment, this sense of belonging was temporary and the loss of it was fatal. Thus, while technology can be used to connect people, it can also make them realize disconnect more harshly.

Despite internet users being able to talk to and about each other, their words and attention are also temporary and isolating.

Even if users feel different and unreal when they're anonymous or physically far away, the impact of their words is very real.

youtube

RE: theatre. “RE: Hansol Jung.” YouTube Video, 25:33, 1 November 2018. https://youtu.be/3Oie8nlUQc4.

Another important point that Jung makes is that

"The reality of those involved in the Korean Diaspora is often not all sunshine and rainbows and reaching one's dreams abroad."

For Minsung:

For instance, in 2014, there were a number of "goose fathers" who committed suicide. I'm sure many of your instinctive reactions were "oh, that's awful!" Yet, popular responses to actual goose father suicides in South Korea were "to blame the father for being too sentimental and weak" (Hassig, 2013). That's quite the difference in reactions! Yet, many individuals do not understand the impact of moving abroad or having loved ones living away from home.

Jung's play highlights this problem with Minsung's own suicide. The loneliness and pressure of being a primary supporter of a family he doesn't even see becomes too much for him, especially after the loss of his loosely defined "friendship" in Nanhee. Another important part of Minsung's suicide is the fame leading up to it. Minsung's sorrows and problems are only noticed once they go viral online, quickly to be forgotten until news of his demise brings them back up.

For Nanhee:

In Nanhee's case, as a defector from North Korea, she is constantly struggling with the fact that she left her family behind to pursue her own success and happiness. Yet, once she has found her peace and returns once again to South Korea to seek out Minsung, she is detained by authorities for crossing the border and being a possible spy. The commentary Jung gives through Nanhee highlights two main questions.

Some scholars might question if North Koreans who move from North Korea are truly a part of the Korean Diaspora, but I believe Nanhee's struggles with her identity abroad show she is just as impacted by moving from her homeland to South Korea as any other Korean immigrant.

A large number of North Koreans are detained or welcomed to South Korea each year, largely based on political agendas and popular support. As seen in Nanhee's case, these individuals titled as "defectors" already have large problems with their personal identities, and their changing social status based on political and social desires likely does not help the disconnect that they feel.

For more on Question 2, see: Lankov, Andrei. “Bitter Taste of Paradise: North Korean Refugees in South Korea.” Journal of East Asian Studies 6, no. 1 (2006): 105��37. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23418172.

Nanhee's problems are similar to those that North Korean immigrants face in reality as well. In order to relate to these individuals and fix these problems, one must understand that the hardships these people face exist and are not as far-away or fictional as you might believe.

Why now?

What's so important about this play? Why should you care about the Korean Diaspora?

Well, that's a lot of questions packed into a smaller package, but the main reason why is that these problems are contemporarily relevant.

Firstly, both North and South Korea are internationally relevant countries in many various ways: They are military, social, and economic powers. Also, South Korea is incredibly well-known and appreciated for its pop culture, such as K-pop, K-dramas, and video games.

Secondly, many of those in the Korean Diaspora immigrated to America, the land made up of immigrants. Yet, these individuals face social and political struggles that have nothing to do with the disconnect and cultural shock they naturally experience from their relocation. In order to better connect with and help these immigrants and their descendants settle in America, and for these individuals to find their own place, there must be a place for them in the country they migrated to. Even more importantly, they need to know that there is a place for them. The disconnect Nanhee feels is because she is without her family, and she feels lost in a society that should be similar to hers but is incredibly alien instead. Minsung, like many other goose fathers, gives in under the pressure of loneliness from being away from his family and commits suicide.

There are other reasons the Korean Diaspora is of import, of course, such as social, political, economic, and cultural exchanges... and even just concepts of human rights, racial and social movements for equality and acceptance... but the main idea of this play in this moment and this time is that the world has become a technological one. 「With technology can come global communication, but it can also bring loneliness, disconnect, and hatefulness that lead to deaths like Minsung's」.

Yet, just as technology can bring an individual, a group, or a people down, it can also lift them up. Making use of technology to connect with people you've never met and those who wish to see every day can make large impacts on the world and how individuals understand each other.

This play illuminates this message and uses it to highlight the argument that technology and the Korean Diaspora are now heavily intertwined.

Through technology, people can become connected and understandings can be reached that were impossible previously. That's why individuals should now pay attention to these topics, and that's also why this specific play, with its technology-focus and commentary on the Korean Diaspora, is incredibly relevant in today's society.

Resources:

For a casual, secondary research-based approach to this topic, see:

Want to learn more? Here's some recommended reviews and articles:

Aucoin, Don. “Connection and Disconnection in 'Wild Goose Dreams'.” Boston Globe, Mar 24, 2023.

Foster, Elizabeth. “'Wild Goose Dreams' Inspires Flight at Boston's SpeakEasy Stage - the Tufts Daily.” University Wire, Mar 30, 2023.

Greene, Gabriel. “Introduction to Wild Goose Dreams: An Interview with Hansol Jung, Leigh Silverman and Paul Castles.” TheatreForum no. 52 (2017): 51-53.

Kang, Jin Woong. “Human Rights and Refugee Status of the North Korean Diaspora.” North Korean Review 9, no. 2 (2013): 4–17. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43908916.

Kim, Sung Kyung. “‘Defector,’ ‘Refugee,’ or ‘Migrant’? North Korean Settlers in South Korea’s Changing Social Discourse.” North Korean Review 8, no. 2 (2012): 94–110. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43910315.

Ko, Sung Ho, Kiseon Chung, and Yoo-seok Oh. “North Korean Defectors: Their Life and Well-being After Defection.” Asian Perspective 28, no. 2 (2004): 65–99. http://www.jstor.org/stable/42704454.

Teeman, Tim. “Click here for Sex, Love, and Tragedy in ‘Wild Goose Dreams’: The Whimsicaland Beautifully Designed ‘Wild Goose Dreams’ at the Public Theater Looks at all the Bizarre connections—and Tragic disconnection—the Internet can Bring.” The Newsweek/Daily Beast Company LLC, 15 November 2018. https://www.thedailybeast.com/click-here-for-sex-love-and-tragedy-in-wild-goose-dreams.

Yoon In-Jin. “North Korean Diaspora: North Korean Defectors Abroad and in South Korea.” Development and Society 30, no. 1 (2001): 1–26. http://www.jstor.org/stable/deveandsoci.30.1.1.

Yuh, Ji-Yeon. “Moved by War: Migration, Diaspora, and the Korean War.” Journal of Asian American Studies 8, no. 3 (2005): 277-291. https://doi.org/10.1353/jaas.2005.0054.

Works Cited and/or Discussed in this blog post:

Primary:

Jung, Hansol. Wild Goose Dreams. TheatreForum no. 52 (2017): 54-78.

Secondary:

Hassig, Kongdan Oh. “Korea’s Chances in the 21st Century: The Story Continues.” Institute for Defense Analyses, 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep36448.

#korean diaspora #korean theatre #hansol jung #wild goose dreams #goose father #history #Youtube

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materialsworld · 5 years ago

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Materials World’s top feature of 2019

As 2019 is drawing to a close, the Materials World team wanted to highlight a couple of stories to end the year on a high note. On Wednesday we shared the news story that got the most clicks on our website in 2019. Today, we are sharing the top feature. We hope you enjoy and Merry Christmas from the editorial team.

15 UNDER 30

By: Idha Valeur

IOM3 is looking to the future and celebrating young talent and ambition. Idha Valeur talks to the ones to watch in STEM.

Kyle Saltmarsh Age: 27 Job: Robotics Engineer at Woodside Energy. Education: PhD Engineering in Submarine Vibration and Acoustics, BSc in Physics and Applied Mathematics, BME (Honours). Current project: Deployment of robotic technology onto Woodside’s oil and gas plant for surveillance, and performing tasks through robot manipulation. Achievements: Best honours thesis, several hackathon wins, top IBM 2018 graduate in Australia/New Zealand, 2018 Young Persons’ World Lecture Competition Winner, world’s largest bungee jumper, blogger and hosting a podcast to inspire people in technology. Ultimate goal: To positively impact the world through the power of technology.

