#intellectual property lawyer surat

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Trademark Registration In Gujarat

Accelerate your brand's recognition with our performance-driven trademark registration services in Gujarat. Let us guide you through the process of protecting your brand identity.

[thissidekhushi]

Different Types of Lawyers

Are you looking for lawyer near me , Lawyers are legal professionals who provide advice, representation, and advocacy for individuals, organizations, or entities in legal matters. They are licensed professionals who have undergone extensive education, training, and testing to practice law. Lawyers play a vital role in upholding justice, protecting rights, and ensuring legal compliance lawyers are needed to ensure the proper functioning of the legal system, protect individual rights, provide legal expertise, and promote justice in society. Their knowledge, skills, and advocacy help individuals and organizations navigate legal complexities and find fair and just resolutions to legal matters. It's important to note that the legal profession encompasses many other specialized areas, including real estate law, immigration law, environmental law, intellectual property law, and more. Each area requires specific knowledge and expertise to address the unique legal challenges within that field. Different types of lawyers specialize in various areas of law, each focusing on specific legal matters and providing specialized expertise to their clients. Here are explanations of several types of lawyers:

Accident Lawyers: Accident lawyers, also known as personal injury lawyers, specialize in cases related to accidents and injuries. They assist individuals who have been injured in accidents, such as car accidents, slip and falls, or workplace incidents. Accident lawyers help their clients navigate the legal process, negotiate with insurance companies, and seek compensation for their injuries and damages. You can find best Accident Lawyers in Jaipur and also you can find Accident Lawyers in Vadodara.

Banking Lawyers: Banking lawyers deal with legal matters related to banking and finance. They advise banks, financial institutions, and clients on issues such as loan agreements, regulatory compliance, mergers and acquisitions, securities, and banking litigation. Banking lawyers ensure that their clients' financial transactions and operations comply with the applicable laws and regulations. You can find best Banking Lawyer in Surat.

Child Custody Lawyers: Child custody lawyers specialize in matters concerning child custody and visitation rights. They assist parents or guardians in negotiating and determining custody arrangements during divorce or separation proceedings. Child custody lawyers advocate for their clients' best interests, considering factors such as the child's well-being, parental fitness, and the child's preferences when determining custody and visitation schedules. You can find best Consult child custody lawyers in Surat and also you can find Consult child custody lawyers in Vadodara.

Divorce Lawyers: Divorce lawyers specialize in handling legal matters related to divorce or the dissolution of marriage. They assist clients in navigating the complex process of divorce, addressing issues such as property division, spousal support, child custody, and child support. Divorce lawyers aim to protect their clients' rights and guide them through the legal requirements and procedures involved in divorce proceedings. You can find best Divorced Lawyers in Mumbai.

Family Lawyers: Family lawyers deal with legal issues that arise within families. They handle a wide range of matters, including divorce, child custody, adoption, guardianship, domestic violence, prenuptial agreements, and estate planning. Family lawyers provide legal advice, represent their clients in court, and work towards resolving family disputes through negotiation or mediation. You can find best Family Lawyers in Bangalore.

Criminal Defense Lawyers: Criminal defense lawyers specialize in defending individuals or organizations accused of criminal offenses. They protect their clients' rights, provide legal representation during investigations and court proceedings, and work towards achieving the best possible outcome. Criminal defense lawyers handle cases ranging from minor misdemeanors to serious felonies, ensuring fair treatment and due process for their clients. You can find best Accident Lawyers in Jaipur.

Corporate Lawyers: Corporate lawyers, also known as business lawyers, provide legal advice and representation to businesses and corporations. They handle various legal matters such as corporate governance, contracts, mergers and acquisitions, intellectual property, employment law, and regulatory compliance. Corporate lawyers assist their clients in navigating the legal complexities of running a business while ensuring compliance with applicable laws and regulations. You can find best Accident Lawyers in Jaipur.

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Benefits of a degree in LLB Profession

A degree in LLB can be very beneficial for those pursuing a career in law. A professional degree from LLB college in surat and elsewhere across the country provides students with the necessary skills and knowledge to become successful lawyers. The coursework for this degree program covers a wide range of topics, including constitutional law, contracts, torts, property law, and criminal law. Students who complete their LLB degree often work as prosecutors, public defenders, or private practice attorneys.

