#Lipopolysaccharides

[tony789456123]

Lipopolysaccharides Immunoassay Market

[longhaulerbear]

Abstract

There is a link between high lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in the blood and the metabolic syndrome, and metabolic syndrome predisposes patients to severe COVID-19. Here, we define an interaction between SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein and LPS, leading to aggravated inflammation in vitro and in vivo. Native gel electrophoresis demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 S protein binds to LPS. Microscale thermophoresis yielded a KD of ∼47 nM for the interaction. Computational modeling and all-atom molecular dynamics simulations further substantiated the experimental results, identifying a main LPS-binding site in SARS-CoV-2 S protein. S protein, when combined with low levels of LPS, boosted nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation in monocytic THP-1 cells and cytokine responses in human blood and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, respectively. The in vitro inflammatory response was further validated by employing NF-κB reporter mice and in vivo bioimaging. Dynamic light scattering, transmission electron microscopy, and LPS-FITC analyses demonstrated that S protein modulated the aggregation state of LPS, providing a molecular explanation for the observed boosting effect. Taken together, our results provide an interesting molecular link between excessive inflammation during infection with SARS-CoV-2 and comorbidities involving increased levels of bacterial endotoxins.

[tapwater118]

Which lps would book be

which LipoPolySaccharide would book be? its been a bit since ive touched up on my bacterial biology, but i’d probably say the bis-phosphorylated β-1-6 glucosamine disaccharides associated with enterobacteriacea

[worldbuilding-tomfoolery]

my toxic trait is the lipopolysaccharides embedded in my cell wall

[theolddivorcedzukka]

name a more annoying power couple than peptidoglycans and lipopolysaccharides. peptidoglycans are responsible for disease symptoms and lipopolysaccharides resist the entry of some antibiotics. god forbid anyone mess with its queen

[spacedlexi]

Problem is for people in the bacteria fandom LPS is lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin

how will we ever avoid confusion now??

[rnomics]

Foods, Vol. 13, Pages 2592: Association between Gut Microbiota Profiles, Dietary Intake, and Inflammatory Markers in Overweight and Obese Women

Being overweight and obesity are significant global public health challenges due to their association with adipose tissue dysfunction, pro-inflammatory marker production, and alterations in gut microbiota composition. To explore the relationship between gut microbiota, dietary factors, and inflammatory markers in overweight or obese women, we conducted a cross-sectional study involving a healthy group (n = 20) and an overweight or obese group (n = 75). We collected data, including clinical, anthropometric, and dietary assessments, and carried out a blood biochemical analysis, the measurement of inflammatory biomarkers (hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α), and the 16S #rRNA gene sequencing of fecal samples. The gut microbiota analysis revealed notable differences in alpha and beta diversity between the two groups. Moreover, the abundance of gut microbiota in the overweight or obese group correlated positively with adiposity markers, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and inflammatory markers. These findings highlight significant changes in gut microbiota associated with obesity, potentially implicating pathways such as lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Understanding the role of the gut microbiome in obesity could reveal specific avenues for intervention. https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/16/2592?utm_source=dlvr.it&utm_medium=tumblr

[moleculardepot]

Hsp90 Polyclonal Antibody

Hsp90 Polyclonal Antibody Catalog number: B2017227 Lot number: Batch Dependent Expiration Date: Batch dependent Amount: 500 µl Molecular Weight or Concentration: N/A Supplied as: Solution Applications: a molecular tool for various biochemical applications Storage: -20°C Keywords: Heat Shock 84 kDa, Hsp84, Hsp86, Heat Shock Protein 90, LAP-2, Lipopolysaccharide-associated Protein 2, LPS-associated…

[expertacademicassignmenthelp]

Differentiating Gram Positive And Gram Negative Bacteria

The classification of bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative categories, predicated upon their distinctive cell wall structures, stands as a cornerstone of microbiology, bearing profound implications across diverse disciplines such as medicine, biotechnology, and environmental science. This foundational categorization underpins a broad understanding of microbial diversity and function, enabling great advancements in research, diagnostics, and practical applications.

Cell Wall Structure

 Characterized by a robust layer of peptidoglycan in their cell wall, Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet stain during the Gram staining procedure, manifesting a distinctive purple hue under microscopic examination. These organisms lack an outer lipid membrane, a defining feature that distinguishes them from their Gram-negative counterparts.

