#intel 4004

[retrocompmx]

Un día como hoy (15 de noviembre) en la computación

El 15 de noviembre de 1971 Intel lanza un anuncio en la revista Electronic News, sobre el primer microprocesador de un chip en el mundo, el 4040.Usaba 2250 transistores, que manejaban datos en 4 bits y realizaba 60 mil operaciones por segundo. Fue diseñador por un equipo de 4 personas de Intel: Federico Faggin, Ted Hoff, Stan Mazor y Masatoshi Shima, pensado originalmente para Busicom, fabricante japonés de calculadoras #retrocomputingmx #Intel4004

[astralcody]

Yeah it took an embarassing amount of processing for my brain

Forgetful

[toskarin]

The specific wording of the kazu'uchi having CPUs in a setting largely without computers always struck me as weird until I found out about the F-14's CADC being arguably the first CPU, as it started being used a few years before the Intel 4004 made it to market

yeah muramasa being a story that's kind of about the development of fighter jets (albeit taken with the same liberties and aesthetics as a story about samurai) is a charming part of it

[frank-olivier]

Federico Faggin: Bridging Microprocessor Innovation and Quantum Consciousness

Federico Faggin, an Italian-American physicist, engineer, inventor, and entrepreneur, demonstrated an early interest in technology, which led him to earn a degree in physics. Faggin began his career at SGS-Fairchild in Italy, where he developed the first MOS metal-gate process technology. In 1968, he moved to the United States to work at Fairchild Semiconductor, where he created the MOS silicon gate technology. In 1970, Faggin joined Intel, where he led the development of the Intel 4004. He also contributed to the development of the Intel 8008 and 8080 microprocessors. In 1974, he co-founded Zilog, where he developed the Z80 microprocessor. Faggin later became involved in other ventures, including Synaptics, where he worked on touchpad technology. Faggin's deepening interest in consciousness began during his work with artificial neural networks at Synaptics. This interest led him to explore whether it is possible to create a conscious computer, ultimately steering him towards philosophical inquiries about the nature of consciousness and reality. In 2011, Faggin founded the Federico and Elvia Faggin Foundation to support research into consciousness. Faggin has developed a theory of consciousness that proposes that consciousness is a quantum phenomenon, distinct and unique to each individual. His theory is influenced by two quantum physics theorems: the no-cloning theorem, which states that a pure quantum state cannot be duplicated, and Holevo's theorem, which limits the measurable information from a quantum state to one classical bit per qubit. According to Faggin, consciousness is akin to a pure quantum state—private and only minimally knowable from the outside. Faggin's perspective suggests that consciousness is not tied to the physical body, allowing for the possibility of its existence beyond physical death. He views the body as being controlled by consciousness in a "top-down" manner. This theory aligns with an idealist model of reality, where consciousness is seen as the fundamental level, and the classical physical world is merely a set of symbols representing a deeper reality. His transition reflects a broader quest to reconcile technological advancements with the philosophical and spiritual dimensions of human existence.

Frederico Faggin: We are Conscious Quantum Fields, Beyond Space and Time (Dr. Bernard Beitman, Connecting with Coincidence, September 2024)

Monday, September 16, 2024

[girderednerve]

audiobooks are my friend. not you libby i hate you

i started listening to an audiobook of 'chip war' by chris miller (sorry for reading a book off of the obama list) & it's very interesting, although my understanding is definitely limited by the fact that i was listening to it while driving to work in the snow. anyway there's a lot i didn't know about chips & so on; this book is not going to answer some of my most pressing questions (where do they get those big silicon wafers & do people get silicosis making them) & is generally less interested in labor than in corporate history.

i did not understand how much of the computer industry just came from missile targeting. like, the transistor came out of bell labs & the patent was owned by at&t, i knew that, but every other major improvement was driven by the need to have better-targeted bombs. aerial bombardment, military efficacy, & the idea of precision are always on my mind in general but it's like. i don't know. bizarre & upsetting to realize how structurally significant these preoccupations are. there's a part of me which is like, a key function of the modern space program is to say 'look at all the cool technology we did for space, definitely don't think about anything else one might do with a rocket,' which i realize is nonsense on some level, & yet.