Subjects and Trending Specialisation

There are several reasons why students may choose to study law. For many, it is the opportunity to enter a stable and well-paid profession. Others are attracted by challenges and intellectual stimulation. Whatever the reason, there are many benefits to studying for a law degree.

One of the main benefits of studying law is entering a wide range of professions. A law degree from law colleges in surat and from across India provides training in research, writing and critical thinking skills. These skills are highly valued by employers in many different sectors. Moreover, the knowledge and understanding of the law gained during a degree course can be applied in a wide variety of contexts, both inside and outside the legal profession.

Another benefit of studying for a degree in law is the opportunity to specialise in a particular area of interest. There are a wide range of specialist legal areas to choose from, such as environmental law, human rights law or tax law. Students who choose to specialise in a particular area can develop expertise that will be highly valued by potential employers.

Finally, studying for a law degree provides an excellent opportunity to network with other legal professionals. Many students form valuable contacts during their studies which can lead to job opportunities.

Career Prospects

A degree in the LLB profession has a lot of benefits. The most important benefit is the great career prospects it offers. With a degree in this field, you can work as a lawyer, a corporate law advisor, or even a legal consultant. There are many other options available for you if you have a degree in this field. You can work in the government or in the private sector. You can also choose to work as a freelance lawyer.

Sector of Employment

There are a number of sectors which employ individuals with an LLB degree. The most common sectors are:

1) Legal Services

2) Business and Finance

3) Government

4) Education

5) Non-profit Organizations

Significance of LLB Degree

A law degree is essential for anyone wishing to pursue a career in the legal field. The LLB degree provides its holder with a comprehensive understanding of the law and the critical thinking and research skills necessary to be a successful lawyer. In addition, the LLB degree is recognised by most countries as the minimum requirement for admission to the legal profession.

Conclusion

A degree in LLB Profession can offer many benefits to those who pursue it. Not only will you gain knowledge in the legal field, but you'll also develop essential skills that can be applied to a variety of career paths. The ability to think critically, solve problems and communicate effectively are just a few skills you'll acquire during your studies. If you're looking for a challenging and rewarding career, consider pursuing an LLB Profession from AURO University. 

[margdarsanme]

NCERT Class 12 History Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers Perceptions of Society

NCERT Class 12 History Solutions

Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers Perceptions of Society

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Q l. Write a note on the Kitab-ul-Hind.

Ans. Kitab-ul-Hind was written by Al-Biruni in 1031. It was considered with India and also known by the name of Tarikh-ul-Hind and Tahqiq-ma-ul-Hind. It was written in Arabic. It is divided into 80 Chapters. They have thrown a detailed light on Hindu religions and philosphy, festivals, customs and tradition, the social and economic as well as political life of the people. In each chapter he adopted a distinctive style and had a question in the beginning. It was followed by a description based on Sanskrit tradition, At last he compare the India culture with other culture. This geometric structure he followed is known for its precision and predictability. The main reason for this structure was Al-Biruni’s mathematical orientation. Q 2. Compare and contrast the perspectives from which Ibn Battuta and Bernier wrote their accounts of their travels in India.

Ans. Both have written them accounts in their different prospectives. While Ibn Battuta describe everything that impressed and excited him because of his novelty, Bernier had followed a different intellectual tradition. He wrote whatever he saw in India. Bernier wanted to pin point the weakness of the Indian society and considered the Mughal India Inferior to European society. In his description Ibn Battuta recorded his observation about new culture, people, believes and values. Q 3. Discuss the picture of urban centres that emerges from Bernier’s accout.

Ans. During the 17th century nearly 15% of population was living in town. This was average proportion of urban population of western Europe. Bernier described Mughal towns as court towns. By it he meant those towns which depended upon the imperial court for their existence and survival. These towns came into existence with the imperial court and declined with the impanel court when they moved to other places. In his travel accounts, Bernier described many big towns and cities such as Delhi, Mathura, Kashmir, Surat, Masulipatnam and Golconda. These gained importance as manufacturing centres, trading towns, and sacred towns. The merchant communities had deep influence in these cities. They remained organised due to their own caste and occupational bodies. These trading groups were known as Mahajans in western India. Their head was called Sheth. In Ahmedabad, the chief of Merchant community was known as nagarsheth. Besides the trading groups, musicians, architects, painters, lawyers, calligraphies, etc. lived in towns. Q 4. Analyse the evidence for slavery provided by Ibn Battuta.