 In stark contrast, Gram-negative bacteria feature a comparatively thin layer of peptidoglycan enclosed between an outer lipid membrane replete with lipopolysaccharides. During Gram staining, the limited peptidoglycan density fails to retain the crystal violet stain, facilitating decolorization upon exposure to the alcohol wash. Consequently, Gram-negative bacteria exhibit a reddish appearance owing to the safranin counterstain.

Significance of Gram Staining

a) Diagnostic Tool

Gram staining emerges as a main diagnostic tool in microbiology, facilitating the rapid differentiation of bacterial species based on their cell wall architecture. This technique serves as an initial step in microbial characterization, expediting the identification of potential pathogens and guiding subsequent diagnostic protocols.

b) Clinical Relevance

 clinical settings, Gram staining of diverse specimens, including blood, sputum, and cerebrospinal fluid, furnishes invaluable insights for antibiotic selection and therapeutic management. Notably, Gram-positive bacteria often display susceptibility to specific antibiotics such as penicillin, while Gram-negative counterparts may necessitate tailored treatment regimens owing to their distinct cell wall composition and antibiotic resistance profiles.

Evolutionary Insights

The classification of bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative categories outlines profound insights into their evolutionary trajectories. While conventional wisdom once showed a linear evolution from Gram-positive progenitors to Gram-negative colony via the acquisition of an outer lipid membrane, contemporary genetic analyses unveil a far more comprehensive narrative. Convergent evolution emerges as a central theme, suggesting that the advent of the outer membrane occurred independently across diverse bacterial lineages, underscoring the dynamic nature of microbial evolution.

Applications Beyond Diagnosis

1.Food Safety

Discriminating between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria assumes paramount importance in food safety endeavors, facilitating keen monitoring and quality control protocols. Notably, certain Gram-negative pathogens such as Salmonella and Escherichia coli pose substantial health hazards if present in food products, necessitating stringent surveillance measures. Conversely, select Gram-positive bacteria contribute indispensably to food production processes, notably in fermentation applications.

2 .Environmental Monitoring

The application of Gram staining extends beyond clinical realms, finding utility in environmental microbiology for the identification and characterization of bacteria in diverse ecological niches. Comprehensive assessments of soil, water, and other environmental samples afford crucial insights into microbial community dynamics, enabling informed evaluations of environmental health and ecosystem resilience.

Technological Advancements

While traditional Gram staining remains a linchpin technique in microbiological practice, ongoing technological innovations herald a new era of bacterial identification and characterization. Molecular methodologies, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), genome sequencing, and mass spectrometry, complement conventional approaches, offering heightened resolution and specificity in taxonomic classification and functional profiling of microbial communities. These cutting-edge techniques empower researchers to unravel microbial relationships and unravel the intricacies of microbial ecosystems with unprecedented precision.

In summary, 

the dichotomous classification of bacteria into Gram-positive and Gram-negative categories, predicated upon their cell wall architecture, transcends disciplinary boundaries, underpinning understanding of microbial biology and ecology. From diagnostic endeavors to evolutionary inquiries and practical applications in food safety and environmental stewardship, this foundational concept continues to shape and enrich our comprehension of the microbial world.

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[helthcareheven]

Reliable Shigella Identification: The Test Kit Method.

Introduction to Shigella Shigella is a genus of gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile and rod-shaped bacteria. There are four species of Shigella that can cause disease in humans - S.dysenteriae, S.flexneri, S.boydii and S.sonnei. Shigellosis, also known as bacillary dysentery, is caused by any of the Shigella species. It is one of the most common causes of diarrheal disease worldwide, especially in developing countries with poor sanitation and lack of clean drinking water. Shigella bacteria spread through contaminated food and water or through contact with infected individuals. Shigellosis causes abdominal cramps, bloody mucus diarrhoea, fever and tenesmus (painful cramping to pass out stool due to inflammation). If left untreated, it can lead to serious health complications like seizures, arthritis and in some cases death. Children under the age of five and elderly are more susceptible to contracting the disease.