intel's 4004 'computer on a chip' from 1971, designed for a calculator, was not the first programmable chip: that was in the F14! how do we feel about that one because i am feeling, honestly, pretty bad. texas instruments, a company which i primarily associate with my horrendous graphing calculator from high school algebra, actually got by on military contracts & designed the first laser-guided bomb. sweet! i hate it! i know this isn't news but it's news to me; everyone on here just points out that the internet started as a military endeavor, not that the physical objects that make the internet were (& are) too.

the book also leans into that 'the age of industry has passed; now is the age of data' trope which i hate, because it makes no sense to me. how exactly is one meant to have the incredible data machines which are going to run everything & be immeasurably important if one does not have industry? we're talking about incredibly complex, precise manufacturing processes, using highly refined & specific materials, which still must be gotten out of the ground by someone & transported by someone & rely on machines made by yet other someones. there is no realm of ideas separate from the real physical world we live in.

anyway i'm not very far into the book yet but i am documenting the experience. probably i should've just listened to malcolm harris' palo alto instead, that probably would bother me less, but i am very interested in the particulars of supply chains & how they are established, so.

[thebugaftermayakovsky]

TIMELINE HELSINKI

1905 - first Russian revolution, Freud's theory of sexuality, Potemkin incident

1912 - Stanislawski's acting method is created.

1914- assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, beginning of World War I.

1915- Franz Kafka, The Metamorphosis

1916- Zurich, Cabaret Voltaire

1917 - Bolshevik Revolution

1918 - Assassination of the Tsar and the Romanov family

1922 - March on Rome and coming to power of Mussolini

1929 - Mayakovsky's bug. Prisypkin is frozen as a result of a fire during his wedding.

1930 - Mayakovsky's suicide.

1931- Second Spanish Republic

1932-33- Great famine in Ukraine, Holodomor (famine). Between 3 and 5 million people died.

1933- Hitler comes to power in Germany.

1936- Spanish Civil War. Murder of García Lorca.

1938 - Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass). First awareness of climate change: Guy Callendar connected carbon dioxide increases in Earth's atmosphere to global warming.

1939 - Invasion of Poland and beginning of World War II.

1940 - Torutra and execution of Vsevolod Meyerhold.

1945 - The US drops two nuclear bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan.

1947 - For the first time, insects are launched into space: In 1947, the United States sends fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) into space aboard a V2 rocket. They were the first animals in space and were part of a series of experiments to study the effects of cosmic rays on living organisms.

1947 - beginning of the Cold War (Mar 12, 1947 – Dec 25, 1991) tensions between United States and Soviet Union, that fed into the Vietnam War and the Korean War.

1948 - Nakba, and creation of the state of Israel.

1950 - Invention of Artificial Intelligence

1952 - 6 February, Queen Elizabeth is crowned, she will be queen until her death in 1922, being the longest reigning monarch ever.

1955 - First documenta in Kassel.

1955 - First Israeli raid on Gaza.

1959 - First color TV broadcast

1960 - The contraceptive pill for women is marketed. The Beatles forms as a band in Liverpool.

1961 - First man launched into space: Yuri Gagarin

1964 - US Congress passesThe Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibiting discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

1966 - Earth is photographed from space

1968 - Tlatelolco Tragedy, May 68 in France. Murder of Martin Luther King

1969 - Riots at the Stone Wall, marking the beginning of gay rights struggle

1971 - Commercialization of the first Intel 4004 microchip. Abandonment of the gold standard by Richard Nixon.

1972 - Since 1972, no more humans have travelled beyond low Earth orbit, since the Apollo 17 lunar mission in December 1972.

1973 - Coup in Chile, death of Salvador Allende. Yom Kippur War - The Yom Kippur War, also known as the Ramadan War, the October War, the 1973 Arab–Israeli War, or the Fourth Arab–Israeli War, was an armed conflict fought from 6 to 25 October 1973, between Israel and a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria.

1975 - Thrilla in Manilla, Muhammad Ali faces Joe Frazier.

