#hypomagnesemia

[xseffort45]

Here's a list of common signs and symptoms associated with the deficiency of each electrolyte:

Low Sodium (Hyponatremia):

Headache

Nausea and vomiting

Fatigue and weakness

Confusion or altered mental state

Seizures

Muscle cramps or spasms

Swollen hands and feet (edema)

Low blood pressure

Rapid heart rate

Low Potassium (Hypokalemia):

Muscle weakness or cramps

Fatigue

Constipation

Irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia)

Tingling or numbness

Weakness or paralysis (in severe cases)

Increased thirst

Abdominal cramping or bloating

Low blood pressure

Low Calcium (Hypocalcemia):

Muscle cramps or spasms

Numbness or tingling in hands, feet, or face

Weak or brittle nails

Tooth decay

Osteoporosis (bone loss)

Tetany (muscle twitching or spasms)

Confusion or memory problems

Depression or irritability

Abnormal heart rhythms

Low Magnesium (Hypomagnesemia):

Muscle cramps or twitches

Tremors or shaking

Muscle weakness

Fatigue

Irregular heartbeat

Nausea and vomiting

Loss of appetite

Personality changes

Seizures (in severe cases)

Low Chloride (Hypochloremia):

Muscle weakness

Excessive sweating

Irregular heart rhythms

Dehydration

Confusion or changes in mental status

Nausea and vomiting

Diarrhea

Hyperventilation (rapid breathing)

Low Bicarbonate (Hypobicarbonatemia):

Deep and rapid breathing

Confusion or disorientation

Weakness or fatigue

Dizziness or lightheadedness

Nausea and vomiting

Headache

Coma (in severe cases)

Low Phosphate (Hypophosphatemia):

Muscle weakness

Fatigue

Bone pain or tenderness

Difficulty breathing

Loss of appetite

Irritability

Confusion or altered mental status

Abnormal heart rhythms

Signs and symptoms of low electrolytes can vary depending on which specific electrolyte is deficient. If you suspect an electrolyte imbalance, it's essential to seek medical evaluation and diagnosis to determine the underlying cause and receive appropriate treatment.

[mcatmemoranda]

Long term use of high dose PPI can lead to bone fractures, hypomagnesemia, impaired nutrient absorption.

[caffeinatedopossum]

So guess who maybe has a severe magnesium deficiency 💀 I honestly would go to the doctor and maybe even the ER about this asap because if this is what I think it is, this is like. Life threatening?

But I also don't trust my thoughts on this because I'm literally a hypochondriac. But uhh here's my reasoning as to why I think that I guess? (I'll put this under a readmore since it's mostly just for me to reassure myself that I'm not over reacting lol)

Okay so some risk factors for developing hypomagnesemia include:

• taking a proton pump inhibitor, like omeprazole, which I do. Long term use has been shown to decrease the ability of your body to absorb it (I think? It decreases magnesium though)

• taking antidiuretics- my sleeping pill that I take every night is a diuretic

• vitamin D deficiency. I'm nocturnal AND agoraphobic, need I say more?

• not getting enough magnesium in your diet. I just don't

Some of the symptoms include:

- muscle spasms, ranging from mild to severe

- parasethesias (abnormal sensations on your skin, like tingling, prickling, and numbness)

- heart palpitations

- tremors

- migraines

- and seizures

:') guess how many of those I have on a regular basis? That's right, ALL OF THEM. Oh yeah, and of course this can cause literally DEATH.

teehee I'm so normal and definitely fine and this is 100% just my anxiety because I cannot see a doctor right now so I'm manifesting that this isn't real (in denial)

[teachingrounds]

Classic features of PSEUDOhypoparathyroidism include

- hypocalcemia +/- hypomagnesemia - hyperphosphatemia - INCREASED serum PTH

There are multiple genetic causes with different inheritance patterns.

Image of Trousseau's hand sign of hypocalcemia after a blood pressure cuff is applied to the upper arm courtesy Store Norske Leksikon.

[greatnaturally]

Best way to get electrolytes | Electrolyte Natural | Hydration supplement

Boost the vigor by guzzling our electrolytes!

As you know, Electrolytes have positive and negative ions after it is liquefied. These electrolytes help human cells in contracting the muscles. It is necessary for the human body, these electrolytes to remain at an adequate level. When the level of electrolytes in the body is disturbed, complications will appear. This imbalance of electrolytes may be low or high.

