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⋆⭒˚.⋆ Aula 12 - HMEC ⋆⭒˚.⋆
14/11
Rotina: ♡ Síntese provisória
Faltei por motivos de: ida ao psiquiatra (estava precisando)
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WHY DO I ALWAYS GET INSANE MOTIVATION TO DRAW WHEN IM SUPPOSED TO BE STUDYING FOR EXAMS RAAAAAAAH 🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅👎👎👎👎👎👎
#cannot do this guys !!!#i have spanish and hmec exams on WEDNESDAY but i cannot focus on that for the life of me#brutus rambles#like i had art block-type feeling for the past week or so but i suddenly i crave the urge of drawing
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anyone who leaves pins in while using a sewing machine is terrifying
#sewing#sewing machine#you are going to destroy your machine pls#people who use them to stay in line are scary#but people who just go straight over them you would have failed hmec
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Revolutionizing Food & Beverage with High-Quality Protein Ingredients
Protein Ingredients Industry Overview
The global protein ingredients market size is expected to reach USD 122.17 billion by 2030, registering a CAGR of 5.8% according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. The market is expected to witness significant growth over the forecast period owing to increasing consumer awareness regarding maintaining a healthy diet and leading an active lifestyle. In addition, the growing popularity of adopting a high protein diet as a part of weight reduction is expected to propel the demand for protein ingredients.
Increasing innovations by various manufacturers in terms of manufacturing proteins that contain a wide range of amino acids and specific functions, including energy balance, weight loss, muscle repair, and satiety, are expected to create immense growth potential for the market over the forecast period. Moreover, ascending demand for protein ingredients among women owing to the prevalence of the ‘strong not skinny’ trend as well as the rising popularity of resistance training among women are factors likely to fuel the market growth.
Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Protein Ingredients Market
There has been an increase in the demand for supplements and natural prevention, a rise in the consumption of snack-based meal replacements, and growth in the consumer demand for greater ingredient traceability and authenticity. Moreover, rising demand for higher protein density in mainstream diet and growing multiple nutritional segments addressing various consumer needs on the basis of different life stages, gender, health issues, performance demands, regional diets, and regulatory framework are some of the other major trends being observed in the market.
The protein ingredients companies have been launching new products to cater to the rising demand among health-conscious consumers. For instance, in October 2018, the company DuPont launched a new protein ingredient (pea protein) under the brand TRUPRO 2000 for use in beverage applications. DuPont introduced the new product to further expand its product offerings and increase its penetration in the beverages industry.
Furthermore, in August 2019, Cargill, Incorporated invested in a U.S.-based company called Puris that is operating in the field of plant-based ingredients. A total sum of USD 75 million was invested to cater to the rising demand for pea protein ingredients in the U.S. market. Many international players are looking to make such investments to capitalize on the growing demand for pea protein. Urbanization, westernization of diets, population growth, expanding middle-class with higher disposable income, increasing frequency of exercise, and rising focus on leading an active and healthy lifestyle in the emerging economies, including China and India, are factors expected to drive the demand for protein ingredients.
Browse through Grand View Research's Nutraceuticals & Functional Foods Industry Research Reports.
The global polydextrose market size was valued at USD 355.1 million in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.8% from 2025 to 2030.
The global bio vanillin market size was estimated at USD 227.7 million in 2024 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 5.2% from 2025 to 2030.
