#hmec

[kamilapetelin]

⋆⭒˚.⋆ Aula 8 - HMEC ⋆⭒˚.⋆

26/09

Rotina: ♡ Nova síntese e QA's

Sentimentos sobre a consulta: Meu prontuário ficou horrível. O que é hilário, porque achei que tinha ficado ótimo! Na hora de construir a síntese me atrapalhei toda. O prontuário da Cris são perguntas e respostas, achei mais organizado assim, afinal minha consulta já é estrutura com perguntas padronizadas em uma ordem específica, conseguiria me localizar bem mais fácil em um prontuário desse jeito (apesar de não ser o ideal).

Vou levar esse questionamento para próxima aula

Sentimentos sobre minha participação: Não participei tanto quanto gostaria, não gosto de apresentações sem preparo prévio. Sou megalomaníaca. Fiquei triste que agora a nova síntese vai ser feita apenas com o grupo da Rafa, preferia quando misturava, trazia mais pluralidade de ideias e gostava dos insights da Magda.

Sentimentos sobre os professores: Não sei como ela se articula tão bem. A linha de raciocínio é muito clara e a aula é fluida! Gostaria que desse TBL no lugar da Tati (trauma)

Sentimentos sobre a turma: Odeio todos, quero me formar logo.

Dica para o dia da APA Gostaria que a Rafa se apresentasse melhor para os alunos, contasse um pouco sobre a trajetória de vida dela! Foi isso que me fez gostar bastante (antes achava exigente e sem coração, mas depois me cresceu uma admiração muito grande e me vejo nela em várias aspectos). Fofocas Carol e a Ana gostaram muito da Rafa, acham um tanto perdidinha referente a atribuições (mas esse é o charme), mas adoraram os feedbacks detalhados.

QA's

1) Quais são as alterações nos exames físicos de paciente com Trombose Venosa Profunda (TVP)? 2) Qual o mecanismo de ação do Captopril? 3) Qual o mecanismo fisiológico para os sintomas relatados? (perda de peso, poliúria, polifagia e polidipsia) 4) Como é feito o diagnóstico da Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2? Quais são os valores referências da glicemia em um adulto? 5) Quais são as principais complicações da Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2? (agudas e crônicas - retinopatia, doença vascular crônica e afins) 6) Quais vacinas são recomendadas, segundo o Ministério da Saúde, para idosos? Quais são os intervalos? 7) Defina a fisiopatologia da Doença Pulmonar Obstrutiva Crônica (DPOC). Qual o principal diagnóstico diferencial? (é a asma). Fazer uma tabela diferenciando os dois. Qual o tratamento básico? DPOC x Asma? (citar quais os sintomas, diagnósticos e afins). 8) Qual a diferença entre fadiga, cansaço e dispneia? 9) Qual a diferença entre informar e pactuar?

[r7inyz]

WHY DO I ALWAYS GET INSANE MOTIVATION TO DRAW WHEN IM SUPPOSED TO BE STUDYING FOR EXAMS RAAAAAAAH 🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅🍅👎👎👎👎👎👎

[allo-ho-mora]

anyone who leaves pins in while using a sewing machine is terrifying

[industrynewsupdates]

Protein Ingredients Market Business Analysis, Recent Development And Forecast, 2030

The global protein ingredients market size was valued at USD 77.69 billion in 2022 and is expected to grow at a revenue-based compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.8% from 2023 to 2030. 

The market is gaining momentum and witnessing a high demand owing to rising demand for food products, such as margarine, cold cuts, bakery products, spreads, yogurt, and milk sausages, which are produced using protein ingredients. Increasing consumption of these products among health-conscious and elderly consumers is also fueling the industry’s growth. Moreover, a rise in the innovation of several proteins by various manufacturers that constitute a wide range of amino acids and perform specific functions, including satiety, muscle repair, weight loss, and energy balance, is expected to present immense growth opportunities for the market.

The industry has witnessed a considerable increase in the consumption of animal-based products in the recent past. Animal protein is expected to witness further growth over the next few years in the U.S. Momentous demand for these products derived from animal sources in the domestic market is expected to ascend the product demand. The supply chain initiatives undertaken by the ingredient manufacturing companies to strengthen the distribution of products are further expected to drive the market over the forecast period.