1978 - The Russian-Afghan war begins. It will end in 1992.

1979 - Prisypkin wakes up. The Clockwise Experiment: This concept was first developed and tested in 1979 in Ellen Langer's "counterclockwise" study, which examined the psychological effects of turning back the clock on the physiological state of an older adult. The research question was, "If we set the mind back twenty years, will the body reflect this change?"

1980 - Vigdís Finnbogadóttir is elected president of Iceland becoming the first female president.

1981- AIDS crisis.

1983 - January first, Internet was invented

1989- Fall of the Berlin Wall. Tiananmen Square, protests and massacre. Francis Fukuyama publishes "The End of History". Creation of the World Wide Web.

1990 - Nelson Mandela is released from prison.

1991 - Invention of the world wide web (Tim Berners-Lee integrated hypertext software with the Internet)

1992 - Maastricht Treaty

1993 - April 30, The World Wide Web became available to the broader public

1996 - Death of Tupac Shakur

1997 - Death of Princess Diana of Wales. Launching of SixDegrees, considered the first social media. Asian Financial Crisis begins in Thailand and spreads quickly to the rest of East and Southeast Asia. The United Nations adopts the Kyoto protocol, and this is considered the climax of Green Capitalism or EcoCapitalism, an approach to managing the relationships between economic activities and the environment that presumes a large degree of compatibility between capitalism and current efforts to reduce human impacts on the non-human world. Harry Potter and The Philosopher's Stone is published.

1999 - Putin comes to power in Russia.

2000 - Y2K. Y2K was a computer glitch, or bug, that may have caused problems when dealing with dates after December 31, 1999.

2001 - 9/11, Terrorist attack, two planes crash against the Twin Towers in NY, which collapse. Beginning of the "US war on terror".

2003- Beyoncé releases "Dangerously in Love". Beyoncé is 21 and already dating Jay Z.

2007 - #metoo

2008 - War in Georgia. Bankrupcy of Lehman Brothers, climax of the subprime mortgage crisis

2009 - Ru Paul's drag race. Michael Jackson dies.

2011 - Arab Spring. Occupy movement. 11M. Beginning of the Civil Syrian War.

2014 - Russia invades Donbas and annexes Crimea. Beginning of the Russian-Ukranian War.

2016 - Murder of eco-activist Berta Cáceres.

2017 - Hollywood's #metoo

2018 - First Fridays for Climate Greta Thumberg strikes.

2020 - COVID. Murder of George Floyd. BREXIT, or withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union.

2021, January 6, United States Capitol attack

2022 - Rihanna's son is born. Russia invades Ukraine and war begins. Decriminalization of sex work in Belgium. The first person who does not die is born. Jan Fabre is found guilty of sexual harassment. Spanish government approves trans law recognizing free gender self-determination. Russia invades Ukraine in an escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War. On 16 September 2022, murder of Mahsa Amini and beginning of the movement Woman, Life, Freedom. Woman, Life, Freedom, is a popular Kurdish slogan used in both the Kurdish independence and democratic confederalist movements. The slogan became a rallying cry during the protests which occurred in Iran as a response to the death of Mahsa Amini.

2023 - Following an incursion of Hamas into Israel, Israel launches Gaza Genocide and escalates ethnic cleansing in Palestine.

NOW

2030 - The increase in global temperature is irreversible.

2031 - Third Spanish Republic

2032 - There is one person alive left on facebook

2039- Crypto Crash

2050 - Ecological Collapse

Somewhere soon:

- rising inequality

- massive emigration - climate change reffugees

- war and violence

- decentralized government - municipalism

- radical different ways of living and being together

- forced changes in consuming habits

- life without work - automatisation buses will drive themselves and cars too and planes and robots will serve domestic robots and sexual work too

- UBI

- everyone will be an artist, finally

- new pandemics

- no more consumption of meat and fish

- population will move to rural eras

- rising digital inequality

Somewhere later:

- end of the nuclear family and instead, sex with friends

- end of heteronormativity

- porn is preferred to real intercourse

- no children and gradual extinction of mankind, finally - postchildren

3,050 - Days lengthen by 1/30th of a second

10,000 - Extinction of humanity. The water level rises by 5 m in relation to the present.

