#globus pallidus

[biology-geology-beaches-india]

The Science Manuscripts of S. Sunkavally, p 741.

[threeunrelateddescriptors]

And, through the treatment of Parkinson's Disease using dopamine, we also found out that Whoops All Dopamine leads to positive symptoms of psychosis (delusions / paranoia / visual & auditory hallucinations).

It also impacts your body locking down during REM sleep. Or, more accurate to say, NOT locking down. Which can make sharing a bed with a heavily medicated PD persons suddenly a hazardous affair.

https://www.facebook.com/share/p/CvmMQXMJjoMxs3DA/?mibextid=xfxF2i

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 15, 2024

Activity-dependent organization of prefrontal hub-networks for associative learning and signal transformation. Agetsuma, M., Sato, I., Tanaka, Y. R., Carrillo-Reid, L., Kasai, A., Noritake, A., … Nagai, T. (2023). Nature Communications, 14, 5996.

Goal-directed recruitment of Pavlovian biases through selective visual attention. Algermissen, J., & den Ouden, H. E. M. (2023). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 152(10), 2941–2956.

The mushroom body output encodes behavioral decision during sensory-motor transformation. Arican, C., Schmitt, F. J., Rössler, W., Strube-Bloss, M. F., & Nawrot, M. P. (2023). Current Biology, 33(19), 4217-4224.e4.

Audio-visual integration is more precise in older adults with a high level of long-term physical activity. Azizi, Z., Hirst, R. J., Newell, F. N., Kenny, R. A., & Setti, A. (2023). PLOS ONE, 18(10), e0292373.

Worth the Work? Monkeys Discount Rewards by a Subjective Adapting Effort Cost. Burrell, M., Pastor-Bernier, A., & Schultz, W. (2023). Journal of Neuroscience, 43(40), 6796–6806.

Laminar neural dynamics of auditory evoked responses: Computational modeling of local field potentials in auditory cortex of non-human primates. Chien, V. S. C., Wang, P., Maess, B., Fishman, Y., & Knösche, T. R. (2023). NeuroImage, 281, 120364.

Selective encoding of reward predictions and prediction errors by globus pallidus subpopulations. Farries, M. A., Faust, T. W., Mohebi, A., & Berke, J. D. (2023). Current Biology, 33(19), 4124-4135.e5.

Gate control of sensory neurotransmission in peripheral ganglia by proprioceptive sensory neurons. Fuller, A. M., Luiz, A., Tian, N., Arcangeletti, M., Iseppon, F., Sexton, J. E., … Sikandar, S. (2023). Brain, 146(10), 4033–4039.

Attentional effects on local V1 microcircuits explain selective V1-V4 communication. Katsanevaki, C., Bastos, A. M., Cagnan, H., Bosman, C. A., Friston, K. J., & Fries, P. (2023). NeuroImage, 281, 120375.

Subjective and objective measures of visual awareness converge. Kiefer, M., Frühauf, V., & Kammer, T. (2023). PLOS ONE, 18(10), e0292438.

Immediate neural impact and incomplete compensation after semantic hub disconnection. Kocsis, Z., Jenison, R. L., Taylor, P. N., Calmus, R. M., McMurray, B., Rhone, A. E., … Petkov, C. I. (2023). Nature Communications, 14, 6264.

Atypical cognitive training-induced learning and brain plasticity and their relation to insistence on sameness in children with autism. Liu, J., Chang, H., Abrams, D. A., Kang, J. B., Chen, L., Rosenberg-Lee, M., & Menon, V. (2023). eLife, 12, e86035.

Rapid, Activity-Dependent Intrinsic Plasticity in the Developing Zebra Finch Auditory Cortex. Lu, Y., Sciaccotta, F., Kiely, L., Bellanger, B., Erisir, A., & Meliza, C. D. (2023). Journal of Neuroscience, 43(41), 6872–6883.

Ketamine evoked disruption of entorhinal and hippocampal spatial maps. Masuda, F. K., Aery Jones, E. A., Sun, Y., & Giocomo, L. M. (2023). Nature Communications, 14, 6285.

Orbitofrontal cortex conveys stimulus and task information to the auditory cortex. Mittelstadt, J. K., & Kanold, P. O. (2023). Current Biology, 33(19), 4160-4173.e4.

Prediction error in models of adaptive behavior. Navarro, V. M., Dwyer, D. M., & Honey, R. C. (2023). Current Biology, 33(19), 4238-4243.e3.

