#hollow tubing IS more rigid than solid bar!!!!!!!!!!!

[oldtestleper]

my boss will die mad at me because I say true things without the engineering degree to back it up

[denita4olga]

Just How To Select The Right Cycling Tires

Article written by-Downey Horner Whether you are a serious biker or a beginner cyclist, one of one of the most crucial items of Cycling equipment that you have your bike's wheels. They need to be solid and smooth to make sure that you can smoothly ride your bike. And they also need to be sturdy enough to take care of all of the road misuse your bike consistently takes care of. There are 4 kinds of wheels used for Cycling: light weight aluminum, titanium, carbon fiber, as well as composite. https://pbase.com/topics/silvana47epifania/different_types_of_cycling_w have a lower account than various other Cycling wheels. They offer a higher stiffness degree than other wheels. Click On this site are great for racing, nevertheless they do not have a fantastic stiffness degree. This can be a drawback when using them for hill cycling. For basic riding though, they often tend to provide a better quantity of grasp, are stiffer, as well as normally execute better than numerous other wheelsets. Titanium is light yet solid. They are extremely smooth and provide a medium tightness level. Unfortunately, they are not really aerodynamic. Because they are light though, this is one downside they have contrasted to carbon wheels. Because of this restriction however, titanium is commonly used on downhill bikes as well as has actually become incredibly popular for usage in Olympic occasion bikes. Gravel Wheels consists of cross-section tubes with hollow areas in between the tubes. They are usually lighter than titanium, carbon, and also aluminum. Nonetheless, since they have longer-length tubes, they need a longer spoke arm which includes a weight fine. Their strength to make up for this a little. They are excellent for both long-distance rides and time test flights where a solid grip is required. Composite wheels combine the strength of titanium and carbon with the toughness of aluminum. These wheels are made with powder-coated light weight aluminum and also are practically similar in aim to light weight aluminum. They are a prominent option for mountain bicycle as well as touring bikes as they integrate toughness and light weight. They do nonetheless tend to fade gradually and lose their sparkle after consistent riding. This can be fixed by carefully cleaning and also brightening the wheel. Tubeless Wheels are coming to be extra usual. They decrease the requirement for an edge nut, that makes them much easier to set up. simply click the next web page are an excellent option for those who intend to reduce the weight of their bike as well as lower the possibility of them obtaining a flat. Though they might have the ability to reduce the weight you initially have though they may not last also long as a result of the truth that they can just stand up to an extremely percentage of friction before they begin fading. Carbon Aero Wheelsets is extremely light and also sturdy. They have a stiffness level near to steel but are smoother than carbon. They can last longer than a lot of other wheels without losing any of their rate. This indicates they can be excellent for those who ride for lots of months or years as well as would not wish to change their wheels frequently. They are offered in both edge securing as well as non-rim securing variations. When choosing your wheels, you should consider the type of riding you will certainly be doing. For example a carbon fiber edge is perfect for smooth paved surfaces, whereas a steel or alloy set of edges may be better fit to rough surfaces as well as sloping areas. You must likewise know what sort of surface area you will certainly be riding on. Chrome edges are suitable for gusty conditions however they often tend to disappear promptly when the wind gets more powerful. The kind of rim and wheel size you choose will certainly also depend upon the sort of bike you plan on riding. A roadway bike will certainly need a various vehicle than a mtb. Mountain bikes have a tendency to make use of lighter alloy edges as well as interior width rims to lower weight and boost tightness. These types of bikes likewise have huge drop bars that give an even more wind resistant benefit during broadband. Some will also utilize an inner vast wheel for added rigidity. You must pick your wheels after taking into consideration the type of flight you will be doing as well as where you prepare to ride it. Aero Tires is utilized for all climate Cycling as well as mountain biking for example. They are light-weight but are durable and are great for a novice as they do not evaluate as long as you would certainly think. The drawback of these wheels is that they can not be made use of on sidewalk.