Gather more insights about the market drivers, restrains and growth of the Protein Ingredients Market

Protein Ingredients Market Report Highlights

• By product, plant proteins are expected to witness the fastest growth over the forecast period owing to the increased use of protein ingredients in food and beverages. Increasing use of plant proteins in a wide range of applications, including manufacturing of fertilizers, paper coatings, and printing inks, is creating lucrative growth opportunities for the segment

• Animal/dairy proteins held the largest revenue share of over 78.94% in 2022 owing to the growing adoption of these products in developed markets. Whey protein is expected to witness significant growth over the forecast period as it is largely popular among fitness-savvy consumers

• North America dominated the market with more than 33.56% share of the global revenue in 2022 owing to the high demand from the U.S. food and beverages sector. Consumer markets developing in Asia Pacific are growing at a high pace due to a rise in disposable income and changing lifestyle, resulting in significant growth of the regional market

• The Middle East and Africa is expected to exhibit a revenue-based CAGR of 9.6% from 2021 to 2028. This is attributed to supportive government policies as well as improved economic indicators, which have resulted in the increased availability of packaged foods amongst the urban and rural population

Browse through Grand View Research's Nutraceuticals & Functional Foods Industry Research Reports.

• The global fermented ingredients market size was valued at USD 35.3 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 11.1% from 2024 to 2030.

• The global milk protein market size was estimated at USD 6.63 billion in 2023 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 3.2% from 2024 to 2030.

Protein Ingredients Market Segmentation

Grand View Research has segmented the protein ingredients market based on product, application, and region:

Protein Ingredients Product Outlook (Volume, Kilotons; Revenue, USD Million, 2017 - 2030)

• Plant Proteins

o Cereals

o Wheat

o Wheat Protein Concentrates

o Wheat Protein Isolates

o Textured Wheat Protein

o Hydrolyzed Wheat Protein

o HMEC/HMMA Wheat Protein

o Rice

o Rice Protein Isolates

o Rice Protein Concentrates

o Hydrolyzed Rice Protein

o Others

o Oats

o Oat Protein Concentrates

o Oat Protein Isolates

o Hydrolyzed Oat Protein

o Others

o Legumes

o Soy

o Soy Protein Concentrates

o Soy Protein Isolates

o Textured Soy Protein

o Hydrolyzed Soy Protein

o HMEC/HMMA Soy Protein

o Pea

o Pea Protein Concentrates

o Pea Protein Isolates

o Textured Pea Protein

o Hydrolyzed Pea Protein

o HMEC/HMMA Pea Protein

o Lupine

o Chickpea

o Others

o Roots

o Potato

o Potato Protein Concentrate

o Potato Protein Isolate

o Maca

o Others

o Ancient Grains

o Ancient Wheat

o Quinoa

o Sorghum

o Amaranth

o Chia

o Millet

o Others

o Nuts & Seeds

o Canola

o Canola Protein Isolates

o Hydrolyzed Canola Protein

o Others

o Almond

o Flaxseeds

o Others

o Animal/Dairy Proteins

o Egg Protein

o Milk Protein Concentrates/Isolates

o Whey Protein Concentrates

o Whey Protein Hydrolysates

o Whey Protein Isolates

o Gelatin

o Casein/Caseinates

o Collagen Peptides

o Microbe-based Protein

o Algae

o Bacteria

o Yeast

o Fungi

o Insect Protein

o Coleoptera

o Lepidoptera

o Hymenoptera

o Orthoptera

o Hemiptera

o Diptera

o Others

Order a free sample PDF of the Protein Ingredients Market Intelligence Study, published by Grand View Research.

[fitness-trending-content]

Ep. 20 Fitness to Thai Hmec 🇺🇳🇸🇸🇹🇭#gym #fitness #fyp #shorts #army 💪🏋️‍♀️🇺🇳 https://newsinfitness.com/ep-20-fitness-to-thai-hmec-gym-fitness-fyp-shorts-army/

[kamilapetelin]

⋆⭒˚.⋆ Aula 7 - HMEC ⋆⭒˚.⋆

19/09

Rotina: ♡ Consulta Dolores Pinheiro

Sentimentos sobre a consulta: Sinceramente, me assustou cada caso focar em uma doença diferente, eu não conduzir essa consulta de asma. Na vida real, não precisamos falar sobre a histologia do sistema respiratório para o paciente. Uma alternativa de melhora sobre isso é sugerir na tutoria sempre fazer uma questão de aprendizado sobre propedêutica, ajudaria muito em HMEC.