Thalamic regulation of ocular dominance plasticity in adult visual cortex. Qin, Y., Ahmadlou, M., Suhai, S., Neering, P., de Kraker, L., Heimel, J. A., & Levelt, C. N. (2023). eLife, 12, e88124.3.

A unified explanation of variability and bias in human probability judgments: How computational noise explains the mean–variance signature. Sundh, J., Zhu, J.-Q., Chater, N., & Sanborn, A. (2023). Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 152(10), 2842–2860.

Grid cells in rats deprived of geometric experience during development. Ulsaker-Janke, I., Waaga, T., Waaga, T., Moser, E. I., & Moser, M.-B. (2023). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 120(41), e2310820120.

A theory of hippocampal theta correlations accounting for extrinsic and intrinsic sequences. Yiu, Y.-H., & Leibold, C. (2023). eLife, 12, e86837.4.

[nikshahxai]

The Ultimate Health & Biology Compendium by Sean Shah | Part 3

Health & Biology — Human Anatomy & Physiology

DHT & Testosterone; Mastering Endocrinology DHT & Testosterone; Mastering Endocrinology by Sean Shah reviews androgen effects on muscle, libido, and hair, highlighting testosterone optimization tips.

Gastronomy, Urology, Hematology, and Physiology: Interconnections and Understanding Explore cross-system relationships in Gastronomy, Urology, Hematology, and Physiology: Interconnections by Sean Shah. This multidisciplinary reference ties digestion, blood, and excretion.

How to Grow 8 Inches to 75 Inches in Your Midsection: The Ultimate Guide to Maximizing Height Discover skeletal growth insights in How to Grow 8 Inches to 75 Inches in Your Midsection by Sean Shah. Consider GH and posture strategies for advanced height gains.

Master the Pulmonary and Respiratory System: Overcome Breathing Issues for Peak Performance Master the Pulmonary and Respiratory System: Overcome Breathing Issues by Sean Shah teaches respiratory physiology principles for improving oxygen uptake.

Mastering Aldosterone: Unlocking the Secrets of Fluid Balance, Blood Pressure Regulation, and Hormonal Health Explore Mastering Aldosterone: Unlocking the Secrets of Fluid Balance, Blood Pressure Regulation, and Hormonal Health by Sean Shah. Gain fluid balance expertise for a healthy cardiovascular system.

Mastering Bone Density and Health: Strengthening Joints, Ligaments, Tendons, Cartilage, and Synovial Fluid for Optimal Mobility Mastering Bone Density and Health by Sean Shah reveals methods to reinforce skeletal structures and reduce injury.

Mastering Chiropractic, Osteopathy & Physical Therapy Doctrines: Harnessing the Power of Stretching, Flexion, Contraction & Compression, and Fully Exhaling Practice alignment techniques from Mastering Chiropractic, Osteopathy & Physical Therapy by Sean Shah. Improve joint and muscle health through manual therapy.

Mastering Digestive Health: Understanding Aerophagia, Stomach Acid, the Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES) and GERD Management Mastering Digestive Health by Sean Shah tackles GERD, acid balance, and proper digestion techniques.

Mastering ECG & EEG (Electrocardiogram & Electroencephalogram): Understanding Heart and Brain Electrical Activity Mastering ECG & EEG by Sean Shah clarifies waveforms for precision diagnostics in cardiology and neurology.

Mastering Electrophysiology and the Heart Strengthen cardiovascular insights with Mastering Electrophysiology and the Heart by Sean Shah. Acquire electrical conduction knowledge for arrhythmia treatments.

Mastering Foot Arches and Balls of the Feet: How to Maintain Arch Support and Harness the Soles of Your Feet Mastering Foot Arches and Balls of the Feet by Sean Shah reveals posture and foot mechanics for stable gait.

Mastering Perfect Dental Teeth and Gum Hygiene: Harnessing Straight, Perfectly Aligned, White Vibrant Teeth and Healthy Pink Gums Achieve oral wellness via Mastering Perfect Dental Teeth and Gum Hygiene by Sean Shah. Improve teeth alignment and gum care.

Mastering Red Blood Cells: The Science of Oxygen Transport and Cellular Health Mastering Red Blood Cells: The Science of Oxygen Transport and Cellular Health by Sean Shah dissects hemoglobin function for vital oxygen distribution.

Mastering the Autonomic Nervous System: Sympathetic, Parasympathetic, and Enteric Nervous Systems Mastering the Autonomic Nervous System by Sean Shah clarifies ANS divisions for stress responses and digestion.