Protein Ingredients Market Segmentation
Grand View Research has segmented the protein ingredients market based on product, application, and region:
Protein Ingredients Product Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2017 - 2030)
Plant Proteins
Cereals
Wheat
Wheat Protein Concentrates
Wheat Protein Isolates
Textured Wheat Protein
Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein
HMEC/HMMA Wheat Protein
Rice
Rice Protein Isolates
Rice Protein Concentrates
Hydrolyzed Rice Protein
Others
Oats
Oat Protein Concentrates
Oat Protein Isolates
Hydrolyzed Oat Protein
Others
Legumes
Soy
Soy Protein Concentrates
Soy Protein Isolates
Textured Soy Protein
Hydrolyzed Soy Protein
HMEC/HMMA Soy Protein
Pea
Pea Protein Concentrates
Pea Protein Isolates
Textured Pea Protein
Hydrolyzed Pea Protein
HMEC/HMMA Pea Protein
Lupine
Chickpea
Others
Roots
Potato
Potato Protein Concentrate
Potato Protein Isolate
Maca
Others
Ancient Grains
Ancient Wheat
Quinoa
Sorghum
Amaranth
Chia
Millet
Others
Nuts & Seeds
Canola
Canola Protein Isolates
Hydrolyzed Canola Protein
Others
Almond
Flaxseeds
Others
Animal/Dairy Proteins
Egg Protein
Milk Protein Concentrates/Isolates
Whey Protein Concentrates
Whey Protein Hydrolysates
Whey Protein Isolates
Gelatin
Casein/Caseinates
Collagen Peptides
Microbe-based Protein
Algae
Bacteria
Yeast
Fungi
Insect Protein
Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Hymenoptera
Orthoptera
Hemiptera
Diptera
Others
Protein Ingredients Application Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2017 - 2030)
Food & Beverages
Bakery & Confectionary
Beverages
Breakfast Cereals
Dairy Alternatives (cheese, desserts, snacks, others)
Dietary Supplements/Weight Management
Meat Alternatives & Extenders
Snacks
Sports Nutrition
Others
Infant Formulations
Clinical Nutrition
Animal Feed
Others
Regional Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2017 - 2030)
North America
S.
Canada
Mexico
Europe
Germany
K.
France
Italy
Spain
Asia Pacific
China
India
Japan
Australia
Indonesia
Central and South America
Brazil
Argentina
Middle East and Africa
South Africa
Saudi Arabia
Key Companies profiled:
DuPont
Rousselot
ADM
Burcon
Tessenderlo Group
Kewpie Corporation
Roquette Freres
The Scoular Company
CHS, Inc.
Mead Johnson & Company, LLC
CropEnergies AG
Fonterra Co-Operative Group
Bunge Limited
Cargill, Incorporated
MGP
Ingredion
Kerry Inc.
Givaudan
Axiom Foods
Tate & Lyle
Puris
DSM
Glanbia Plc
Louis Dreyfus Company
Barentz
Nutri-Pea
Prinova Group LLC
Recent Developments
At Vitafoods held in April 2023, Darling Ingredients’ health brand Rousselot showcased its collagen peptides solution PEPTAN® for holistic well-being benefits. The premium protein-based ingredient provides multiple science-backed health benefits with nifty formulation properties.
In June 2023, Roquette unveiled the new food innovation center, in Lestrem, France. This center will include a sensory analysis laboratory, a demonstration kitchen, and collaborative labs for pilot-scale testing of various plant-based ingredients.
In May 2023, Burcon NutraScience Corporation, a global manufacturer of plant-based proteins for the F&B industry, announced its strategic initiative called Burcon 2.0. The Burcon 2.0 strategy will offer pilot-scale plant protein processing as a service.
In April 2023, Burcon announced its plans to acquire Merit Functional Foods (Merit). Earlier in January 2023, Burcon was granted a patent for pea protein, which protected and maintained its pea protein licensee, Merit, with marketplace differentiation.
In February 2023, Roquette entered a collaborative project with Eurial, Agri Obtentions, Greencell, the Université Lumière Lyon 2, and INRAE to develop AlinOVeg, which French plant-based (fava bean and peas) protein extraction and product development. Furthermore, in January 2023 Roquette invested in DAIZ Inc. to develop disruptive solutions in the healthy plant protein foods sector.
In January 2022, Rousselot announced the expansion of its porcine collagen production capacity at the Ghent facility.
Order a free sample PDF of the Protein Ingredients Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.
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Protein Ingredients Market Business Analysis, Recent Development And Forecast, 2030
The global protein ingredients market size was valued at USD 77.69 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a revenue-based compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.8% from 2023 to 2030.