Ans. Battuta has given a detailed description on the practice of slavery prevalent in India. Delhi Sultan-Muhammad bin Tughlaq had a large number of slaves. Most of these slaves were forcibly captured during the aggressions. Many people sold their children as a slave, because of acute poverty. Slaves were also offered as a gift during this time. Battuta when visited him, also brought many horses, camels and slaves for the Sultan to present him. Sultan Muhammad bin Tuglaq, himself had presented two hundred slaves to Nasiruddin a religious preacher.

Nobels are used to keep slave those days. Through these slaves, the Sultan used to get information about the activities of the noble and all other important events of the empire. The woman slaves served as servants in the house of the rich (nobles). These women informed the Sultan about the activities of their masters (i.e., nobles). Most of the slaves used to do domestic works and there was a lot of difference between the status of these slaves and the court slaves. Q 5. What were the elements of the practice of sati that drew the attention of Bernier?

Ans. The practice of sati according to Bernier showed the difference in the treatment of women in western and eastern society. He noticed how a child widow were forcefully burnt screaming on the funeral pyre while many of the older women were resigned their fate. The following elements drew his attention. (i) Under this cruel practices an alive widow was forcibly made to sit on the pyre of her husband. (ii) People had no sympathy for her. (iii) The widow was an unwilling victim of the sati-practice. She was forced to be a Sati. Q 6. Discuss Al-Biruni’s understanding of the caste system.

Ans. Al-Biruni’s description about caste system as he understood. Al-Biruni tried to explain the caste system by looking far parallels in other societies. He described that in ancient Persia, four social categories were recognised. (i) knight and princes. (ii) monks (iii) fire-priests and lawyers; physicians, astronomers, other scientists; (iv) Finally, peasants and artisans. He attempted to suggest that social divisions were not unique to India.

His description of the caste system in India was deeply influenced by his study of Sanskrit texts. According to these texts, the highest castes were the Brahmins as they were created from the head of the Brahmins.

The Kshatriyas were the next caste created from the shoulders and hands of the Brahmin. The Vaishyas and Shudras were created from the thighs and feet of the Brahmin respectively. Thus, he sought to understand the Indian caste system by looking for parallels in other societies. Nothing that ancient Persian society was divided into four categories he realized that social division was not unique to India.

But despite accepting the caste system he was against the notion of pollution. He believed that according to the laws of nature anything which becomes impure ultimately becomes pure again, e.g. the sun clears the air. The concept of social pollution is the bedrock of the caste system. Thus, the caste system was according to him contrary to the laws of nature. He failed to realize that the caste system was not as rigid as portrayed in the Sanskrit texts. Q 7. Do you think Ibn Battuta’s account is useful in arriving at an understanding of life in contemporary urban centres? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans. Battuta’s observation about the cities of India.

(i) According to him, Indian cities had many exciting opportunities and are useful for those who had the necessary drive, skill and resources.

(ii) The Indian cities were prosperous and densely populated.

(iii) These cities had colourful market trading in different kinds of goods.

(iv) Delhi was the largest city of India and had a lot of population. Daultabad was an another important city of India which challenged Delhi in size.

(v) The cities were not only the centre of economic transactions but also the centres of ! social and cultural activities.

(vii) Most of the bazars in the cities had temple and mosques.

(viii) Cities also had fixed places for public performances by dancer, musicians and singer. He found that many towns derived their wealth and prosperity through the appropriation of surplus from villages.

(ix) Indian goods were in great demand in west Asia and South-east Asia. So the artisans and merchants earned huge profit. Q 8. Discuss the extent to which Bernier’s accounts enables historians to reconstruct contemporary rural society.

Ans. Bernier’s assessment about Indian rural society was not correct. It was far away from the truth, but it is not acceptable. There are some truth in his description which are evident from the following facts.