If you plan on doing a great deal of off road Cycling then it is recommended to buy gravel, carbon fiber or greater quantity tires. A crushed rock or carbon fibre wheel can be utilized for flat out riding as it is light and also has the capability to hold surfaces better than a normal rim. Gravel is made use of mostly for time tests and the terrain it can handle is vast. Carbon fiber wheels are fantastic for commuting and weekend road flights. They are heavier and also need to be fitted with an unique center to use them when driving.

[brandy77edward]

Exactly How To Select The Right Cycling Tires

Authored by-Robbins Raynor Whether you are an avid biker or a beginner motorcyclist, one of one of the most vital items of Cycling equipment that you have your bicycle's wheels. https://squareblogs.net/al21toby/what-are-cycling-wheelsets-and-exactly-how-do-they-work need to be strong and smooth so that you can smoothly ride your bike. And also they also require to be durable enough to deal with every one of the road abuse your bike continually takes care of. There are 4 types of wheels made use of for Cycling: aluminum, titanium, carbon fiber, and composite. Carbon wheels have a reduced account than other Cycling wheels. They supply a higher tightness degree than other wheels. Carbon Cycling wheels are excellent for auto racing, nonetheless they do not have a fantastic rigidity level. This can be a negative aspect when using them for hill biking. For https://canvas.instructure.com/eportfolios/272821/Home/Exactly_How_To_Choose_Your_Cycling_Wheels riding though, they often tend to offer a better volume of grasp, are stiffer, and typically perform better than several other wheelsets. Titanium is light yet strong. They are really smooth as well as give a medium rigidity degree. Unfortunately, they are not very aerodynamic. Because they are light though, this is one disadvantage they have actually compared to carbon wheels. Because of this limitation though, titanium is typically utilized on downhill bikes and also has actually come to be popular for usage in Olympic occasion bikes. Gravel Tires consists of cross-section tubes with hollow sections in between the tubes. They are normally lighter than titanium, carbon, as well as aluminum. Nonetheless, low cost triathlon wheels to the fact that they have longer-length tubes, they require a longer talked arm which adds a weight fine. Their stamina to offset this slightly. They are very good for both long-distance rides and time trial trips where a solid hold is needed. Compound wheels integrate the stamina of titanium as well as carbon with the durability of aluminum. These wheels are made with powder-coated light weight aluminum and also are nearly similar in seek to aluminum. They are a popular option for mountain bikes and visiting bikes as they incorporate resilience as well as lightweight. They do nonetheless have a tendency to fade over time and also lose their shine after consistent riding. This can be solved by very carefully cleaning as well as brightening the wheel. Tubeless Wheels are coming to be extra usual. They reduce the requirement for an edge nut, which makes them less complicated to install. They are an excellent option for those that intend to minimize the weight of their bike as well as lower the opportunity of them getting a flat. Though they may be able to decrease the weight you initially have though they might not last as well long as a result of the fact that they can only hold up against a really small amount of friction prior to they start fading. Carbon Aero Wheelsets is very light and also sturdy. They have a stiffness degree close to steel however are smoother than carbon. They can last much longer than many various other wheels without losing any of their speed. This suggests they can be wonderful for those that ride for many months or years and also would certainly not want to alter their wheels frequently. They are offered in both edge locking and also non-rim securing variants. When picking your wheels, you must take into consideration the sort of riding you will be doing. As an example a carbon fiber rim is best for smooth paved surface areas, whereas a steel or alloy set of edges might be much better matched to rough surfaces as well as hilly locations. You should also know what kind of surface area you will be riding on. Chrome edges are excellent for windy conditions but they often tend to diminish swiftly when the wind obtains more powerful. The type of edge and also wheel size you pick will additionally rely on the sort of bike you plan on riding. A roadway bike will certainly require a various car than a mtb. Mtb often tend to utilize lighter alloy rims and interior width rims to minimize weight and boost stiffness. These types of bikes additionally have huge decrease bars that offer an even more wind resistant advantage throughout high speeds. Some will certainly also use an interior large wheel for extra tightness. You need to select your wheels after considering the kind of trip you will certainly be doing along with where you prepare to ride it. Aero Wheels is utilized for all weather Cycling and also mountain biking as an example. They are light-weight however are hard wearing and are excellent for a novice as they do not weigh as long as you would certainly assume. The disadvantage of these wheels is that they can not be utilized on pavement.