Traditional Methods for Diagnosing Shigellosis

The conventional methods for diagnosing Shigellosis Test Kit included stool culture, stool antigen detection, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based assays and serological tests to detect for antibodies against Shigella. Stool culture has been the criterion standard test but it requires specialized laboratory facilities and takes 2-3 days for the results. During this critical time, appropriate antibiotic treatment cannot be initiated. Stool antigen tests are more rapid than culture but still require 6-8 hours turnaround time. PCR assays provide fast and sensitive diagnosis within few hours but costly equipment and technical expertise limits its use in resource-limited settings. Serological tests are not useful in acute phase as antibodies develop 1-2 weeks after infection. Thus, there was a need for a simple, rapid, affordable and accurate point-of-care test to facilitate prompt diagnosis and management of Shigella infections, especially in developing countries.

Introducing the New Shigella Test Kit

To address this gap, a new rapid lateral flow immunochromatographic assay called the ‘Shigella Test Kit’ has been developed. The kit consists of a test cassette and a dropper containing buffer solution. It works on the principle of immuno-chromatographic assay where antibodies specific to Shigella lipopolysaccharide antigen are immobilized on the test line. To use it, few drops of stool sample is mixed with the buffer solution using the dropper provided and dispensed into the sample well of the test cassette. The mixture then migrates via capillary action along the membrane towards the result window. If Shigella antigen is present in the sample, it will react with antibody-colored conjugate complex forming a visible test line within 15 minutes, indicating a positive result. Absence of test line suggests a negative result. The kit does not require electricity, specialized equipment or technical skills to perform and interpret the result. A built-in control line validates the test procedure.

Performance Evaluation Studies

Several clinical evaluation studies on the Shigella Test Kit have been undertaken across different regions of India. In one such study conducted in Lucknow, stool samples from 100 diarrhoea patients were simultaneously tested using the kit and conventional culture method. The kit showed a sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 95% compared to culture. Another multicenter study across 4 hospitals in Delhi involved testing 150 stool samples, out of which 25 were culture positive for Shigella. The kit detected 23 true positive samples with a sensitivity of 92%. None of the culture negative samples were falsely reported positive, demonstrating 100% specificity. Similar high accuracy was obtained when evaluated against immunoassay method. These findings establish the kit as a reliable tool for rapid diagnosis of Shigella infections at point-of-care settings.

Clinical Application and Public Health Impact

The Shigella Test Kit proves to be a game changer in facilitating prompt diagnosis and treatment of Shigellosis. By providing results within 15 minutes vis-à-vis 2-3 days for culture, it ensures appropriate antibiotics are started early during critical phase of infection. This helps prevent complications and spread of disease. Being simple to use with no sophisticated equipment or technical skills required, it can be easily implemented at primary health centers, outpatient clinics and rural settings. This increases accessibility to diagnosis especially in resource-limited areas. By enabling fast screening of large number of suspected cases, it also helps curb spreads during outbreak situations. Besides improved case management, the kit helps in effective epidemiological surveillance of Shigella resistance patterns and monitoring of disease trends over time. Overall, the new diagnostic approach has huge potential for reducing Shigella burdens and facilitating public health interventions in endemic regions worldwide.

Conclusion

In summary, the newly developed Shigella Test Kit offers a rapid, affordable and accurate point-of-care solution for diagnosis of Shigellosis. Performance evaluation studies validate its reliability for diagnosing Shigella infections.

[sommesick]

We found reduced complement protein C4a levels in immunodeficient ME/CFS patients suggesting a subgroup-specific innate immune dysregulation. ME/CFS patients without immunodeficiencies exhibit a mucosal barrier leakage, as indicated by elevated levels of Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP). Stratifying ME/CFS patients based on immune competence enabled the distinction of two subgroups with different pathophysiological patterns.

[jhavelikes]

Gram-negative bacteria are extraordinarily difficult to kill because their cytoplasmic membrane is surrounded by an outer membrane that blocks the entry of most antibiotics. The impenetrable nature of the outer membrane is due to the presence of a large, amphipathic glycolipid called lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in its outer leaflet1. Assembly of the outer membrane requires transport of LPS across a protein bridge that spans from the cytoplasmic membrane to the cell surface. Maintaining outer membrane integrity is essential for bacterial cell viability, and its disruption can increase susceptibility to other antibiotics2,3,4,5,6. Thus, inhibitors of the seven lipopolysaccharide transport (Lpt) proteins that form this transenvelope transporter have long been sought. A new class of antibiotics that targets the LPS transport machine in Acinetobacter was recently identified. Here, using structural, biochemical and genetic approaches, we show that these antibiotics trap a substrate-bound conformation of the LPS transporter that stalls this machine. The inhibitors accomplish this by recognizing a composite binding site made up of both the Lpt transporter and its LPS substrate. Collectively, our findings identify an unusual mechanism of lipid transport inhibition, reveal a druggable conformation of the Lpt transporter and provide the foundation for extending this class of antibiotics to other Gram-negative pathogens.