The market is gaining momentum and witnessing a high demand owing to rising demand for food products, such as margarine, cold cuts, bakery products, spreads, yogurt, and milk sausages, which are produced using protein ingredients. Increasing consumption of these products among health-conscious and elderly consumers is also fueling the industry’s growth. Moreover, a rise in the innovation of several proteins by various manufacturers that constitute a wide range of amino acids and perform specific functions, including satiety, muscle repair, weight loss, and energy balance, is expected to present immense growth opportunities for the market.
The industry has witnessed a considerable increase in the consumption of animal-based products in the recent past. Animal protein is expected to witness further growth over the next few years in the U.S. Momentous demand for these products derived from animal sources in the domestic market is expected to ascend the product demand. The supply chain initiatives undertaken by the ingredient manufacturing companies to strengthen the distribution of products are further expected to drive the market over the forecast period.
Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Protein Ingredients Market
Protein Ingredients Market Report Highlights
• By product, plant proteins are expected to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period owing to the increased use of protein ingredients in food and beverages. Increasing use of plant proteins in a wide range of applications, including manufacturing of fertilizers, paper coatings, and printing inks, is creating lucrative growth opportunities for the segment
• Animal/dairy proteins held the largest revenue share of over 78.94% in 2022 owing to the growing adoption of these products in developed markets. Whey protein is expected to witness significant growth over the forecast period as it is largely popular among fitness-savvy consumers
• North America dominated the market with more than 33.56% share of the global revenue in 2022 owing to the high demand from the U.S. food and beverages sector. Consumer markets developing in Asia Pacific are growing at a high pace due to a rise in disposable income and changing lifestyle, resulting in significant growth of the regional market
• The Middle East and Africa is expected to exhibit a revenue-based CAGR of 9.6% from 2021 to 2028. This is attributed to supportive government policies as well as improved economic indicators, which have resulted in the increased availability of packaged foods amongst the urban and rural population
Browse through Grand View Research's Nutraceuticals & Functional Foods Industry Research Reports.
• The global fermented ingredients market size was valued at USD 35.3 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.1% from 2024 to 2030.
• The global milk protein market size was estimated at USD 6.63 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.2% from 2024 to 2030.
Protein Ingredients Market Segmentation
Grand View Research has segmented the protein ingredients market based on product, application, and region:
Protein Ingredients Product Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2017 - 2030)
• Plant Proteins
o Cereals
o Wheat
o Wheat Protein Concentrates
o Wheat Protein Isolates
o Textured Wheat Protein
o Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein
o HMEC/HMMA Wheat Protein
o Rice
o Rice Protein Isolates
o Rice Protein Concentrates
o Hydrolyzed Rice Protein
o Others
o Oats
o Oat Protein Concentrates
o Oat Protein Isolates
o Hydrolyzed Oat Protein
o Others
o Legumes
o Soy
o Soy Protein Concentrates
o Soy Protein Isolates
o Textured Soy Protein
o Hydrolyzed Soy Protein
o HMEC/HMMA Soy Protein
o Pea
o Pea Protein Concentrates
o Pea Protein Isolates
o Textured Pea Protein
o Hydrolyzed Pea Protein
o HMEC/HMMA Pea Protein
o Lupine
o Chickpea
o Others
o Roots
o Potato
o Potato Protein Concentrate
o Potato Protein Isolate
o Maca
o Others
o Ancient Grains
o Ancient Wheat
o Quinoa
o Sorghum
o Amaranth
o Chia
o Millet
o Others
o Nuts & Seeds
o Canola
o Canola Protein Isolates
o Hydrolyzed Canola Protein
o Others
o Almond
o Flaxseeds
o Others
o Animal/Dairy Proteins
o Egg Protein
o Milk Protein Concentrates/Isolates
o Whey Protein Concentrates
o Whey Protein Hydrolysates
o Whey Protein Isolates
o Gelatin
o Casein/Caseinates
o Collagen Peptides
o Microbe-based Protein
o Algae
o Bacteria
o Yeast
o Fungi
o Insect Protein
o Coleoptera
o Lepidoptera
o Hymenoptera
o Orthoptera
o Hemiptera
o Diptera
o Others
Order a free sample PDF of the Protein Ingredients Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.