If you intend on doing a lot of off road Cycling then it is a good idea to purchase crushed rock, carbon fiber or higher quantity tires. A gravel or carbon fiber wheel can be utilized for all out riding as it is light and has the capacity to grasp surface areas much better than a regular edge. Gravel is utilized mainly for time tests and the surface it can take care of is vast. Carbon fibre wheels are fantastic for travelling and weekend break road rides. They are larger and also need to be fitted with a special hub to use them on the road.

[theceramiclinedpipe]

Steel pipes are long, hollow tubes that are used for a variety of purposes. They are produced by two distinct methods which result in either a welded or seamless pipe. In both methods, raw steel is first cast into a more workable starting form. It is then made into a pipe by stretching the steel out into a seamless tube or forcing the edges together and sealing them with a weld. The first methods for producing steel pipe were introduced in the early 1800s, and they have steadily evolved into the modern processes we use today. Each year, millions of tons of steel pipe are produced. Its versatility makes it the most often used product produced by the steel industry.

Steel pipes are found in a variety of places. Since they are strong, they are used underground for transporting water and gas throughout cities and towns. They are also employed in construction to protect electrical wires. While steel pipes are strong, they can also be lightweight. This makes them perfect for use in bicycle frame manufacture. Other places they find utility is in automobiles, refrigeration units, heating and plumbing systems, flagpoles, street lamps, and medicine to name a few.

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History

People have used pipes for thousands of years. Perhaps the first use was by ancient agriculturalists who diverted water from streams and rivers into their fields. Archeological evidence suggests that the Chinese used reed pipe for transporting water to desired locations as early as 2000 B.C. Clay tubes that were used by other ancient civilizations have been discovered. During the first century A.D. , the first lead pipes were constructed in Europe. In tropical countries, bamboo tubes were used to transport water. Colonial Americans used wood for a similar purpose. In 1652, the first waterworks was made in Boston using hollow logs.

Development of the modern day welded steel pipe can be traced back to the early 1800s. In 1815, William Murdock invented a coal burning lamp system. To fit the entire city of London with these lights, Murdock joined together the barrels from discarded muskets. He used this continuous pipeline to transport the coal gas. When his lighting system proved successful a greater demand was created for long metal tubes. To produce enough tubes to meet this demand, a variety of inventors set to work on developing new pipe making processes.

An early notable method for producing metal tubes quickly and inexpensively was patented by James Russell in 1824. In his method, tubes were created by joining together opposite edges of a flat iron strip. The metal was first heated until it was malleable. Using a drop hammer, the edges folded together and welded. The pipe was finished by passing it through a groove and rolling mill.

Russell’s method was not used long because in the next year, Comelius Whitehouse developed a better method for making metal tubes. This process, called the butt-weld process is the basis for our current pipe-making procedures. In his method, thin sheets of iron were heated and drawn through a cone-shaped opening. As the metal went through the opening, its edges curled up and created a pipe shape. The two ends were welded together to finish the pipe. The first manufacturing plant to use

Welded pipe is formed by rolling steel strips through a series of grooved rollers that mold the material into a circular shape. Next, the unwelded pipe passes by welding electrodes. These devices seal the two ends of the pipe together.

this process in the United States was opened in 1832 in Philadelphia.

Gradually, improvements were made in the Whitehouse method. One of the most important innovations was introduced by John Moon in 1911. He suggested the continuous process method in which a manufacturing plant could produce pipe in an unending stream. He built machinery for this specific purpose and many pipe manufacturing facilities adopted it.

While the welded tube processes were being developed, a need for seamless metal pipes arouse. Seamless pipes are those which do not have a welded seam. They were first made by drilling a hole through the center of a solid cylinder. This method was developed during the late 1800s. These types of pipes were perfect for bicycle frames because they have thin walls, are lightweight but are strong. In 1895, the first plant to produce seamless tubes was built. As bicycle manufacturing gave way to auto manufacturing, seamless tubes were still needed for gasoline and oil lines. This demand was made even greater as larger oil deposits were found.