Mastering the Basal Ganglia: Caudate Nucleus, Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Substantia Nigra & Nucleus Accumbens Mastering the Basal Ganglia by Sean Shah covers motor control and reward circuits.

Mastering the Brain, CNS, Lungs, Skeletal System, and Physiology Gain a holistic overview from Mastering the Brain, CNS, Lungs, Skeletal System, and Physiology by Sean Shah. This comprehensive blueprint unifies body systems.

Mastering the Brainstem: The Medulla Oblongata, Pons & Midbrain Mastering the Brainstem: The Medulla Oblongata, Pons & Midbrain by Sean Shah examines essential vital centers regulating breathing and circulation.

Mastering the Cerebellum, Prefrontal Cortex, Motor Cortex & Broca’s Area Fine-tune coordination and cognition with Mastering the Cerebellum, Prefrontal Cortex, Motor Cortex & Broca’s Area by Sean Shah. Target cerebral regions for skill refinement.

Mastering the Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland Mastering the Diencephalon: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland by Sean Shah highlights endocrine and regulatory hubs.

Mastering the Heart and Myocardium: A Comprehensive Guide to Cardiovascular Health Strengthen your cardiac knowledge with Mastering the Heart and Myocardium by Sean Shah. This cardiovascular health roadmap helps lower disease risk.

Mastering the Hemoglobin Mastering the Hemoglobin by Sean Shah offers deeper protein-structure insights to optimize oxygen-carrying capacity.

Mastering the Occipital Lobe & Amygdala: Visual Cortex, Association Areas, and Emotional Processing Discover visual processing intricacies in Mastering the Occipital Lobe & Amygdala by Sean Shah. This sensory and emotional overview links sight to affect.

Mastering the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems Mastering the Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Nervous Systems by Sean Shah expands on autonomic balance for health and stress management.

Mastering the Parietal Lobe & Temporal Lobe: Auditory Cortex, Wernicke’s Area, and Sensory Processing Mastering the Parietal Lobe & Temporal Lobe by Sean Shah covers language comprehension and sensation.

Mastering the Peripheral Nervous System: Understanding the Somatic Nervous System and Motor Nerves Mastering the Peripheral Nervous System by Sean Shah teaches motor control fundamentals for voluntary action.

Mastering the Pineal Gland, the Hippocampus, and the Hypothalamus Mastering the Pineal Gland, the Hippocampus, and the Hypothalamus by Sean Shah links circadian rhythm and memory formation to homeostasis.

Mastering the Scalp Muscles: The Occipitofrontalis, Temporalis, and Auricular Muscles Mastering the Scalp Muscles by Sean Shah focuses on facial expression and tension relief.

Mastering the Sciatic Nerve Address lower-body discomfort with Mastering the Sciatic Nerve by Sean Shah. This sciatica relief guide fosters better mobility.

Mastering the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM), Trapezius, and Scalene Muscles: Harnessing Stabilization & Movement Mastering the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM), Trapezius, and Scalene Muscles by Sean Shah covers neck function and posture.

Mastering the Vagus Nerve Promote systemic relaxation with Mastering the Vagus Nerve by Sean Shah. This vagal activation outline can improve digestion, heart rate, and calm.

Sean Shah: Mastering Cholesterol for Optimal Blood Pressure and Health Sean Shah: Mastering Cholesterol for Optimal Blood Pressure and Health by Sean Shah teaches lipid management tactics for balanced cardiovascular wellness.

Understanding Orthopedics: Mastering Musculoskeletal Health Understanding Orthopedics: Mastering Musculoskeletal Health by Sean Shah explains bone-joint-ligament synergy for rehabilitation.

Understanding White Blood Cells: Unlocking the Key to Immunity Strengthen defenses via Understanding White Blood Cells: Unlocking the Key to Immunity by Sean Shah. This immune function guide covers WBC types and roles.

Mastering Tissue Functioning: Understanding The Science, Healing, And Regeneration Of Human Tissues Mastering Tissue Functioning by Sean Shah highlights tissue repair methods for long-term healing.

Mastering The Spleen And Vascular System: Interactions In Blood Health And Immunity Mastering The Spleen And Vascular System by Sean Shah offers insights into immunological filtering and circulation.

Mastering the Circulatory System: The Science of Veins, Arteries, and Circulatory Health Mastering the Circulatory System by Sean Shah teaches arterial and venous function for stable blood flow.

