#guptas needed more consequences!

[chutkiandchotte]

On: The Guptas' Role as Shyam's Accomplices

Or: Why is Khushi appointed, by the Guptas as well as by the show's narrative, as the whole and soul responsible party for the action and decision to hide Shyam's truth?

Khushi, of course, is emotionally closest to the Raizada family and she is Shyam's victim and apparently, that's why the Guptas somehow left it ALL up to her to decide what to do. Well, it's so stupid to say the least. She is so young and traumatized and probably feeling all this misplaced shame in the aftermath of Shyam's disgusting harassment and its implications in Anjali's heartbreak and a public scandal - is it the right state of mind for her to do the objectively right but very difficult thing that is going to make her feel even more responsible for Anjali's pain (even if she's absolutely not)?

Remember that they made Khushi do this all alone as well - which means she now has to go, all by herself, and openly discuss her harassment to the other victim of it, who is most likely to be disbelieving and unsympathetic, not to mention completely traumatized herself - which Buaji might have fucking guessed btw even if Khushi was naive enough to think Anjali would simply believe her and not have a volatile reaction (Anjali would be right in her place to be disbelieving and angry especially since Khushi didn't really have any proof on her).

And the fact that she is emotionally close to the Raizadas actually makes it MORE difficult for Khushi (being who she is) to do the morally right thing - she is swayed by the temptation to keep silence for short-term relief of NOT hurting several people she deeply cares for, and her naviety does the rest by convincing her the long-term will work out too - maybe Shyam will mend his ways after all! It was a bad and morally wrong decision to keep the secret, and the Guptas should have fucking known that and been unequivocally dead set against it.

This is what makes me really uncomfortable as well as angry about this moment - why was this enormous action and decision about their collective future left to Khushi, the youngest member of the family, the most traumatized by all of this? How is being the sole and only one going to reveal to Raizadas, an appropriate responsibility for a freshly traumatized 18-22 year old? Why not go and tell it as a whole family, at last give Khushi some fucking moral support in all this??? Knowing she's going to be inundated with suspicious questions and maybe even anger & insults?

This decision massively affects ALL of their futures. They are all implicated in various ways. Khushi has to constantly be around her harasser, pretending to be nice to him, and lying to all her good friends, betraying their trust. Payal has to keep up this terrible secret for the rest of her life spent with her husband, her love - its an even bigger betrayal of trust!

And then there's Buaji and Garima - the elders - they do not have the excuse of youth and inexperience! Since they consider it their RIGHT to bully the youngsters, especially Khushi, into doing what they want when it suits them, they also carry the responsibility to correctly guide them when they are faced with difficult and challenging decisions that could have consequences the youngsters cannot even comprehend. They felt free to exercise that right when it came to forcing Khushi to marry Shyam, but when it came to the responsibility of PROTECTING Khushi from Shyam, guiding Khushi in a morally complex situation, they utterly failed.

They behaved exactly like Arnav's worst idea of a gold-digging middle class family: posturing about values and morals when it suits them, but when it comes to a real test of principles, they chose to do the easier, morally wrong thing to avoid risk of personal losses.

Shyam is an excellent manipulator and the fandom often terms him a snake, but despite that, he doesn't actually possess magical hypnotizing powers - he is simply very good at honing on people's weaknesses and bringing them out front. All he had to do was lay down the framework of this being a question of Payal's Happiness vs Doing the Right Thing/Protecting Khushi - and it took over their minds. As soon as Shyam spewed his spiel about Payal's possible future of yet another broken marriage and left, Buaji, Garima and Payal too basically knew they did NOT want to tell the truth, they wanted this secret kept. Not even being brave enough to just say it, its like they simply wash their hands off the moral responsibility of this situation, leaving it all up to Khushi to decide.

And with this, they also cemented in Khushi's mind that she truly is alone in all this. After all, if its HER choice to keep Shyam's secret, then she has no right to complain if she faces unpleasant consequences of this decision right? Like, if he continually harasses her afterwards, or if, say, Arnav misunderstands the whole thing and forcefully marries Khushi for 6 months. After all, whatever Khushi may say to herself or others, she knows the truth - she and her family kept that secret primarily because they didn't have the courage to face the unpleasant consequences of speaking up. The shame is Khushi, at least, faces the consequences and feels the guilt about this - but she ends up taking on her family's share of the consequences and guilt too, to tragic results.

[srbachchan]

DAY 5973

Jalsa, Mumbai June 25/26, 2024 Tue/Wed 2:07 AM

Birthday - EF - Anamika Gupta .. 🙏🌹

Ef Özen Eren Wednesday, 26 June .. and all ur prayers and wishes for this special day for the Ef ..

the Agenda .. an act of predetermined thought and conveyance .. what shall bring attention recognition be the intent .. any express that can remotely be given the spin, and mastered is the guile and expertise of such ..

it is lamentable , ignominious to witness the impotency of content .. to somehow in any which manner , to be able to draw attention in storied form, just so it can be put up and seen or read , in favourable condition to them that devise it ..

devise .. for the right is not needed to be devised ..

pity ..

never ever underestimate the generation that follows , or is about to follow .. they are aware and alive to every situation and knowledged to hold their own in debate or discussion ..

we are enriched by the circumstance that often fall upon us .. and then we find a way .. even when there be none ..

"In today's digital age, the ubiquitous nature of content has paradoxically led to a dilution of its potency. With the democratization of content creation, anyone with an internet connection can produce and distribute information, leading to an oversaturation of the digital landscape. This phenomenon has profound implications, rendering content less impactful and more ephemeral.

First, the sheer volume of content available online has created a paradox of choice. Every minute, hundreds of hours of video are uploaded to platforms like YouTube, thousands of blog posts are published, and millions of social media updates are posted. This relentless flow of information makes it difficult for any single piece of content to stand out. The audience, overwhelmed by options, often resorts to skimming or entirely ignoring vast amounts of content, diminishing its overall impact.

Moreover, the quality of content has become highly variable. While the ease of content creation has empowered many voices, it has also led to an influx of low-quality, poorly researched, and sometimes misleading or false information. This glut of mediocre content competes with high-quality, well-researched pieces, making it challenging for audiences to discern value and trustworthiness. As a result, even content of genuine worth can struggle to achieve the recognition and engagement it deserves.

Another critical factor contributing to the impotency of content is the algorithm-driven nature of content distribution. Social media platforms and search engines prioritize content based on engagement metrics such as likes, shares, and comments rather than the inherent quality or informational value. This prioritization often leads to the virality of sensational, clickbait content at the expense of substantive, insightful work. Consequently, the attention economy favors superficial engagement over deep, meaningful interactions with content.

Additionally, the fast-paced consumption habits of modern audiences further erode the potency of content. The average attention span has dwindled in the face of constant digital distractions. People increasingly consume content in bite-sized formats, such as tweets or short videos, which limits their exposure to in-depth analysis or comprehensive narratives. This shift towards brevity undermines the ability of content to foster nuanced understanding or sustained engagement.

The commercialization of content also plays a significant role in its diminishing impact. Content marketing has become a dominant strategy for businesses, leading to a proliferation of branded content. While this can provide value, it also contributes to the noise and can sometimes prioritize promotional messages over genuine, informative content. The blending of editorial and advertising content can lead to skepticism and diminished trust among audiences, further reducing the impact of the content they encounter.

Lastly, the fleeting nature of digital content means that it often has a very short lifespan. Unlike traditional media, which could have a lasting presence, digital content is quickly buried under the avalanche of new information. This ephemeral existence means that even impactful content can be forgotten rapidly as attention shifts to the next trending topic.

In conclusion, the impotency of content in today's times is a multifaceted issue stemming from the overwhelming volume of information, variable quality, algorithm-driven distribution, changing consumption habits, commercialization, and the ephemeral nature of digital content. To reclaim the potency of content, creators and platforms must prioritize quality, foster trust, and find ways to engage audiences meaningfully and sustainably amidst the cacophony of the digital age."

Love and more ..

Amitabh Bachchan

[hand-picked-star]

It's not a khushi bashing post.Just because I am highlighting a mistake of her,it doesn't mean that I don't love that character. Flaws would have made her more beautiful, I wished her flaws were highlighted and she would get time to work on them instead of being perfect.

I just want to highlight a certain angle of the impact of khushi's decision of not telling the raizadas about Shyam had on Anjali and Arnav.When khushi knew the truth, Anjali was not pregnant.It is really sick if you think about it, the psycho shyam was sleeping with Anjali while being obsessed with khushi and telling her that he didn't consider Anjali as his wife.The psycho might had slept with Anjali within 15-20 days before she discovered she was expecting.sick,very sick.

If khushi told them earlier then that situation could have been avoided for Anjali. Another thing the show failed to show but leave if for interpretation that how much humiliation and insult a child had to endure for their parents infidelity in society. They must had suffered that by being the offsprings of cheating father.Arnav felt the society only had accepted him when he became rich.That's why he adored the guptas so much because they accepted him despite facing his rage many times,they accepted him despite his flaws. Same goes for khushi. She accepted and loved Arnav as he was, whole-heartly.It's also the reason why Anjali worshipped Shyam.

Anyway, So, it was completely a valid reason for Anjali to think of same consequences for her child. No matter how much they loved that child but the vultures of the society would devour that child for having cheating gene in it's bloodline.The society would not spare the child whose father had no respect neither in the household not in the society just like their father.