#Protein Ingredients Market#Protein Ingredients Market size#Protein Ingredients Market share#Protein Ingredients Market analysis#Protein Ingredients Industry
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Ep. 20 Fitness to Thai Hmec 🇺🇳🇸🇸🇹🇭#gym #fitness #fyp #shorts #army 💪🏋️♀️🇺🇳 https://newsinfitness.com/ep-20-fitness-to-thai-hmec-gym-fitness-fyp-shorts-army/
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⋆⭒˚.⋆ Aula 14 - HMEC ⋆⭒˚.⋆
7/11
Rotina: ♡ Consulta de retorno: Dolores
Sentimentos sobre minha participação: Fofoca: Ana é uma menina perfeccionista. Não daquele tipo ''entrevista de emprego'', estou me referindo a REALMENTE perfeccionista, beirando a ganhar um CID de presente.
Então, enquanto a Carol treinava exame físico em sua cobaia (eu) a Ana constantemente interrompia para corrigir. O que irritou profundamente a Carol.
No fim, ninguém brigou com ninguém (por pouco, bem pouco)
Das 3 consultas, acho DPOC a mais difícil de abordar
A orientação para interrupção do tabagismo é essencial, pois este causa destruição do tecido pulmonar (enfisema) e obstrução das pequenas vias aéreas com inflamação e muco (bronquite crônica), levando a sintomas cardinais da DPOC, ou seja, falta de ar e tosse. Todos os indivíduos que fumam devem ser identificados e incentivados a deixar de fumar. Também, evitar permanecer em ambientes com poluição do ar e outros fatores precipitantes. A vacinação contra a gripe e outras doenças respiratórias podem reduzir o risco de exacerbações graves: vacina contra o sarscov2, anti-influenza e vacina pneumocócica polivalente. A avaliação do estado nutricional e da função músculo- esquelética é necessária para melhora da tolerância ao exercício e do estado geral de saúde desses pacientes, atualmente há evidências que a atividade física pode resultar nestas melhoras. A atividade física deve ser tanto o exercício aeróbio quanto o treino de força. O exercício aeróbio é recomendado e deve ser iniciado independentemente do estágio da DPOC em que o paciente se encontra. O treino de força objetiva melhorar a fraqueza muscular que contribui para a intolerância ao exercício em portadores de doença pulmonar crônica, o exercício de força é uma opção racional no processo de reabilitação pulmonar. Na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) é importante o diagnóstico precoce e a utilização concomitante do tratamento medicamentoso e o não medicamentoso, para impedir ou retardar a evolução clínica do DPOC. https://aps-repo.bvs.br/aps/qual-o-tratamento-para-doenca-pulmonar-obstrutiva-cronica-dpoc-na-aps-2/
Sentimentos sobre os professores: Incrível a Rafa dando feedback e se admirando no vidro espelhado ao mesmo tempo, eu faria o mesmo se fosse bonitona assim kkkk
Sentimentos sobre a turma: Eu, particularmente, gosto como a Carol se comunica e a voz dela é muito bonita, traz conforto.
Teria informado que iria conversar com a doutora Soraya sobre solicitar espirometria, afinal é necessário para estabelecer diagnóstico. Também teria explicado sobre DPOC para o paciente.
Esse PDF é maravilhoso: https://www.spmi.pt/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Roteiro_DPOC.pdf
(つ≧▽≦)つ fim
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Secrets of Mammary Stem Cells Secretome-Juniper Publishers
JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF DAIRY & VETERINARY SCIENCES
Abstract
The role of mammary stem/progenitor cells and its secreted proteins in therapeutic application has not been evaluated yet. Here, author reviewed information pertaining to secreted proteins of mammary epithelial cells and mammary stem/progenitor cells and supported their ideas that secretome could potentially be explored for natural antimicrobials against supportive therapy of bovine mastitis.