[hydralisk98]

Short sum for newbie system designer processor steps

Here are a few beginner projects for learning the ropes of customized computation architecture design:

Pana, a '4-4-4' instruction processor derived from Intersil 6100 & GaryExplains' but for 4-bit data. Uses the sixteen (16) RISC instructions shown by GaryExplains and only four (4) of its registers (ACC, PC, LN & MQ) as per of the Intersil 6100 specification. Doing as much work onto nibbles like an MVP Intel 4004 can, great as a BCD & Nibble data converter for later designs.

Tina, a barely expanded '4-4-8' processor derived from the "Pana" design, it uses more registers by adding twelve general-use registers (A-F, U-Z letters) and operate onto a single byte of data at a time. Great for two nibbles operations, byte-wise interoperability and 8-bit word compatibility with all sorts of modern processors from the seventies-onwards.

Milan, a '6-2-24' strong hybrid 8-bit / 12-bit processor derived from the "Tina" design, operating onto three bytes or two tribbles of data at once depending of use-case, while fitting in exactly 32-bit per instruction. Aimed at computing three 8-bit units, enabling 16-bit & 24-bit compatibility as well as up to two tribble operands. A great MVP implementation step towards my next own tribble computing architecture and a competitor to the Jack educational computer as shown in the NAND2Tetris courseware book.

When I am done with such, I will be onto three tribble-oriented architectures for lower-end, middle-end and upper-end "markets". Zara being lower-end (6-bit opcode, 6-bit register & 36-bit data = 48-bit instructions), Zorua being mid-end (8-bit opcode, 8-bit register and 48-bit data = 64-bit instructions) and Zoroark being upper-end (12-bit opcode, 36-bit register and 96/144-bit data (so either eight or twelve tribble operands worth of data) = 144/192-bit instructions, aiming to emulate close enough to an open-source IBM's PowerISA clone with VLIW & hot-swap computer architecture).

By the way, I haven't forgotten about the 16^12 Utalics game consoles and overall tech market overview + history specifications, nor have I forgotten about studying + importing + tinkering around things like Microdot & Gentoo & Tilck. I simply need to keep a reminder to myself for what to do first when I shall start with the computation engineering process. Hopefully that might be interesting for you to consider as well... Farewell!

EDIT #1

Tweaked and added some additional text & considering studying various aspects of Linux and overall copyleft / open source culture engineering scene, especially over Gentoo alternative kernels & hobby / homebrew standalone operating systems (GNU Hurd, OpenIndiana, Haiku... as well as niche ones like ZealOS, Parade, SerenityOS...) as to design a couple computation ecosystems (most derived from my constructed world which takes many hints from our real-life history) and choosing one among them to focus my implementation efforts onto as the "Nucleus" hybrid modular exo-kernel + my very own package modules collection. (Still aiming to be somewhat compatible with existing software following Unix philosophy principles too as to ease the developer learning cost in initial infrastructure compatibility & overall modularized complexity; Might also use some manifestation tips & games to enrich it with imports from said constructed world if possible)

[t-annhauser]

1971

Correva l'hanno 1971, il programmatore americano Roy Tomilson inventa l'email, in Svizzera un referendum popolare approva la concessione del diritto di voto alle donne. Il Vietnam del Sud, appoggiato dall'aviazione e dall'artiglieria americana, invade il Laos. A Milano membri della destra, della DC, del PRI, del PSDI e del PLI riuniti sotto il nome di "Comitato della buona borghesia moderata" manifestano contro la maggioranza silenziosa comunista. Paese Sera rende noto il tentativo di golpe di Junio Valerio Borghese, Borghese fugge in Spagna. Il Principato di Monaco vince l'Eurovision Song Contest. L'equipaggio della Sojuz 11 muore a causa di una fuga d'aria causata da una valvola difettosa. Il 3 luglio, a Parigi, Jim Morrison viene trovato morto nella vasca da bagno della sua abitazione. Al Madison Square Garden di New York si tiene il Concert for Bangladesh organizzato da George Harrison e da Ravi Shankar, partecipano fra gli altri Bob Dylan, Ringo Starr ed Eric Clapton. Nasce l'IVA che sostituisce l'IGE. I Pink Floyd registrano il documentario/concerto Live at Pompeii. Esce Imagine di John Lennon. Viene pubblicato il manuale di UNIX. Intel realizza Intel 4004, primo microprocessore commerciale. Giovanni Leone viene eletto 6° presidente della Repubblica Italiana al 23° scrutinio.