Also growing up as a orphan or fatherless is also a pain of different genre.Our life, society and day-to-day life are constructed in a manner that we needed our father in every aspect of our life.I said it not to diminish the struggle of single mothers.Those who have grown up with your father in the picture, just imagine can you picturize a life without him?Then think the pain of an orphan, and then think of the pain of a child who is orphan inspite of it's father being alive and leveled as a person whose father was a despicable person. No mother would have wanted that for her child.That time on that hospital room two siblings relived their worst nightmare once again.Anjali was that child once upon a time who thought that life was worst than death.Arnav was that child who had already lived the life that the child would had lived. A pain that no one would understand except them.

And all of this happened, because khushi didn't tell them the truth in time, believed that a psycho, manipulator like shyam would change.The way he got engaged to khushi should have been a warning enough.Then after the reveal khushi was told firmly that she should not interact with Anjali for valid reasons. But still she didn't listen. I know her intent was good, in her heart she only wanted best for Anjali, but didn't she ignored the fact that the best for Anjali for that moment was not to interact with khushi? Khushi talked with Anjali to try to reduce her guilt, whatever you say, their interaction was not absolutely selfless from khushi's side.And this mistake of hers had almost cost Arnav his last surviving kin.Furthermore, Their relationship might not even had survived if Anjali was successful in hurting herself.

So upon first watch, watching khushi-anjali conversation and what happened afterwards, Anjali's reaction seemed exaggerated. But now in rewatch, her reaction doesn't seem excessive, does it?

My scattered thoughts (12/?)

[sankiraizada]

Bandage to the Heart | Part - 1

Entry to the IPKKND 13th anniversary fiesta

Word Prompt : Jouska

"Khushi, do you think it is wise, what we are doing?" asked Payal, drawing her little sister's hand away from the ornate deep blue lehenga he was unfolding.

"What? Your Shaadi? If this is not wise enough, what else would you like to do? Ohho, Jiji! I never knew you were interested in live-in!" The aforementioned little sister widened her eyes while fighting a smile.

Payal smacked Khushi's head with her free hand.

"Nahi!" -

"Going ahead I would never hide anything from you Payal-ji. However big it is."

Akash is definitely the better of both of them. He is sincere and it shows in each promise he makes to her. Doesn't he deserve the same loyalty?

But what good would that do? On the day of the havan before their engagement, he walked into the house bearing the news of his marriage to Anjali-ji. Brought out thunders from Buaji. Disbelief and devastation in her Amma. Seems like both her daughters had bad luck with walking up to the wedding altar. Her Babuji surprisingly was strong considering the whole wedding was his plan. He huffed and looked away, but didn't shed a tear when he heard all that. What else could a paralyzed man do anyway.

Everything Shyam-ji had claimed sounded almost.. true. It was Buaji who hounded him and Khushi to be wedded. He didn't have enough time to process the situation when they got hastily engaged by the bedside of their very sick Babuji. He was an outsider in the haughty Raizada clan. He just wanted apnapan. He finally got enough courage to reveal the truth this day, heaven forbid he didn't, he couldn't go against his principles even if he was in a loveless marriage.

But Payal also noticed how he spoke about Khushi to their elders. Egging them on to hitch them up together. How he never involved any of his family from Lucknow even after the engagement. Who carries their Kundali in their work suitcase anyway? He could have denied the wedding firmly right from the start. Buaji could force Khushi citing her adoption, but she couldn't make Shyam-ji do anything he didn't want to do, could she?

Anyway, it's not as if Akash nor any other member of the family would believe an iota of whatever she would tell them against their beloved Damaad-ji.

Why is this so complicated? If only she could love Akash freely, not burdened by the truth she's holding from him.

Khushi is technically her little sister. But she has seen more of the world than herself. Stood up for the family in need of a head. Has been cheated on. Takes up the challenges life throws at her with a smile and a quick prayer to her Devi Maiyya.

She's always been there for her chutki and supported her through numerous "disasters" that keep following Khushi Kumari Gupta wherever she goes. But today strangely she is the one feeling exposed to vultures in Shaantivan. Her sister has no business hanging about in this place come tomorrow and she can't think of a way to keep her support system to herself for the rest of her life.

Nightmares of her soon-to-be MIL keep her up at night anyway but it is Shyam who worries her truly. She couldn't pin upon anything unseemly in his behaviour since he left Laxmi Nagar, but who was she kidding? He seemed harmless while he was living with them too, at least till the truth came out. And had she not sensed his veiled threat? (Bhale hi her Amma and Buaji saw that as no more than an unwelcome consequence). Of Payal's marriage prospect crumbling if the Raizada's knew.

God knows what he would do or make her do by dangling the truth over her head. He's not truly in love with this family, is he? It's she who would suffer. Something had to be done here.

"Khushi, woh hum soch rahe the ki.."

"Yeh woh kuch nahi." Khushi came and sat by her sister who was lost in her train of thought.

"I know what's going on in your head. Waise if I say something it would be chhoti muh badi baat, but I will say it anyway. One thing I've understood by hanging around Arnav Singh Raizada is this. Be selfish in the matters of your family. And Akash Jiju is going to be your family in a few hours. Your relationship with him should matter the most. What good would it do if this wedding stopped now? Let him become your Pati and tell him whatever you want then. He is a good man. And smart. He would see the truth. And I have given my Maiyya murti to you. She would be with you always."

"Shyam-ji wouldn't dare put a toe out of the line under this roof with Arnav-ji and Jijaji around. But don't wait around until he does something irreversible. Hell, even if he doesn't, you should speak to Jijaji about this. If your husband can't understand and trust you, who would? If he can't share your pain and burden, who else would, Jiji?"

"He adores his Di. He has to know if you have something to share about her. But all in good time. Whenever you are ready."

Payal blinked and stared at her sister. Relief and resolve spread through her chest as she thought about what to do. Gently she cupped Khushi's face and kissed her forehead.

P.S. I know OG Khushi loves being in denial and would like to close her eyes and pretend there's no problem.. or justify being quiet by telling herself she should give Shyam a second chance for the sake of Anjali's marriage.. but here I just wanted to explore a little of what happens if these characters were just a bit more.. vocal. Thanks for reading!

P.S. P.S. This is my first attempt at posting something I wrote please be kind 🥹

@arshifiesta

>> part - 2

[byneddiedingo]

The Apu Trilogy

Subir Banerjee in Pather Panchali (Satyajit Ray, 1955)

Cast: Kanu Bannerjee, Karuna Bannerjee, Chunibala Devi, Uma Das Gupta, Subir Banerjee, Runki Banerjee, Reba Devi, Aparna Devi, Tulsi Chakraborty. Screenplay: Satyajit Ray, based on a novel by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay. Cinematography: Subrata Mitra. Production design: Bansi Chandragupta. Film editing: Dulal Dutta. Music: Ravi Shankar.

When I first saw Pather Panchali I was in my early 20s and unprepared for anything so foreign to my experience either in life or in movies. And as is usual at that age, my response was to mock. So half a century passed, and when I saw it again both the world and I had changed. I now regard it as a transformative experience -- even for one whom the years have transformed. What it shows us is both alien and familiar, and I wonder how I could have missed its resonance with my own childhood: the significance of family, the problems consequent on adherence to a social code, the universal effect of wonder and fear of the unknown, the necessity of art, and so on. Central to it all is Ray's vision of the subject matter and the essential participation of Ravi Shankar's music and Subrata Mitra's cinematography. And of course the extraordinary performances: Kanu Bannerjee as the feckless, deluded father, clinging to a role no longer relevant in his world; Karuna Bannerjee as the long-suffering mother; Uma Das Gupta as Durga, the fated, slightly rebellious daughter; the fascinating Chunibala Devi as the aged "Auntie"; and 8-year-old Subir Banerjee as the wide-eyed Apu. It's still not an immediately accessible film, even for sophisticated Western viewers, but it will always be an essential one, not only as a landmark in the history of movie-making but also as an eye-opening human document of the sort that these fractious times need more than ever.

Smaran Ghosal in Aparajito (Satyajit Ray, 1956)

Cast: Pinaki Sengupta, Smaran Ghosal, Kanu Bannerjee, Karuna Bannerjee, Ramani Sengupta, Charuprakash Ghosh, Subodh Ganguli. Screenplay: Satayajit Ray, Kanaili Basu, based on a novel by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay. Cinematography: Subrata Mitra. Production design: Bansi Chandragupta. Film editing: Dulal Dutta. Music: Ravi Shankar

As the middle film of a trilogy, Aparajito could have been merely transitional -- think for example of the middle film in The Lord of the Rings trilogy: The Two Towers (Peter Jackson, 2002), which lacks both the tension of a story forming and the release of one ending. But Ray's film stands by itself, as one of the great films about adolescence, that coming-together of a personality. The "Apu trilogy," like its source, the novels by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay, is a Bildungsroman, a novel of ... well, the German Bildung can be translated as "education" or "development" or even "personal growth." In Aparajito, the boy Apu (Pinaki Sengupta) sprouts into the adolescent Apu (Smaran Ghosal), as his family moves from their Bengal village to the city of Benares (Varanasi), where Apu's father  continues to work as a priest, while his mother supplements their income as a maid and cook in their apartment house. When his father dies, Apu and his mother move to the village Mansapota, where she works for her uncle and Apu begins to train to follow his father's profession of priest. But the ever-restless Apu persuades his mother to let him attend the village school, where he excels, eventually winning a scholarship to study in Calcutta. In Pather Panchali (1955), the distant train was a symbol for Apu and his sister, Durga, of a world outside; now Apu takes a train into that world, not without the painful but necessary break with his mother. Karuna Bannerjee's portrayal of the mother's heartbreak as she releases her son into the world is unforgettable. Whereas Pather Panchali clung to a limited setting, the decaying home and village of Apu's childhood, the richness of Aparajito lies in its use of various settings: the steep stairs that Apu's father descends and ascends to practice his priestly duties on the Benares riverfront, the isolated village of Mansapota, and the crowded streets of Kolkata, all of them magnificently captured by Subrata Mitra's cinematogaphy.