(i) According to his account, mughal empire was the owner of the land and distributed among its nobles. It had a disastrous impact on the society.

(ii) According to him the system of crown of ownership of land was good. It was because, the land holders could not pass on their land to their children. They did not make any long term investment on the land.

(iii) As there was no private property in land, there was not any improvement in the landlord class. This system ruin agriculture and led to opinion of peasants. Bernier’s view regarding Indian society had the following features: (a) The rich people Were in minority. (b) It had the poorest of the poor and the richest of the rich, no middle class existed there. (c) All the cities and towns were reined and had contaminated air. Q 9. Read this excerpt from Bernier:

List the crafts mentioned in the passage. Compare these with the descriptions of artisanal activity in the chapter.

Ans. :

I. Names of the crafts mentioned in this passage. In this passage the crafts such as making of muskets and following pieces and making beautiful gold ornaments are mentioned. These products were beautifully made. Bernier was amazed to see these products.

II. Comparison of crafts referred in the passage with the description of artisanal activity in the chapter. (i) In the chapter boat manufacturing and terracottan sculpture and temple architecture has been mentioned. (ii) Art of painting has been referred. (iii) Art of carpet manufacturing has been referred. (iv) Art of dance, music and calligraphy have been referred in the chapter. (v) Description about Rajal Khamos have also been mentioned. Q 10. On an outline map of the world, mark the countries visited by Ibn Battuta. What are the seas that he might have crossed?

Ans. :

Countries visited by Ibn Battuta: (i) Morocco (ii) Mecca (iii) Syria (iv) Iraq (v) Persia (vi) Yamen (vii) Oman (viii) China (ix) India (x) Maldives (xi) Sri Lanka (xii) Sumatra (Indonesia)

Name of Seas: (i) North Atlantic Ocean (ii) South Atlantic Ocean (iii) Indian Ocean (iv) Red Sea (v) Arabian Sea (vi) Bay of Bengal (vii) South China Sea (viii) East China Sea.

from Blogger http://www.margdarsan.com/2020/08/ncert-class-12-history-chapter-5.html

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Factors to Consider While Finding Civil Lawyer

An attorney who is specialized in civil law is known as a civil lawyer. The civil lawyers are responsible to handle issues including business laws, corporate laws, intellectual property laws, family laws, personal injury laws, probate laws, real estate laws, tax laws and more.

The civil lawyers are able to deal with disputes between individuals or organizations. They perform legal proceedings and provide legal advice and guidance to the individuals for satisfying outcomes. Whether you are struggling with your business issues or file a case against a person for personal injury, you need guidance of a reliable attorney to manage the legal formalities and processes. When it comes to finding CIVIL Lawyers in Mumbai you will discover a list of options on the web.

Yes, there are various listing sites that are present online, which help people in discovering the best attorneys within a few clicks and get contact details. Finding a reliable site is never a daunting task. You just need to keep a few things in your mind while selecting an attorney.

Here we have arranged the top factors below that you need to look while choosing a civil lawyer.

1.    Experienced and qualified attorney:

When you are finding CIVIL LAWYERS IN Mumbai, choose an experienced and qualified professional. The experienced and highly qualified lawyers have good knowledge and expertise and they can provide better legal advice to you. The excellent experience prepares them for handling the complexity of your case. Moreover, they understand the legal processes well. So, it is always good to go with an experienced attorney to get satisfying outcomes.

2.    The workload of attorney:

It is important to ask attorney how many current jobs he is working on currently. A lawyer can never perform his best when he is busy in other cases and has excessive workload. So, it is important to consider the workload of the attorney to identify that he/she is able to take out time for your case. It is important to hire an attorney that is available to take immediate action for your case without delay.

3.    Specialist of the field:

Find CIVIL Lawyers in Punethat is specialized in their field. The civil law covers a wide area of law including different issues. If you are looking for an attorney for handling legal issues related to your business, then, find a professional that has prior experience in similar cases. It will help you in getting excellent guidance. The specialist lawyer has good expertise in similar cases and they can deliver effective advice and results to you.