Kyle Saltmarsh Image credit: Brent Campbell

Jennie Palmer Age: 26 Job: Research Engineer. Education: Undertaking an EngD in Structural Metals for Gas Turbine Applications, BEng in Aerospace Engineering, with a year in industry, Swansea University. Current project: I am researching the development of bespoke test facilities and fundamental understanding of thermo-mechanical fatigue crack growth behaviour in titanium alloys. Achievements: Graduating with a BEng in Aerospace Engineering with First-Class Honours, presenting my research at national and international conferences, having research published in an internationally recognised journal and a Green Belt Certificate in Lean Six Sigma. Ultimate goal: To become a well-established, technical expert in my engineering field.

Jennie Palmer Image credit: Jemima Bond

Ilija Rašović Age: 27 Job: Lecturer at University of Birmingham Education: MEng in Materials Science at Corpus Christi College, Oxford. DPhil in Materials at St Cross College, Oxford. Current project: The use of fullerenes — nanometre-sized balls of carbon — in biomedical applications. One of the methods I have devised, to make them soluble in water, helps in the formation of large self-assembled structures that hold great promise as multi-modal drug delivery vehicles. Achievements: The IOM3 international Literature Review Prize in 2016. Final of the IOM3 Young Persons’ World Lecture Competition in 2017. I joined the P1 Graphene Solutions as an advanced materials engineer and became a lecturer at the University of Birmingham. In 2019, I joined IOM3’s Younger Members’ Committee. Ultimate goal: To make a contribution to the wide deployment of transformative nanomedicine in a clinical setting within my lifetime. My broader vision is to continue to champion materials science and make more accessible the obfuscated world of academic research.

Ilija Rašović

Amanda Field Age: 25 Job: Development Engineer. Education: BEng Materials Science and Technology, University of Birmingham. Current project: Trying to finish my PhD on additive manufacturing of tungsten for nuclear fusion reactors. It’s challenging but worthwhile because the success of nuclear fusion would go a long way to solving the energy crisis. I’m working in additive manufacturing. Achievements: I have presented my work at international conferences. I was involved with an experimental parabolic flight campaign for the European Space Agency where we used a demonstrator device to 3D print metal in zero gravity. I came second in the IOM3 Young Persons Lecture Competition. Ultimate Goal: To keep working in additive manufacturing. I’d like to stay in R&D as you get such variety in your role and you have the potential to make significant improvements to a product or a technology, or design new ones yourself.

Amanda Field Image credit: Luke Carter

Jack Saunders Age: 25 Job: PhD Student in Materials Chemistry. Education: MChem with a year in industry, University of Manchester. Undertaking a PhD in Materials Chemistry, University of Manchester, in collaboration with AkzoNobel. Current project: To analyse the impact of different polymers on the corrosion protection afforded by emulsion paints. I aim to achieve this by synthesising and testing polymer’s corrosion performance. This is to better understand how polymer chemistry can affect the corrosion protection offered by the dried paint. Achievements: A First Class Master’s degree in chemistry. My PhD at the School of Materials at The University of Manchester. Awarded the President’s Doctoral Scholar Award. Presented my work at conferences such as the RSC’s MacroGroup YRM, Dublin, 2018. Won the regional Young Persons’ Lecture Competition this year. Ultimate goal: To develop my research and management skills in order to have my own research group in the field of polymer chemistry and colloid science.

Jack Saunders Image credit: University of Manchester Megan McGregor Age: 25 Job: PhD Candidate at the Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge. Education: MSci in Natural Sciences, University of Cambridge, specialising in Materials Science. Current project: A PhD project investigating a new intermetallic alloy for commercial gas turbine engines. Specifically, trying to develop a novel coating material required to attach abrasives onto the end of rotating turbine blades, in pursuit of a more efficient sealing system. Achievements: I enjoy teaching in the department, and was recently awarded the Departmental Demonstrator Prize. I talked at the Cambridge Science Festival and the inaugural Cambridge Soapbox Science event. I will be representing the South Eastern Region in the final of the IOM3 Young Persons’ Lecture Competition this year, selected for an RCUK Public Policy Internship at the Government Office for Science in 2018, where I got to contribute to government policy. Ultimate goal: To see the material I am working on make it into a commercial gas turbine engine. I want to take my expertise in this area into industry, and be able to contribute to the development of the hybrid-electric aircraft sector.

Megan McGregor Image credit: Andrew Jeskins

Abigail Georgia Robinson Age: 22 Job: Geology student. Education: MGeol in Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of St Andrews, graduating in 2020. Current project: I will co-lead an expedition to the Lofdal Complex, Namibia, which hosts a suite of carbonatitic and silicic igneous rocks, some of which are enriched in heavy rare earth elements. I aim to integrate geological field data with geochemical and isotopic datasets to model the petrogenesis of the scientifically interesting igneous rocks. Achievements: I was awarded the prestigious Laidlaw Scholarship in Research and Leadership in 2018. This supported my field campaign in Armenia, to investigate the interplay between climate change, hydrology and medieval irrigation systems. I did a research placement at the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre where I learned to code in Python and used this to statistically investigate the geographical origin of lunar meteorites across the lunar surface. This work was included in Dr Marissa Tremblay’s published abstract and presentation at the 2019 Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, USA. Ultimate goal: I plan to embark on a PhD on the tectonically imposed planet-wide cycling of the volatile elements. I plan to be an active communicator promoting an understanding of geoscience and the global scale problems that we, the geoscientists, can work to solve.

Abigail Robinson Image credit: Evan Margerum

Federica Rosaria Lisa Age: 24 Job: Technical Graduate at British Steel. Education: MChem Chemistry with Forensic Science with a year in industry, University of Leicester. Current project: A variety of research and development projects – one on understanding and reducing the factors that influence power and electrode consumption at the ladle arc furnaces in the secondary steelmaking process. Achievements: Graduated with a First Class Honours and secured a 12-month industrial placement and a place on a graduate programme. I succeeded in my secondary school exams after moving to a new continent and starting International School. Ultimate goal: To work for a sustainable discovery/development that will improve lives and I would like to lead a company. I would also like to promote the importance of education, support developing countries in the construction of more schools and strengthen the educational system.

Frederica Lisa Image credit: Johnny Gallagher Daniel Everington Age: 26 Job: Materials Technologist – Surface Engineering. Education: MEng Aerospace Engineering with a year in industry, University of Sheffield. Current project: Surface engineering at Rolls-Royce. I’m involved with different projects across the engine, including compressor sealing systems, hot end environmental protection and anti-seize coatings. Achievements: Developed a novel method to flow test ceramic filters used in the investment casting process. The technique contributed to a 3% improvement in casting yield and the reduced variation helps lower the amount of metal. Patents may be filed on the work. Ultimate goal: I’d like to work with academia to co-develop novel coatings/surface treatments. I enjoy the challenges that come with working on new technology as the answers can’t simply be found in a textbook.

Daniel Everington Image credit: Alistair Coast-Smith

Louise Gale Age: 28 Job: Materials Engineer at Rolls-Royce Plc. Education: MSci & MA in Natural Sciences, specialising in Materials Science, University of Cambridge. Current project: The development of ceramic matrix composites for introduction into aerospace gas turbine engines. My responsibilities include running mechanical testing programmes, supervising work at our university partners as well as the analysis and fractography of tested samples to elucidate damage mechanisms. Achievements: Completing the Rolls-Royce Graduate Scheme, including obtaining funding for an international placement in the Materials Testing Department in Berlin. I became Technical Lead of a £2.5mln project which was part of a government-funded programme to develop SiC/SiC ceramic matrix composites. I developed the £7mln, three-year materials development component to the follow on project that was approved in late 2017. Ultimate goal: To become an expert on ceramic and composite materials systems.

Louise Gale Image credit: Stephen Gale

James Grant Age: 24 Job: EngD student with TATA Steel and M2A, Materials and Manufacturing Academy. Education: School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, College of Engineering, Swansea University. Current project: Development of novel coating solutions for the improvement of pre/post heat treatment of carbon steel conveyance tubes. My project aims to reduce high-temperature oxidation caused by the normalising process. Achievements: I developed a novel anodisation system for fabricating alumina masks in the molecular beam epitaxy application. In addition to this, my placement with Merck successfully optimised electrophoretic fluids to further enhance the E-ink display technology. I’ve been competing in the 2019 IOM3 Young Persons Lecture Competition. Having won the SWMA heat and the South West Regional, presenting at the national final in May. Ultimate goal: To educate and encourage the next generation of students to take up STEM subjects. I hope I can engage and excite a younger audience about materials science and demonstrate the opportunities available in engineering.