Soumitra Chatterjee in The World of Apu (Satyajit Ray, 1959)

Cast: Soumitra Chatterjee, Sharmila Tagore, Swapan Mukherjee, Alok Chakravarty, Dhiresh Majumdar, Dhiren Ghosh. Screenplay: Satyajit Ray, based on a novel by Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay. Cinematography: Subrata Mitra. Production design: Bansi Chandragupta. Film editing: Dulal Dutta. Music: Ravi Shankar.

The exquisite conclusion to Ray's trilogy takes Apu (Soumitra Chatterjee) into manhood. He leaves school, unable to afford to continue into university, and begins to support himself by tutoring while trying to write a novel. When his friend Pulu (Swapan Mukherjee) persuades him to go along to the wedding of his cousin, Aparna (Sharmila Tagore), Apu finds himself marrying her: The intended bridegroom turns out to be insane, and when her father and the other villagers insist that the astrological signs indicate that Aparna must marry someone, Apu, the only available male, is persuaded, even though he regards the whole situation as nonsensical superstition, to take on the role of bridegroom. (It's a tribute to both the director and the actors that this plot turn makes complete sense in the context of the film.) After a wonderfully awkward scene in which Apu and Aparna meet for the first time, and another in which Aparna, who has been raised in comparative luxury, comes to terms with the reality of Apu's one-room apartment, the two fall deeply in love. But having returned to her family home for a visit, Aparna dies in childbirth. Apu refuses to see his son, Kajal (Alok Chakravarty), blaming him for Aparna's death and leaving him in the care of the boy's grandfather. He spends the next five years wandering, working for a while in a coal mine, until Pulu finds him and persuades him to see the child. As with Pather Panchali and Aparajito, The World of Apu (aka Apur Sansar) stands alone, its story complete in itself. But it also works beautifully as part of a trilogy. Apu's story often echoes that of his own father, whose desire to become a writer sometimes set him at odds with his family. When, in Pather Panchali, Apu's father returns from a long absence to find his daughter dead and his ancestral home in ruins, he burns the manuscripts of the plays he had tried to write. Apu, during his wanderings after Aparna's death, flings the manuscript of the novel he had been writing to the winds. And just as the railroad train figures as a symbol of the wider world in Pather Panchali, and as the means to escape into it in Aparajito, it plays a role in The World of Apu. Instead of being a remote entity, it's present in Apu's own back yard: His Calcutta apartment looks out onto the railyards of the city. Adjusting to life with Apu, Aparna at one point has to cover her ears at the whistle of a train. Apu's last sight of her is as she boards a train to visit her family. And when he reunites with his son, he tries to play with the boy and a model train engine. The glory of this film is that it has a "happy ending" that is, unlike most of them, completely earned and doesn't fall into false sentiment. I don't use the world "masterpiece" lightly, but The World of Apu, both alone and with its companion films, seems to me to merit it.  

[primavera1100]

Symptoms of bipolar disorder

Recognizing Bipolar Disorder Symptoms: Insights from Dr. Gorav Gupta

Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic-depressive illness, is a mental health condition that causes extreme shifts in mood, energy, and activity levels. These mood changes are much more intense than the typical ups and downs that most people experience and can severely impact one’s ability to function in daily life. Dr. Gorav Gupta, an experienced psychiatrist specializing in mood disorders, shares insights on identifying the symptoms of bipolar disorder and the importance of early intervention.

What is Bipolar Disorder?

Bipolar disorder involves recurring episodes of mania and depression, though the frequency and intensity of these episodes vary widely among individuals. Dr. Gupta explains that bipolar disorder is often misunderstood due to its complex symptom patterns, and recognizing these symptoms is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment. Bipolar disorder typically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood but can affect individuals at any age.

Types and Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder has several types, each defined by the pattern of mood swings. Dr. Gupta describes the three main types: Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and Cyclothymic Disorder, each with distinct characteristics.

1. Bipolar I Disorder

Bipolar I is characterized by intense manic episodes that last at least seven days, or by manic symptoms so severe they require immediate hospital care. Depressive episodes usually follow the manic phase, lasting at least two weeks. Symptoms of Bipolar I include:

Mania Symptoms:

Increased Energy and Activity: Individuals may feel excessively energetic, needing less sleep but not feeling tired.

Elevated Mood: During a manic phase, people often feel excessively “high” or euphoric.

Irritability: Some may become easily agitated or irritable, especially if their high-energy behavior is interrupted.

Racing Thoughts and Speech: Rapid and continuous talking, often moving from one idea to the next.

Impulsivity: Engaging in risky behaviors, such as spending sprees, reckless driving, or substance abuse, without considering consequences.

Depression Symptoms:

Persistent Sadness: Feeling deeply sad, empty, or hopeless for extended periods.

Lack of Energy: Fatigue and a lack of motivation, even for previously enjoyed activities.

Difficulty Concentrating: Trouble focusing or making decisions.

Sleep Disturbances: Sleeping too much or too little, often feeling restless or unsatisfied with sleep.

Thoughts of Death or Suicide: In severe cases, individuals may have recurrent thoughts of death or consider self-harm.

Dr. Gupta highlights that Bipolar I disorder has the most intense mood swings, making it vital to seek treatment early to manage these symptoms effectively.

2. Bipolar II Disorder

Bipolar II involves less intense manic phases called hypomania, along with depressive episodes. Hypomanic episodes are milder than full-blown mania but still significantly impact one’s life. Symptoms of Bipolar II include:

Hypomania Symptoms:

Elevated Energy and Mood: Similar to mania but to a lesser degree; people feel more energetic and often more productive.

Increased Sociability: Some may feel more outgoing or charismatic, often engaging more in social activities.

Mild Impulsivity: While individuals may take some risks, their behavior is not as extreme as in full mania.

Depression Symptoms (similar to Bipolar I):

Persistent sadness, fatigue, lack of interest in activities, sleep disturbances, and thoughts of self-harm.

Dr. Gupta explains that people with Bipolar II may not realize they have a disorder because hypomanic episodes are often perceived as “feeling great” rather than problematic. However, the depressive episodes in Bipolar II can be severe and are often the primary reason people seek help.

3. Cyclothymic Disorder

Cyclothymic disorder, or cyclothymia, involves chronic mood fluctuations that are less severe than those of Bipolar I or II. These mood swings last for at least two years in adults (or one year in children and teens) and include both hypomanic and mild depressive symptoms. Symptoms include:

Mild Hypomanic Symptoms: Episodes of increased energy, confidence, and activity, but less intense than full hypomania.

Mild Depressive Symptoms: Periods of low energy, sadness, or loss of motivation, though not as intense as in Bipolar I or II. Dr. Gupta notes that while cyclothymic disorder symptoms may be less intense, they can still disrupt daily life and evolve into more severe forms of bipolar disorder if untreated.

Recognizing Patterns and Triggers

Bipolar disorder symptoms can vary over time, with episodes sometimes triggered by stress, lack of sleep, substance use, or life changes. Dr. Gupta advises that tracking mood changes over weeks and months can help individuals and clinicians better understand the disorder’s pattern and find effective treatment.

The Importance of Diagnosis and Seeking Help

Because the symptoms of bipolar disorder can be mistaken for other mental health conditions, Dr. Gupta emphasizes the importance of consulting a qualified mental health professional for an accurate diagnosis. Early diagnosis allows for the development of a personalized treatment plan, which can significantly improve an individual’s quality of life.

Treatment Options

Bipolar disorder is highly treatable, typically with a combination of medication, therapy, and lifestyle adjustments. Dr. Gupta highlights the following treatment approaches:

Medication: Mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants (used cautiously) can help manage the intensity of mood swings and stabilize emotions.

Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), interpersonal therapy, and psychoeducation can help individuals understand their symptoms and develop coping strategies.

Lifestyle Changes: Regular sleep patterns, stress management, and a balanced lifestyle are crucial in reducing the risk of triggering manic or depressive episodes.

Dr. Gupta’s Perspective on Bipolar Disorder

Dr. Gorav Gupta believes that a compassionate, understanding approach is essential for individuals with bipolar disorder. He stresses that while bipolar disorder can be challenging, it is possible to manage symptoms effectively with the right support and treatment plan. Dr. Gupta encourages individuals with bipolar disorder to seek help and engage with a support network that fosters understanding and resilience.

Final Thoughts

Living with bipolar disorder can be challenging, but with awareness, treatment, and support, individuals can lead fulfilling lives. Dr. Gupta reminds us that early intervention is key to managing symptoms and preventing more severe episodes. Recognizing bipolar disorder symptoms, whether in oneself or others, is a powerful first step toward getting the help needed to navigate this condition successfully.