A high imbalance of electrolytes leads to Hypermagnesemia due to the excess of magnessium, Hypernatremia because of a surplus of Sodium, Hyperkalemia for the reason of an overabundance of Potassium, and so on.

Similarly Low level of electrolytes causes Hypomagnesemia, Hyponatremia, Hypokalemia, et cetera.

Irritability, fatigue, headaches, irregular heartbeat, numbness, and many other problems are caused by this imbalance. Apart from it, our busy lifestyle and the exhausting modern era make us neglect our well-being.

This situation needs a stimulus that instantly energizes our body in order to maintain our electrolytes at a normal level. This helps us to carry out our daily routine in an energetic way.

For this healthy purpose, Great Naturally brings you salubrious electrolyte solutions that have the capability to vitalize our life. 

Great Naturally is a registered food supplement provider company located in the United States. Great Naturally was founded in 2020.

Our main promise has two aspects:

1. We have to deliver our products specifically made of natural resources.

2. We have to deliver the same on priority-based performance.

We provide two types of electrolyte solutions namely Real Electrolyte solutions and typical electrolyte supplements.

The real electrolyte solution is available in three different flavors.

1. Lemon lime Electrolyte

2. Strawberry Lemonade Electrolyte

3. Watermelon Electrolyte 

Each product has a price of $ 32.99

Our regular real electrolyte solution contains approximately 200mg of Sodium, 800mg of Potassium, 125mg of Magnesium, and 75mg of Calcium with less than 1 gram of sugar.

Our products are extracted from real and healthy food having high potency. This less than 1 gram of sugar makes our products unique in healthier terms.

We also offer high-potency electrolytes that are 3 times more than our leading products.

1. Potassium 800mg which is also known as Alkalizing mineral.

2. Sodium 200mg, the balancing mineral

3. Magnesium 125mg, the calming mineral

4. Calcium 75mg, the building mineral

We offer these products at an economical price as compared to other brands running in the market with great quality. As our motive is to put our products at low prices with no comprise on the standard.

For more information, you can mail us freely on

info@greatnaturally.com

or visit us on

[health2806]

The Surprising Benefits of Magnesium

Magnesium is an essential element that regulates numerous biological activities. Despite its importance, it is often ignored in our diets. The following article will look at the many benefits of magnesium and why getting enough of it is important for good health.

What is Magnesium?

Magnesium is a mineral that is found in the soil, sea, plants, animals, and humans. It is the fourth most prevalent mineral in the human body, with over 60% stored in bones and the remainder in muscles, soft tissues, and fluids, including blood. This mineral affects about 300 enzymatic activities in the body, ranging from protein synthesis to blood pressure regulation.

The Key Benefits of Magnesium

1. Supports Muscle and Nerve Function

Magnesium regulates muscular contraction and relaxation. It helps in the regulation of neurotransmitters, which transmit signals throughout the brain and neurological system. Adequate magnesium levels can help avoid muscle cramps and spasms, as well as reduce the symptoms of restless leg syndrome.

2. Promotes Heart Health

Magnesium is necessary for maintaining a healthy heart. It helps to regulate blood pressure, maintains a steady heartbeat, and helps in the creation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which provides energy to cells. Low magnesium levels are associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, heart attacks, and arrhythmias.

3. Boosts Bone Health

While calcium is frequently stressed for bone health, magnesium is equally important. It promotes the conversion of vitamin D into its active form, which is necessary for calcium absorption. Magnesium also contributes to bone development and helps prevent osteoporosis by increasing bone density.

4. Regulates Blood Sugar Levels

Magnesium helps regulate insulin and supports blood sugar control. Studies have shown that people with higher magnesium intake have a lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes. For those already living with diabetes, magnesium can help improve insulin sensitivity and reduce complications associated with the disease.

5. Supports Better Sleep

It helps in relaxation and regulates the generation of melatonin, the hormone responsible for sleep-wake cycles. Adequate magnesium levels can improve sleep quality, making it easier to fall and stay asleep all night.

6. Reduces Inflammation

Chronic inflammation is linked to a variety of health issues, including heart disease, diabetes, and cancer. Magnesium contains anti-inflammatory properties, which can help lower inflammation markers in the body. Magnesium, by reducing inflammation, can improve general health and longevity.