James Grant Image credit: James Grant

Vidya Chamundeswari Narasimhan Age: 28 years Job: Post-doctoral Research Fellow Department of Materials Science and Engineering, NTU. Education: PhD in Materials Engineering. Current project: Developing responsive nasogastric tubes for the elderly and using nature-derived biopolymers for biomedical applications. Achievements: Young Scientist Award conferred by VIWA in India, Title Winner of the IOM3 Young Persons’ World Lecture Competition 2017, Women in Engineering Travel Grant in 2018, Chair of the Young Scientists Forum at the European Materials Research Society conference in Poland 2018. Ultimate goal: To lead and manage a diverse team, foster interdisciplinary collaboration and offer R&D support for cutting edge research in the healthcare sector. I also want to contribute significantly towards mentoring the next generation of young girls towards pursuing exciting careers in STEM fields.

Vidya Chamundeswari Image credit: Dr Rohit Satish Frederick Cooper Age: 28 Job: Research Engineer and PhD student. Education: BEng with Honours, Swansea University. Current project: Microstructural and mechanical characterisation of flow formed F1E – a novel, maraging steel. Achievements: Used flow form to develop materials for detailed metallographic, micro-textural, and mechanical assessment. I run two small businesses, have an Associate Diploma from the National College of Music, and an Associate Fellowship of the Higher Education Academy and was appointed as a Yeoman of the Worshipful Company of Tin Plate Workers. Ultimate goal: To complete my current project and transfer a comprehensive mechanical property database detailing static and fatigue performance to a major engineering sponsor – to enable novel component manufacture. Further, I would like to use my experience to develop a career in public engagement or education.

Frederick Cooper Image credit: Lauren Ednie Photography

Robert Hoye Age: 28 Job: Royal Academy of Engineering Research Fellow. Education: PhD, Cambridge University, BE(Hons). Current project: I am looking at two areas that could accelerate the scale of photovoltaics. This makes an attractive technology for producing clean energy, especially in remote regions. Achievements: Developed a recombination contact to couple a metal-halide perovskite top-cell with an n-type silicon bottom cell, which lead to new design rules to identify promising classes of materials that could tolerate defects, and an all-inorganic device structure that led to 80% external quantum efficiency in solar cells. This went on display in the Deutsches Hygiene-Museum in Dresden, Germany. 2018 Young Engineer of the Year Award by the Royal Academy of Engineering, which also awarded me £500,000 to start an independent group at the University of Cambridge. European Forbes 30 under 30 list. Ultimate goal: To create new classes of defect-tolerant semiconductors that can be used as low-cost and efficient top-cells in tandem with silicon.

Robert Hoye Image credit: Zoe Chung

Matthew Wadge Age: 24 Job: PhD Researcher. Education: BSc(Hons) Biomedical Materials Science & PhD (ongoing), University Of Nottingham. Current project: Exploring novel formation and ion-exchange reactions of titanate surfaces for biomedical applications. Achievements: Achieved eight awards during my undergraduate degree including the Best Student Prize, Best Project Prize, and The Armourers and Brasiers’ Best Student Prize for achieving the highest project mark within the faculty. I have since won the Armourers and Brasiers’/TWI Best BSc/BEng Student of the Year Award, Best Oral Presentation Prize from the UK Society for Biomaterials Conference in 2018. Published my first journal paper during the first year of my PhD. I am one of the Nottingham coordinators for this year’s Pint of Science festival. Ultimate goal: To try and improve a patient’s quality of life, from improving fixation of hip stems for improved longevity, through to antibacterial surfaces for minimising infections. I aim to continue on into academia post PhD to share my experiences, and hopefully train the next generation of bioengineers and biomaterial scientists.

Matthew Wadge Image credit: Matthew James

#engineering #materials science #innovation #15 under 30 #top #science #STEM #research #young #professionals #iom3

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thinenotthee · 4 years ago

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anyway here’s that hamlet post i was talking about

i was rewatching rsc 2016 hamlet like 2 weeks ago and i was basically taking notes during it to spare my friends from having to deal with my ramblings via text. uhhh, only some of this is production-specific, a lot of it is just my specific hamlet feelings about the play at large. this production is fantastic and i will sing its praises until the day i die

anyway this is going under the read more because as always, i’m full of hamlet thoughts

i always hate on I.iii but if done well, it’s very funny and heart-wrenching because this is the last time laertes sees his family intact :(

to jump back for a sec to “too, too sullied/solid flesh” (i am a fan of solid but that’s a different point than this one), maybe it’s just this production, i can’t remember, but like, hamlet just kinda continues with “but break my heart for i must hold my tongue” and most times i feel like it’s not... prompted by anything? like, i understand the reasoning if hamlet is just like “ah, there’s only so much i can say because i’m still at elsinore” but i firmly believe that hamlet would just keep going and going if he could. so, i’m saying that hamlet hears commotion from offstage before horatio and the guards appear and he’s like, shit i need to be quiet because my words are highkey treason

oKAY about sullied vs. solid. i forget which version sullied appears in initially, but a lot of sources are taking it as their go-to and thus a lot of productions are, and i get it and it’s totally valid. hamlet sees himself and base and defiled and tainted and he’s doing his best but he doesn’t think he’s ever good enough. but here’s the thing. solid paired with “melt, /Thaw and resolve itself into a dew” makes more sense to me? just from like, a science and states of matter perspective as well as a writing perspective. he is solid flesh but he wishes he were not. he wants to evaporate, become one with the plants, he no longer wants to exist in his current form. so solid as a state of matter paired with his next line vs. sullied as a state of being paired with his... everything. i also just like the way solid sounds better, so y’know, death to the already very dead author

i feel like a lot of productions (including the splendid rsc 2016 one) forget that hamlet’s “remember thee” after his ghost dad leaves is a question, and i feel like it’s an indignant one at that. remember thee? how could i not? do you really think me so low a son as to forget? and then he immediately launches into saying that now his father will be the only thing he remembers, which oof for several reasons

first, i think hamlet is already well on his way to that because the first time we see him literally everything he says is about his father and how he is grieving his father because from his pov, it seems like he’s the only one left to do so (which after claudius’ speech, isn’t a totally unfounded belief)

second, he is literally throwing away his past (or attempting to, with mixed results) to focus his attentions on the ghost’s command. nothing is more important to him right now

i also think it’s interesting that hamlet writes in his notebook during this sequence, but in all the productions i’ve seen, he literally never writes in it again (imagine him rereading his own journal when polonius asks and he talks about the slanders that he’s written; just flipping through his notebook to find the particular passage where he shits on polonius, what a guy)

GERTRUDE LOVES HER SON SO MUCH. i noticed it in this production specifically, but when polonius tells gertrude and claudius that hamlet is mad she looks ready to square tf up. “what did you just say about my son? you can’t just go around saying those things” because uh, serious repercussions for madness in shakespeare’s day (see: twelfth night) that gertrude immediately has to start protecting him from (”your grace hath screened and stood between/Much heat and him” III.iv.)

okay, i have some thots about to be or not to be. it’s been a bit since i watched a hamlet that isn’t this production but am i supposed to assume that while hamlet is going on and on polonius, claudius, and ophelia are overhearing all this? that doesn’t seem right. it would serve as further motivation for claudius’ assertion after the nunnery scene that hamlet isn’t mad with love, but i think hamlet’s lines about banning marriage and his actual threat to kill him is enough to convince him of that fact. i really need to watch hamlet at elsinore because i know they move where it’s placed and i am curious about what effect that has

okay, i do the “now might i do it pat” soliloquy as a monologue for auditions and such, and i always interpreted the line “this physic but prolongs thy sickly days” meaning this posture, meaning claudius’ position praying, as the sole reason he’s still alive at the moment. i am interpreting “physic” as an alternate for “physique” aka posture/stance. however i have seen other interpretations that say “physic” is a medicine? which i suppose is also valid because prayer is a medicine being used to prolong his sickly days because hamlet isn’t killing him. ugh, i love how shakespeare’s language leaves so many opportunities for various interpretations, someone please yell with me about them

i have said this a million times and other folks have said so as well, but hamlet killing polonius is the point of no return. prior to this, hamlet had only been messing around and being harmlessly insane (except for rsc’s nunnery scene, which i have... feelings about but that’s another post) but now he’s gone and killed a man, which despite all of gertrude’s actions, can’t be overlooked. and the saddest part is that hamlet knows this. (although i do have a question about him being sent for england and saying this to gertrude before he even sees claudius and before anyone else knows he killed polonius. why is he being sent to england? time for the 3298318915th reread, i guess) he knows he’s irrevocably beefed it and i’m sad

i didn’t finish rewatching it, so my notes stop at like, the middle of act 4, so whoops. but i always have thoughts about act 5, so expect more

#this is a lot of talking that amounts to nothing #but i love sharing so here we are #long post #big brain #ro's ramblings #hamlet #i'll call thee hamlet #rsc 2016 hamlet #shakespeare

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lizziestudieshistory · 5 years ago

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Study of 2019: My Desk

Some of you may know that during this last year I was the chair of my university’s History Society. One unusual question I’ve had recently as a result of this was along the lines of ‘how is your study space set up?’