[delhimindclinic]

What is OCD Means: 5 Key Facts to Help You Better Understand This Condition

Introduction

What is OCD mean? Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition that significantly impacts individuals’ daily lives. People often wonder what is OCD mean when they hear about its symptoms of intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). In this post, we will explore what is OCD mean, including 5 key facts about its causes, types, and ways to manage the condition.

What is OCD Mean?

OCD stands for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, a mental health condition characterized by persistent, unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions). These obsessions often drive people to perform compulsive actions in an attempt to relieve the distress caused by intrusive thoughts. Understanding what is OCD mean is essential, as it affects people’s mental well-being and quality of life.

For those seeking the best OCD treatment, consider visiting:

Delhi Mind Clinic

Dr. Sugandha Gupta

Dr. Paramjeet Singh

1. Understanding Obsessions and Compulsions

Obsessions and compulsions are the two core components of OCD. To fully grasp what is OCD mean, it’s helpful to distinguish between these two elements.

Obsessions: These are involuntary, recurring thoughts, images, or urges that trigger distress or anxiety. Common obsessions include fears of contamination, doubts, or the need for things to be in perfect order.

Compulsions: Compulsions are repetitive actions or rituals a person feels compelled to perform in response to their obsessions. Examples include washing hands excessively, checking locks, or counting items repeatedly. For more in-depth information, consider visiting World Health Organization (WHO) – Mental Health

2. Types of OCD

OCD is not one-size-fits-all. Here are some of the most common types of OCD, each with unique obsessions and compulsions:

Contamination OCD: Involves fears of germs, dirt, or illness, often leading to excessive cleaning or avoiding certain places.

Checking OCD: Characterized by doubts and repeated checking, such as verifying if doors are locked or appliances are turned off.

Symmetry and Ordering OCD: Involves a strong need for symmetry, order, or exactness, often leading to rearranging or counting items repeatedly.

Intrusive Thoughts OCD: Features disturbing thoughts that can involve harm, violence, or taboo topics. Those with this form of OCD may perform mental rituals to counter these thoughts.

3. Impact of OCD on Daily Life

OCD is not simply a minor inconvenience; it significantly impacts day-to-day living. People with OCD often find themselves:

Spending hours managing obsessions and compulsions.

Feeling isolated or misunderstood due to the nature of their symptoms.

Experiencing high levels of stress and anxiety, which can affect work, school, and personal relationships.

It’s essential to recognize that OCD is a real disorder with genuine consequences on mental health and should be treated as such. For more in-depth information, consider visiting Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) – Mental Health

4. Causes and Risk Factors for OCD

The exact cause of OCD is not fully understood, but research suggests it may be due to a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors:

Genetics: Studies show that OCD tends to run in families, indicating a possible genetic component.

Brain Structure and Functioning: Certain areas of the brain show unique patterns in people with OCD, particularly areas related to anxiety and decision-making.

Environment: Traumatic or stressful life events, especially in childhood, may trigger or worsen OCD symptoms in individuals who are predisposed to the disorder.

5. Seeking Help for OCD

Treatment can help individuals with OCD manage their symptoms effectively. Although there is no outright cure, many find relief through evidence-based therapies. The most common treatment approaches include:

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): This therapeutic approach helps people challenge and change their patterns of thinking, ultimately reducing their compulsions.

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP): A form of CBT, ERP involves gradual exposure to feared situations while refraining from performing compulsions, which reduces anxiety over time.

Accessing professional help can make a substantial difference. If you or someone you know may have OCD, consider reaching out to a licensed mental health professional or trusted healthcare provider. For more in-depth information, consider visiting National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) – Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Conclusion

Understanding OCD goes beyond the common stereotypes. It is a serious mental health condition that requires awareness, empathy, and appropriate support. With effective treatment and support, people with OCD can live meaningful and fulfilling lives. By learning more about OCD and its effects, we can contribute to a more understanding and compassionate society.

[drhimanshugupta]

Neurosurgical Care in Jaipur: Combining Expertise with Compassion

Neurosurgery, a highly specialized field of medicine, involves the diagnosis and treatment of disorders affecting the brain, spine, and peripheral nerves. As these areas are critical to the overall functioning of the human body, neurosurgery requires a delicate balance of expertise and compassion. In Jaipur, this balance is epitomized by the advanced neurosurgical care available, which seamlessly integrates state-of-the-art technology with a patient-centered approach.

The Importance of Neurosurgery

Neurosurgery is vital for treating a range of conditions, including brain tumors, spinal cord injuries, aneurysms, epilepsy, and degenerative spine diseases. These conditions can significantly impact a person’s quality of life, leading to pain, disability, and even life-threatening complications. Effective neurosurgical interventions can alleviate these issues, offering patients relief and a chance at a better quality of life.

Advanced Neurosurgical Techniques in Jaipur

The city has seen a significant evolution in neurosurgical techniques, with hospitals and specialized centers adopting the latest advancements in the field. These include:

Minimally Invasive Surgery: Minimally invasive neurosurgery involves smaller incisions, reduced trauma to the body, and quicker recovery times. Techniques such as endoscopic surgery and microsurgery allow surgeons to treat complex conditions with precision while minimizing risks.

Image-Guided Surgery: This technology uses real-time imaging to guide the surgeon during the procedure, ensuring greater accuracy. It is particularly useful in brain and spine surgeries, where even the slightest error can have significant consequences.

Stereotactic Radiosurgery: A non-invasive method that uses targeted radiation to treat tumors and other abnormalities in the brain. It’s a highly precise technique that minimizes damage to surrounding healthy tissue.

Intraoperative Monitoring: This involves monitoring the patient’s neurological functions during surgery, ensuring that vital areas of the brain and spine are not compromised during the procedure.

These advanced techniques ensure that patients in Jaipur receive the highest standard of care, with a focus on achieving the best possible outcomes.

The Role of Patient-Centered Care

While technical expertise is crucial, neurosurgical care is incomplete without compassion. Patients undergoing neurosurgery are often anxious and fearful due to the complexity and risks associated with the procedures. This is where the importance of a patient-centered approach becomes evident.

In Jaipur neurosurgeons are not just focused on the technical aspects of surgery but also on the overall well-being of their patients. This involves:

Comprehensive Consultations: Ensuring that patients and their families fully understand the condition, the proposed treatment plan, and the potential risks and benefits. Clear communication helps build trust and alleviate anxiety.

Preoperative and Postoperative Support: Providing guidance and support before and after surgery is crucial for recovery. This includes detailed instructions on what to expect, how to prepare for surgery, and what to do during the recovery period.

Psychological Support: Many patients experience stress and fear related to their condition and the surgery. Offering psychological counseling and support helps them cope with these emotions, contributing to better overall outcomes.

Personalized Care Plans: Every patient is unique, and their treatment should be tailored to their specific needs. Personalized care plans take into account the patient’s medical history, lifestyle, and personal preferences, ensuring a more holistic approach to treatment.

Spotlight on Leading Neurosurgeons

One of the leading figures in this field is Dr. Himanshu Gupta, a prominent neurosurgeon known for his expertise and compassionate approach. With years of experience and numerous successful surgeries to his credit, Dr. Gupta is highly regarded for his meticulous attention to detail and dedication to patient care.

Dr. Gupta’s approach to neurosurgery emphasizes the importance of combining cutting-edge technology with a deep understanding of patient needs. He believes that the best outcomes are achieved when patients are treated with respect, empathy, and a thorough understanding of their individual circumstances. His commitment to excellence has made him a trusted name in the field, and he continues to be a beacon of hope for patients requiring neurosurgical care.

The Future of Neurosurgery in Jaipur

The future of neurosurgical care in Jaipur looks promising, with continuous advancements in technology and techniques. Hospitals are investing in the latest equipment, and neurosurgeons are constantly updating their skills to stay abreast of the latest developments in the field. This commitment to innovation ensures that patients have access to the best possible care.

Moreover, the focus on patient-centered care is likely to become even more prominent in the coming years. As awareness grows about the importance of addressing the emotional and psychological aspects of treatment, more neurosurgeons will adopt a holistic approach to patient care.

Conclusion

In Jaipur, neurosurgical care represents a perfect blend of expertise and compassion. The city’s leading neurosurgeon in jaipur, like Dr. Himanshu Gupta, are setting new standards in the field by combining advanced techniques with a deep commitment to patient well-being. This approach not only ensures the best possible outcomes for patients but also helps them navigate the challenges of neurosurgery with confidence and peace of mind.

As the field continues to evolve, the focus on combining cutting-edge technology with compassionate care will remain at the forefront, ensuring that patients in Jaipur receive the highest standard of neurosurgical treatment.

[timesofworld-news]

Five years on, five times cleared, Mahloele wants punitive damages from “liar” Holomisa

In 2018, parliamentarian Bantu Holomisa went public with a slew of allegations against Harith founder Tshepo Mahloele – accusing him of being the kingpin in a network of corruption and worse than the Guptas. After being cleared by a fifth successive investigation, this time by the PIC and GEPF, Mahloele is moving onto the offensive, launching a campaign for South Africa to introduce US-style punitive damages – starting with the politician. Mahloele says the cost to his businesses of these baseless allegations runs into hundreds of millions of rand, including the aborting of numerous business opportunities caused by what has now been proved to be Holomisa’s lies. He says a proper deterrent is needed to force appropriate consequences onto those who destroy through propagating falsehoods. Mahloele spoke to Alec Hogg.