Mecanismo de ação salbutamol: Amina simpaticomimética – broncodilatador. Estimula receptores adrenérgicos β-2 nos pulmões relaxando o músculo liso dos brônquios e causando broncodilatação. https://www.ribeiraopreto.sp.gov.br/files/ssaude/pdf/inftec-11salbutamol-spray-oral.pdf Efeitos do cigarro no epitélio respiratório: No fumante, devido a agressão constante dos componentes do cigarro, este epitélio pode ser substituído por um epitélio mais resistente, o epitélio pavimentoso estratificado. Esse processo é chamado de metaplasia. https://www.unifal-mg.edu.br/histologiainterativa/tecido-epitelial-de-revestimento-2/#:~:text=No%20fumante%2C%20devido%20a%20agress%C3%A3o,processo%20%C3%A9%20chamado%20de%20metaplasia. A fumaça de cigarro provoca redução significativa na porcentagem de desenvolvimento de cílios assim como redução em seu tamanho https://repositorio.usp.br/bitstream/handle/BDPI/7971/art_LIMA_Efeitos_do_cigarro_sobre_o_epitelio_respiratorio_2009.pdf?sequence=1

Sentimentos sobre minha participação: Apenas fui a observadora e não falei muito, mas gostei de levar o Ipad, pois pude fazer minhas anotações, já que a Carol demora um zilhão de anos para me enviar as dela. O Maqueda estava especialmente bonito hoje (,,♡ᵕ♡,,)

Sentimentos sobre os professores: Feedbacks da rafaela são literalmente os melhores, vou adicionar na minha próxima consultas antecedentes ginecológicos/obstétricos

Data da primeira menstrual - menarca Idade da primeira relação sexual _ sexarca Número de parceiros pra pensar em ist (hpv, sífilis, hepatite) Número de filhos Idade que entrou na menopausa Se Fez ou faz terapia de reposição hormonal? (probabilidade de câncer)

Sentimentos sobre a turma: Me surpreendi muito com a Carol, ela é uma pessoa um tanto grossa, fala o que pensa e faz bullying comigo kk (apesar de ser minha amiga próxima). Ela soube se comunicar e foi um doce na consulta, me trouxe um sentimento de paz, até estranhei

⸜(｡˃ ᵕ ˂ )⸝♡ fim

[juniperpublishers-jdvs]

Secrets of Mammary Stem Cells Secretome-Juniper Publishers

JUNIPER PUBLISHERS-OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL OF DAIRY & VETERINARY SCIENCES

Abstract

The role of mammary stem/progenitor cells and its secreted proteins in therapeutic application has not been evaluated yet. Here, author reviewed information pertaining to secreted proteins of mammary epithelial cells and mammary stem/progenitor cells and supported their ideas that secretome could potentially be explored for natural antimicrobials against supportive therapy of bovine mastitis.

Keywords: Mammary stem cell; Secretome; Mastitis; Bovine; Spectrophometer; Proteins; Laboratory; Lactoferrin; Receptors; Biomarkers; Pacific; Population; Antibiotics; Progenitor cells

Abbrevations: HMEC: Human Mammary Epithelial Cells; CM: Conditioned Medium; EGFR: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor; AFDC: Adherent Fraction Derived Cells; MDC: Mammosphere Derived Cells; TGFβ: Transforming Growth Factor Beta; MDBK: Madin Darby Bovine Kidney Epithelial; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides

Opinion

Secretome are the cell secreted proteins released in the cell extracellular space. Groups of proteins present in the secretome are involved in signalling and cell communications. Study of such proteins, thus would be helpful in understanding the niche of the cell. Researchers of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington probably was the first group which demonstrated secretome of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) in 2008 [1]. They identified secretome of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC)-conditioned medium (CM) cell lysates and showed regulation of matrix metalloproteases through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In 2009, Simpson and co-investigators have profiled three different secretome of basal MaSC, luminal progenitors and mature luminal cell lines. In this study, in addition to enriched expression of ephrin receptors and integrins, the activity of Wnt signalling pathway was uniquely detected in the MaSC [2]. In a recent publication of Scientific Reports journal, researchers from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY has defined secretome of mammosphere derived MaSC and opened up new doors for the possible treatment of bovine mammary gland infections [3].