7. Helps in Digestion

Magnesium promotes digestion by neutralizing stomach acid and pushing feces through the intestines. It is frequently used as a natural cure for constipation because it relaxes the muscles in the digestive tract and draws water into the intestines, facilitating bowel movements.

8. Protects Against Migraines

People who suffer from migraines often have low levels of magnesium. Magnesium supplementation has been shown to reduce the frequency and severity of migraine attacks. It works by preventing the narrowing of blood vessels in the brain and blocking pain-transmitting chemicals.

Signs of Magnesium Deficiency

Magnesium deficiency, also known as hypomagnesemia, is difficult to detect because the symptoms are typically subtle and readily confused with other health problems. However, being aware of the symptoms might help you take action to correct the deficiency before it progresses to more significant health issues.

Muscle Cramps and Spasms

Tingling and Numbness

Fatigue and Weakness

Mental Health Issues

Sleep Disturbances

Irregular Heartbeat

High Blood Pressure

Osteoporosis

Digestive Issues

How To Ensure Adequate Magnesium Intake

To receive the benefits of magnesium, eat magnesium-rich foods. Some excellent magnesium sources include:

Leafy greens: Spinach, kale, and Swiss chard

Nuts and seeds: Almonds, cashews, pumpkin seeds, and sunflower seeds

Whole grains: Brown rice, quinoa, and oats

Legumes: Black beans, chickpeas, and lentils

Fish: Salmon, mackerel, and halibut

Fruits: Avocados, bananas, and figs

Supplements are available for those who struggle to get enough magnesium from their diet alone. However, it is always best to consult with a healthcare provider before beginning any supplementation, as too much magnesium can cause side effects.

Can I Get Enough Magnesium Through My Diet?

Magnesium is not produced by the body, so it must be obtained from other sources, such as food or dietary supplements. The recommended daily allowances (RDAs) for magnesium are:

400–420 mg. per day for men 18–51 years of age

310–320 mg. per day for women 18–51 years of age

350–360 mg. per day for pregnant women

Adults over 51 should aim for the upper limit of the recommended range for their gender

You can eat a variety of meals to meet your magnesium requirement. Some of the most magnesium-rich foods are:

Brazil nuts — 250 mg in half cup whole

Spinach — 157 mg in one cup cooked

Pumpkin seeds — 150 mg in one ounce

Black beans — 120 mg in one cup

Almonds — 80 mg in one ounce

Cashews — 72 mg in one ounce

Dried figs — 68 mg in 11 dried figs

Dark Chocolate — 64 mg in one ounce

Avocados — 58 mg in one medium avocado

Tofu — 53 mg in 3½ ounces

Salmon — 53 mg in half fillet

Banana — 37 mg in one large banana

Raspberries/Blackberries — 28 mg in one cup

Can You Take Too Much Magnesium?

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for magnesium varies with age, gender, and life stage, but adults typically require 310 to 420 mg per day. However, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for magnesium from supplements and pharmaceuticals is 350 milligrams per day for adults. This limit is in place to prevent negative consequences from excessive magnesium intake.

Symptoms of Magnesium Overdose

Diarrhea

Nausea and Vomiting

Abdominal Cramping

Hypotension

Irregular Heartbeat

Difficulty Breathing

Kidney Dysfunction

Are Magnesium Supplements Recommended?

Our nutritional demands are best addressed by eating a well-balanced, healthy diet. And, while it may take some “focused” meal planning to get adequate magnesium from diet alone, it is possible. Supplements can be a simple way to increase your consumption, but you ought to consult your doctor before taking any non-prescribed supplements to verify there are no conflicts or contraindications based on other medications you are taking.

Conclusion

Magnesium is an unsung hero in the world of essential nutrients. It has numerous health benefits, ranging from heart function support to mood and sleep enhancement. By ensuring enough magnesium intake through food or supplementation, you can defend against a variety of health problems and improve general well-being. Make magnesium a priority in your diet; your body will thank you.

Get the Inside Scoop on Staying Healthy — Click for More!

[ajsnutrition]

AJS Magnesium Glycinate Supplement

Importance of Magnesium in the Body

Bone Health One of the primary roles of magnesium is to support bone health. It works in tandem with other minerals like calcium and vitamin D to maintain strong and healthy bones. Research suggests that magnesium deficiency may be linked to an increased risk of osteoporosis and bone fractures.