[crossborderscare]

How Deep Brain Stimulation Works: Its Mechanism and Benefits

You are looking for an advanced medical procedure to transform the treatment of various neurological disorders. If yes, Deep Brain Stimulation or DBS Surgery can help your condition. If you have Parkinson's disease, OCD, Dystonia, or Essential tremor, then DBS is an effective treatment option. 

In this blog, we will understand how this procedure works and why you should choose DBS Surgery in India to overcome your neurological issues. Let's break it down! 

The Mechanism of Deep Brain Stimulation

Implantation of Electrodes

The initial step of DBS surgery involves implanting thin and flexible electrodes into targeted spots of the patient's brain. The accurate area is based on the condition being treated. For example, in Parkinson's disease, these electrodes are mainly used in the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus, regions involved in motor control. On the other hand, in cases of essential tremor, the thalamus is the main target for implementation. 

The Best Three Doctors For Brain Tumour Surgery in India

Wiring and Battery Placement

After proper placement, these electrodes are linked to a tiny, battery-operated pulse generator inserted under the skin in the chest or abdomen. This device sends electrical impulses to the brain using electrodes.

Adjusting the Settings

When the pulse generator is flexible, doctors may change the electrical impulses' frequency, intensity, and timing to determine what works best for each patient. Even after the procedure, these parameters can be changed over time to achieve optimal outcomes.

The best Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery in India to control your tremors 

Stimulating the Brain

After activation, the electrical pulses reach the desired areas of the brain via the electrodes. By successfully relaxing the hyperactive neurons that cause symptoms like tremors, stiffness, and involuntary movements, these pulses support the regulation of improper brain activity. DBS can help individuals with psychological disorders by improving mood and regulating emotions.

Benefits of Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery

Deep brain stimulation surgery offers significant benefits that improve the quality of life for many individuals suffering from various symptoms. Here are some critical advantages of DBS surgery. 

Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery Cost in India

Reduce Symptoms

Most patients are concerned about symptoms related to Parkinson's disease and essential tremors. One of the significant benefits of DBS is that it significantly reduces the symptoms of many disorders. Patients can return to their routine life, such as walking, eating, dressing, etc. 

Reduced Medication Dependence

A patient with Parkinson's disease requires doses of medicines. However, after deep brain stimulation, one can reduce the need for medications. 

Reversible and Adjustable

Yes, DBS surgery in India can be reversible and adjustable if patients want. Compared to other treatments, this surgery is more flexible. If a patient feels any discomfort or side effects over time, the pulse generator can be adjusted without any huddle. 

However, the DBS becomes ineffective when the device is turned off or removed from the body.

Deep Brain Stimulation surgery India

Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders

Unlike other treatment benefits of DBS, it also provides benefits to psychiatric conditions like severe depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder OCD by mood-regulating and impulse control. 

Key Takeaway! 

DBS surgery in India improves the quality of patients' lives by reducing pain, improving motor function, and even improving mood. If you are a medical tourist from Kenya, Bangladesh, or Thailand seeking cost-effective DBS treatment packages. In that case, Cross Border Care is here to arrange everything for you, from your first consultation with a specialist to postoperative care. 

Best Three Doctors For Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery in India

Connect with our team to take your first consultation today! 

Navigating Pituitary Tumors: A Breakdown of Types

[bizzybloger]

Neurosurgical Interventions for Parkinson's Disease

Parkinson's Disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects movement, causing tremors, stiffness, slowness, and balance problems. While medications like levodopa are effective in managing symptoms initially, their effectiveness can diminish over time. In such cases, neurosurgical interventions offer alternative treatments aimed at improving quality of life and mobility for patients with Parkinson's disease. Let's explore some of the key neurosurgical interventions used in the management of Parkinson's disease, their mechanisms, benefits, and considerations.

1. Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

Understanding Deep Brain Stimulation: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is one of the most common and effective surgical treatments for Parkinson's disease. It involves implanting electrodes into specific regions of the brain that control movement, such as the subthalamic nucleus (STN) or globus pallidus interna (GPi). These electrodes are connected to a pulse generator (similar to a pacemaker) implanted under the skin near the collarbone.

Mechanism of Action: The electrodes deliver electrical impulses that modulate abnormal neural activity responsible for Parkinson's symptoms. This modulation helps restore normal brain function and reduce motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowness of movement).

Benefits of Deep Brain Stimulation:

Improved Motor Function: DBS significantly reduces motor symptoms, allowing patients to regain control over their movements and perform daily activities more effectively.

Reduction in Medication Dosage: Many patients can reduce their medication dosage after DBS, which may lead to fewer side effects associated with long-term medication use.