For their studies, the team isolated cultured two different populations of bovine mammary cells- adherent fraction- derived cells (AFDC) and suspension mammosphere-derived cells (MDC). These two cell population were immunopheno typically different as analyzed by various cell surface markers. However, the expression of CD44 and CD49f was higher in MDC CM than the AFDC CM. Level of CD29 was high in CM of both these cells. Proteome analyses of AFDC and MDC CM, using mass spectrophometer, revealed 347 and 537 matched proteins and peptides functionally related to defense and immunity and tissue regeneration like angiogenesis and cell migration. Furthermore, two antimicrobial proteins namely lactoferrin and cathelicidine have been validated and quantified using Western blot (Figure 1) and observed differential expression of the proteins in CM of MDC versus AFDC. Two angiogenesis factors namely, angiopoetin 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor alpha, angiopoetin 1 showed high expression level in MDC CM. Likewise, levels of proteins involved in cell migration (transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), Insulin-like growth factor-1 and hepatocyte growth factor) were estimated in the CM and found that the concentration of TGFβ was high in CM of MDC. TGFβ induces epithelial cell to mesenchymal type and promotes cell migration. Taken together, this study showed CM of AFDC and MDC contains various proteins which have roles in tissue regeneration and immune defence of the host.

Interestingly, proteins of AFMC and MDC also contained factors which protects bacterial toxin-induced MEC death. Loss of MEC damage is an important consequence of mastitis and it is induced by the toxins of Gram-positive bacteria and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria. A significant reduction in growth of bacteria (measured by optical density) was observed when Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney Epithelial (MDBK) cells were grown in presence of Klebsiella (a Gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (a Grampositive bacteria) in presence of MDC CM. The researchers also evaluated shelf-life of MDC CM for one week and found that frozen CM is biologically effective on MDBK cell migration. The storing of CM for long time would be advantageous for future clinical use in mastitis management even at remote places.

In summary, these studies providing rationale for the potential use of MDC secretome as supportive or adjunct therapy in bovine mastitis. Secretome could be an ideal biological source for naturally occurring anti-microbial and potentially beallogenically safe like antibiotics. In future, an important follow-on studies should include evaluation of novel proteins as biomarkers and identification of newly identified proteins with no to little annotations. In vivo application of MDC secretome in management of naturally occurring bovine mastitis, also warranted future investigations.

For more Open Access Journals in Juniper Publishers please click on: https://juniperpublishers.com/open-access.php

For more articles in 

Open Access Journal of Dairy & Veterinary sciences

 please click on:

https://juniperpublishers.com/jdvs/index.php

[famouszombieobject]

Chicken Elisa Kits

Ondanks het opkomende succes van multi-gerichte proteïne-tyrosinekinase (PTK) -remmers bij kankertherapie, lijkt het onwaarschijnlijk dat significante bijwerkingen en zorgen over resistentie worden vermeden. Het doel van de huidige studie was om nieuwe multi-targeting PTK-remmers te identificeren. De enzymatische activiteiten van kinase werden gemeten door middel van enzymgekoppelde immunosorbent-assay (ELISA). 

De antiproliferatieve activiteiten in menselijke microvasculaire endotheelcellen (HMEC's) werden geëvalueerd door middel van sulforhodamine (SRB) -test. De fosforylering van kinasen en hun stroomafwaartse moleculen werd onderzocht door middel van Western blot-analyse. De bindingsmodus tussen MdOS en PTK's werd geprofileerd door oppervlakte-plasmonresonantie (SPR) -benadering en moleculaire simulatie. Buisvormingstest, aorta-ringmethode bij ratten en chorioallantoïsmembraanproef bij kippen werden gecombineerd om de in vitro en in vivo anti-angiogene effecten te illustreren.