Muscle Function Magnesium is essential for proper muscle function. It helps relax muscles after contraction and prevents cramping. Athletes and individuals engaged in strenuous physical activity may benefit from magnesium supplementation to support muscle recovery and reduce the risk of cramps and muscle soreness.

Heart Health Maintaining adequate levels of magnesium is crucial for heart health. Magnesium helps regulate heart rhythm, blood pressure, and cholesterol levels. Studies have shown that magnesium deficiency may increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases, including heart attacks and strokes.

Dietary Sources of Magnesium Magnesium is found naturally in many foods, making it easy to incorporate into your diet. Some magnesium-rich foods include:

Leafy green vegetables such as spinach and kale Nuts and seeds like almonds, cashews, and pumpkin seeds Whole grains such as brown rice, quinoa, and oats Legumes including beans, lentils, and chickpeas Avocado Bananas Dark chocolate Signs of Magnesium Deficiency Magnesium deficiency, also known as hypomagnesemia, can lead to various health problems. Common signs of magnesium deficiency include:

Muscle cramps and spasms Fatigue and weakness Nausea and vomiting Irregular heartbeat High blood pressure Migraines and headaches

[healthinsurance18]

Magnesium Deficiency: Decoding The Hidden Dangers And Effective Solutions

Magnesium deficiency or hypomagnesemia is often overlooked as symptoms of magnesium are often silent and can vary from one person to another.

[drramjimehrotra]

Heart Disease and Electrolyte Imbalance

Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals that play a crucial role in various physiological processes within the body. Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, and bicarbonate are the primary electrolytes. Proper balance of these electrolytes is essential for maintaining the normal functioning of cells, tissues, and organs, including the heart.

Electrolyte imbalances can affect the heart and contribute to heart-related issues. Here's how some electrolytes are specifically related to heart health:

Potassium:

Role in the heart: Potassium is essential for maintaining the electrical activity of the heart. It helps regulate the heartbeat (rhythm) and ensures proper contraction of the heart muscle.

Imbalance effects: Both high and low levels of potassium (hyperkalemia and hypokalemia) can lead to abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) and, in severe cases, can be life-threatening.

Sodium:

Role in the heart: Sodium is involved in maintaining the balance of water in and around cells, including heart cells. It also plays a role in the electrical signaling within the heart.

Imbalance effects: Imbalances in sodium levels can affect blood pressure and lead to conditions like hypertension, which is a risk factor for heart disease.

Calcium:

Role in the heart: Calcium is crucial for the contraction of heart muscles. It is involved in the electrical conduction system of the heart.

Imbalance effects: Abnormal levels of calcium can disrupt the normal functioning of the heart, potentially leading to arrhythmias.

Magnesium:

Role in the heart: Magnesium is involved in many enzymatic reactions and contributes to the regulation of heart rhythm.

Imbalance effects: Low magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia) can lead to arrhythmias and may contribute to cardiovascular issues.

According to Dr. Ramji Mehrotra one of the best heart surgeon in India, Electrolyte imbalances can result from various factors, including diet, medications, certain medical conditions, and dehydration. Conditions like heart failure, kidney disorders, and certain medications can also influence electrolyte balance.

It's important to note that heart disease itself can contribute to electrolyte imbalances, creating a complex interplay. For example, heart failure can lead to fluid retention and electrolyte disturbances.

If you suspect an electrolyte imbalance or are experiencing symptoms such as irregular heartbeats, dizziness, weakness, or fatigue, it's crucial to seek medical attention. Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure electrolyte levels, and treatment may include dietary changes, medications, or intravenous electrolyte replacement, depending on the specific imbalance and its severity. For personalized advice and treatment, it's best to consult with a healthcare professional.

[mcatmemoranda]

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

●Triage – Among outpatients identified as having AKI, we refer to the emergency department those who have any of the following: Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) stage 2 or 3 AKI (table 1); stage 1 AKI with an unclear etiology, or one that cannot be rapidly reversed with simple interventions, or in the presence of a concomitant, uncontrolled comorbid condition; or stage 1 AKI if the initial diagnostic evaluation and management cannot be performed in the outpatient setting. (See 'Identifying patients for emergency department referral' above.)

Those who are managed as an outpatient should be referred for outpatient nephrology consultation if the cause of AKI is not immediately apparent, if initial interventions fail to improve the kidney injury, if glomerulonephritis (GN) is strongly suspected, or when AKI occurs as a complication of treatment of an unrelated condition and future treatment depends upon nephrology input. (See 'Indications for urgent nephrology referral' above.)