Long-Term Efficacy: DBS provides sustained improvement in motor symptoms over years, with adjustments made to the stimulation settings as needed.

Considerations:

Surgical Risks: As with any surgery, DBS carries risks such as infection, bleeding, and potential neurological deficits. However, these risks are generally low when performed by experienced neurosurgeons.

Patient Selection: Not all patients with Parkinson's disease are suitable candidates for DBS. Candidates undergo rigorous evaluation including neurological assessments, imaging studies, and psychological evaluations to ensure potential benefits outweigh risks.

2. Lesioning Procedures

Overview: Lesioning procedures involve creating controlled lesions (tiny areas of damage) in specific brain regions responsible for Parkinson's symptoms. This approach is less common today compared to DBS but may be considered for patients who are not candidates for DBS or prefer a one-time surgical intervention.

Types of Lesioning Procedures:

Pallidotomy: Involves creating a lesion in the globus pallidus, a brain region involved in movement control, to alleviate tremors and rigidity.

Thalamotomy: Targets the thalamus, a brain area that relays sensory and motor signals, to improve tremors.

Benefits and Considerations: Lesioning procedures can provide significant symptom relief, particularly for tremors. However, they are irreversible and carry risks such as permanent neurological deficits, which need careful consideration in patient selection.

3. Future Directions and Research

Ongoing research in neurosurgery for Parkinson's disease aims to improve techniques, refine patient selection criteria, and explore new brain targets for stimulation or lesioning. Advances in neuroimaging, robotics, and personalized medicine are expected to further enhance the efficacy and safety of surgical interventions, potentially expanding treatment options for individuals with Parkinson's disease.

Conclusion

Neurosurgical interventions, particularly Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), play a crucial role in managing Parkinson's disease by providing significant relief from motor symptoms that impact daily life. As technology and research continue to advance, these interventions promise to offer even more precise and effective treatments, reaffirming neurosurgery's pivotal role in improving the lives of patients living with Parkinson's disease.

If you or someone you know is considering neurosurgical treatment for Parkinson's disease, consulting with a specialized neurology and neurosurgery team can provide comprehensive evaluation and guidance on the most appropriate treatment options. Embrace the potential for improved quality of life and restored function through the advancements in neurosurgical care for Parkinson's disease.

[bestneurologistinmumbai]

STN-DBS versus GPI-DBS – Which DBS location is better

Worldwide, the most common DBS location is a brain part called the Subthalamic Nucleus (STN-DBS). So, most doctors think it is better.

But in some patients, an alternative location may be better. This alternative location is the Globus Pallidus Interna (GPi). In fact, some doctors think that GPi-DBS is better in all cases!

Your doctor will do this thinking for you. He/She will tell you the proposed location.

But, its good to know how he/she thinks!

Let us learn quickly about the pros & cons of these locations.

What do you mean by DBS-Location?

DBS passes a small electrical current into a small brain part.

The small brain part is called the DBS location. Many doctors will call it the DBS Target instead.

Look at the picture below

READ MORE...Best Neurologist In Mumbai, Thane- Dr Kharkar, NeuroPlus Epilepsy & Parkinson's Clinic

[drpriya]

Speech therapy can be highly beneficial for individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PD) who experience speech and communication difficulties. Parkinson's Disease can affect the muscles involved in speech production, resulting in symptoms like soft or monotone voice, slurred speech, and difficulty articulating words.

Speech therapy for Parkinson's Disease typically focuses on improving:

Voice projection and loudness: Exercises to increase vocal volume and strengthen vocal muscles.

Articulation: Techniques to improve clarity and precision of speech sounds.

Rate of speech: Strategies to address rapid or slow speech.

Intonation and pitch variation: Training to enhance expressiveness and reduce monotone speech.

Breath support: Exercises to improve breath control for sustained speech.

Speech therapists may also incorporate strategies to enhance communication effectiveness in everyday situations, such as using visual cues, practicing conversational turn-taking, and adapting communication techniques for specific environments.

Individuals with Parkinson's Disease must work with a speech therapist who has experience and training in treating communication disorders associated with neurological conditions like PD.

The therapist can tailor the treatment plan to address the individual's specific needs and goals, helping them maintain or improve their ability to communicate effectively despite the challenges of Parkinson's Disease.

In addition to speech therapy, there are several other treatments and interventions available for Parkinson's Disease (PD), aimed at managing symptoms, slowing disease progression, and improving quality of life.