Media statement: Truth prevails as Mpati Commission-ordered forensic probe vindicates Harith General Partners in the long-running campaign to tarnish its image

Key Highlights:

Forensic investigation finds that Harith did not act improperly towards PIC and  GEPF. 

Harith did not enrich itself by charging PIC and GEPF “exorbitant” management fees. ▪ Fees charged by Harith to investors found to be standard, and in line with industry  norm. 

Allegations of impropriety levelled at Mr Mahloele and Mr Moleketi dismissed and  found to be without substance. 

PIC forensic probe is the fifth process to test the allegations, all returning with no  findings of wrong-doing on Harith’s part. 

Harith General Partners is satisfied that the truth has finally prevailed in the years-long, sustained and malicious campaign to taint it with allegations of malfeasance. This comes after the forensic investigation commissioned by the PIC concluded in its final report that there was no evidence to support the damaging allegations made more than 5 years ago by a Senior Member of Parliament. The report vindicates Harith which has had to operate under a human-made cloud of suspicion, peppered with sporadic, gratuitous, false and unfair political attacks on its brand and reputation. Harith welcomes the fact that the Public Investment Corporation and Government Employees Pension Fund commissioned investigation has made findings that align precisely with every aspect of what we have consistently told South Africans all along; that Harith has been scrupulous in all its dealings with the PIC and the GEPF.

The forensic probe was commissioned jointly by the PIC and the GEPF, in fulfilment of recommendations by the Mpati Commission into the affairs of the PIC. It has now returned with findings that respond directly, adequately and finally to each of the questions the Mpati Commission felt needed further investigation, namely;

“To examine the entire PAIDF [Pan African Infrastructure Development Fund] initiative to determine that all monies due to both parties [PIC and GEPF] have been paid and properly accounted for” [Page 435. Para 66 of the Commission report]

“To determine whether any monies due to overcharging or any other malpractice should be recovered” [Page 435. Para 66 of the Commission report]

“The board of the PIC should examine whether the role played by either Mr Moleketi and Mr Mahloele breached their fiduciary duties or the fit and proper test required of a director in terms of the Companies Act” [Page 435. Para 67 of the Commission report]

In a letter summing up the report’s findings on all these questions, the PIC and GEPF have informed Harith that: “The investigation found that there was no evidence to support the allegations that were made with regard to Harith General Partners and Harith Fund Managers”

Harith welcomes the forensic investigation findings, and now considers the allegations of impropriety against it, in their various iterations, to be now well and truly ventilated. This latest probe is the fifth process that has looked into these matters, with Harith’s full cooperation, and with none of them making any findings of wrong-doing against the company. The full gambit of processes that have looked into and disposed of these allegations is;

The Mpati Commission; whose outcomes raised a number of unwarranted questions without making any firm findings against Harith, Mr Tshepo Mahloele, and Mr Jabulani Moleketi. Instead of making firm findings, the commission recommended a joint-forensic probe by the PIC and the GEPF.

The Constitutional Court case of UDM v Lebashe and others; which among others found that the UDM and Mr Bantu Holomisa “…did not provide any shred of evidence of actual misconduct, corruption and self-dealing” [UDM v Lebashe judgment, para 59], and “The applicants were not entitled to wantonly defame the respondents under the pretext that they were executing a constitutional duty…it was not for the public benefit to publish the unverified defamatory information” [UDM v Lebashe judgment, para 62]

The South African Venture and Private Capital Association (SAVCA); concluded; “ The committee is of the view that the legal and fee structures set out in the fund terms are in line with industry standards.” And “The committee found no contravention of the SAVCA Code of Conduct based on the information contained in the PIC report and the evidence received from Harith.”

Harith’s own forensic investigation conducted by Crowe Forensics SA and Advocate Terry Motau SC; It investigated the Harith fees structure for the PAIDF PAIDF 1 and PAIDF 2 and found it to be “Comparable at the relevant time period with other Private Equity funds in the industry”. It concluded: “Harith [has] not yet earned any incentive fees – any allegation that the Fund Managers have earned “rich rewards” in regard to incentive fees (carried interest) is therefore without substance. Based thereon, it is therefore apparent that the allegations set out in the PIC Report in regard to the Harith fee structures (for PAIDF 1 and PAIDF 2) are unfounded”

PIC and GEPF joint forensic report; which was ordered by the Mpati Commission and whose outcomes are contained in the latest report.

“Harith operates in the highly-regulated financial services sector, so we are no strangers to, and are quite comfortable with heightened scrutiny. Our line of business requires the utmost fidelity to those who entrust us with their funds and investments. That’s why throughout these processes that have ensued since these allegations were first raised, we have been fully cooperative and played open-cards at every stage”, said Harith CEO Sipho Makhubela.

“This is therefore not a case of Harith being “cleared” by the forensic probe. It is a case of the forensic probe arriving at the only logical destination of the truth-seeking exercise that any conscientious investigation was inevitably destined to reach; a finding that the truth has been on our side all along” – added Makhubela.

Throughout all these processes, Harith’s detractors have been able to wantonly, and with no consequence, continue to cast aspersions on a lawfully established and legitimately operating corporate entity, exacting an incalculable toll on the company, its brand, credibility in the market, employees, shareholders, investors, as well as business and financial relationships. Throughout this saga, the callous campaign to destroy Harith and the reputations of Messrs Mahloele and Moleketi was thinly-masked as an exercise of political or parliamentary “oversight”, and insults hurled at them became the trading stock of a politician and his entity who were seeking to shore-up their dimming prospects. Those politicians and their fellow travellers who gave their lies currency and buoyancy now crawl back into the woodwork, while the victims of their sustained slander are left to repair the extensive damage they wrought on their reputations and brands. The kind of brand and character assassination Mr Holomisa and his ilk embarked upon in the past five years is a sinister perversion of political and constitutional oversight and checks and balances!

Yet, even through this period, Harith was not cowered, and continued to focus on its vision of harnessing Africa’s capital muscle towards the development of socio-economically impactful infrastructure across the continent, an undertaking that was made infinitely harder by this economic sniping campaign. Harith considers this sordid chapter closed, and places its trust in the discerning people of South Africa and the continent, who know too well that “lies have short legs”.

[thxnews]

DR of the Congo Grapples with Escalating Child Violations

  Crisis Unfolds in DRC

GOMA, Democratic Republic of the Congo, 28 September 2023 - The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) faces an unprecedented crisis as it heads towards a third consecutive year of record-high verified grave violations against children in 2023.   Escalating Violence and Dire Consequences Intensified violence, massive population displacement, and the dangerous proximity of armed groups to communities are driving a distressing surge in cases involving the killing, maiming, and abduction of children in the DRC. If current trends continue, the nation is on track to exceed the records established since the United Nations Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism's inception in 2005, surpassing the grim benchmarks of 2022.  

Urgent Calls for Protection

UNICEF's Director of Child Protection, Sheema Sen Gupta, who conducted a week-long mission to the DRC, expressed her deep concern, stating, “I met children who survived the horrors of recruitment and use by armed groups and the unspeakable trauma of sexual violence – atrocities that no one should experience, let alone children. These harrowing stories underscore the urgency for the government to intensify its efforts to safeguard civilians – especially the most vulnerable, the country’s children – and actions needed from partners and donors to be able to scale up our prevention and response activities.”   Alarming Statistics The latest data reveals a staggering 41 percent increase in the number of verified grave violations against children during the first half of 2023 compared to the same period the previous year. In all of 2022, there were 3,377 grave violations against 2,420 children, as reported in the June 2023 Children and Armed Conflict - Report of the Secretary-General.   Disturbing Trends Recruitment and use of children in armed groups have surged by 45 percent in the first six months of the year. In 2022, 1,545 children – some as young as 5 years old – were verified as having been recruited and used by armed groups. Killing and maiming of children increased by 32 percent during the same period, compared to 699 cases in the previous year.   Alarming Escalation Rape and other acts of sexual violence against children and abduction of children are also witnessing an alarming escalation. In both 2021 and 2022, DRC had the world’s highest levels of verified cases of sexual violence against children committed by armed forces and armed groups. Moreover, in 2022, 730 children were verified as abducted, marking it as the highest number of abductions ever verified by the United Nations in the DRC. “This violence is unacceptable. We call on all parties to the conflict to take measures to prevent and end all grave violations against children,” added Sen Gupta.  

Escalating Humanitarian Crisis

Since violence erupted in October 2022, an astounding 1.5 million people have fled for their lives in eastern DRC, compelling them to leave their homes, livelihoods, and communities. This mass displacement has disrupted children's access to education. Currently, eastern DRC hosts a total of 6.1 million displaced people.   UNICEF's Response In response to the escalating violations and urgent needs, UNICEF has provided more than 100,000 children with mental health and psychosocial support services. Additionally, the organization has assisted more than 6,300 survivors of gender-based violence since the beginning of the year. Despite these efforts, UNICEF has only received 11 percent of the required funds for its child protection response under UNICEF’s emergency appeal in eastern DRC, leaving many needs unmet.   Sources: THX News & UNICEF. Read the full article

[rewaamohammed]

###first assignment

i choose data set (NESARC)

i choose this topic ( nicotine dependence )

i interested in exploring the association between smoking behavior and nicotine dependence

whether two topics are associated with one another ?