Quindici pezzi usciti nel 1971, da Image a Baba O'Riley, da Led Zeppelin IV a Brown Sugar, l'ultimo dei Doors, Life on Mars?, Bill Withers (Ain't No Sunshine) e il postumo di Jimi Handrix...

[krjpalmer]

BYTE December 1996

Twenty-five years after Intel’s 4004 microprocessor was introduced, this issue examined how far those chips had come with an eye to how they were in more things than just “computers” (although Apple II, Atari, and Commodore diehards might point out the historical retrospective didn’t mention the MOS 6502).

[ctechstudy]

What are the characteristics of different generations of computer?

Generations of Computers

First generation: vacuum tubes (1940–1956)

The earliest computers used gigantic, room-sized vacuum tubes as their main memory and magnetic drums as their circuitry. The original computers were highly expensive to run and consumed a lot of power in addition to producing a lot of heat, which frequently led to problems. A maximum of 20,000 characters may fit within the device.

First-generation computers were limited to solving a single issue at a time and depended on machine language, the most basic programming language that computers could understand. Operators would need days or perhaps weeks to build up a new issue. Printouts were used for output displays, and input was dependent on punched cards and paper tape.

The Von Neumann architecture, which shows the design architecture of an electrical digital computer, was first established during this generation. J. Presper Eckert created the UNIVAC and ENIAC computers, which later served as examples of first-generation computer technology. The United States Census Bureau received the UNIVAC, the first commercial computer, in 1951.

Second Generation: Transistors (1956–1963)

Transistors would take the role of vacuum tubes in the second generation of computers, changing the world. The transistor was created in 1947 at Bell Labs, but it wasn't used often in computers until the late 1950s. Hardware innovations, including magnetic core memory, magnetic tape, and the magnetic disc, were also included in this generation of computers.

Since the transistor outperformed the vacuum tube, computers of the second generation are now smaller, quicker, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more dependable. The transistor was a tremendous advance over the vacuum tube, even though it still produced a lot of heat that may harm the computer. For input and output, a second-generation computer still used punched cards.

When Did Assembly Languages First Appear on Computers?

Symbolic, or assembly, languages were introduced to second-generation computers in place of the obscure binary language, enabling programmers to define instructions in words. High-level programming languages, such as the earliest iterations of COBOL and FORTRAN, were also being created around this time. These were also the first computers that used a magnetic core rather than a magnetic drum to store instructions in memory.

The atomic energy sector was the target market for the first computers of this generation.

Third generation: integrated circuits (1964–1971)

The third generation of computers was distinguished by the advancement of the integrated circuit. Computer speed and efficiency significantly increased once transistors were shrunk and installed on silicon chips or semiconductors.

Users would interact with a third-generation computer through keyboards, displays, and interfaces with an operating system instead of punched cards and printouts. This allowed the device to execute several programs at once with central software that supervised the memory. Because they were more compact and affordable than their forerunners, computers were made available to the general public for the first time.

Have You Ever heard..? Small electronic components known as integrated circuit (IC) chips are constructed using semiconductor material.

In the 1950s, Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor created the first integrated circuit.

Fourth generation: microprocessors (1971–present)

The fourth generation of computers was introduced with the microprocessor, which allowed thousands of integrated circuits to be packed onto a single silicon chip. The original generation's technology, which once filled a whole room, can now fit in the palm of your hand. Input/output controls, memory, the central processor unit, and other components were all combined into a single chip in the 1971-developed Intel 4004 chip.

IBM released its first personal computer for home use in 1981, while Apple released the Macintosh in 1984. As more and more commonplace goods started to employ the microprocessor chip, microprocessors also left the domain of desktop computers and entered numerous spheres of existence.