Keywords: Mammary stem cell; Secretome; Mastitis; Bovine; Spectrophometer; Proteins; Laboratory; Lactoferrin; Receptors; Biomarkers; Pacific; Population; Antibiotics; Progenitor cells
Abbrevations: HMEC: Human Mammary Epithelial Cells; CM: Conditioned Medium; EGFR: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor; AFDC: Adherent Fraction Derived Cells; MDC: Mammosphere Derived Cells; TGFβ: Transforming Growth Factor Beta; MDBK: Madin Darby Bovine Kidney Epithelial; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides
Opinion
Secretome are the cell secreted proteins released in the cell extracellular space. Groups of proteins present in the secretome are involved in signalling and cell communications. Study of such proteins, thus would be helpful in understanding the niche of the cell. Researchers of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington probably was the first group which demonstrated secretome of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) in 2008 [1]. They identified secretome of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC)-conditioned medium (CM) cell lysates and showed regulation of matrix metalloproteases through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In 2009, Simpson and co-investigators have profiled three different secretome of basal MaSC, luminal progenitors and mature luminal cell lines. In this study, in addition to enriched expression of ephrin receptors and integrins, the activity of Wnt signalling pathway was uniquely detected in the MaSC [2]. In a recent publication of Scientific Reports journal, researchers from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY has defined secretome of mammosphere derived MaSC and opened up new doors for the possible treatment of bovine mammary gland infections [3].
For their studies, the team isolated cultured two different populations of bovine mammary cells- adherent fraction- derived cells (AFDC) and suspension mammosphere-derived cells (MDC). These two cell population were immunopheno typically different as analyzed by various cell surface markers. However, the expression of CD44 and CD49f was higher in MDC CM than the AFDC CM. Level of CD29 was high in CM of both these cells. Proteome analyses of AFDC and MDC CM, using mass spectrophometer, revealed 347 and 537 matched proteins and peptides functionally related to defense and immunity and tissue regeneration like angiogenesis and cell migration. Furthermore, two antimicrobial proteins namely lactoferrin and cathelicidine have been validated and quantified using Western blot (Figure 1) and observed differential expression of the proteins in CM of MDC versus AFDC. Two angiogenesis factors namely, angiopoetin 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor alpha, angiopoetin 1 showed high expression level in MDC CM. Likewise, levels of proteins involved in cell migration (transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), Insulin-like growth factor-1 and hepatocyte growth factor) were estimated in the CM and found that the concentration of TGFβ was high in CM of MDC. TGFβ induces epithelial cell to mesenchymal type and promotes cell migration. Taken together, this study showed CM of AFDC and MDC contains various proteins which have roles in tissue regeneration and immune defence of the host.
Interestingly, proteins of AFMC and MDC also contained factors which protects bacterial toxin-induced MEC death. Loss of MEC damage is an important consequence of mastitis and it is induced by the toxins of Gram-positive bacteria and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria. A significant reduction in growth of bacteria (measured by optical density) was observed when Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney Epithelial (MDBK) cells were grown in presence of Klebsiella (a Gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (a Grampositive bacteria) in presence of MDC CM. The researchers also evaluated shelf-life of MDC CM for one week and found that frozen CM is biologically effective on MDBK cell migration. The storing of CM for long time would be advantageous for future clinical use in mastitis management even at remote places.
In summary, these studies providing rationale for the potential use of MDC secretome as supportive or adjunct therapy in bovine mastitis. Secretome could be an ideal biological source for naturally occurring anti-microbial and potentially beallogenically safe like antibiotics. In future, an important follow-on studies should include evaluation of novel proteins as biomarkers and identification of newly identified proteins with no to little annotations. In vivo application of MDC secretome in management of naturally occurring bovine mastitis, also warranted future investigations.
For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/open-access.php
For more articles in
Open Access Journal of Dairy & Veterinary sciences
please click on:
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Chicken Elisa Kits
Ondanks het opkomende succes van multi-gerichte proteïne-tyrosinekinase (PTK) -remmers bij kankertherapie, lijkt het onwaarschijnlijk dat significante bijwerkingen en zorgen over resistentie worden vermeden. Het doel van de huidige studie was om nieuwe multi-targeting PTK-remmers te identificeren. De enzymatische activiteiten van kinase werden gemeten door middel van enzymgekoppelde immunosorbent-assay (ELISA).