I believe that they are positively associated.

That is to say: the more an individual smokes, the more likely they are to be nicotine-dependent.

how much a person needs to smoke in order to be nicotine dependent ?

i continue to read through the NESARC code book and find that smoking behavior has also been measured in this sample. So, I take a step similar to one that I just took when choosing nicotine dependence. That is, identify the variables that measure the second topic(smoking behavior).

Research Question :

What are the long-term effects of nicotine dependence on physical and mental health, and what strategies can be effective in preventing and treating nicotine addiction ?

Hypothesis:

Individuals who begin using nicotine at an early age are more likely to develop nicotine dependence compared to those who start later in life.

NESARC Codebook Variables:

variables related to Nicotine Dependence: life-time nicotine dependence and nicotine dependence in the past 12 months.

 variables that measure the second topic(smoking behavior):

cigarette smoking status, usual frequency, and usual quantity.

Literature Review :

Nicotine dependence is a complex condition that plays a crucial role in smoking behavior. Understanding the relationship between nicotine dependence and smoking behavior is essential for developing effective prevention and cessation strategies. This literature review aims to explore the current research surrounding nicotine dependence and its impact on smoking behavior.

Results:

Relationship between nicotine dependence and smoking initiation:

Several studies have shown that individuals who develop nicotine dependence are more likely to initiate smoking at an earlier age.

Nicotine dependence is a significant predictor of continued smoking behavior and progression to regular, heavy smoking.

References:

Fiore, M.C., Jaén, C.R., Baker, T.B., et al. (2008). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. This guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of tobacco use and dependence, including nicotine addiction.

Benowitz, N.L. (2010). Nicotine Addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(24), 2295-2303. This review article discusses the pharmacology of nicotine, mechanisms of addiction, and the health consequences of nicotine dependence.

Hughes, J.R. (2014). Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Valid symptoms and time course. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16(9), 1150-1158. This study examines the withdrawal symptoms experienced during nicotine abstinence and the time course of these symptoms.

Breslau, N., Peterson, E.L., Schultz, L.R., et al. (1998). Are smoking trajectories during the teen years predictors of smoking cessation in adulthood? American Journal of Public Health, 88(6), 852-856. This longitudinal study explores the relationship between smoking patterns during adolescence and the likelihood of smoking cessation in adulthood.

DiFranza, J.R., Savageau, J.A., Fletcher, K., et al. (2002). Symptoms of tobacco dependence after brief intermittent use: The Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youth-2 study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156(4), 438-445. This study investigates the symptoms of nicotine dependence in adolescents who have engaged in intermittent smoking.

Lerman, C., Audrain, J., Orleans, C.T., et al. (1996). Investigation of mechanisms linking depressed mood to nicotine dependence. Addictive Behaviors, 21(1), 9-19. This research examines the mechanisms that may underlie the association between depressed mood and nicotine dependence.

Hatsukami, D.K., Stead, L.F., Gupta, P.C. (2008). Tobacco addiction. The Lancet, 371(9629), 2027-2038. This comprehensive review discusses various aspects of tobacco addiction, including nicotine dependence, treatment options, and public health implications.

Blaze

1 note

[cbznews]

Five years on, five times cleared, Mahloele wants punitive damages from “liar” Holomisa

In 2018, parliamentarian Bantu Holomisa went public with a slew of allegations against Harith founder Tshepo Mahloele – accusing him of being the kingpin in a network of corruption and worse than the Guptas. After being cleared by a fifth successive investigation, this time by the PIC and GEPF, Mahloele is moving onto the offensive, launching a campaign for South Africa to introduce US-style punitive damages – starting with the politician. Mahloele says the cost to his businesses of these baseless allegations runs into hundreds of millions of rand, including the aborting of numerous business opportunities caused by what has now been proved to be Holomisa’s lies. He says a proper deterrent is needed to force appropriate consequences onto those who destroy through propagating falsehoods.

Media statement: Truth prevails as Mpati Commission-ordered forensic probe vindicates Harith General Partners in the long-running campaign to tarnish its image.

Harith General Partners is satisfied that the truth has finally prevailed in the years-long, sustained and malicious campaign to taint it with allegations of malfeasance. This comes after the forensic investigation commissioned by the PIC concluded in its final report that there was no evidence to support the damaging allegations made more than 5 years ago by a Senior Member of Parliament. The report vindicates Harith which has had to operate under a human-made cloud of suspicion, peppered with sporadic, gratuitous, false and unfair political attacks on its brand and reputation. Harith welcomes the fact that the Public Investment Corporation and Government Employees Pension Fund commissioned investigation has made findings that align precisely with every aspect of what we have consistently told South Africans all along; that Harith has been scrupulous in all its dealings with the PIC and the GEPF.

The forensic probe was commissioned jointly by the PIC and the GEPF, in fulfilment of recommendations by the Mpati Commission into the affairs of the PIC. It has now returned with findings that respond directly, adequately and finally to each of the questions the Mpati Commission felt needed further investigation.

[drguptafunctionalcenter]

Reversing Diabetes Naturally with Functional Medicine

HOW DOES DIABETES OCCUR ?

It’s now clear that type 2 diabetes can occur even in the absence of obesity.

Today, we now understand that we cannot blame diabetes on any single factor.

 Rather, the disease process is driven by a complex network of diet and lifestyle factors, oxidative stress, and genetics.

Diet is not the only contributing factor—a sedentary lifestyle, inadequate sleep, chronic stress, gut dysfunction, and environmental toxins also play significant roles.

They cause oxidative stress, damage pancreatic beta cells (responsible for making insulin), and induce cellular insulin resistance, setting the stage for serious metabolic dysfunction.

Schedule consultation with Dr. Gupta

WHY A MULTIDISCIPLINARY APPROACH IS REQUIRED ?

A person may be severely insulin resistant and still present with normal blood sugars.

Nothing can fix your body better than it can fix itself.

Your lifestyle and nutrient status profoundly impact insulin and consequently lead to diabetes.

Manage the deficiencies, aggravators and the body  fixes its own blood sugar imbalance. The functional medicine approach looks for the root cause of your disease, rather than simply treating the symptoms. To do this we need  to  identify the underlying factors that are driving the insulin resistance which is at the root of your diabetes. thyroid functional doctor India

We need to take a  look at your inflammation, vitamin deficiencies, sex hormones, stress hormones, thyroid hormones, gastrointestinal health, and liver health. Any and all of these can dramatically affect insulin resistance and diabetes progression. Investigating a blood sugar imbalance involves a close-up-and-personal look at multiple elments involoved in the maintainance of blood sugar and insulin.

The variables  include your brain, thyroid, adrenal glands, liver, pancreas, gut, and cell membranes, all working synergistically to regulate blood sugar and insulin. Functional medicine seeks to address these diabetes aggravators, so your body is better able to process insulin and use it better.

By adjusting  Your Carb Quantity and Quality you can see significant improvements in HbA1c, triglycerides, and cholesterol, while also lowering your diabetes medication requirements.

Low carb diets  with resistant starches are better choice as these don’t cause sudden spikes in blood sugars.

Low glycemic index foods decrese insulin overdrive thereby reducing your progression.

[The glycemic index is a scale that measures the insulin response your body will have after eating a certain food. The higher the number, the more insulin your pancreas will secrete.]

 Modifying our body’s response to the sugar spikes is the mainstay.

A ketogenic diet has been found to improve HbA1c, promote weight loss, reverse kidney damage, and improve blood lipids and cardiovascular health in type 2 diabetics.

Increasing protein intake  improves blood sugar control and satiety (the feeling of fullness) and preserves lean body mass in diabetics.

How does gluten contribute to diabetes?

 Gluten increases intestinal permeability, causing leaky gut and systemic inflammation; these two factors  precede type 2 diabetes.gluten-free diet increases the functional capacity of beta cells, the pancreatic cells responsible for making insulin, and improves glucose tolerance.

Fix your leaky gut with gut healing supplements like glutamine ,zinc and a LOW FODMAP DIET.

NUTRIENT DEFICINECIES

Correction of nutrient deficiencies optimises insulin function and halts the progress.

Diabetics cycle nutrients faster than a non diabetics.this lands them in a nutrient deficit state .

The essential ones are vitamin d , magnesium ,chromium ,folate,alphalipoic acid etc

chromium helps with in the human body and that is to make insulin receptor sites more sensitive to insulin.  This is critical for a person with diabetes because it helps to lower blood sugar levels safely.

Excess inflammation causes a person to use more zinc than they normally would.Since diabetes is a disease rooted in inflammation, a lot of diabetics are also low in zinc.  Zinc is also an important nutrient to the pancreas and required for normal function.

Read More Info: Functional Medicine Consultation india

Diabetes functional medicine

Peptide Therapy Consultation

[merhanmahmoud]

First Assignment

i choose data set (NESARC)

i choose this topic ( nicotine dependence )

i interested in exploring the association between smoking behavior and nicotine dependence

whether two topics are associated with one another ?

I believe that they are positively associated.

That is to say: the more an individual smokes, the more likely they are to be nicotine-dependent.

how much a person needs to smoke in order to be nicotine dependent ?

i continue to read through the NESARC code book and find that smoking behavior has also been measured in this sample. So, I take a step similar to one that I just took when choosing nicotine dependence. That is, identify the variables that measure the second topic(smoking behavior).