As these tiny computers gained strength, they could be connected to one another to create networks, which eventually resulted in the creation of the Internet. Each fourth-generation computer also saw the introduction of the mouse, portable devices, and graphical user interfaces (GUIs).

The fourth generation of computers was introduced with the microprocessor, which allowed thousands of integrated circuits to be packed onto a single silicon chip. The original generation's technology, which once filled a whole room, can now fit in the palm of your hand. Input/output controls, memory, the central processor unit, and other components were all combined into a single chip in the 1971-developed Intel 4004 chip.

Fifth Generation Computers

AI is the enabling technology for the fifth generation of computers. It enables machines to behave just like people. It is frequently used in speech recognition, medical, and entertainment systems. It has also demonstrated impressive success in the area of gaming, where computers are capable of defeating human opponents.

The fifth generation of computers has the greatest speed, the smallest size, and a much larger usage area. Although complete AI has not yet been attained, it is frequently predicted that this dream will likewise come true very soon, given current progress.

When comparing the characteristics of different computer generations, it is sometimes claimed that while there has been a significant advancement in terms of operating speed and accuracy, the dimensions have decreased with time. Additionally, value is declining while reliability is really rising.

The main characteristics of fifth-generation computers are:

Main electrical part

Utilizes parallel process and Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technologies based on artificial intelligence (ULSI has millions of transistors on a single microchip)

Language

Recognize simple language (human language).

Size

Portable and small in size.

Input / output device

Keypad, display, mouse, trackpad (or touchpad), touchscreen, pen, voice input (recognize voice/speech), laser scanner, etc.

Example of the fifth generation

Desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, etc.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 11.15 (after 1970)

1971 – Intel releases the world's first commercial single-chip microprocessor, the 4004. 1976 – René Lévesque and the Parti Québécois take power to become the first Quebec government of the 20th century clearly in favor of independence. 1978 – A chartered Douglas DC-8 crashes near Colombo, Sri Lanka, killing 183. 1979 – A package from Unabomber Ted Kaczynski begins smoking in the cargo hold of a flight from Chicago to Washington, D.C., forcing the plane to make an emergency landing. 1983 – Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus declares independence; it is only recognized by Turkey. 1985 – A research assistant is injured when a package from the Unabomber addressed to a University of Michigan professor explodes. 1985 – The Anglo-Irish Agreement is signed at Hillsborough Castle by British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and Irish Taoiseach Garret FitzGerald. 1987 – In Brașov, Romania, workers rebel against the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu. 1987 – Continental Airlines Flight 1713 crashes during takeoff from Stapleton International Airport in Denver, Colorado, killing 25. 1988 – In the Soviet Union, the uncrewed Shuttle Buran makes its only space flight. 1988 – Israeli–Palestinian conflict: An independent State of Palestine is proclaimed by the Palestinian National Council. 1988 – The first Fairtrade label, Max Havelaar, is launched in the Netherlands. 1990 – The Communist People's Republic of Bulgaria is disestablished and a new republican government is instituted. 1990 – Space Shuttle Atlantis is launched on STS-38, a classified mission for the Department of Defense. 1994 – A magnitude 7.1 earthquake hits the central Philippine island of Mindoro, killing 78 people, injuring 430 and triggering a tsunami up to 8.5 m (28 ft) high. 2000 – A chartered Antonov An-24 crashes after takeoff from Luanda, Angola, killing more than 40 people. 2000 – Jharkhand officially becomes the 28th state of India, formed from eighteen districts of southern Bihar. 2001 – Microsoft launches the Xbox game console. 2002 – Hu Jintao becomes General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and a new nine-member Politburo Standing Committee is inaugurated. 2003 – The first day of the 2003 Istanbul bombings, in which two car bombs, targeting two synagogues, explode, kill 25 people and wound 300 more. 2006 – Al Jazeera English launches worldwide. 2007 – Cyclone Sidr hits Bangladesh, killing an estimated 5,000 people and destroying parts of the world's largest mangrove forest, the Sundarbans. 2012 – Xi Jinping becomes General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party and a new seven-member Politburo Standing Committee is inaugurated. 2013 – Sony releases the PlayStation 4 (PS4) game console. 2016 – Hong Kong's High Court bans elected politicians Yau Wai-ching and Baggio Leung from the city's Parliament. 2017 – A flood a few miles outside of Athens results in the death of 25 people. 2020 – Lewis Hamilton wins the Turkish Grand Prix and secures his seventh drivers' title, equalling the all-time record held by Michael Schumacher. 2022 – The world population reached eight billion.