So in my attempt to include some study related material while I’m between academic courses, I am now subjecting you to a guide to my desk area as well.

(I’ll just apologise in advance for the dodgy photography... This room has terrible lighting, I am using my phone camera, and I’m a terrible photographer...)

This is where all the magic (or studying) happens. I have a very beaten up old desk and my academic texts are kept on the bookcase to the left - but I’ll break this down later. Unfortunately, I have the world most uncomfortable chair which I am hoping to replace, however, it is very good at keeping me awake when reading boring texts!

This is the desk top itself - I try to keep it clear, but if you’ve seen any of my mid-year study sessions it never looks this tidy when I’m actually working. However, essential to my academic life is my laptop (Lenovo Yoga 520), a beaten up notebook (of any variety, I’m not fussy), and a pile of academic books, monographs, or journal articles.

I also keep a lamp, pen pot, desk tidy with some essentials like post-its, and (of course) a mug of tea. There is also a very old James Sadler jug in the shape of Henry VIII’s head on here where I keep a few book lights and occasionally a few other bits and bobs. I have no idea why... But I do like the irony of having a jug of just his head!

This is my academic(ish) bookshelf where I keep all the vital texts for my current studies and notes that I’m working on, as well as a few other books and ornaments.

Top Shelf - General non-fiction, some Latin and Italian language aids, Harrius Potter et Philosophi Lapis, and a few how to study history manuals.

Shelf Two - Tudor history, two sourcebooks for Tudor and Stuart legal documents, a few popular history books on early modern history. And an owl?

Shelf Three - The academic texts I use everyday focusing on seventeenth century religion, emotions, and reformation doctrinal theory.( My less used texts are kept with the rest of my dissertation work elsewhere.)

Shelf Four - The complete(ish) works of Shakespeare

Shelf Five - Assorted history books that I’ve picked up over the last few years. These are the few I’ve read and liked enough to keep despite not being my specialism, or they’re on the to-be-read pile.

Shelf Six - A VERY small selection of my undergraduate work. All of this is seventeenth century history and comes in useful every now and again. I also have my dissertation and all of my undergrad assignments on here.

Just for fun this is the back wall collage/mural thing. The back wall has my calendar (vital in busy term times as I am shocking at keeping up with a diary). But then has a collage mainly dedicated to Oscar Wilde (particularly his play Salome), the Pre-Raphaelites, and Alice in Wonderland. The bookcase is dedicated to photos of my trip to Italy in 2018 and tickets for some of the plays I’ve seen at the RSC.

#history student #studyblr #desk #study space

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free-crack-ld · 2 years ago

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Download Free crack (keygen) latest version FZJ;

💾 ►►► DOWNLOAD FILE 🔥🔥🔥 China E-mail: zhoujm iccas. China E-mail: ylsong iccas. Cracking is a severe problem in photonic crystals and various functional colloidal coatings, greatly plaguing their applications in energy, optics, catalysis, filtration, etc. Although several elaborate self-assembly approaches have demonstrated great success in avoiding crack formation in photonic materials, there is still no efficient method that can heal the cracks after their occurrence. The crack-free feature of the inverse opals was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and reflectance spectrometry. The result is so far the highest record for pristine nanostructured hematite anodes without any dopants, co-catalysts or conductive matrices, and is even superior to many doped hematite anodes. The outstanding PEC performance was due to the enhanced light absorption by the pronounced photonic bandgap, the large catalytic area enabled by the interconnected porosity, and low impedance associated with the crack elimination. This work has solved the serious cracking problem that has accompanied the fabrication of inverse opals via the facile template method for decades, and would pave the way for their practical applications in environment-and-energy-related catalysis. Zhu, Y. Zhang, J. Li, S. Jiang, N. Wu, Y. Wei, J. Zhou and Y. Song, J. A , , 8 , DOI: To request permission to reproduce material from this article, please go to the Copyright Clearance Center request page. If you are an author contributing to an RSC publication, you do not need to request permission provided correct acknowledgement is given. If you are the author of this article, you do not need to request permission to reproduce figures and diagrams provided correct acknowledgement is given. Read more about how to correctly acknowledge RSC content. Fetching data from CrossRef. This may take some time to load. Loading related content. Jump to main content. Jump to site search. You do not have JavaScript enabled. Please enable JavaScript to access the full features of the site or access our non-JavaScript page. Issue 43, From the journal: Journal of Materials Chemistry A. You have access to this article. Please wait while we load your content Something went wrong. Try again? Cited by. Download options Please wait Supplementary information PDF K. Article type Paper. Submitted 17 Jul Accepted 12 Oct First published 12 Oct Download Citation. Request permissions. Crack-free hematite inverse opal photo-anodes for enhancing photo-electrochemical water splitting H. Social activity. Search articles by author Heling Zhu. Yajuan Zhang. Jingqian Zhu. Yuhuan Li. Saihua Jiang. Na Wu. Yu Wei. Jinming Zhou. Yanlin Song.

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free-crack-hc · 2 years ago

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Download Free crack (license key) latest version AE6?

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rightsinexile · 6 years ago

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Publications

“Each year, thousands of migrants and refugees lose their lives or are missing at international borders. It has been unclear how international legal principles ought to be applied to these tragedies.” - Migrant and Refugee Border Deaths: Defining A Human Rights Framework. S. Grant. LSE Law Review. 2018.

“People fleeing persecution and conflict who manage to reach France by air or sea may find themselves subjected to consecutive forms of deprivation of liberty. These barriers are liable to render access to asylum difficult.” - Access to asylum and detention at France's borders. M. Mouzourakis & K. Pollet. ECRE. 30 April 2018.

“The history of asylum law that developed after the passing of the Refugee Act of 1980 as the United States’ commitment to human rights and a look at whether former gang members constitute a “particular social group.” - Ganging up on immigration law: Asylum law and the particular social group standard - Former gang members and their need for asylum protections. C. B. Quintero. University of Massachusetts Law Review, vol. 13, no. 2. 2018.

“The complete lack of statutory guidance surrounding what constitutes a particular social group in the United States is controversial and confusing. This note provides a solution to the problem presented by the BIA’s 2014 definition of particular social groups by looking to Canadian case law” - Particular social groups: Vague definitions and an indeterminate future for asylum seekers. C. Malwitz. Brooklyn Law Review, vol. 83, no. 3. 2018.

“While the tone of political rhetoric has been more conciliatory since Mr Mnangagwa came to power, there is a lack of clear and cogent evidence that the government has fundamentally changed the political environment or how it treats those opposed to the state” - Country policy and information note Zimbabwe: Opposition to the government. United Kingdom: Home Office, April 2018, Version 3.0.

“Although LGBT persons may face discrimination and harassment by the state and societal hostility there is little reported violence against LGBT persons in Zimbabwe. Case Law has found that that there is no general risk to LGBT persons.” - Country Policy and Information Note - Zimbabwe: Sexual orientation and gender identity. United Kingdom: Home Office, November 2016, Version 2.0.

“Canada is one of only a handful of countries with a mandatory detention policy, which includes detention for up to 12 months with no judicial review; and anti-terrorism provisions in its immigration legislation have been used to detain and deport foreign nationals on secret evidence” - Immigration Detention in Canada: Important reforms, ongoing concerns. Global Detention Project, June 2018.

“The research study aims to address the situation concerning asylum–seekers ’living conditions in Cyprus from the perspective of national, European Union (EU) and international standards” - The living conditions of asylum-seekers in Cyprus. UNHCR and University of Nicosia, 2018.

“The right to family life and family unity, as set out in international and regional law and outlined in this research paper, applies to all, including refugees.” - The Right to Family Life and Family Unity of Refugees and Others in Need of International Protection and the Family Definition Applied. Legal and Protection Policy Research Series, no. PPLA/2018/01 UNHCR, January 2018.