As early as 1840, ironworkers could already produce seamless tubes. In one method, a hole was drilled through a solid metal, round billet. The billet was then heated and drawn through a series of dies which elongated it to form a pipe. This method was inefficient because it was difficult to drill the hole in the center. This resulted in an uneven pipe with one side being thicker than the other. In 1888, an improved method was awarded a patent. In this process the solid billed was cast around a fireproof brick core. When it was cooled, the brick was removed leaving a hole in the middle. Since then new roller techniques have replaced these methods.

Design

There are two types of steel pipe, one is seamless and another has a single welded seam along its length. Both have different uses. Seamless tubes are typically more light weight, and have thinner walls. They are used for bicycles and transporting liquids. Seamed tubes are heavier and more rigid. The have a better consistency and are typically straighter. They are used for things such as gas transportation, electrical conduit and plumbing. Typically, they are used in instances when the pipe is not put under a high degree of stress.

Certain pipe characteristics can be controlled during production. For example, the diameter of the pipe is often modified depending how it will be used. The diameter can range from tiny pipes used to make hypodermic needles, to large pipes used to transport gas throughout a city. The wall thickness of the pipe can also be controlled. Often the type of steel will also have an impact on pipe’s the strength and flexibility. Other controllable characteristics include length, coating material, and end finish.

Raw Materials

The primary raw material in pipe production is steel. Steel is made up of primarily iron. Other metals that may be present in the alloy include aluminum, manganese, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, and zirconium. Some finishing materials are sometimes used during production. For example, paint may be

Seamless pipe is manufactured using a process that heats and molds a solid billet into a cylindrical shape and then rolls it until it is stretched and hollowed. Since the hollowed center is irregularly shaped, a bullet-shaped piercer point is pushed through the middle of the billet as it is being rolled.

Seamless pipe is manufactured using a process that heats and molds a solid billet into a cylindrical shape and then rolls it until it is stretched and hollowed. Since the hollowed center is irregularly shaped, a bullet-shaped piercer point is pushed through the middle of the billet as it is being rolled.

Typically, a light amount of oil is applied to steel pipes at the end of the production line. This helps protect the pipe. While it is not actually a part of the finished product, sulfuric acid is used in one manufacturing step to clean the pipe.

The Manufacturing Process of steel pipes

Steel pipes are made by two different processes. The overall production method for both processes involves three steps. First, raw steel is converted into a more workable form. Next, the pipe is formed on a continuous or semicontinuous production line. Finally, the pipe is cut and modified to meet the customer’s needs.

Ingot production

1 Molten steel is made by melting iron ore and coke (a carbon-rich substance that results when coal is heated in the absence of air) in a furnace, then removing most of the carbon by blasting oxygen into the liquid. The molten steel is then poured into large, thick-walled iron molds, where it cools into ingots.

2 In order to form flat products such as plates and sheets, or long products such as bars and rods, ingots are shaped between large rollers under enormous pressure.

Producing blooms and slabs

3 To produce a bloom, the ingot is passed through a pair of grooved steel rollers that are stacked. These types of rollers are called “two-high mills.” In some cases, three rollers are used. The rollers are mounted so that their grooves coincide, and they move in opposite directions. This action causes the steel to be squeezed and stretched into thinner, longer pieces. When the rollers are reversed by the human operator, the steel is pulled back through making it thinner and longer. This process is repeated until the steel achieves the desired shape. During this process, machines called manipulators flip the steel so that each side is processed evenly.

4 Ingots may also be rolled into slabs in a process that is similar to the bloom making process. The steel is passed through a pair of stacked rollers which stretch it. However, there are also rollers mounted on the side to control the width of the slabs. When the steel acquires the desired shape, the uneven ends are cut off and the slabs or blooms are cut into shorter pieces.