Research Question :

What are the long-term effects of nicotine dependence on physical and mental health, and what strategies can be effective in preventing and treating nicotine addiction ?

Hypothesis:

Individuals who begin using nicotine at an early age are more likely to develop nicotine dependence compared to those who start later in life.

NESARC Codebook Variables:

variables related to Nicotine Dependence: life-time nicotine dependence and nicotine dependence in the past 12 months.

 variables that measure the second topic(smoking behavior):

cigarette smoking status, usual frequency, and usual quantity.

Literature Review :

Nicotine dependence is a complex condition that plays a crucial role in smoking behavior. Understanding the relationship between nicotine dependence and smoking behavior is essential for developing effective prevention and cessation strategies. This literature review aims to explore the current research surrounding nicotine dependence and its impact on smoking behavior.

Results:

Relationship between nicotine dependence and smoking initiation:

Several studies have shown that individuals who develop nicotine dependence are more likely to initiate smoking at an earlier age.

Nicotine dependence is a significant predictor of continued smoking behavior and progression to regular, heavy smoking.

References:

Fiore, M.C., Jaén, C.R., Baker, T.B., et al. (2008). Treating Tobacco Use and Dependence: 2008 Update. Clinical Practice Guideline. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service. This guideline provides evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of tobacco use and dependence, including nicotine addiction.

Benowitz, N.L. (2010). Nicotine Addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(24), 2295-2303. This review article discusses the pharmacology of nicotine, mechanisms of addiction, and the health consequences of nicotine dependence.

Hughes, J.R. (2014). Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Valid symptoms and time course. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16(9), 1150-1158. This study examines the withdrawal symptoms experienced during nicotine abstinence and the time course of these symptoms.

Breslau, N., Peterson, E.L., Schultz, L.R., et al. (1998). Are smoking trajectories during the teen years predictors of smoking cessation in adulthood? American Journal of Public Health, 88(6), 852-856. This longitudinal study explores the relationship between smoking patterns during adolescence and the likelihood of smoking cessation in adulthood.

DiFranza, J.R., Savageau, J.A., Fletcher, K., et al. (2002). Symptoms of tobacco dependence after brief intermittent use: The Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youth-2 study. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156(4), 438-445. This study investigates the symptoms of nicotine dependence in adolescents who have engaged in intermittent smoking.

Lerman, C., Audrain, J., Orleans, C.T., et al. (1996). Investigation of mechanisms linking depressed mood to nicotine dependence. Addictive Behaviors, 21(1), 9-19. This research examines the mechanisms that may underlie the association between depressed mood and nicotine dependence.

Hatsukami, D.K., Stead, L.F., Gupta, P.C. (2008). Tobacco addiction. The Lancet, 371(9629), 2027-2038. This comprehensive review discusses various aspects of tobacco addiction, including nicotine dependence, treatment options, and public health implications.

[tallmantall]

#JamesDonaldson On #MentalHealth – #Boys Experience #Depression Differently Than #Girls. Here’s Why That Matters