“Finding and reuniting with family members can be one of the most pressing concerns of asylum-seekers, refugees and others in need of international protection. Yet, in an increasingly restrictive environment in many countries, it has become even more difficult for them to realize this fundamental and essential right.” - The “Essential Right” to family unity of refugees and others in need of international protection in the context of family reunification. Legal and Protection Policy Research Series, no. PPLA/2018/02 UNHCR, January 2018.

“This paper seeks to identify the myriad causes of growing backlogs in RSD systems, and most importantly, to present a consolidated list of known and tested prevention and reduction tools.” - Refugee status determination backlog prevention and reduction. Legal and Protection Policy Research Series, no. PPLA/2018/03 UNHCR, January 2018.

“Refugee paralegals sensitise refugee groups and public authorities on refugee rights through forums, workshops, training and conferences and also contribute to the capacity building programme of authorities to appropriately handle refugee cases, including how they conduct, stop, arrest and detain forced migrants and on how refugee documents should be issued and verified.” Refugee paralegals. Forced Migration Review 58. Musenga Tshimankinda Christian. June 2018.

“Resettlement has its own limitations. It is not a legally recognized right and countries must voluntarily allow resettlement. Generally, the UNHCR submits cases for consideration to countries of resettlement, which in turn decide whether to accept the refugees using their own admission criteria—with no obligation to take any. On a global level, only a small minority of refugees are resettled.” Conventional humanitarian solutions fail the test. Middle East Research and Information Project Issue 286. Parastou Hassouri. Spring 2018.

“An explosion in imagined tech solutions created duplicated, short-lived "solutions" and apps created without proper regard for the communities concerned. While social media has been presented as everything from phenomenon to lifeline to threat, many of the problem-solving and solutions envisaged for this "crisis" have come from European or Europe-based initiatives, which—some argue—have not always been undertaken with the refugee or migrant’s needs in mind.” Physical fences and digital divides: A Global Detention Project investigation into the role of social media in the context of migration control. Global Detention Project. May 2018.

Still, hotspots have other functions beyond detention, such as the redistribution of those classified as asylum claimants or refugees on the Greek territory—and beyond; the ‘relocation’ of those granted refugee status to “Europe”; as well as the criminalization and deportation of ‘economic migrants’ (or of refugees back to the ‘safe third country’ of Turkey). These functions beyond detention are experienced unevenly by people pushed into these categories, given the construction and management of ‘mixed flows’: that is, the juridical entitlement of the EU to criminalize migration by denying international protection to those who cannot prove their persecution is ‘political.’” Crisis, What Crisis? Immigrants, Refugees, and Invisible Struggles. Refuge: Canada's Journal on Refugees Vol 34 No.1. Anna Carastathis, Aila Spathopoulou, and Myrto Tsilimpounidi. 2018.

“Even more interesting to note is the explanation that Finland found necessary to add: ‘However, it is important that resettlement is not confused with situations in which the responsibility for the examination of asylum applications is shared within the EU or in which costs are distributed between Member States in the name of solidarity’ The quotation highlights the reluctance to support an automatic sharing of responsibility within the EU, a question that several years later still constituted a difficult issue in Finnish domestic politics.” To share or not to share responsibility? Finnish refugee policy and the hesitant support for a Common European Asylum System. Östen Wahlbeck. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies. 7 June 2018.

“For others, and particularly single mums, ‘protection’ was largely a proxy for social and economic support. In particular, refugee status was understood to open the door to the refugee camps, which would take care of their accommodation needs, translate into free schooling for their children and open up other opportunities for sponsorship or resettlement.” Questioning the value of ‘refugee’ status and its primary vanguard: the case of Eritreans in Uganda. Georgia Cole. RSC Working Paper, no. 124. Refugee Studies Centre, May 2018.

“Another key component of our law and policy work in 2017 has been the continued development and implementation of a three-year strategic litigation strategy, including through a dedicated working group and a training workshop for lawyers in May.” Catalyst for action: Working to address Statelessness in Europe: Annual report 2017. European Network on Statelessness. 2018.

“Article 36(4) of the Aliens Acts provides that asylum seekers can be detained if they do not assist authorities in substantiating their asylum applications, including by failing to appear for police or immigration questioning, or concealing information about their identity, nationality, or travel route. According to the Prison and Probation Service, 2,180 asylum seekers were detained on grounds set out in Article 36, as well as Article 35. By comparison, in 2012,1,494 asylum seekers were detained on these grounds.” Denmark immigration detention profile. Global Detention Project. May 2018.

“26 ‘Asylum Officer Basic Training Course’ lesson module PDFs were entirely removed from the USCIS website; the corresponding URLs currently lead to ‘Page not found’ notices. Among the removed course modules are lessons about: Corps Values and Goals, Sources of Authority, Reading Case Law, International Human Rights Law, and Credible Fear.” Removal of 26 Documents for Asylum Officer Training from the USCIS Website. Sunlight Foundation. 29 May 2018.

“Border controls take place increasingly outside and beyond the territorial border aiming to prevent migrants reaching the border in the first place. States exercise border controls extraterritorially, on the high seas and on the territory of third states targeting both migrants10 and asylum seekers.” Extraterritorial Immigration Control, Preventive Justice and the Rule of Law in Turbulent Times. Valsamis Mitsilegas. 21 May 2018.

“REACH findings indicate that returns from assessed areas of Uganda were driven by difficult living conditions and limited services in refugee and host community settlements alike. Informants cited challenging conditions in Palorinya, a refugee settlement which was established in 2016 and hosts an estimated 180,000 South Sudanese refugees, including limited infrastructure, food shortages, insufficient non-food items (NFI) and environmental degradation. “ Displacement in East Africa: Which factors are driving returns of South Sudan refugees from Uganda and Kenya? REACH Initiative. 21 May 2018.

#publications #july #2018 #july 2018

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statetalks · 3 years ago

Text

How Many Republicans Are In The Senate Currently

Filed Candidates By Political Party

Republicans on track to keep U.S. Senate majority

As of September 7, 2020, 519 candidates were filed with the Federal Election Commission to run for U.S. Senate in 2020. Of those, 402â199 Democrats and 203 Republicansâwere from one of the two major political parties. In 2018, 527 candidates filed with the FEC to run for U.S. Senate, including 137 Democrats and 240 Republicans.

The following chart shows the number of filed candidates by political party.

Easy Races Tough Races

In Arizona, Democrat Mark Kelly has held strong, sustained leads in the polls for months over Republican Sen. Martha McSally.;

He’s an astronaut and husband of former lawmaker Gabrielle;Giffords, who survived an assassination attempt in 2011 and became a gun-control activist.

In Maine, Trump has all but longtime incumbent Susan Collins. She appeared unbeatable until recently, winning;her last race, in 2014, by 37 points.

5 ways a Joe Biden presidency will affect Canada

She’s now trailing in the polls to the speaker of Maine’s legislature, Sara Gideon. Coleman said Collins is being pulled apart by the polarized politics of our time.

Collins frequently enrages Democrats and moderates by voting with Trump. Yet she also infuriates Trump allies; a research project by the news website Axios found that Collins is actually the No. 1 most likely of all congressional Republicans to condemn Trump in a controversy.;

“She’s really tried to walk the line of being a moderate in the Trump era. And that’s just very hard,” Coleman said.

Are Senators Chosen By Popular Vote

Beginning with the 1914 general election, all U.S. senators have been chosen by direct popular election. The Seventeenth Amendment also provided for the appointment of senators to fill vacancies. There have been many landmark contests, such as the election of Hiram Revels, the first African American senator, in 1870.

Recommended Reading: How Many Log Cabin Republicans Are There

List Of Current Members Of The Us Congress

Features of Congress Background United States House of Representatives elections, 2022 Analysis Lifetime voting records Net worth of United States Senators and Representatives Staff salaries of United States Senators and Representatives National Journal vote ratings

The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the United States of America’s federal government. It consists of two houses, the Senate and the House of Representatives, with members chosen through direct election.

Congress has 535 voting members. The Senate has 100 voting officials, and the House has 435 voting officials, along with five delegates and one resident commissioner.

to find your representatives with Ballotpedia’s “Who represents me?” tool.

Us Senate Representation Is Deeply Undemocratic And Cannot Be Changed

Few, if any, other democracies have anything this undemocratic built into their systems.

The U.S. Senate, as you know, is currently divided 50-50 along party lines, thanks to the impressive double win in Georgia, and counting the two technically independent senators as Democrats, since they caucus with the Democrats.

But, according to the calculation of Ian Millhiser, writing for Vox, if you add up the population of states and assign half to each of their two senators, the Democratic half of the Senate represents 41,549,808 more people than the Republican half.