De antiproliferatieve activiteiten in menselijke microvasculaire endotheelcellen (HMEC's) werden geëvalueerd door middel van sulforhodamine (SRB) -test. De fosforylering van kinasen en hun stroomafwaartse moleculen werd onderzocht door middel van Western blot-analyse. De bindingsmodus tussen MdOS en PTK's werd geprofileerd door oppervlakte-plasmonresonantie (SPR) -benadering en moleculaire simulatie. Buisvormingstest, aorta-ringmethode bij ratten en chorioallantoïsmembraanproef bij kippen werden gecombineerd om de in vitro en in vivo anti-angiogene effecten te illustreren.
De resultaten gaven aan dat MdOS, een nieuw van zee afgeleid oligosaccharidesulfaat, een PTK-remmende werking met een breed spectrum vertoonde. Op enzymatisch niveau remde MdOS HER2, EGFR, VEGFR, PDGFR, c-Kit, FGFR1 en c-Src, met weinig impact op FGFR2.
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@wbsuperseries Is Back!! • 🚨 CONFIRMED: @mairisbriedis vs @DorticosKO - #WBSS Cruiserweight Final - set for 26 September! 🔥🔥 The hotly-anticipated World Boxing Super Series Season II Cruiserweight Final between Mairis Briedis and Yuniel Dorticos takes place behind-closed-doors in Munich, Germany on Saturday, 26 September 2020. The culmination of the quest for the Muhammad Ali Trophy will be held in a television studio under Covid-19 rules and with no spectators at Plazamedia Broadcasting Center, a leading live sports production house in Munich. #BriedisDorticos 🏆 #AliTrophy https://www.instagram.com/p/CE4vMr-hMEc/?igshid=i1vu9iwkevad
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⋆⭒˚.⋆ Aula 13 - HMEC ⋆⭒˚.⋆
31/10
Rotina: ♡ Oficina Suporte Básico de Vida
Sentimentos sobre minha participação: Story Time: Há uns anos estava voltando do mercado com a minha mãe, quando uma multidão começou a gritar e se desesperar. Um bebê havia se engasgado e não estava respirando.
Eu não sabia o que fazer, acabaram levando ele pro hospital e não sei o que aconteceu depois.
Decidi prestar MUITA atenção nessa aula pra não me sentir impotente novamente. Agora eu sei o que fazer.
Descobri que Never Gonna Give You Up tem 120 BPM e o refrão dá 30 compressões certinho.
Sentimentos sobre os professores: Achei engraçadinho a Rafa se atrapalhando na hora da encenação kkk mas foi tudo bem esclarecedor, saí de lá sem dúvidas
Sentimentos sobre a turma: Fiz grupo com a Chris e a Mi, elas são doutoras e palestrantes, me ensinaram bastante e ainda tiraram uma foto linda minha.
Esqueci minha jaqueta na sala essa dia e nunca mais acharam ╰(ಥдಥ)ノ
♡(ﾐ ᵕ̣̣̣̣̣̣ ﻌ ᵕ̣̣̣̣̣̣ ﾐ)ﾉ fim
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Temples in North America to hold virtual prayer to celebrate Ram Temple's foundation laying ceremony
Temples in North America to hold virtual prayer to celebrate Ram Temple’s foundation laying ceremony
Washington: Hindu temples in North America will hold a virtual national prayer to celebrate the foundation laying ceremony of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya, religious groups have announced.
The Hindu MandirExecutives’ Conference (HMEC) and the Hindu Mandir Priests’ Conference (HMPC), in a statement on Friday, called for a virtual collective national prayer across America to rejoice the upcoming…
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#foundation laying ceremony#hindu mandir#narendra modi#North America#ram temple#Vishva Hindu Parishad
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#fiqueemcasa https://www.instagram.com/p/B-Atwc-hMEc/?igshid=xbgtqdwagw06
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Secrets of Mammary Stem Cells Secretome- Juniper Publishers
Abstract
The role of mammary stem/progenitor cells and its secreted proteins in therapeutic application has not been evaluated yet. Here, author reviewed information pertaining to secreted proteins of mammary epithelial cells and mammary stem/progenitor cells and supported their ideas that secretome could potentially be explored for natural antimicrobials against supportive therapy of bovine mastitis.