 De resultaten gaven aan dat MdOS, een nieuw van zee afgeleid oligosaccharidesulfaat, een PTK-remmende werking met een breed spectrum vertoonde. Op enzymatisch niveau remde MdOS HER2, EGFR, VEGFR, PDGFR, c-Kit, FGFR1 en c-Src, met weinig impact op FGFR2.

[latinboxsports]

@wbsuperseries Is Back!! • 🚨 CONFIRMED: @mairisbriedis vs @DorticosKO - #WBSS Cruiserweight Final - set for 26 September! 🔥🔥 The hotly-anticipated World Boxing Super Series Season II Cruiserweight Final between Mairis Briedis and Yuniel Dorticos takes place behind-closed-doors in Munich, Germany on Saturday, 26 September 2020. The culmination of the quest for the Muhammad Ali Trophy will be held in a television studio under Covid-19 rules and with no spectators at Plazamedia Broadcasting Center, a leading live sports production house in Munich. #BriedisDorticos 🏆 #AliTrophy https://www.instagram.com/p/CE4vMr-hMEc/?igshid=i1vu9iwkevad

[newsoutbursts]

Temples in North America to hold virtual prayer to celebrate Ram Temple's foundation laying ceremony

Temples in North America to hold virtual prayer to celebrate Ram Temple’s foundation laying ceremony

Washington: Hindu temples in North America will hold a virtual national prayer to celebrate the foundation laying ceremony of the Ram Temple in Ayodhya, religious groups have announced.

The Hindu MandirExecutives’ Conference (HMEC) and the Hindu Mandir Priests’ Conference (HMPC), in a statement on Friday, called for a virtual collective national prayer across America to rejoice the upcoming…

[kamilapetelin]

⋆⭒˚.⋆ Aula 5 - HMEC ⋆⭒˚.⋆

12/09

Rotina: ♡ Consulta Simplicio Martins

Sentimentos sobre a consulta: Odiei, minha consulta foi sobre diabetes. Na faculdade, aprendemos mecanismo de ação de medicamentos, fisiologia saudável e superficialmente patologias, *não aprendemos planos de cuidado* e então, ali na hora precisei imaginar um para diabetes descompensada.

Atualizar medicação, diminuir consumo de carboidrato e psicólogo. Top 10 piores planos de cuidado, eu preciso:

Ler sobre propedêutica de diabetes em idosos, na verdade preciso ler o que se investiga normalmente em idosos no geral. Incluirei meus achados em anexo https://diretriz.diabetes.org.br/abordagem-do-paciente-idoso-com-diabetes-mellitus/

Sentimentos sobre minha participação: Acho que consigo explorar muito bem todas as questões, sempre ouvi os conselhos da Rafaela e agora meu roteiro é bem completo, inclusive, gostei muito, mas tenho 2 deficiências grandes que não resolvi desde semestre passado.

Não sei explorar queixa

Sou desengonçada no exame físico

Item bônus: preciso melhorar meu plano de cuidado focado no idoso, especialmente diabético, bem como revisar minhas anotações sobre diabetes do primeiro semestre

Por hora, vou pesquisar esses itens para entender melhor, depois da D1, planejo ler alguns capítulos do Porto que exploram queixa, mas para isso preciso de tempo, o que não ando tendo. Para minha próxima consulta, essa deficiência não pode mais existir. Esse é o plano.

Sentimentos sobre os professores: Rafaela sempre com ótimos feedbacks, mas há pontos que preciso adicionar a meu roteiro:

♡ Alertar que não apalpamos inguinal ♡ Para o plano de cuidado, indicar usar sapato específico de diabetes

Do total, 58% dos indivíduos desconhecia o termo “pé diabético”, porém possuíam cuidados mínimos adequados com os pés, como inspecioná-los (60,2%), hidratálos (65,9%), não andar descalço (81,8%) e cortar as unhas (92%), apesar de 90,9% não utilizar sapatos considerados adequados. Houve relação entre menor nível de escolaridade e pior desempenho nas questões referentes a andar descalço, hidratar os pés, cortar as unhas, usar calçados adequados e identificar micoses (p < 0,05), porém não houve associação da realização das medidas de autocuidado e sexo. https://www.scielo.br/j/jvb/a/gG8m6rmFzSjLHGbZgB7dQHt/?format=pdf

♡ ''Faça por você! Já pensou perder sua independência?'' ♡ Calculo de água é por peso (Não encontrei artigos que evidenciassem uma equação fixa, irei trazer essa dúvida na síntese provisório).