4.    Trustable:

Choose trustable CIVIL LAWYERS IN DELHI to make your experience good. Trust plays an important role in legal procedures. Finding a trustable lawyer is never a daunting task. All you need to do is just a little research about the attorney including profile, years of experience, success ratio and more. It will build good trust in a lawyer and help you in establishing good communication.

For More Info : - Lawyers in Nagpur

Lawyers in Surat

[margdarsanme]

NCERT Class 12 History Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers Perceptions of Society

NCERT Class 12 History Solutions

Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers Perceptions of Society

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Q l. Write a note on the Kitab-ul-Hind.

Ans. Kitab-ul-Hind was written by Al-Biruni in 1031. It was considered with India and also known by the name of Tarikh-ul-Hind and Tahqiq-ma-ul-Hind. It was written in Arabic. It is divided into 80 Chapters. They have thrown a detailed light on Hindu religions and philosphy, festivals, customs and tradition, the social and economic as well as political life of the people. In each chapter he adopted a distinctive style and had a question in the beginning. It was followed by a description based on Sanskrit tradition, At last he compare the India culture with other culture. This geometric structure he followed is known for its precision and predictability. The main reason for this structure was Al-Biruni’s mathematical orientation. Q 2. Compare and contrast the perspectives from which Ibn Battuta and Bernier wrote their accounts of their travels in India.

Ans. Both have written them accounts in their different prospectives. While Ibn Battuta describe everything that impressed and excited him because of his novelty, Bernier had followed a different intellectual tradition. He wrote whatever he saw in India. Bernier wanted to pin point the weakness of the Indian society and considered the Mughal India Inferior to European society. In his description Ibn Battuta recorded his observation about new culture, people, believes and values. Q 3. Discuss the picture of urban centres that emerges from Bernier’s accout.

Ans. During the 17th century nearly 15% of population was living in town. This was average proportion of urban population of western Europe. Bernier described Mughal towns as court towns. By it he meant those towns which depended upon the imperial court for their existence and survival. These towns came into existence with the imperial court and declined with the impanel court when they moved to other places. In his travel accounts, Bernier described many big towns and cities such as Delhi, Mathura, Kashmir, Surat, Masulipatnam and Golconda. These gained importance as manufacturing centres, trading towns, and sacred towns. The merchant communities had deep influence in these cities. They remained organised due to their own caste and occupational bodies. These trading groups were known as Mahajans in western India. Their head was called Sheth. In Ahmedabad, the chief of Merchant community was known as nagarsheth. Besides the trading groups, musicians, architects, painters, lawyers, calligraphies, etc. lived in towns. Q 4. Analyse the evidence for slavery provided by Ibn Battuta.

Ans. Battuta has given a detailed description on the practice of slavery prevalent in India. Delhi Sultan-Muhammad bin Tughlaq had a large number of slaves. Most of these slaves were forcibly captured during the aggressions. Many people sold their children as a slave, because of acute poverty. Slaves were also offered as a gift during this time. Battuta when visited him, also brought many horses, camels and slaves for the Sultan to present him. Sultan Muhammad bin Tuglaq, himself had presented two hundred slaves to Nasiruddin a religious preacher.

Nobels are used to keep slave those days. Through these slaves, the Sultan used to get information about the activities of the noble and all other important events of the empire. The woman slaves served as servants in the house of the rich (nobles). These women informed the Sultan about the activities of their masters (i.e., nobles). Most of the slaves used to do domestic works and there was a lot of difference between the status of these slaves and the court slaves. Q 5. What were the elements of the practice of sati that drew the attention of Bernier?

Ans. The practice of sati according to Bernier showed the difference in the treatment of women in western and eastern society. He noticed how a child widow were forcefully burnt screaming on the funeral pyre while many of the older women were resigned their fate. The following elements drew his attention. (i) Under this cruel practices an alive widow was forcibly made to sit on the pyre of her husband. (ii) People had no sympathy for her. (iii) The widow was an unwilling victim of the sati-practice. She was forced to be a Sati. Q 6. Discuss Al-Biruni’s understanding of the caste system.