●Indications for emergency kidney replacement therapy (KRT) – Emergency KRT should be performed in patients with AKI who have one or more of the following (see 'Evaluate need for urgent kidney replacement therapy' above):

•Hypervolemia with pulmonary edema that does not promptly respond to diuretics (see 'Hypervolemia with pulmonary edema' above)

•Severe hyperkalemia (serum potassium >6.5 mEq/L or those with symptoms or signs of hyperkalemia) (see 'Severe hyperkalemia' above)

•Life-threatening uremic symptoms, such as seizures or severe pericardial effusion (see 'Life-threatening uremic symptoms' above)

•Exposure to certain toxins (see 'Toxin exposure' above)

●Initial management

•Eliminate potential insults – Additional management entails elimination of potential insults, including hypotension, iodinated contrast agents, or medications such as nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and nephrotoxins. (See 'Elimination and avoidance of potential insults' above.)

•Treat hypovolemic (if present) – Intravenous fluid therapy with 1 to 3 liters of crystalloid should be administered to patients with a clinical history consistent with fluid loss (such as vomiting and diarrhea), a physical examination consistent with hypovolemia (hypotension and tachycardia), or oliguria. However, fluid therapy should be avoided in patients with pulmonary edema or clear evidence of anuria. Additional fluid management depends upon the clinical condition and response to initial fluid therapy. (See 'Hypovolemic patients' above.)

Among patients with AKI and hypervolemia who are hemodynamically stable and not anuric, we start intravenous (IV) furosemide at 80 mg up to a single dose of 200 mg, or equivalent, to augment the urine output and relieve symptoms. Additional therapy depends upon the response to initial therapy. We typically initiate KRT for volume overload in patients who have anuria for more than 24 hours, who fail to respond to diuretics, or whose response to diuretics is insufficient to avoid worsening hypervolemia due to high obligate intake. (See 'Hypervolemic patients' above and 'Role of diuretics' above and 'Role of kidney replacement therapy' above.)

•Treat electrolyte imbalances (if present) – Electrolyte imbalances such as the following can complicate AKI and need specific management:

-Hyperkalemia (see 'Hyperkalemia' above)

-Hyperphosphatemia (see 'Hyperphosphatemia' above)

-Hypocalcemia (see 'Hypocalcemia' above)

-Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia (see 'Hypomagnesemia and hypermagnesemia' above)

-Hyperuricemia (see 'Hyperuricemia' above)

•Treat metabolic acidosis (if present) – We initiate KRT in patients with oliguric or anuric AKI who are volume overloaded and have severe metabolic acidosis (a pH <7.1), unless the acidosis can be rapidly resolved by quickly correcting the underlying etiology (eg, diabetic ketoacidosis). However, in other patients who have no indications for acute KRT, bicarbonate may be administered instead of KRT to treat acidosis. Diuretics can be used in nonoliguric patients to prevent hypervolemia and to enhance excretion of acid. The goal serum bicarbonate level is 20 to 22 mEq/L and the goal pH is >7.2. Metabolic alkalosis with AKI is usually seen in volume depleted patients and responds to IV sodium chloride infusion. (See 'Managing acid-base disturbances' above.)

●Subsequent management

•Nutrition management – Patients with AKI generally benefit from dietary restrictions on potassium, phosphorous, sodium and fluid intake (1 to 1.5 L per day, except if volume depleted). Given the complexities of nutritional support in these patients and the individual needs of a given patient, we obtain a nutrition consult to best tailor therapy in hospitalized patients with severe stage 3 AKI. For patients with lesser stages of AKI, the need for consultation should be based upon an individual needs assessment. (See 'Managing nutrition' above.)

•Assess for uremia – We perform daily assessment of uremic signs and symptoms (such as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste, altered mental status) to determine if KRT may be indicated. KRT initiation in such patients should be approached with a clear goal of monitoring whether or not putative uremic symptoms improve with therapy. Typically, several KRT sessions are required to determine if symptoms resolve with KRT. (See 'Assessing for uremia' above.)

•Assess for fluid and electrolyte imbalances – We monitor serum creatinine, electrolytes, albumin, and measures of fluid balance (weight, fluid intake, and urine output) daily in most patients, although more frequent monitoring may be warranted. (See 'Monitoring and follow-up' above.)