Keywords: Mammary stem cell; Secretome; Mastitis; Bovine; Spectrophometer; Proteins; Laboratory; Lactoferrin; Receptors; Biomarkers; Pacific; Population; Antibiotics; Progenitor cells
Abbrevations: HMEC: Human Mammary Epithelial Cells; CM: Conditioned Medium; EGFR: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor; AFDC: Adherent Fraction Derived Cells; MDC: Mammosphere Derived Cells; TGFβ: Transforming Growth Factor Beta; MDBK: Madin Darby Bovine Kidney Epithelial; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides
Opinion
Secretome are the cell secreted proteins released in the cell extracellular space. Groups of proteins present in the secretome are involved in signalling and cell communications. Study of such proteins, thus would be helpful in understanding the niche of the cell. Researchers of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington probably was the first group which demonstrated secretome of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) in 2008 [1]. They identified secretome of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC)-conditioned medium (CM) cell lysates and showed regulation of matrix metalloproteases through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In 2009, Simpson and co-investigators have profiled three different secretome of basal MaSC, luminal progenitors and mature luminal cell lines. In this study, in addition to enriched expression of ephrin receptors and integrins, the activity of Wnt signalling pathway was uniquely detected in the MaSC [2]. In a recent publication of Scientific Reports journal, researchers from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY has defined secretome of mammosphere derived MaSC and opened up new doors for the possible treatment of bovine mammary gland infections [3].
For their studies, the team isolated cultured two different populations of bovine mammary cells- adherent fraction- derived cells (AFDC) and suspension mammosphere-derived cells (MDC). These two cell population were immunopheno typically different as analyzed by various cell surface markers. However, the expression of CD44 and CD49f was higher in MDC CM than the AFDC CM. Level of CD29 was high in CM of both these cells. Proteome analyses of AFDC and MDC CM, using mass spectrophometer, revealed 347 and 537 matched proteins and peptides functionally related to defense and immunity and tissue regeneration like angiogenesis and cell migration. Furthermore, two antimicrobial proteins namely lactoferrin and cathelicidine have been validated and quantified using Western blot (Figure 1) and observed differential expression of the proteins in CM of MDC versus AFDC. Two angiogenesis factors namely, angiopoetin 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor alpha, angiopoetin 1 showed high expression level in MDC CM. Likewise, levels of proteins involved in cell migration (transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), Insulin-like growth factor-1 and hepatocyte growth factor) were estimated in the CM and found that the concentration of TGFβ was high in CM of MDC. TGFβ induces epithelial cell to mesenchymal type and promotes cell migration. Taken together, this study showed CM of AFDC and MDC contains various proteins which have roles in tissue regeneration and immune defence of the host.
Interestingly, proteins of AFMC and MDC also contained factors which protects bacterial toxin-induced MEC death. Loss of MEC damage is an important consequence of mastitis and it is induced by the toxins of Gram-positive bacteria and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria. A significant reduction in growth of bacteria (measured by optical density) was observed when Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney Epithelial (MDBK) cells were grown in presence of Klebsiella (a Gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (a Grampositive bacteria) in presence of MDC CM. The researchers also evaluated shelf-life of MDC CM for one week and found that frozen CM is biologically effective on MDBK cell migration. The storing of CM for long time would be advantageous for future clinical use in mastitis management even at remote places.
In summary, these studies providing rationale for the potential use of MDC secretome as supportive or adjunct therapy in bovine mastitis. Secretome could be an ideal biological source for naturally occurring anti-microbial and potentially beallogenically safe like antibiotics. In future, an important follow-on studies should include evaluation of novel proteins as biomarkers and identification of newly identified proteins with no to little annotations. In vivo application of MDC secretome in management of naturally occurring bovine mastitis, also warranted future investigations.
To know more about journal of veterinary science impact factor: https://juniperpublishers.com/jdvs/index.php
To know more about Open Access journals Publishers: Juniper Publishers
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