Ans. Al-Biruni’s description about caste system as he understood. Al-Biruni tried to explain the caste system by looking far parallels in other societies. He described that in ancient Persia, four social categories were recognised. (i) knight and princes. (ii) monks (iii) fire-priests and lawyers; physicians, astronomers, other scientists; (iv) Finally, peasants and artisans. He attempted to suggest that social divisions were not unique to India.

His description of the caste system in India was deeply influenced by his study of Sanskrit texts. According to these texts, the highest castes were the Brahmins as they were created from the head of the Brahmins.

The Kshatriyas were the next caste created from the shoulders and hands of the Brahmin. The Vaishyas and Shudras were created from the thighs and feet of the Brahmin respectively. Thus, he sought to understand the Indian caste system by looking for parallels in other societies. Nothing that ancient Persian society was divided into four categories he realized that social division was not unique to India.

But despite accepting the caste system he was against the notion of pollution. He believed that according to the laws of nature anything which becomes impure ultimately becomes pure again, e.g. the sun clears the air. The concept of social pollution is the bedrock of the caste system. Thus, the caste system was according to him contrary to the laws of nature. He failed to realize that the caste system was not as rigid as portrayed in the Sanskrit texts. Q 7. Do you think Ibn Battuta’s account is useful in arriving at an understanding of life in contemporary urban centres? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans. Battuta’s observation about the cities of India.

(i) According to him, Indian cities had many exciting opportunities and are useful for those who had the necessary drive, skill and resources.

(ii) The Indian cities were prosperous and densely populated.

(iii) These cities had colourful market trading in different kinds of goods.

(iv) Delhi was the largest city of India and had a lot of population. Daultabad was an another important city of India which challenged Delhi in size.

(v) The cities were not only the centre of economic transactions but also the centres of ! social and cultural activities.

(vii) Most of the bazars in the cities had temple and mosques.

(viii) Cities also had fixed places for public performances by dancer, musicians and singer. He found that many towns derived their wealth and prosperity through the appropriation of surplus from villages.

(ix) Indian goods were in great demand in west Asia and South-east Asia. So the artisans and merchants earned huge profit. Q 8. Discuss the extent to which Bernier’s accounts enables historians to reconstruct contemporary rural society.

Ans. Bernier’s assessment about Indian rural society was not correct. It was far away from the truth, but it is not acceptable. There are some truth in his description which are evident from the following facts.

(i) According to his account, mughal empire was the owner of the land and distributed among its nobles. It had a disastrous impact on the society.

(ii) According to him the system of crown of ownership of land was good. It was because, the land holders could not pass on their land to their children. They did not make any long term investment on the land.

(iii) As there was no private property in land, there was not any improvement in the landlord class. This system ruin agriculture and led to opinion of peasants. Bernier’s view regarding Indian society had the following features: (a) The rich people Were in minority. (b) It had the poorest of the poor and the richest of the rich, no middle class existed there. (c) All the cities and towns were reined and had contaminated air. Q 9. Read this excerpt from Bernier:

List the crafts mentioned in the passage. Compare these with the descriptions of artisanal activity in the chapter.

Ans. :

I. Names of the crafts mentioned in this passage. In this passage the crafts such as making of muskets and following pieces and making beautiful gold ornaments are mentioned. These products were beautifully made. Bernier was amazed to see these products.

II. Comparison of crafts referred in the passage with the description of artisanal activity in the chapter. (i) In the chapter boat manufacturing and terracottan sculpture and temple architecture has been mentioned. (ii) Art of painting has been referred. (iii) Art of carpet manufacturing has been referred. (iv) Art of dance, music and calligraphy have been referred in the chapter. (v) Description about Rajal Khamos have also been mentioned. Q 10. On an outline map of the world, mark the countries visited by Ibn Battuta. What are the seas that he might have crossed?

Ans. :

Countries visited by Ibn Battuta: (i) Morocco (ii) Mecca (iii) Syria (iv) Iraq (v) Persia (vi) Yamen (vii) Oman (viii) China (ix) India (x) Maldives (xi) Sri Lanka (xii) Sumatra (Indonesia)

Name of Seas: (i) North Atlantic Ocean (ii) South Atlantic Ocean (iii) Indian Ocean (iv) Red Sea (v) Arabian Sea (vi) Bay of Bengal (vii) South China Sea (viii) East China Sea.

via Blogger https://ift.tt/3anyx58

[margdarsanme]

NCERT Class 12 History Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers Perceptions of Society

NCERT Class 12 History Solutions

Chapter 5 Through the Eyes of Travellers Perceptions of Society

NCERT TEXTBOOK QUESTIONS SOLVED : Q l. Write a note on the Kitab-ul-Hind.