●Follow-up – We advise that patients hospitalized for moderate to severe AKI have an outpatient nephrology evaluation (or primary care if nephrology is unavailable) shortly after discharge. (See 'Monitoring and follow-up' above.)

[mission-to-dietitian]

STATE OF SHOCK AND INJURY: A release of the catecholamine epinephrine suppresses response to insulin.

Basal metabolic rate increases 7% for every degree rise in fever.

OBESITY: Obesity starts at a BMI of 30kg/m^2 (3 classes of obesity. BMI of 40kg/m^2 or > is Class III obesity). There are 3,500 calories per pound of body fat, so start with a deficit of 500cal/day for weight loss of 1 pound per week.

Initial rapid weight loss is water weight, due to glycogen stores pulled out from the liver (for every gram of carbohydrate stored, 3g of H2O are stored w/it)

You cannot spot lose fat. Plateau (can't continue to lose weight) occurs because BMR has dropped in order to match loss of weight.

DEFICIENCIES: stomatitis due to riboflavin (B2) deficiency

PREGNANCY: Pregnancy-induced hypertension begins at 20th week. But sodium restriction NOT recommended as the intervention.

TUBE FEEDS: Deadly to feed into an ileus. Elemental formulas = more expensive.

4-hour hang time for open systems (concern for pathogenic activity/growth). 24-48 hours for closed systems.

Nasogastric tube for short-term enteral access (for those with NORMAL GI function who require nutrition support for 3-4 weeks). Bolus, intermittent, or continuous infusions.

Naso-duodenal OR naso-jejunal feeds for those unable to tolerate gastric tube feed (recall it is best to do gastric if possible to mimic body's natural eating functions).

Give 1cc of H2O per calorie ingested. Formulas that are 1 calorie per cc are 80-86% water.

Peripheral parenteral nutrition (AKA total parenteral nutrition/TPN -- LAST resort due to the fact that it is like foie gras to the body, with implications of liver issues developing) is via small surface veins, which is short-term nutrition support. Includes protein and fat (a 10% solution of intravenous fat provides 1.1 calories per cc. A 20% solution provides 2.0 calories per cc. Think about propofol, delivered in a fat medium).

Solutions have dextrose, which provides 3.4 cal/g.

# of calories from a volume of dextrose = mL provided × % dextrose × 3.4

PPN/TPN is used to achieve anabolism when patients cannot eat by mouth and you cannot do an enteral tube feed.

Long-term central access occurs via cephalic, subclavian, or internal jugular vein and feed ls into superior vena cava.

PPN/TPN concerns: Bacterial translocation because you are bypassing the gut, which would normally kill bacteria that is ingested per os. Bacteria can travel through bloodstream and lead to SEPSIS.

In TPN, protein is provided for anabolism at 1g of nitrogen for every 150 calories ingested. The percent concentration tells you # of grams of protein per in 100mL of TPN solution (a 3% solution provides 3g of protein in 100mL of TPN solution).

Glucose infusion rate for dextrose in TPN should not exceed 4-5mg/kg/min for hyperglycemia prevention.

Fat is added to prevent essential fatty acid deficiency.

Begin tapering TPN for EN slowly, when enteral feeds provide 1/3 to 1/2 of nutrient requirements. When 60% of needs can be tolerated enterally, discontinue TPN.

BEWARE OF REFEEDING SYNDROME (starved cells take up nutrients, shifting K+, phos, and magnesium into the cell, causing HYPOKALEMIA, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and HYPOMAGNESEMIA).

Overfeeding dextrose can lead to hyperglycemia

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) reflects current population needs.

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) is goals for healthy individuals.

Estimated Average Requiremenr (EAR) assesses group nutritional adequacy.

Upper Limit (UL) offers guidance on safe upper limits for nutrients such as vitamins.

Dietary Guidelines made to prevent chronic disease. DG written by USDA and HHS. Community nutrition programs use Dietary Guidelines to develop their plans (variety in eating, nutrient density, serving sizes, limit calories from saturated fats and added sugars, reduce sodium intake.

Healthy Eating Index (by USDA) is a measure of overall diet quality. Measures how well we follow the recommendations.

My Plate (USDA) shows essential food groups. Recommendations: balancing calories, foods to increase in the diet, foods to reduce.

Healthy People Program (HHS) identifies broad goals and specific objectives for improving health of the public. Focuses on disease prevention by changing behaviours.