A new antibiotic traps lipopolysaccharide in its intermembrane transporter | Nature

[qualityherb]

How is Eucommia Bark Extract Used In The Laboratories?

Due to the influence of modernization, it is irrefutable that most people suffer from various diseases. In addition, hypertension (blood pressure) is a dangerous human disease that can lead to death. In 1990, more than 640 million people got strokes from hypertension, which increased to 1240 million in 2019.

Moreover, eucommia ulmoides is a small tree whose extract can help relieve a person from high blood pressure. However, the absorption of constitutes of this plant is relatively poor, and it also stays in the gut for an extended period.

Moving further, a person does not get an instant result on blood pressure after taking a medicine containing eucommia. It takes approximately 5-6 weeks to get relief from blood pressure, and it also improves kidney injuries.

Methods and Materials

Preparation of Eucommia Ulmoides

Eucommia is made using distilled water (2000 ml every time), and 400 grams of dried EU bark goes through the extraction process. This extraction is done three times at the temperature of 100 degrees Celsius, and it takes 1 hour for all the extractions.

Animals

Pathogen-free mice, which are eight years old, were purchased from an animal laboratory in Beijing, China. Moreover, these mice were kept individually ventilated caging system for about 12 hours. All of the mice were provided with chow and water ad libitum.

After that, an experiment on animal care was performed by national institutes of health guides. In this experiment, laboratory animals were used. Lastly, the protocol for this experiment was approved by the institutional animal care, which uses the committee of Xinxiang Medical University.

Blood Pressure Measurement

After the seven days of pre-training regarding the measurement of blood pressure, the hypertension of conscious mice was measured at the end of every week. Moreover, this measurement uses a non-invasive computerized tail-cuff system. It means that the values of blood pressure were determined based on the last seven successful measurements in the day.

Collection of Feces, Blood, and Kidney Samples

In the 10th and 14th weeks of the experiment, the feces samples were collected by the scientists and stored for further experiments. In addition to this, blood samples were also collected in the 13th week, along with feces.

Moreover, this blood sample was centrifuged at 4000. g for more than 5 minutes to obtain its serum. Both the kidneys of the mice were excised in the 13th week. Lastly, all the feces, serum, and left kidneys were stored at the temperature of -80 degrees Celsius, whereas the right kidney was stored in 4% paraformaldehyde.

Histomorphology Examination

The right kidney was kept in 4% of paraformaldehyde for 24 hours. Moreover, it is fixed in paraffin and cut into 3 micrometers of thickness. After that, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was performed in the laboratory to observe the histomorphology.

Measurement of Lipopolysaccharide, Serum Aldosterone, and Inflammatory Cytokines

The measurement of serum aldosterone and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was done with the help of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. In addition, serum inflammatory cytokines were measured with the help of a LEGENDplex MU Th17 panel and a kit with a v-bottom.

Moving further, the samples of the left kidney were homogenized, and the scientists extracted the total with the help of an RNAiso plus according to the manufacturer’s code of behavior. The RNA was also reversed using the Primescript RT master mix.

Dosage of eucommia bark extract

Nowadays, eucommia bark is used in various food supplements and helps a person to manage their diet. Additionally, there is no proper amount of this herb calculated by scientists that is suitable for a person using it. However, 3 grams of eucommia is considered safe by professionals. Lastly, the extract is formed by the ratio of 20:1, which means 20 kg of eucommia bark is dried to manufacture 1kg extract.

Conclusion

Undoubtedly, eucommia bark extract is considered the best medicine to get relief from high blood pressure. However, the use of this herb is limited to animals only, and it requires more research before using on humans. Additionally, scientists undergo various steps to make this herb suitable for patients facing the problem of hypertension. Although herbs have broad pharmacological activities, their structure and mechanism are very complex.

Eucommia Extract