Ans. Kitab-ul-Hind was written by Al-Biruni in 1031. It was considered with India and also known by the name of Tarikh-ul-Hind and Tahqiq-ma-ul-Hind. It was written in Arabic. It is divided into 80 Chapters. They have thrown a detailed light on Hindu religions and philosphy, festivals, customs and tradition, the social and economic as well as political life of the people. In each chapter he adopted a distinctive style and had a question in the beginning. It was followed by a description based on Sanskrit tradition, At last he compare the India culture with other culture. This geometric structure he followed is known for its precision and predictability. The main reason for this structure was Al-Biruni’s mathematical orientation. Q 2. Compare and contrast the perspectives from which Ibn Battuta and Bernier wrote their accounts of their travels in India.

Ans. Both have written them accounts in their different prospectives. While Ibn Battuta describe everything that impressed and excited him because of his novelty, Bernier had followed a different intellectual tradition. He wrote whatever he saw in India. Bernier wanted to pin point the weakness of the Indian society and considered the Mughal India Inferior to European society. In his description Ibn Battuta recorded his observation about new culture, people, believes and values. Q 3. Discuss the picture of urban centres that emerges from Bernier’s accout.

Ans. During the 17th century nearly 15% of population was living in town. This was average proportion of urban population of western Europe. Bernier described Mughal towns as court towns. By it he meant those towns which depended upon the imperial court for their existence and survival. These towns came into existence with the imperial court and declined with the impanel court when they moved to other places. In his travel accounts, Bernier described many big towns and cities such as Delhi, Mathura, Kashmir, Surat, Masulipatnam and Golconda. These gained importance as manufacturing centres, trading towns, and sacred towns. The merchant communities had deep influence in these cities. They remained organised due to their own caste and occupational bodies. These trading groups were known as Mahajans in western India. Their head was called Sheth. In Ahmedabad, the chief of Merchant community was known as nagarsheth. Besides the trading groups, musicians, architects, painters, lawyers, calligraphies, etc. lived in towns. Q 4. Analyse the evidence for slavery provided by Ibn Battuta.

Ans. Battuta has given a detailed description on the practice of slavery prevalent in India. Delhi Sultan-Muhammad bin Tughlaq had a large number of slaves. Most of these slaves were forcibly captured during the aggressions. Many people sold their children as a slave, because of acute poverty. Slaves were also offered as a gift during this time. Battuta when visited him, also brought many horses, camels and slaves for the Sultan to present him. Sultan Muhammad bin Tuglaq, himself had presented two hundred slaves to Nasiruddin a religious preacher.

Nobels are used to keep slave those days. Through these slaves, the Sultan used to get information about the activities of the noble and all other important events of the empire. The woman slaves served as servants in the house of the rich (nobles). These women informed the Sultan about the activities of their masters (i.e., nobles). Most of the slaves used to do domestic works and there was a lot of difference between the status of these slaves and the court slaves. Q 5. What were the elements of the practice of sati that drew the attention of Bernier?

Ans. The practice of sati according to Bernier showed the difference in the treatment of women in western and eastern society. He noticed how a child widow were forcefully burnt screaming on the funeral pyre while many of the older women were resigned their fate. The following elements drew his attention. (i) Under this cruel practices an alive widow was forcibly made to sit on the pyre of her husband. (ii) People had no sympathy for her. (iii) The widow was an unwilling victim of the sati-practice. She was forced to be a Sati. Q 6. Discuss Al-Biruni’s understanding of the caste system.

Ans. Al-Biruni’s description about caste system as he understood. Al-Biruni tried to explain the caste system by looking far parallels in other societies. He described that in ancient Persia, four social categories were recognised. (i) knight and princes. (ii) monks (iii) fire-priests and lawyers; physicians, astronomers, other scientists; (iv) Finally, peasants and artisans. He attempted to suggest that social divisions were not unique to India.