Millhisers piece is named after that fact: Americas anti-democratic Senate, in one number.

41.5 million. Thats a lot of people, more than 10 percent of the population . You might think that in a democracy, the party that held that much of an advantage might end up with a solid majority in the Senate, rather than have just barely eked out a 50-50 tie in a body that, taken together, represents the whole country.

Republicans have not won the majority of the votes cast in all Senate races in any election cycle for a long time. Nonetheless, Republicans held majority control of the Senate after the elections of 2014, and 2016 and 2018 and still, after the 2020 races, held 50 of the 100 seats.

GOP does better in lower population states

Works to the detriment of Democratic power

Its deeply undemocratic. Nothing can become federal law without passing the Senate.

Smaller states had to be reassured

Read Also: How Do Republicans Feel About Climate Change

List Of Current United States Senators By Age

This is a list of current U.S. Senators sorted by age. The United States Constitution requires Senators to be at least 30 years of age. Age does not determine seniority in the Senate.

As of August 29, 2021, 5 senators are in their 80s, 18 are in their 70s, 32 are in their 60s, 30 are in their 50s, 14 are in their 40s, and 1 is in his 30s.

The median age of currently serving Senators is 700921436488000000067;years, 339;days.

The median age of taking office for currently serving Senators is 51 years, 75 days.

The median length of their Senate terms to date is 700839925440000000012;years, 238;days.

Rank

United States Senate Elections 2020

U.S. Senate Elections by State U.S. House Elections

Elections to the U.S. Senate were held on . A total of 33 of the 100 seats were up for regular election.

Those elected to the U.S. Senate in the 33 regular elections on November 3, 2020, began their six-year terms on January 3, 2021.

Special elections were also held to fill vacancies that occurred in the 116th Congress, including 2020 special U.S. Senate elections in Arizona for the seat that John McCain won in 2016 and in Georgia for the seat that Johnny Isakson won in 2016.

Twelve seats held by Democrats and 23 seats held by Republicans were up for election in 2020. Heading into the election, Republicans had a majority with 53 seats. Democrats needed a net gain of four seats, or three in addition to winning the presidential election, to take control of the chamber. The vice president casts tie-breaking votes in the Senate.

On this page, you will find:

Information on historical wave elections

Don’t Miss: How Many Registered Republicans In Texas

How Is Senate Majority Chosen

The Senate Republican and Democratic floor leaders are elected by the members of their party in the Senate at the beginning of each Congress. Depending on which party is in power, one serves as majority leader and the other as minority leader. The leaders serve as spokespersons for their partys positions on issues.

Effect Of Republican Retirements

Republicans keep control of the House and Senate

Indeed, 2020 was actually a Democratic-leaning year, with Biden winning the national popular vote by 4.5 percentage points. So theres a good chance that states will be at least a bit redder in 2022 than they were in 2020.

That could make these retirements less of a blow to Republicans than they first appear. Whats more, by announcing their retirements so early, Burr, Toomey and Portman are giving the GOP as much time as possible to recruit potential candidates, shape the field of candidates in a strategic way in the invisible primary and raise more money for the open-seat campaign. And in Ohio specifically, Republicans still look like heavy favorites. Even in the Democratic-leaning environment of 2020, Trump won Ohio by 8 percentage points, implying that its true partisan lean is probably even more Republican-leaning. Ohio is simply not the quintessential swing state it once was; dating back to the 2014 election cycle, Democrats have won just one out of 14 statewide contests in Ohio and that was a popular incumbent running in a blue-wave election year .

Nathaniel Rakich and Geoffrey Skelley, FiveThirtyEight

Don’t Miss: Which Republicans Will Vote To Impeach

Many Republicans Mobilizing Against Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill

The bipartisan group of senators who crafted the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act is preparing to take a victory lap as the Senate moves toward passing the bill in the coming days.

But a large number of Republicans are mobilizing against the bill that includes $1.2 trillion of spending and $550 billion in new spending on hard infrastructure projects, such as rail, ports, electric vehicle charging stations, and broadband.

Right after the group of bipartisan senators introduced the bills text on Sunday night, Utah Republican Sen. Mike Lee gave a long floor speech in opposition to the legislation, arguing that the Constitution does not give Congress to go out and spend money on anything that we deem appropriate and that the price tag is too high.

Shame on us for making poor and middle-class Americans poorer so that we can bring praise and adulation to ourselves and more money to a small handful of wealthy, well-connected interests in America, Lee said.

Missouri Republican Sen. Josh Hawley said that he would vote against the bill, sharing an article that called it an epic binge of green subsidies and more handouts for states and localities.

Several Republicans in the House are also stating their opposition to the bill.

No one should support something that will serve as a trojan horse for the Democrats reconciliation package, which the White House wants to use to pass massive amnesty, the RSC memo read.

Washington Examiner Videos

Join Govtracks Advisory Community

Were looking to learn more about who uses GovTrack and what features you find helpful or think could be improved. If you can, please take a few minutes to help us improve GovTrack for users like you.

Start by telling us more about yourself:

We hope to make GovTrack more useful to policy professionals like you. Please sign up for our advisory group to be a part of making GovTrack a better tool for what you do.

Young Americans have historically been the least involved in politics, despite the huge consequences policies can have on them. By joining our advisory group, you can help us make GovTrack more useful and engaging to young voters like you.

Our mission is to empower every American with the tools to understand and impact Congress. We hope that with your input we can make GovTrack more accessible to minority and disadvantaged communities who we may currently struggle to reach. Please join our advisory group to let us know what more we can do.

We love educating Americans about how their government works too! Please help us make GovTrack better address the needs of educators by joining our advisory group.

Would you like to join our advisory group to work with us on the future of GovTrack?

Email address where we can reach you:

Thank you for joining the GovTrack Advisory Community! Well be in touch.

Recommended Reading: What Percentage Of Republicans Support Trump

About The House Of Representatives

The United States is also divided into 435 congressional districts with a population of about 750,000 each. Each district elects a representative to the House of Representatives for a two-year term.

As in the Senate, the day-to-day activities of the House are controlled by the majority party. Here is a count of representatives by party:

Also Check: Why Did Democrats And Republicans Switch

Republicans Secure Half Of Total Us Senate Seats

WASHINGTON U.S. Republican Senator Dan Sullivan of Alaska won reelection Wednesday, assuring Republicans of at least 50 seats in the 100-member Senate for the next two years, while leaving control of the chamber uncertain until two runoff elections are held in Georgia in early January.

After slow vote-counting in the northwestern-most state of the U.S. after the November 3 election, news media concluded that Sullivan had an insurmountable lead over Al Gross, an orthopedic surgeon who ran as an independent candidate with Democratic support. The contest was called with Sullivan, a conservative, ahead by 20 percentage points.

With Republicans assured of at least half the Senate seats, attention now turns to the two January 5 runoff elections in the southern state of Georgia.

Two conservative Republican lawmakers Senators David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler now hold the two seats, but both failed in separate contests last week to win a majority, forcing them into the runoffs.

Perdue faces Democrat Jon Ossoff, an investigative journalist who narrowly lost a 2017 race for a seat in the House of Representatives before trying to oust Perdue from the Senate seat he has held since 2015.

Loeffler, who was appointed to her Senate seat in early 2020, is facing Raphael Warnock, a progressive Democrat who is senior pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta.

You May Like: How Many Seats Do The Republicans Control In The Senate

Govtrackus Is Taking A New Focus On Civic Education

Help us develop the tools to bring real-time legislative data into the classroom.

If youve visited a bill page on GovTrack.us recently, you may have noticed a new study guide tab located just below the bill title. This is part of a new project to develop better tools for bringing real-time legislative data into the classroom. We hope to enable educators to build lesson plans centered around any bill or vote in Congress, even those as recent as yesterday.

Were looking for feedback from educators about how GovTrack can be used and improved for your classroom. If you teach United States government and would like to speak with us about bringing legislative data into your classroom, please reach out!

Overlap With Other Forms Of Denial

Ultimately, the findings of this analysis show thatdespite overwhelming scientific evidence to the contraryclimate denial remains alive and well in the United States Congress, and its impacts are already costing lives. Furthermore, dangerous denial within Congress is not limited to climate change alone. By this analysis, 82 members of the U.S. House of Representatives and six U.S. senators are both climate deniers and members of the sedition caucusthose who denied the certified results of the 2020 general election and therefore supported President Trumps violent attempt to overturn these democratic results.*** There is also significant overlap between elected officials who deny climate science and elected officials who deny the reality of the pandemic that has sickened millions and claimed the lives of more than half a million Americans in the past year. In fact, as this analysis was being written, one congressman-elect and another congressman who had both cast doubt on the science around climate change died from COVID-19.