The three steps in planning programs:

1) Mission Statement - describes the philosophy of the program. Need/Problem Statement describes the current situation, who says it's a problem, and what will occur if nothing is done.

2) Goals - goals are statements of broad direction and general purpose. Determine which health problems have nutritional implications. Determine what the high risk groups are. Determine what the most critical needs are.

3) Objectives - must be measurable. Objectives are more specific and defined than goals. Include specific target dates for completing specific projects. Evaluate alternative strategies available using cost effectiveness analysis.

Budget controls and coordinates activities. Indicates how and at what rate money should be expended.

Public health departments derive a portion of their income from general revenue taxes. Federal, local, and foundation grants are other sources of income.

Intervention via community nutrition programs relates to the 3 domains of learning: Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor.

Enabling makes it easier for people to act. Use the 4 Ps of marketing: Product, Price, Place, Promotion.

A strategy which involves psychomotor learning is helping people develop the skills needed to make and sustain new habits (e.g. how to budget, how to find the services they need.

Monitoring and Evaluation = the 4th step in the Nutrition Care Process (NCP)

Nutrition care outcomes represent results that the practitioner and nutrition care impacted individually. They can be linked to nutrition intervention goals. They're measurable and occur in a reasonable time period. They are attributed to the nutrition care provided. They're logical stepping stones to other health care outcomes.

Nutrition care outcomes are distinct from other health care outcomes b/c they represent the nutrition practitioner's specific contribution to care. They are grouped into 4 categories:

1) Food and Nutrition Related History

2) Lab Data and Medical Tests

3) Anthropometrics

4) Nutrition-Focused Physical Findings

[teachingrounds]

Classic findings of HYPOparathyroidism include...

- hypocalcemia +/- hypomagnesemia

- hyperphosphatemia

- DECREASED serum PTH

- fatigue/mood swings

Pro-tip: After total thyroidectomy, the risk of permanent hypoparathyroidism is 1-3%. All other causes are even rarer.

Image: Wikimedia

[synnatpharma11]

What class of drug is atracurium besylate?

Atracurium besylate is classified as a neuromuscular blocking agent or a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker. It is used in anesthesia to induce muscle relaxation or paralysis during surgical procedures or mechanical ventilation. Atracurium besylate acts by blocking the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, leading to temporary paralysis of skeletal muscles.

Are there any contraindications or precautions for using atracurium besylate?

There are several contraindications and precautions to consider when using atracurium besylate. These include:

Hypersensitivity: Atracurium besylate should not be used in individuals with a known hypersensitivity or allergic reaction to the drug or any of its components.

Previous anaphylactic reactions: A history of severe anaphylactic reactions to atracurium besylate or other neuromuscular blocking agents is a contraindication.

Genetic conditions: Certain genetic conditions, such as malignant hyperthermia or a family history of this condition, may increase the risk of adverse reactions to atracurium besylate.

Electrolyte imbalances: Atracurium besylate may potentiate the effects of electrolyte imbalances, particularly low levels of ionized calcium (hypocalcemia) or magnesium (hypomagnesemia). These conditions should be corrected before administering the drug.

Infections: Active infections, including localized or systemic infections, may increase the sensitivity to neuromuscular blocking agents like atracurium besylate.

Renal or hepatic impairment: Atracurium besylate is primarily eliminated by the kidneys and liver. Reduced renal or hepatic function may alter the drug's metabolism and clearance, requiring dosage adjustments.

Pregnancy and breastfeeding: The use of atracurium besylate during pregnancy or breastfeeding should be carefully evaluated, considering the potential risks and benefits. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional for individualized advice in these situations.

Visit : Atracurium Besylate Api Products Manufacturer to knowmore !

[clcpapers]

Heart's Dangerous Symphony: Torsade De Pointes Unleashed by Gitelman Syndrome-Induced Hypomagnesemia

http://dlvr.it/SwzNJk

[healthywealthysouls]

Unveiling the Mysteries of Magnesium Deficiency

Magnesium Deficiency: In the realm of human health, certain mineral deficiencies can have a significant impact on overall well-being. One such mineral that plays a vital role in numerous physiological processes is magnesium. Magnesium deficiency, also known as hypomagnesemia, is an increasingly prevalent condition that often goes undetected. This article aims to shed light on the causes and consequences of magnesium deficiency, emphasizing the importance of recognizing and addressing this silent yet consequential condition.

click here to read full article