His description of the caste system in India was deeply influenced by his study of Sanskrit texts. According to these texts, the highest castes were the Brahmins as they were created from the head of the Brahmins.

The Kshatriyas were the next caste created from the shoulders and hands of the Brahmin. The Vaishyas and Shudras were created from the thighs and feet of the Brahmin respectively. Thus, he sought to understand the Indian caste system by looking for parallels in other societies. Nothing that ancient Persian society was divided into four categories he realized that social division was not unique to India.

But despite accepting the caste system he was against the notion of pollution. He believed that according to the laws of nature anything which becomes impure ultimately becomes pure again, e.g. the sun clears the air. The concept of social pollution is the bedrock of the caste system. Thus, the caste system was according to him contrary to the laws of nature. He failed to realize that the caste system was not as rigid as portrayed in the Sanskrit texts. Q 7. Do you think Ibn Battuta’s account is useful in arriving at an understanding of life in contemporary urban centres? Give reasons for your answer.

Ans. Battuta’s observation about the cities of India.

(i) According to him, Indian cities had many exciting opportunities and are useful for those who had the necessary drive, skill and resources.

(ii) The Indian cities were prosperous and densely populated.

(iii) These cities had colourful market trading in different kinds of goods.

(iv) Delhi was the largest city of India and had a lot of population. Daultabad was an another important city of India which challenged Delhi in size.

(v) The cities were not only the centre of economic transactions but also the centres of ! social and cultural activities.

(vii) Most of the bazars in the cities had temple and mosques.

(viii) Cities also had fixed places for public performances by dancer, musicians and singer. He found that many towns derived their wealth and prosperity through the appropriation of surplus from villages.

(ix) Indian goods were in great demand in west Asia and South-east Asia. So the artisans and merchants earned huge profit. Q 8. Discuss the extent to which Bernier’s accounts enables historians to reconstruct contemporary rural society.

Ans. Bernier’s assessment about Indian rural society was not correct. It was far away from the truth, but it is not acceptable. There are some truth in his description which are evident from the following facts.

(i) According to his account, mughal empire was the owner of the land and distributed among its nobles. It had a disastrous impact on the society.

(ii) According to him the system of crown of ownership of land was good. It was because, the land holders could not pass on their land to their children. They did not make any long term investment on the land.

(iii) As there was no private property in land, there was not any improvement in the landlord class. This system ruin agriculture and led to opinion of peasants. Bernier’s view regarding Indian society had the following features: (a) The rich people Were in minority. (b) It had the poorest of the poor and the richest of the rich, no middle class existed there. (c) All the cities and towns were reined and had contaminated air. Q 9. Read this excerpt from Bernier:

List the crafts mentioned in the passage. Compare these with the descriptions of artisanal activity in the chapter.

Ans. :

I. Names of the crafts mentioned in this passage. In this passage the crafts such as making of muskets and following pieces and making beautiful gold ornaments are mentioned. These products were beautifully made. Bernier was amazed to see these products.

II. Comparison of crafts referred in the passage with the description of artisanal activity in the chapter. (i) In the chapter boat manufacturing and terracottan sculpture and temple architecture has been mentioned. (ii) Art of painting has been referred. (iii) Art of carpet manufacturing has been referred. (iv) Art of dance, music and calligraphy have been referred in the chapter. (v) Description about Rajal Khamos have also been mentioned. Q 10. On an outline map of the world, mark the countries visited by Ibn Battuta. What are the seas that he might have crossed?

Ans. :

Countries visited by Ibn Battuta: (i) Morocco (ii) Mecca (iii) Syria (iv) Iraq (v) Persia (vi) Yamen (vii) Oman (viii) China (ix) India (x) Maldives (xi) Sri Lanka (xii) Sumatra (Indonesia)

Name of Seas: (i) North Atlantic Ocean (ii) South Atlantic Ocean (iii) Indian Ocean (iv) Red Sea (v) Arabian Sea (vi) Bay of Bengal (vii) South China Sea (viii) East China Sea.

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