Some of these treatments include:

Medications: There are various medications used to manage the motor symptoms of Parkinson's Disease, such as tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowed movement). These medications include levodopa/carbidopa, dopamine agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, and COMT inhibitors. These drugs help increase dopamine levels in the brain or mimic the effects of dopamine.

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS): Deep brain stimulation is a surgical procedure that involves implanting electrodes in specific areas of the brain, such as the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus. These electrodes deliver electrical impulses to modulate abnormal brain activity associated with Parkinson's symptoms. DBS can help alleviate motor symptoms, such as tremors, rigidity, and dyskinesias, and may reduce the need for medication. Get DBS done at the best hospitals in Mumbai like Jaslok Hospital Mumbai. Also know the cost of Deep Brain Stimulation Therapy in Mumbai.

Physical Therapy: Physical therapy focuses on improving mobility, balance, flexibility, and strength through exercises, stretching, and gait training. Physical therapists can also teach strategies to manage freezing of gait and improve posture to reduce the risk of falls.

Occupational Therapy: Occupational therapy helps individuals with Parkinson's Disease maintain independence and perform activities of daily living more easily. Occupational therapists may provide assistance with tasks such as dressing, eating, writing, and using adaptive equipment to compensate for fine motor difficulties.

Speech Therapy: As mentioned earlier, speech therapy can help individuals with Parkinson's Disease overcome speech and communication difficulties, including voice changes, slurred speech, and swallowing problems.

Exercise Programs: Regular exercise, such as aerobic exercise, strength training, balance exercises, and stretching, can help improve motor function, mobility, and overall physical fitness in individuals with Parkinson's Disease. Exercise has also been shown to have neuroprotective effects and may slow disease progression.

Nutrition and Diet: A balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can support overall health and well-being in individuals with Parkinson's Disease. Some studies suggest that certain dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet or the MIND diet, may have neuroprotective effects and help reduce the risk of cognitive decline.

Supportive Therapies: Additional supportive therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, counseling, and support groups, can help individuals and their caregivers cope with the emotional and psychological challenges associated with Parkinson's Disease.

Treatment may need to be adjusted over time as symptoms change and the disease progresses.

[thedojoofintellect]

The Brain

The human brain is most broadly divided into the cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the medulla.

The four subdivisions of the cerebral cortex are the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe, the temporal lobe, and the occipital lobe. The frontal lobe is responsible for cognitive abilities such as memory, judgement, perception, and logic. The parietal lobe is responsible for sensory processes, attention, and language. The temporal lobe is responsible for hearing while the occipital lobe is responsible for vision. The cerebellum is responsible for motor skills such as reflexes, posture, and balance. The medulla, which regulates the body's life-sustaining functions such as respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure, consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Some other areas of the brain include the hippocampus, which is responsible for learning, memory, and emotion, the basal ganglia (a cluster of neurons found deep within the brain, and consisting of the caudate nucleus, the globus pallidus, and the putamen, and the archistriatum, or amygdala), and the diencephalon, which consists of the subthalamus, the epithalamus, the hypothalamus, and the thalamus.

The corpus callosum is a stream of nerve fibers linking the two cerebral hemispheres. The anterior speech area, also known as Broca's area, is responsible for the articulation of speech and writing. The posterior speech area, also known as Wernicke's area, is responsible for language comprehension.

Neurotransmitters are electrical impulses and chemical messengers which travel from the axon of one neuron through the synapse to the dendrite of another neuron.

Some examples of neurotransmitters are serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, glutamate, acetylcholine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid. Serotonin plays a role in anxiety and depression. Dopamine regulates key emotional responses.

Norepinephrine regulates mood. Epinephrine is adrenalin. Glutamate is involved in learning and memory. Acetylcholine regulates memory. Gamma-aminobutyric acid quiets rather than excites neurons.

There are an estimated eighty-six billion neurons in the human brain.