Further processing

5 Blooms are typically processed further before they are made into pipes. Blooms are converted into billets by putting them through more rolling devices which make them longer and more narrow. The billets are cut by devices known as flying shears. These are a pair of synchronized shears that race along with the moving billet and cut it. This allows efficient cuts without stopping the manufacturing process. These billets are stacked and will eventually become seamless pipe.

6 Slabs are also reworked. To make them malleable, they are first heated to 2,200° F (1,204° C). This causes an oxide coating to form on the surface of the slab. This coating is broken off with a scale breaker and high pressure water spray. The slabs are then sent through a series of rollers on a hot mill and made into thin narrow strips of steel called skelp. This mill can be as long as a half mile. As the slabs pass through the rollers, they become thinner and longer. In the course of about three minutes a single slab can be converted from a 6 in (15.2 cm) thick piece of steel to a thin steel ribbon that can be a quarter mile long.

7 After stretching, the steel is pickled. This process involves running it through a series of tanks that contain sulfuric acid to clean the metal. To finish, it is rinsed with cold and hot water, dried and then rolled up on large spools and packaged for transport to a pipe making facility.

Pipe making

8 Both skelp and billets are used to make pipes. Skelp is made into welded pipe. It is first placed on an unwinding machine. As the spool of steel is unwound, it is heated. The steel is then passed through a series of grooved rollers. As it passes by, the rollers cause the edges of the skelp to curl together. This forms an unwelded pipe.

9 The steel next passes by welding electrodes. These devices seal the two ends of the pipe together. The welded seam is then passed through a high pressure roller which helps create a tight weld. The pipe is then cut to a desired length and stacked for further processing. Welded steel pipe is a continuous process and depending on the size of the pipe, it can be made as fast as 1,100 ft (335.3 m) per minute.

10 When seamless pipe is needed, square billets are used for production. They are heated and molded to form a cylinder shape, also called a round. The round is then put in a furnace where it is heated white-hot. The heated round is then rolled with great pressure. This high pressure rolling causes the billet to stretch out and a hole to form in the center. Since this hole is irregularly shaped, a bullet shaped piercer point is pushed through the middle of the billet as it is being rolled. After the piercing stage, the pipe may still be of irregular thickness and shape. To correct this it is passed through another series of rolling mills.

Final processing

11 After either type of pipe is made, they may be put through a straightening machine. They may also be fitted with joints so two or more pieces of pipe can be connected. The most common type of joint for pipes with smaller diameters is threading—tight grooves that are cut into the end of the pipe. The pipes are also sent through a measuring machine. This information along with other quality control data is automatically stenciled on the pipe. The pipe is then sprayed with a light coating of protective oil. Most pipe is typically treated to prevent it from rusting. This is done by galvanizing it or giving it a coating of zinc. Depending on the use of the pipe, other paints or coatings may be used.

Quality Control

A variety of measures are taken to ensure that the finished steel pipe meets specifications. For example, x-ray gauges are used to regulate the thickness of the steel. The gauges work by utilizing two x rays. One ray is directed at a steel of known thickness. The other is directed at the passing steel on the production line. If there is any variance between the two rays, the gauge will automatically trigger a resizing of the rollers to compensate.

Pipes are also inspected for defects at the end of the process. One method of testing a pipe is by using a special machine. This machine fills the pipe with water and then increases the pressure to see if it holds. Defective pipes are returned for scrap.

How is steel pipe used?

Pipes are used in structures, transportation, and manufacturing. They are sized according to their outer diameter, with the inner diameter varying based on wall thickness. Some applications need thicker walls than others, depending on the forces the pipe must manage.

Structural use

Structural uses are common building and construction. In these industries, the building material is commonly referred to as steel tubes.

Construction piles

Steel tubes provide strength to foundations in a process called piling. In these applications, the tube is driven deep into the earth before the foundation is laid. It provides stability for a high building or construction on ground that is not secure.

There are two fundamental types of pile foundations:

End bearing piles have the bottom end resting on a layer of especially strong soil or rock. The load of the building is transferred through the pile onto the strong layer.