Um estudo publicado pela Science pontua que o volume para consumo diário é determinado por diversos fatores como sexo, idade, aspectos físicos, umidade do ar, temperatura e até mesmo o IDH (Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano). Assim, não existe uma quantidade ideal de água ー como os famosos dois litros ー, já que a influência de múltiplos pontos modifica a necessidade de cada indivíduo.  https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm8668 Toxicity results from the ingestion of water at a rate beyond the capacity of the kidneys to excrete the extra load, resulting in hyposmolarity. Such a condition is rarely observed in a normal healthy adult. The manifestations usually include a gradual mental dulling, confusion, coma, convulsion, and even death https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK234935/

♡ Indicar teste de esforço ♡ Não indicar atividade física sem investigar a possibilidade do paciente não ter condições de executá-las. Interessante pedir ECG. ♡ Se há esposa que faleceu: do que e com quantos anos? ♡ Perguntar se dói ao fazer xixi (disúria) ♡ ''Há alguma coisa que você gostaria de me dizer desse problema que você julga importante?'' ♡ Pesquisar sobre os 3 P's da Diabetes

Os 3 P's da diabetes referem-se aos sinais clássicos associados à hiperglicemia: Polidipsia: Aumento da sede, onde o paciente sente a necessidade de beber mais líquidos devido à perda de água pela urina. Poliúria: Aumento da frequência urinária, que ocorre devido à osmose, já que a glicose em excesso no sangue provoca um aumento na excreção de água pelos rins. Polifagia: Aumento da fome, onde o corpo não consegue utilizar a glicose adequadamente, levando à sensação de fome, mesmo após a ingestão de alimentos. https://www.ufrgs.br/telessauders/documentos/protocolos_resumos/endocrino_resumo_diabetes_TSRS_20160324.pdf

♡ Perguntar quando começou a fumar por conta da carga tabágica

Para calcular a carga tabágica, o número de cigarros fumados por dia foi dividido por 20 (o número de cigarros em um maço) e o resultado foi multiplicado pelo número de anos de uso de tabaco (anos-maço) https://www.scielo.br/j/jbpneu/a/jbHxV6XzXFhrr5zzVHXmg5J/#:~:text=Para%20calcular%20a%20carga%20tab%C3%A1gica,tabaco%20(anos%2Dma%C3%A7o). Níveis elevados de glicemia danificam nervos e vasos sanguíneos, levando à neuropatia e à doença vascular periférica, o que reduz a sensibilidade nos pés e compromete o fluxo sanguíneo. Isso resulta em feridas não percebidas e dificuldade na cicatrização, aumentando o risco de infecções. A combinação desses fatores pode levar à necessidade de amputação. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/biblio-833930#:~:text=A%20neuropatia%20perif%C3%A9rica%2C%20caracterizada%20pela,nos%20p%C3%A9s%20de%20pacientes%20diab%C3%A9ticos.

♡ Se mora sozinho, qual sua rede de apoio?

♡ Se toma remédio, qual dose?

Sentimentos sobre a turma: ♡ Maqueda estava especialmente bonito hoje de óculos ♡ Muitas pessoas da sala me veem como infantil pelo jeito que me visto/falo, mesmo minhas notas sendo muito boas, mesmo eu me empenhando muito e tendo várias habilidades interessantes! Meus amigos pensam assim também e acabam me julgando bastante, o que me machuca. Deveriam ser as pessoas das quais eu posso ser eu mesma, é um tanto sufocante isso.

Gostei do meu prontuário! Eis um print, o completo está em anexo (◕ᗜ◕)

ദ്ദി(｡•̀ ,<)~✩‧₊ fim

[ursumartins]

#fiqueemcasa https://www.instagram.com/p/B-Atwc-hMEc/?igshid=xbgtqdwagw06

[juniperpublishers-jdvs]

Secrets of Mammary Stem Cells Secretome- Juniper Publishers

Abstract

The role of mammary stem/progenitor cells and its secreted proteins in therapeutic application has not been evaluated yet. Here, author reviewed information pertaining to secreted proteins of mammary epithelial cells and mammary stem/progenitor cells and supported their ideas that secretome could potentially be explored for natural antimicrobials against supportive therapy of bovine mastitis.