Photo by Victoria Rain on Pexels.com Surveys of #teen #mentalhealth may underestimate boys’ despair By Sujata Gupta #Teenagers in the #UnitedStates are in crisis. That news got hammered home earlier this year following the release of a nationally representative survey showing that over half of #highschool #girls reported persistent feelings of “sadness or #hopelessness” — common words used to screen for #depression. Almost a third of #teenage #boys reported those same feelings. “No one is doing well,” says #psychologist Kathleen Ethier. She heads the U.S. #CentersforDiseaseControlandPrevention’s Division of #Adolescent and #School Health, which has overseen this biennial #Youth Risk #Behavior Survey since 1991. During the latest round of data collection, in fall 2021, over 17,000 #students from 31 states responded to roughly 100 questions related to #mentalhealth, #suicidalthoughts and #behaviors, #sexualbehavior, #substanceuse and experiences of violence. One chart in particular garnered considerable media attention. From 2011 to 2021, persistent sadness or #hopelessness in #boys went up 8 percentage points, from 21 to 29 percent. In #girls, it rose a whopping 21 percentage points, from 36 to 57 percent. Some of that disparity may arise from the fact that #girls in the #UnitedStates face unique stressors, researchers say. Compared with #boys, #girls seem more prone to experiencing #mentaldistress from #socialmedia use, are more likely to experience #sexualviolence and are dealing with a political climate that is often hostile to women’s rights (SN: 7/16/22 & 7/30/22, p. 6). But the gap between #boys and #girls might not be as wide as the numbers indicate. #Depression manifests differently in #boys and #men than in #girls and #women, mounting evidence suggests. #Girls are more likely to internalize feelings, while #boys are more likely to externalize them. Rather than crying when feeling down, for instance, #boys may act irritated or lash out. Or they may engage in risky, impulsive or even violent acts. Inward-directed terms like “sadness” and “#hopelessness” miss those more typically #male tendencies. And masculine norms that equate sadness with weakness may make #males who are experiencing those emotions less willing to admit it, even on an anonymous survey. Consequently, screening tools, such as the one used by the #CDC’s survey, may miss #depression in about 1 in 10 #males, research suggests. “We need to have more of a recognition that #boys and #men, some of them, not all of them, are suffering,” says clinical #psychologist Ryon McDermott of the University of South Alabama in Mobile. “And we miss them. We miss them in our assessments, and we miss them in our discussions.” Diagnosing #depression in #boys and #men The idea of overlooked #depression in #men is not new. Take what happened on the Swedish island of Gotland. In the 1960s and ’70s, #suiciderates were high. So in 1983, health officials launched an education program for Gotland #doctors on #depression treatment and #suicideprevention. At first, the program looked like a resounding success. The island’s overall #suiciderate dropped from roughly 20 out of every 100,000 people in 1982 to roughly 7 out of every 100,000 people by 1985, researchers reported in the 1992 Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. But a subsequent, deeper analysis showed that the decline was almost entirely among #women. In the 2½ years before and after the program, the number of #women dying by #suicide decreased from 11 to two, while the number of #men dying by #suicide mostly stayed steady, seeing a marginal decline from 16 to 15. #Men struggling with #suicidalthoughts appear less likely to seek help and more likely to have #doctors ignore their depressive symptoms when they do seek help, Wolfgang Rutz, then a #psychiatrist at a Gotland hospital, theorized in 1996 in the Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. #Doctors observed, for instance, that #men who were depressed often didn’t present with classic symptoms, such as sadness, but instead presented as hostile, impulsive and aggressive. Rutz suspected that this #gender disparity in diagnosis and treatment might underpin why, at the time, #men in Sweden were being diagnosed with #depression half as often as #women but dying by #suicide five times as often. Without obvious signs of #depression, Rutz noted, to the outside observer, many #male #suicides occurred seemingly without warning. “The criteria of #depression that are taught in psychiatric textbooks and diagnostic manuals today and which also have been used in the Gotland project seem insufficient in detecting the typical masculine way of being depressive,” Rutz wrote. Rutz went on to develop a screening tool for #male #depression, which paved the way for more recent male-specific tools. They include the #Male #Depression Risk Scale, developed by Simon Rice, a clinical #psychologist at Orygen, an Australian nonprofit research, clinical and advocacy institute focused on youth #mentalhealth. The scale focuses on emotion suppression, anger and aggression; #drug and #alcohol use; somatic symptoms, such as concerns about sleep and sex; and risk-taking. Participants rate various statements, such as how often they bottle up negative feelings, have difficulty managing anger or use #drugs for temporary relief. None of the questions ask about sadness or #hopelessness. Better screening The #Male #Depression Risk Scale asks individuals to rate how often over the last month various statements (some shown below) apply to them. - I bottled up my negative feelings. - I had unexplained aches and pains. - I needed #alcohol to help me unwind. - I overreacted to situations with aggressive #behavior. - I stopped caring about the consequences of my actions. - It was difficult to manage my anger. - Using #drugs provided temporary relief. Research shows that some #men meet the criteria for #depression on the #Male #Depression Risk Scale but not on more traditional scales. In a recent study of 1,000 Canadian #men, Rice and his team found that 80 respondents, or 8 percent, met the criteria for #depression only on a traditional scale that includes a question about how often the respondent has felt “down, depressed or hopeless.” In addition, 120 respondents, or 12 percent, met the criteria on both scales. But 110 respondents, or 11 percent, met the criteria for #depression only on the men’s scale, the team reported in 2020 in the Journal of #MentalHealth. The results suggest that had the #CDC’s #Youth Risk #Behavior Survey included a #male-specific question about #depression, there might still have been a #gender gap but perhaps a smaller one. Too many #boys and #men are suffering in silence, says Rice, who is also a principal research fellow at the University of Melbourne. Ten or 11 percent of missed cases “might sound like a small percentage,” he says, “but at the population level, that is huge.” Is it #depression or something else? The idea that acting out and aggression could, on occasion, constitute symptoms of #depression remains controversial. The #CDC, Ethier says, has relied on extensive research in formulating its survey’s #depression-related question, which reads: “During the past 12 months, did you ever feel so sad or hopeless almost every day for two weeks or more in a row that you stopped doing some usual activities?” “That item is actually quite good at predicting who has depressive symptoms,” Ethier says, adding that such accuracy holds true for both #girls and #boys. That’s not to say that #boys aren’t struggling, Ethier says. Anecdotally, for instance, #teachers are reporting a spike in #behavioral problems in their classrooms, particularly among #boys. But rather than indicating #depression, Ethier says, such #behavior is emblematic of the broader #mentalhealthcrisis among #teens. That might sound like splitting hairs. If #boys are distressed, why not label them as depressed? Providing the proper diagnosis matters for appropriate treatment and future health outcomes, Ethier says. “We know that depressive symptoms in #adolescence have long-term implications for health and #mentalhealth. I don’t know that the research is as conclusive about that for #behavioralissues in the classroom.” For McDermott, who studies the difficulties of measuring #depression, such #behavioral problems could indicate other disorders, chiefly #attentiondeficithyperactivitydisorder. But he has no doubt that some of those #boys are depressed. “It is hard to say with 100 percent certainty that all #boys who are acting out are experiencing #depression, but it is a good bet that many of them are,” he says. Depths of despair Over the last decade, a national survey of U.S. #highschoolstudents called the #Youth Risk #Behavior Survey has consistently found higher levels of persistent feelings of sadness or #hopelessness in #teen #girls compared with #teen #boys. But some experts say the survey may not offer a complete picture of boys’ #mentalhealth. Percentage of #highschoolstudents reporting persistent feelings of sadness or #hopelessness C. CHANG The core symptoms of #depression, whether internal or external in nature, are the same in #men and #women, McDermott says. But on a #depression scale focusing on internalizing symptoms such as sadness or #hopelessness, a depressed man would, on average, score lower than an equally depressed #woman. Why those baselines vary by #gender isn’t entirely clear, McDermott says. But when it comes to #hopelessness, evidence suggests that #boys might sometimes suppress those feelings in adherence to #male norms that discourage vulnerability. Consider the results of a review of 74 studies with a total sample size of more than 19,000 mostly U.S. participants published in 2017 in the Journal of Counseling Psychology. High scores on a scale measuring conformity to Western masculine norms, such as emotional control, self-reliance and power over #women, were linked with poorer #mentalhealth, including #depression, and a reduced likelihood of seeking help. Gender norms become entrenched during the #teen years, says Leslie Adams, a #behavioral researcher at Johns Hopkins University. That’s when #boys are really absorbing messages around masculinity from friends, family and #socialmedia. “Endorsing feelings of sadness and #hopelessness kind of goes against these learned, general scripts,” Adams says. Those #male scripts are poorly understood, say Adams and others studying #male #mentalhealth, because most #gender research focuses on #girls and #women. For instance, take research into #socialmedia use. Ethier points to the popularity of #male #socialmedia personalities espousing harmful attitudes toward #women, such as TikToker Andrew Tate, who was recently arrested in Romania on suspicion of human trafficking. Anecdotally, Tate and influencers like him are one way #boys come to understand the world, but data on the influence of #socialmedia on #boys are sparse, Ethier says. “We focus a lot on the ways that #socialmedia might be impacting #girls in terms of body image,” she says. “I don’t think we focus enough of the conversation on what is being portrayed to #boys.” The resulting knowledge gap about #boys’ lives affects all of society. “It is difficult to see that we can effectively address the health of #boys and young #men, achieve gender equity for #girls and young #women, or achieve rights for #lesbian, #gay, #bisexual and #transgender #youth, without tackling the masculine identities adopted by #boys in #adolescence,” a group of pediatric health experts wrote in a commentary in 2018 in the Journal of #Adolescent Health. #Depression’s link to #suicide Just as Rutz observed on the island of Gotland, missing #depression in #boys and #men can come with high stakes. “#Depression can manifest in many ways … beyond sadness and #hopelessness,” Adams says. “When we don’t assess the other ways that #depression can manifest, there are implications. One is #suicide.” Adams suspects that the same tendency to frame #depression as an internal emotion also influences how researchers ask about #suicide. For instance, asking about who has considered #suicide or made a plan, as the #CDC does in its #youth survey, reflects the belief that the respondent is both ruminating and thinking ahead. “For #boys, may not have that linear path,” Adams says. “We’re missing … impulsivity.” That could help explain why, in the #CDC survey, #teen #girls reported higher levels of suicidal thinking, planning and attempts than #boys, despite the fact that #boys die by #suicide at higher rates. Provisional federal data show that, in 2021, roughly 6 of every 100,000 girls ages 15 to 24 died by #suicide. That’s compared with roughly 24 of every 100,000 #boys of the same age. From 2020 to 2021, the rate of #suicide in that age group increased 5 percent in #girls compared with 8 percent in #boys. #James Donaldson notes:Welcome to the “next chapter” of my life… being a voice and an advocate for #mentalhealthawarenessandsuicideprevention, especially pertaining to our younger generation of students and student-athletes.Getting men to speak up and reach out for help and assistance is one of my passions. Us men need to not suffer in silence or drown our sorrows in alcohol, hang out at bars and strip joints, or get involved with drug use.Having gone through a recent bout of #depression and #suicidalthoughts myself, I realize now, that I can make a huge difference in the lives of so many by sharing my story, and by sharing various resources I come across as I work in this space.  #http://bit.ly/JamesMentalHealthArticleFind out more about the work I do on my 501c3 non-profit foundationwebsite www.yourgiftoflife.org Order your copy of James Donaldson's latest book,#CelebratingYourGiftofLife: From The Verge of Suicide to a Life of Purpose and Joy   www.celebratingyourgiftoflife.com #Suicide stats  The latest data in the #UnitedStates show that the overall #suiciderate for #males is much higher than for #females. That gap holds across most age groups, even though #teen #girls report higher levels of suicidal thinking and planning than #boys. U.S. age-adjusted #suiciderates in 2021 #Male and #female #suiciderates in 2021, by age SOURCE: NATIONAL CENTER FOR HEALTH STATISTICS CREDIT: C. CHANG Access to guns might factor in here. For every 10 percent increase in household gun ownership in a state, the #youth #suiciderate increases by about 27 percent, researchers reported in 2019 in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine. And #boys are seven times as likely to kill themselves with a gun than #girls are, according to a 2022 report by Everytown for Gun Safety, a #gunviolence prevention organization. Missed #depression in #boys could help explain a long-standing research question, Adams and others say: Why do more women get diagnosed with #depression, the most common precursor to #suicide, when more #men die by #suicide? One path forward is to look beyond sadness and #hopelessness as proxies for #depression, Adams says. What about impulsivity, conflict with others or social withdrawal? Perhaps those symptoms serve as better proxies for #depression — and suicidal thinking — in #men, she says. Understanding other proxies could protect not just depressed individuals from harm but also broader society, another line of research suggests. Seena Fazel, a forensic #psychiatrist at the University of Oxford, and colleagues began examining data from Swedish #patient registries to investigate if #depression links to violent #behavior. Their participant pool included about 47,000 #adults diagnosed with #depression from 2001 to 2009 and nearly 900,000 people without such a diagnosis. People with #depression were three times as likely to commit a violent crime, such as assault, arson or a sexual offense, as individuals without depression, the team reported in 2015 in Lancet Psychiatry. To attempt to rule out genetic or environmental differences, the team looked at siblings. A person with #depression was twice as likely to commit a violent crime as their sibling without #depression. Fazel and another team reported a similar link between #depression and violence among #teens and young #adults in 2017 in the Journal of the American Academy of #Child & #Adolescent Psychiatry. The link between violence and #depression has been found for both #men and #women. But since #men commit most violent crimes, missing #depression in #men is a concern, Fazel says. But he stresses the importance of keeping such findings in perspective. His earlier work, for instance, found that over a 13-year period in Sweden, there were 450 violent crimes committed per 10,000 people. Of those, 24 were committed by people with severe #mentalillness. “With guns and #mentalillness,” Fazel says, “you are much more likely to kill yourself than kill somebody else.” Shifting views on #depression The idea that #depression may look different in #men and #women — not to mention differences based on other demographic factors (SN: 2/11/23, p. 18) — is gaining traction. For instance, a 2022 revision to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of #MentalDisorders, or DSM, the #AmericanPsychiatricAssociation’s reference book, acknowledges the #gender differences in #depression. The revision’s authors note that, compared with depressed #women, depressed #men tend to report “greater frequencies and intensities of maladaptive self-coping and problem-solving strategies, including #alcohol or other #drug misuse, risk-taking and poor impulse control.” Even before the revision, the DSM included “irritable mood” as a feature of #depression in youngsters. So teenagers’ age and #gender both potentially influence how they express #depression. Even if the idea that #depression looks different in #boys and #girls gains wider acceptance, changing the #Youth Risk #Behavior Survey will take time. If enough experts express concerns about how questions related to #mentalhealth are posed, then the earliest the #CDC could amend the survey would be for the 2025 round of data collection, a #CDC spokesperson told Science News. But the experts I spoke with are hopeful that such changes will trickle into other mainstream research. Even adding a single word to questions, such as asking about irritability in addition to sadness and #hopelessness, could identify a huge number of depressed #boys who might otherwise appear fine, these researchers argue. Tweaks of this nature, Rice says, “could be a game changer at identifying #depression in #boys young #men.” Questions or comments on this article? E-mail us at feedback@sciencenews.org | Reprints FAQ Photo by Victoria Rain on Pexels.com Read the full article

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