Friction piles transfer the load of the building to the soil across the full height of the pile, by friction. The entire surface of the pile helps to transfer the forces to the soil.

Scaffolding made from steel tubingScaffolding poles are made from steel pipes and allow construction workers to access areas of the building that are out of reach.

Scaffolding poles

Scaffolding poles are made by linking steel tubes in a cage that allows construction workers to access areas high above ground level.

Manufacturing use

Guard rail using steel tubingSteel tubing is used to construct guard rails to protect cyclists and pedestrians.

Guard rails

Guard rails are also made from steel tubes, creating an aesthetically pleasing safety feature to stairs and balconies.

Bollards

Security bollards are used to cordon off an area from vehicle traffic to protect people, buildings, or infrastructures.

A series of curved stainless steel outdoor bike racks secure a brightly colored bicycleStainless steel pipe is a good choice for outdoor site furnishings as it is both corrosion resistant and tough.

Bike racks

Stainless steel pipe is a good choice for outdoor site furnishings as it is both corrosion resistant and tough.

Many commercial bike racks are formed by bending steel tubes. The tough material properties of steel make it secure against thieves.

Transport use

The most common use of steel pipes is for the transport of products because the material is well suited for long-term installations. It can be buried underground due to its hardiness and resistance to breakdown.

Low pressure applications do not require pipes to have high strength since they are not exposed to significant stresses. Narrow wall thickness allows for cheaper manufacture. More specialized applications—such as pipes used in the oil and gas industry—require more stringent specifications. The hazardous nature of the product being transported, and the possibility of increased pressure on the line, demands high strength and therefore higher wall thickness. This generally brings an associated higher cost. Quality control is critical for these applications.

How is steel pipe specified?

There can be confusion about the way these materials are specified, and what the means to the exact characteristics of the pipe. The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) along with The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and the American Petroleum Institute (API) are the most referenced organizations for piping specifications in North America.

Specifications can be broken down into three main categories:

Nominal pipe size

Pipe size is quoted as a “Nominal Pipe Size” or NPS. The origin of the NPS numbers for smaller pipes (< NPS 12) is different to the origin for larger diameter pipes. However, all pipes of a specific NPS number have the same external or outer diameter (OD). The internal diameter will vary depending on the wall thickness of the metal. The reason for this is so that the same structural supports can be used for all piping of a specific NPS number regardless of the wall thickness.

Schedules

Steel pipe schedules are a way to describe the wall thickness of the pipe. This is a critical parameter as it is directly related to the strength of the pipe and the suitability for specific applications. A pipe schedule is a dimensionless number and is calculated based on the design formula for wall thickness, given the design pressure and allowable stress.

Examples of schedule numbers are as follows: 5, 5S, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS, and XXS—with the most common being schedules 40 and 80. As the schedule number increases, the wall thickness of the pipe increases. The schedule number of a pipe therefore defines the internal diameter, as the OD is fixed by the NPS number.

Pipe weight

The weight of a pipe can be calculated based on the NPS, which defines the outer diameter, and the schedule, which defines the wall thickness. The formula uses the theoretical weight of steel of 40.8 pounds per square foot per 1 inch of thickness to determine the constant.

W = 10.69 x t (OD – t)

Where:

W = weight (in pounds per foot)

OD = outer diameter

t = thickness

The following table from Engineering Toolbox shows the measurements of OD, wall thickness, and weight for pipes of different NPS. Both schedule 40 and schedule 80 measurements are shown.

Certification

Manufacturers issue a Material Test Report, or Mill Test Report, to validate that the product meets the chemical analysis and mechanical properties specification. The MTR will contain all relevant data to the product and will accompany the product through its lifecycle.

The following are typical parameters that may be recorded on an MTR:

Chemical composition including carbon content, alloys, and sulfur

Material size, weight, identification, and grade

Material heat number, which ties back to the processing batch

Mechanical properties like tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation

An Introduction of Steel Pipes Steel pipes are long, hollow tubes that are used for a variety of purposes. They are produced by two distinct methods which result in either a welded or seamless pipe.