Keywords: Mammary stem cell; Secretome; Mastitis; Bovine; Spectrophometer; Proteins; Laboratory; Lactoferrin; Receptors; Biomarkers; Pacific; Population; Antibiotics; Progenitor cells

Abbrevations: HMEC: Human Mammary Epithelial Cells; CM: Conditioned Medium; EGFR: Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor; AFDC: Adherent Fraction Derived Cells; MDC: Mammosphere Derived Cells; TGFβ: Transforming Growth Factor Beta; MDBK: Madin Darby Bovine Kidney Epithelial; LPS: Lipopolysaccharides

Opinion

Secretome are the cell secreted proteins released in the cell extracellular space. Groups of proteins present in the secretome are involved in signalling and cell communications. Study of such proteins, thus would be helpful in understanding the niche of the cell. Researchers of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Washington probably was the first group which demonstrated secretome of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC) in 2008 [1]. They identified secretome of human mammary epithelial cells (HMEC)-conditioned medium (CM) cell lysates and showed regulation of matrix metalloproteases through epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In 2009, Simpson and co-investigators have profiled three different secretome of basal MaSC, luminal progenitors and mature luminal cell lines. In this study, in addition to enriched expression of ephrin receptors and integrins, the activity of Wnt signalling pathway was uniquely detected in the MaSC [2]. In a recent publication of Scientific Reports journal, researchers from Cornell University, Ithaca, NY has defined secretome of mammosphere derived MaSC and opened up new doors for the possible treatment of bovine mammary gland infections [3].

For their studies, the team isolated cultured two different populations of bovine mammary cells- adherent fraction- derived cells (AFDC) and suspension mammosphere-derived cells (MDC). These two cell population were immunopheno typically different as analyzed by various cell surface markers. However, the expression of CD44 and CD49f was higher in MDC CM than the AFDC CM. Level of CD29 was high in CM of both these cells. Proteome analyses of AFDC and MDC CM, using mass spectrophometer, revealed 347 and 537 matched proteins and peptides functionally related to defense and immunity and tissue regeneration like angiogenesis and cell migration. Furthermore, two antimicrobial proteins namely lactoferrin and cathelicidine have been validated and quantified using Western blot (Figure 1) and observed differential expression of the proteins in CM of MDC versus AFDC. Two angiogenesis factors namely, angiopoetin 1 and vascular endothelial growth factor alpha, angiopoetin 1 showed high expression level in MDC CM. Likewise, levels of proteins involved in cell migration (transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), Insulin-like growth factor-1 and hepatocyte growth factor) were estimated in the CM and found that the concentration of TGFβ was high in CM of MDC. TGFβ induces epithelial cell to mesenchymal type and promotes cell migration. Taken together, this study showed CM of AFDC and MDC contains various proteins which have roles in tissue regeneration and immune defence of the host.

Interestingly, proteins of AFMC and MDC also contained factors which protects bacterial toxin-induced MEC death. Loss of MEC damage is an important consequence of mastitis and it is induced by the toxins of Gram-positive bacteria and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria. A significant reduction in growth of bacteria (measured by optical density) was observed when Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney Epithelial (MDBK) cells were grown in presence of Klebsiella (a Gram-negative bacteria) and Staphylococcus aureus (a Grampositive bacteria) in presence of MDC CM. The researchers also evaluated shelf-life of MDC CM for one week and found that frozen CM is biologically effective on MDBK cell migration. The storing of CM for long time would be advantageous for future clinical use in mastitis management even at remote places.

In summary, these studies providing rationale for the potential use of MDC secretome as supportive or adjunct therapy in bovine mastitis. Secretome could be an ideal biological source for naturally occurring anti-microbial and potentially beallogenically safe like antibiotics. In future, an important follow-on studies should include evaluation of novel proteins as biomarkers and identification of newly identified proteins with no to little annotations. In vivo application of MDC secretome in management of naturally occurring bovine mastitis, also warranted future investigations.

To know more about  journal of veterinary science impact factor: https://juniperpublishers.com/jdvs/index.php

To know more about Open Access journals Publishers: Juniper Publishers

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