[loopokaki]

翻訳使っても読むのに時間が掛かりそう…。一応、4004で動かすのは不可能なのでMIPS R3000(PS1で有名なやつ)上で4004をエミュレートしてるらしいけど。

[govindhtech]

AMD EPYC 4584PX, 4484PX With 3D V-Cache & AM5 Support

AMD EPYC 4584PX and 4484PX processors, using 3D V-Cache Stacking to Double L3 Cache to 128 MB

AMD EPYC 4004 Series Processors

Data centers, supercomputers, hyperscalers, and large companies require performance and scalability. However, the AMD EPYC 4004 Series Processors target small businesses and dedicated hosting providers seeking economical entry-level server workload solutions.

These processors provide the speed, scalability, and reliability users expect from AMD EPYC while having low core counts, Thermal Design Power (TDP) as low as 65 watts, and affordable prices. This blog discusses workloads in this market segment and AMD EPYC 4004 processors’ performance benefits.

With boost rates up to 5.7 GHz, configurations ranging from 4 to 16 “Zen 4” cores over up to 2 Core Complex Dies (CCDs), and from 8 to 32 threads with Simultaneous Multi-Threading (SMT) enabled, AMD EPYC 4004 Series Processors are a reliable option. Every AMD EPYC 4004 processor includes Gen 3 Infinity Fabric architecture, which supports up to 32 Gbps of die-to-die bandwidth, up to 192GB of DDR5-5200 RAM with ECC enabled, and up to 28 PCIe Gen 5 lanes from the processor, with additional lanes available based on system vendor design specifications.

AMD EPYC 4584PX

Technical Details

Each CCD offers up to 32 MB of shared L3 cache, for a total of up to 64 MB per processor. Packages including all of these are offered at low Thermal Design Power (TDP) levels of 65 to 170 watts.

The tried-and-true AM5 socket is used by all AMD EPYC 4004 variants, providing flexible deployment choices for a range of computing requirements. AMD 3D V-Cache die stacking technology is used by the 12-core AMD EPYC 4484PX and the 16-core AMD EPYC 4584PX, doubling the maximum L3 cache to 128 MB per unit.

Only to the degree that a feature improves efficiency and performance is it beneficial. Small companies and hosting providers need strong systems that can handle demanding workloads while keeping acquisition and running costs under control. In addition to the simplified memory and I/O capabilities that discussed earlier, servers with high-performance AMD EPYC 4004 CPUs provide attractive cost-to-performance ratios across critical customer applications.

By comparing the performance and possible cost savings of 16-core 4th Gen AMD EPYC 4004 processors to those of the competition, let’s take a deeper look at the outstanding performance and value these processors provide to the market.

Utilization Examples

Broadly speaking, the AMD EPYC 4004 CPU is versatile, performant, and economical for a variety of computing workloads, from compute-intensive jobs to common business applications. Among the instances are:

General computing: Workloads including web serving, DNS administration, file sharing, printing, email hosting, messaging, CRM, and enterprise resource planning (ERP) are well handled by AMD EPYC 4004 CPUs.

Web serving and e-commerce: Applications requiring scalability and dependability, such as web serving, are especially well-suited for AMD EPYC 4004 CPUs.

Applications requiring a lot of computation: AMD EPYC 4004 processors with 16 cores and 32 SMT threads speed up compilation and can handle demanding applications.

Gaming: Even the most demanding games run very well because to the powerful “Zen4” CPUs.

Processor Price

Performance and price must be balanced by small and medium-sized enterprises, especially when choosing processors for server construction. In this context, processor costs are an important factor to take into account. Here, it will use the following to demonstrate how much more affordable AMD EPYC 4004 CPUs are than those of their rivals.