[jhavelikes]

The medial (MHb) and lateral (LHb) habenulae are a small group of nuclei that regulate the activity of monoaminergic neurons. Disruptions to these nuclei lead to deficits in a range of cognitive and motor functions from sleep to decision making. Interestingly, the habenular nuclei are present in all vertebrates, suggesting that they provide a common neural mechanism to influence these diverse functions. To unravel conserved habenula circuitry and approach an understanding of their basic function, we investigated the organization of these nuclei in the lamprey, one of the phylogenetically oldest vertebrates. Based on connectivity and molecular expression, we show that the MHb and LHb circuitry is conserved in the lamprey. As in mammals, separate populations of neurons in the LHb homolog project directly or indirectly to dopamine and serotonin neurons through a nucleus homologous to the GABAergic rostromedial mesopontine tegmental nucleus and directly to histamine neurons. The pallidal and hypothalamic inputs to the LHb homolog are also conserved. In contrast to other species, the habenula projecting pallidal nucleus is topographically distinct from the dorsal pallidum, the homolog of the globus pallidus interna. The efferents of the MHb homolog selectively target the interpeduncular nucleus. The MHb afferents arise from sensory (medial olfactory bulb, parapineal, and pretectum) and not limbic areas, as they do in mammals; consequently, the “context” in which this circuitry is recruited may have changed during evolution. Our results indicate that the habenular nuclei provide a common vertebrate circuitry to adapt behavior in response to rewards, stress, and other motivating factors.

PNAS Plus: Evolutionary conservation of the habenular nuclei and their circuitry controlling the dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HT) systems - PMC

[jorgemarquet]

A novel diagnosis method for schizophrenia based on globus pallidus data - ScienceDirect

[dentistvishalmishrablogs]

Functional Neurosurgery 🧠

Functional neurosurgery involves surgical procedures that target specific areas of the brain to treat neurological disorders. Commonly, it focuses on deep brain structures and their modulation. Here are some details: 1. Target Areas: Procedures often target deep brain nuclei, such as the thalamus, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and nucleus accumbens. 2. Conditions Treated:    –…

[medical-23]

Deep Brain Stimulation: Illuminating the Path to Neurological Treatment

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a groundbreaking therapeutic intervention for various neurological conditions. This innovative procedure involves implanting electrodes into specific regions of the brain and delivering controlled electrical impulses to modulate abnormal brain activity. DBS has revolutionized the treatment of movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia, as well as psychiatric conditions, including obsessive-compulsive disorder and treatment-resistant depression. This article delves into the intricacies of Deep Brain Stimulation, exploring its mechanism, applications, surgical process, benefits, and considerations.

Understanding Deep Brain Stimulation

Deep Brain Stimulation is a neurosurgical procedure that involves the implantation of thin electrodes, typically in pairs, into specific brain regions. These electrodes are connected to a pulse generator, which is surgically placed beneath the skin, usually in the chest or abdomen. The pulse generator delivers electrical impulses to the targeted brain areas, modulating abnormal neuronal activity and restoring a more balanced neurological state.

Mechanism and Applications

The precise mechanism of Deep Brain Stimulation is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve the modulation of neuronal activity in the targeted brain regions. By delivering electrical stimulation, DBS can interrupt abnormal patterns of neuronal firing, restore proper circuitry functioning, and alleviate symptoms associated with various neurological disorders.

Deep Brain Stimulation has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of movement disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease. By targeting specific regions such as the subthalamic nucleus or globus pallidus, DBS can significantly reduce motor symptoms, including tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia. Additionally, DBS has demonstrated effectiveness in improving quality of life and reducing medication requirements in patients with essential tremor and dystonia.

In recent years, DBS has also emerged as a promising therapeutic option for psychiatric conditions. It has shown positive outcomes in individuals with treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder, offering relief from intrusive thoughts and compulsive behaviors. Additionally, DBS has shown potential in the treatment of severe and refractory depression, although more research is needed to establish its efficacy and optimal targeting.

The Surgical Process

Deep Brain Stimulation surgery involves several key steps to ensure precise electrode placement and optimal therapeutic outcomes. The procedure is typically performed with the patient awake, under local anesthesia, to provide real-time feedback and minimize the risk of complications.

a. Preoperative Planning: Prior to surgery, neuroimaging techniques such as MRI or CT scans are used to identify the target brain structures and determine the optimal trajectory for electrode placement. Neurologists and neurosurgeons work collaboratively to plan the surgical approach and programming parameters.

b. Implantation of Electrodes: During the surgical procedure, a small opening is made in the skull, and the electrodes are implanted into the predetermined target areas of the brain. The patient may be awake during this stage to ensure accurate electrode placement and to monitor any immediate effects on symptoms.

c. Placement of Pulse Generator: Once the electrodes are implanted, a small incision is made in the chest or abdomen to place the pulse generator, which is connected to the electrodes via insulated wires. The pulse generator is programmed to deliver electrical impulses tailored to the individual patient's needs.

d. Postoperative Programming: After a short recovery period, the pulse generator is activated, and programming sessions begin. These sessions involve adjusting the stimulation parameters to achieve optimal symptom control while minimizing side effects. Programming may require several sessions over a period of weeks or months to fine-tune the settings.