Members 1st: January 6, 2015 December 18, 20152nd: January 4, 2016; January 3, 2017

Read Also: Are There More Registered Republicans Or Democrats

Democrats Got Millions More Votes So How Did Republicans Win The Senate

Senate electoral process means although Democrats received more overall votes for the Senate than Republicans, that does not translate to more seats

Follow live updates on US politics

The 2018 midterm elections brought significant gains for Democrats, who retook the House of Representatives and snatched several governorships from the grip of Republicans.

But some were left questioning why Democrats suffered a series of setbacks that prevented the party from picking up even more seats and, perhaps most consequentially, left the US Senate in Republican hands.

Among the most eye-catching was a statistic showing Democrats led Republicans by more than 12 million votes in Senate races, and yet still suffered losses on the night and failed to win a majority of seats in the chamber.

Constitutional experts said the discrepancy between votes cast and seats won was the result of misplaced ire that ignored the Senate electoral process.

Because each state gets two senators, irrespective of population, states such as Wyoming have as many seats as California, despite the latter having more than 60 times the population. The smaller states also tend to be the more rural, and rural areas traditionally favor Republicans.

This year, because Democrats were defending more seats, including California, they received more overall votes for the Senate than Republicans, but that does not translate to more seats.

The rise of minority rule in America is now unmistakable

Senators Committees And Other Legislative Groups

Democrats win House, Republicans keep Senate

The Senates 63 members represent districts from across New York State. Senators belong to a single conference and one or more political parties.

Weve made it easy to filter senators by party, committee, and the other legislative groups in which they gather to consider the merits of proposed legislation and to better understand complex legislative issues.

Senator has new policy idea

Idea is drafted into a Bill

Bill undergoes committee process

Senate and Assembly pass bill

Bill is signed by Governor

Recommended Reading: Why Do Republicans Still Back Trump

Arguments For Expanding The Number Of House Members

Advocates;for increasing the number of seats in the House say such a move would increase the quality of representation by reducing the number of constituents each lawmaker represents. Each House member now represents about 710,000 people.

The group ThirtyThousand.org argues that the framers of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights never intended for the population of each congressional district to exceed 50,000 or 60,000. âThe principle of proportionally equitable representation has been abandoned,â the group argues.

Another argument for increasing the size of the House is that is would diminish the influence of lobbyists. That line of reasoning assumes that lawmakers would be more closely connected to their constituents and therefore less likely to listen to special interests.

Why Are There 438 House Of Representative Members

On this date, the House passed the Permanent Apportionment Act of 1929, fixing the number of Representatives at 435. The U.S. Constitution called for at least one Representative per state and that no more than one for every 30,000 persons. Thus, the size of a states House delegation depended on its population.

Read Also: Who Are The 10 Republicans Who Voted For Impeachment

Recommended Reading: Why Republicans Do Not Like Obamacare

source https://www.patriotsnet.com/how-many-republicans-are-in-the-senate-currently/

0 notes

patriotsnet · 3 years ago

Text

How Many Republicans Are In The Senate Currently

New Post has been published on https://www.patriotsnet.com/how-many-republicans-are-in-the-senate-currently/

How Many Republicans Are In The Senate Currently

Filed Candidates By Political Party

Republicans on track to keep U.S. Senate majority

The following chart shows the number of filed candidates by political party.

Easy Races Tough Races

In Arizona, Democrat Mark Kelly has held strong, sustained leads in the polls for months over Republican Sen. Martha McSally.;

He’s an astronaut and husband of former lawmaker Gabrielle;Giffords, who survived an assassination attempt in 2011 and became a gun-control activist.

In Maine, Trump has all but longtime incumbent Susan Collins. She appeared unbeatable until recently, winning;her last race, in 2014, by 37 points.

5 ways a Joe Biden presidency will affect Canada

She’s now trailing in the polls to the speaker of Maine’s legislature, Sara Gideon. Coleman said Collins is being pulled apart by the polarized politics of our time.

“She’s really tried to walk the line of being a moderate in the Trump era. And that’s just very hard,” Coleman said.

Are Senators Chosen By Popular Vote

Recommended Reading: How Many Log Cabin Republicans Are There

List Of Current Members Of The Us Congress

Congress has 535 voting members. The Senate has 100 voting officials, and the House has 435 voting officials, along with five delegates and one resident commissioner.

to find your representatives with Ballotpedia’s “Who represents me?” tool.

Us Senate Representation Is Deeply Undemocratic And Cannot Be Changed

Few, if any, other democracies have anything this undemocratic built into their systems.

Millhisers piece is named after that fact: Americas anti-democratic Senate, in one number.

GOP does better in lower population states

Works to the detriment of Democratic power

Its deeply undemocratic. Nothing can become federal law without passing the Senate.

Smaller states had to be reassured

Read Also: How Do Republicans Feel About Climate Change

List Of Current United States Senators By Age

This is a list of current U.S. Senators sorted by age. The United States Constitution requires Senators to be at least 30 years of age. Age does not determine seniority in the Senate.

As of August 29, 2021, 5 senators are in their 80s, 18 are in their 70s, 32 are in their 60s, 30 are in their 50s, 14 are in their 40s, and 1 is in his 30s.

The median age of currently serving Senators is 700921436488000000067;years, 339;days.

The median age of taking office for currently serving Senators is 51 years, 75 days.

The median length of their Senate terms to date is 700839925440000000012;years, 238;days.

Rank

United States Senate Elections 2020

U.S. Senate Elections by State U.S. House Elections

Elections to the U.S. Senate were held on . A total of 33 of the 100 seats were up for regular election.

Those elected to the U.S. Senate in the 33 regular elections on November 3, 2020, began their six-year terms on January 3, 2021.

On this page, you will find:

Information on historical wave elections

Don’t Miss: How Many Registered Republicans In Texas

How Is Senate Majority Chosen

Effect Of Republican Retirements

Republicans keep control of the House and Senate

Nathaniel Rakich and Geoffrey Skelley, FiveThirtyEight

Don’t Miss: Which Republicans Will Vote To Impeach

Many Republicans Mobilizing Against Bipartisan Infrastructure Bill

The bipartisan group of senators who crafted the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act is preparing to take a victory lap as the Senate moves toward passing the bill in the coming days.

Missouri Republican Sen. Josh Hawley said that he would vote against the bill, sharing an article that called it an epic binge of green subsidies and more handouts for states and localities.

Several Republicans in the House are also stating their opposition to the bill.

No one should support something that will serve as a trojan horse for the Democrats reconciliation package, which the White House wants to use to pass massive amnesty, the RSC memo read.

Washington Examiner Videos

Join Govtracks Advisory Community

Were looking to learn more about who uses GovTrack and what features you find helpful or think could be improved. If you can, please take a few minutes to help us improve GovTrack for users like you.

Start by telling us more about yourself:

We hope to make GovTrack more useful to policy professionals like you. Please sign up for our advisory group to be a part of making GovTrack a better tool for what you do.

We love educating Americans about how their government works too! Please help us make GovTrack better address the needs of educators by joining our advisory group.

Would you like to join our advisory group to work with us on the future of GovTrack?

Email address where we can reach you:

Thank you for joining the GovTrack Advisory Community! Well be in touch.

Recommended Reading: What Percentage Of Republicans Support Trump

About The House Of Representatives

The United States is also divided into 435 congressional districts with a population of about 750,000 each. Each district elects a representative to the House of Representatives for a two-year term.

As in the Senate, the day-to-day activities of the House are controlled by the majority party. Here is a count of representatives by party:

Also Check: Why Did Democrats And Republicans Switch

Republicans Secure Half Of Total Us Senate Seats

With Republicans assured of at least half the Senate seats, attention now turns to the two January 5 runoff elections in the southern state of Georgia.

Two conservative Republican lawmakers Senators David Perdue and Kelly Loeffler now hold the two seats, but both failed in separate contests last week to win a majority, forcing them into the runoffs.

Loeffler, who was appointed to her Senate seat in early 2020, is facing Raphael Warnock, a progressive Democrat who is senior pastor at Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta.

You May Like: How Many Seats Do The Republicans Control In The Senate

Govtrackus Is Taking A New Focus On Civic Education

Help us develop the tools to bring real-time legislative data into the classroom.