AMD EPYC 4584PX 16-core: $699, or around $43.69 per core

Intel Xeon E-2388G 8-core processor: $606 (about $75.75) per core

Intel Xeon E-2488 8-core processor: $606 (about $75.75) per core

Put otherwise, the cost of an AMD EPYC 4584PX CPU core is just around 58% that of an Intel Xeon core. These costs highlight the comparative pricing and leading performance capabilities of AMD EPYC 4004 processors, which makes them an appealing choice for small and medium-sized enterprises trying to maximize their server infrastructure expenditures.

Fundamental Leadership in Workload

Comparing a single-socket 8-core Intel Xeon E-2488 system to a single-socket 16-core AMD EPYC 4584PX system, illustrates the ~1.73x SPECrate 2017_int_rate_base performance uplift achieved by the latter. A performance gain of around 1.50x is also achieved using the identical AMD EPYC 4584PX and Intel Xeon E-2488 CPU.

Advantage of Power Efficiency

Small- to medium-sized businesses and huge data centers struggle with energy costs. The SPECpower_ssj 2008 benchmark standardizes energy efficiency evaluation of volume server-class computers.

The power efficiency of 4th-generation AMD EPYC 4004 CPUs leads SPECpower_ssj 2008. A 16-core AMD EPYC 4584PX system with ~1.81x more energy efficiency than an Intel system. Once again, the AMD EPYC 4004 CPU offers a noteworthy increase in performance per CPU dollar of around 1.57 times.

Java Server Side

The SPECjbb 2015 benchmark simulates a business IT environment that manages online activities, data mining jobs, and point-of-sale transactions in order to assess server-side Java programs. This benchmark is significant to JVM suppliers, hardware manufacturers, Java developers, researchers, and academics because of how widely used Java is. Max-jOPS, which measures maximum throughput without stringent response time restrictions, and critical-jOPS, which measures maximum throughput with reaction time limits, are the performance metrics used by SPECjbb 2015.

A single-socket 16-core AMD EPYC 4584PX system achieves ~2.59x the performance of the same Intel processor on the SPECjbb 2015 composite critical jOPS metric at a performance/CPU dollar result of up to ~2.24x, and ~2.02x the performance of a single-socket 8-core Intel Xeon E-2388G system on the SPECjbb 2015 composite max jOPS metric.

Processing Transactions for Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises

Online transaction processing (OLTP) benchmark TPC Benchmark C describes a set of functional criteria that are common to all transaction processing systems, independent of operating system or hardware. The TPROC-C workload was developed and generated using the HammerDB benchmark tool.Image Credit To AMD

Because the results of this open-source workload do not adhere to the TPC-C Benchmark Standard, they cannot be compared to published TPC-C results. Instead, they are generated from the TPC-C Benchmark Standard. On the other hand, HammerDB TPROC-C is a useful tool for quickly evaluating the performance of database systems, contrasting databases, and system optimization.

A 16-core AMD EPYC 4584PX single-socket system is shown in Figure, delivering about 1.50x MySQL TPROC-C TPM performance and approximately 1.30x performance/CPU dollar compared to the identical Intel processor.

Processing of Media

Image Credit To AMD

The increased demand for high-quality video material has made media processing an increasingly typical edge activity. A flexible multimedia framework, FFmpeg may be used to encode, decode, transcode, stream, filter, and play back video files in a variety of historical and contemporary formats and standards. In comparison to the same Intel system, a single-socket, 16-core AMD EPYC 4584PX system can achieve average FFmpeg encode speed-ups of ~2.13x (8 jobs @ 2 threads per job), ~2.25x (4 jobs @ 4 threads per job), and ~2.45x (2 threads @ 8 cores per job) at a processor cost that is only about 15% higher.

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Linux boots in 4,76 days on Intel 4004

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Linux arranca en 4,76 días en el Intel 4004 ... https://ujjina.com/linux-arranca-en-476-dias-en-el-intel-4004/?feed_id=773477&_unique_id=66f249bbb0cd9