Overlap With Other Forms Of Denial

Members 1st: January 6, 2015 December 18, 20152nd: January 4, 2016; January 3, 2017

Read Also: Are There More Registered Republicans Or Democrats

Democrats Got Millions More Votes So How Did Republicans Win The Senate

Senate electoral process means although Democrats received more overall votes for the Senate than Republicans, that does not translate to more seats

Follow live updates on US politics

The 2018 midterm elections brought significant gains for Democrats, who retook the House of Representatives and snatched several governorships from the grip of Republicans.

Constitutional experts said the discrepancy between votes cast and seats won was the result of misplaced ire that ignored the Senate electoral process.

This year, because Democrats were defending more seats, including California, they received more overall votes for the Senate than Republicans, but that does not translate to more seats.

The rise of minority rule in America is now unmistakable

Senators Committees And Other Legislative Groups

Democrats win House, Republicans keep Senate

The Senates 63 members represent districts from across New York State. Senators belong to a single conference and one or more political parties.

Senator has new policy idea

Idea is drafted into a Bill

Bill undergoes committee process

Senate and Assembly pass bill

Bill is signed by Governor

Recommended Reading: Why Do Republicans Still Back Trump

Arguments For Expanding The Number Of House Members

Why Are There 438 House Of Representative Members

Read Also: Who Are The 10 Republicans Who Voted For Impeachment

Recommended Reading: Why Republicans Do Not Like Obamacare

0 notes

smilesandvials · 7 years ago

Text

So you want access to journal articles behind a paywall?

Recently, my post about a very great education article got a little bit popular. I’m always happy to send PDFs to folks but this did bring to my attention that not everybody knows how to get to articles behind a paywall or find OpenAccess materials. So, if you want an article you find through Google/Scholar but it is behind a paywall, here is my advice on how to get it!

1. Libraries I’m talking public libraries here! Talk to you librarian – they may have access. If your journal article is in a society journal (such as ACS, RSC) or owned by a company (Elvisier), then each library has to buy a license to access those articles. Usually this is a yearly charge and your library may pay it depending on demand. Talk to a librarian about accessing the article(s) and bring some citations! (If your journal article predates the digital age, they may have a physical copy of the volume/issue.) I also want to note here that you do not need to attend a university to use a university library. If you are near a public university, talk to a librarian about getting a citizen (as opposed to student) library card. I didn’t suffer old men using my undergrad’s library for porn just so everybody else in town could assume they couldn’t use library services!

2. ILLs ILL stands for interlibrary loan. If your public library doesn’t have journal access, ask about ILLs. Some universities even use this because it’s just absurd to pay for access to every society journal in the world. If you’re at a public library, it is likely they’ll contact the nearest institutional library. It’s not even really a loan -- since it’s a PDF, you don’t have to give it back!

3. ResearchGate and/or searching “[article title] pdf” ResearchGate is a social networking site for academics. It isn’t unusual for folks to post PDFs of their own papers here! (Hey, we want to be cited and we don’t want a paywall to be the reason we aren’t cited!) Adding “pdf” to your Google search can also help you find the posted PDFs here (or elsewhere).

4. Ask the corresponding author Academic papers have one author responsible for dealing with correspondence about their research. Often, this is clarifications or other ideas. But, often corresponding authors will answer requests for PDFs of the article in the event somebody cannot ask for it! To find the corresponding author, look at the author list. Usually the corresponding author is indicated with an asterisk or other symbol (dagger, double dagger, etc) and their email address is listed on the publication page that also hosts the horrible paywall. A quick, polite email explaining why you want to read this paper will usually do the trick!

This is all about getting to things that aren’t OpenAccess but do consider looking at sources that are OpenAccess such as arXiv, PubMed, and any Journal that hosts an OpenAccess portion.

#science #chemistry #research #grad school #college

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dorcasrempel · 5 years ago

Text

How the brain encodes landmarks that help us navigate

When we move through the streets of our neighborhood, we often use familiar landmarks to help us navigate. And as we think to ourselves, “OK, now make a left at the coffee shop,” a part of the brain called the retrosplenial cortex (RSC) lights up.

While many studies have linked this brain region with landmark-based navigation, exactly how it helps us find our way is not well-understood. A new study from MIT neuroscientists now reveals how neurons in the RSC use both visual and spatial information to encode specific landmarks.

“There’s a synthesis of some of these signals — visual inputs and body motion — to represent concepts like landmarks,” says Mark Harnett, an assistant professor of brain and cognitive sciences and a member of MIT’s McGovern Institute for Brain Research. “What we went after in this study is the neuron-level and population-level representation of these different aspects of spatial navigation.”

In a study of mice, the researchers found that this brain region creates a “landmark code” by combining visual information about the surrounding environment with spatial feedback of the mice’s own position along a track. Integrating these two sources of information allowed the mice to learn where to find a reward, based on landmarks that they saw.

“We believe that this code that we found, which is really locked to the landmarks, and also gives the animals a way to discriminate between landmarks, contributes to the animals’ ability to use those landmarks to find rewards,” says Lukas Fischer, an MIT postdoc and the lead author of the study.

Harnett is the senior author of the study, which appears today in the journal eLife. Other authors are graduate student Raul Mojica Soto-Albors and recent MIT graduate Friederike Buck.

Encoding landmarks

Previous studies have found that people with damage to the RSC have trouble finding their way from one place to another, even though they can still recognize their surroundings. The RSC is also one of the first areas affected in Alzheimer’s patients, who often have trouble navigating.

The RSC is wedged between the primary visual cortex and the motor cortex, and it receives input from both of those areas. It also appears to be involved in combining two types of representations of space — allocentric, meaning the relationship of objects to each other, and egocentric, meaning the relationship of objects to the viewer.

“The evidence suggests that RSC is really a place where you have a fusion of these different frames of reference,” Harnett says. “Things look different when I move around in the room, but that’s because my vantage point has changed. They’re not changing with respect to one another.”

In this study, the MIT team set out to analyze the behavior of individual RSC neurons in mice, including how they integrate multiple inputs that help with navigation. To do that, they created a virtual reality environment for the mice by allowing them to run on a treadmill while they watch a video screen that makes it appear they are running along a track. The speed of the video is determined by how fast the mice run.

At specific points along the track, landmarks appear, signaling that there’s a reward available a certain distance beyond the landmark. The mice had to learn to distinguish between two different landmarks, and to learn how far beyond each one they had to run to get the reward.

Once the mice learned the task, the researchers recorded neural activity in the RSC as the animals ran along the virtual track. They were able to record from a few hundred neurons at a time, and found that most of them anchored their activity to a specific aspect of the task.

There were three primary anchoring points: the beginning of the trial, the landmark, and the reward point. The majority of the neurons were anchored to the landmarks, meaning that their activity would consistently peak at a specific point relative to the landmark, say 50 centimeters before it or 20 centimeters after it.

Most of those neurons responded to both of the landmarks, but a small subset responded to only one or the other. The researchers hypothesize that those strongly selective neurons help the mice to distinguish between the landmarks and run the correct distance to get the reward.

When the researchers used optogenetics (a tool that can turn off neuron activity) to block activity in the RSC, the mice’s performance on the task became much worse.

Combining inputs

The researchers also did an experiment in which the mice could choose to run or not while the video played at a constant speed, unrelated to the mice’s movement. The mice could still see the landmarks, but the location of the landmarks was no longer linked to a reward or to the animals’ own behavior. In that situation, RSC neurons did respond to the landmarks, but not as strongly as they did when the mice were using them for navigation.

Further experiments allowed the researchers to tease out just how much neuron activation is produced by visual input (seeing the landmarks) and by feedback on the mouse’s own movement. However, simply adding those two numbers yielded totals much lower than the neuron activity seen when the mice were actively navigating the track.

“We believe that is evidence for a mechanism of nonlinear integration of these inputs, where they get combined in a way that creates a larger response than what you would get if you just added up those two inputs in a linear fashion,” Fischer says.

The researchers now plan to analyze data that they have already collected on how neuron activity evolves over time as the mice learn the task. They also hope to perform further experiments in which they could try to separately measure visual and spatial inputs into different locations within RSC neurons.

The research was funded by the National Institutes of Health, the McGovern Institute, the NEC Corporation Fund for Research in Computers and Communications at MIT, and the Klingenstein-Simons Fellowship in Neuroscience.

How the brain encodes landmarks that help us navigate syndicated from https://osmowaterfilters.blogspot.com/

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