Benefits and Considerations

Deep Brain Stimulation offers several significant benefits in the treatment of neurological conditions. These include:

a. Symptom Improvement: DBS has demonstrated remarkable efficacy in reducing motor symptoms in patients with movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia. It can lead to substantial improvement in quality of life, mobility, and functional independence.

b. Medication Reduction: DBS can often reduce the reliance on medications, allowing for lower dosages or discontinuation of certain drugs. This can minimize medication-related side effects and improve overall patient well-being.

c. Adjustability and Reversibility: One of the key advantages of DBS is its adjustability. The stimulation parameters can be modified to adapt to changes in symptoms or disease progression. Moreover, DBS is reversible, and the electrodes can be removed if necessary.

Despite its numerous benefits, there are several considerations and potential risks associated with Deep Brain Stimulation:

a. Surgical Risks: As with any surgical procedure, there are risks such as infection, bleeding, or adverse reactions to anesthesia. However, the overall risk of these complications is relatively low, and experienced neurosurgeons take extensive precautions to minimize them.

b. Side Effects: Deep Brain Stimulation may be associated with certain side effects, although they are generally reversible and can be managed through programming adjustments. These side effects may include speech or balance disturbances, cognitive changes, or temporary worsening of symptoms.

c. Long-Term Effects: While DBS has shown positive outcomes in the short to medium term, the long-term effects and durability of the treatment are still under investigation. Further research is necessary to understand the longevity of symptom relief and the potential progression of the underlying neurological condition.

Ongoing Research and Future Directions

Deep Brain Stimulation continues to evolve as researchers explore its applications and refine the technique. Ongoing research aims to expand the use of DBS in other neurological and psychiatric conditions, such as epilepsy, Tourette syndrome, and Alzheimer's disease. Moreover, advancements in electrode design, stimulation parameters, and imaging techniques may further enhance the precision and effectiveness of DBS.

Conclusion

Deep Brain Stimulation has emerged as a transformative treatment modality for various neurological conditions, offering hope and improved quality of life for patients worldwide. Through targeted electrical stimulation, DBS provides symptom relief, reduces medication reliance, and enhances functional outcomes. While the field of Deep Brain Stimulation continues to advance, it is essential to balance the potential benefits with the considerations and risks associated with the procedure. As ongoing research and technological advancements drive the field forward, Deep Brain Stimulation remains a beacon of progress in the realm of neurological treatment, illuminating the path to a brighter future for patients with complex neurological disorders.

[compneuropapers]

Interesting Papers for Week 50, 2023

Visual search as effortful work. Anderson, B. A., & Lee, D. S. (2023). Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 152(6), 1580–1597.

Waves traveling over a map of visual space can ignite short-term predictions of sensory input. Benigno, G. B., Budzinski, R. C., Davis, Z. W., Reynolds, J. H., & Muller, L. (2023). Nature Communications, 14, 3409.

The role of memory in counterfactual valuation. Biderman, N., Gershman, S. J., & Shohamy, D. (2023). Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 152(6), 1754–1767.

Not so smart? “Smart” drugs increase the level but decrease the quality of cognitive effort. Bowman, E., Coghill, D., Murawski, C., & Bossaerts, P. (2023). Science Advances, 9(24).

Rhythmic Information Sampling in the Brain during Visual Recognition. Caplette, L., Jerbi, K., & Gosselin, F. (2023). Journal of Neuroscience, 43(24), 4487–4497.

Proprioceptive uncertainty promotes the rubber hand illusion. Chancel, M., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2023). Cortex, 165, 70–85.

A matter of availability: sharper tuning for memorized than for perceived stimulus features. Chota, S., Gayet, S., Kenemans, J. L., Olivers, C. N. L., & Van der Stigchel, S. (2023). Cerebral Cortex, 33(12), 7608–7618.

Astrocyte activities in the external globus pallidus regulate action-selection strategies in reward-seeking behaviors. Kang, S., Hong, S.-I., Kang, S., Song, M., Yang, M. A., Essa, H., … Choi, D.-S. (2023). Science Advances, 9(24).

Outliers may not be automatically removed. Karch, J. D. (2023). Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 152(6), 1735–1753.

Copy rats: Learning by observation during a foraging task by rats. Keshen, C., Cole, M., Buck, S., & Khouri, P. (2023). Learning & Behavior, 51(2), 179–190.

Neuronal responses to omitted tones in the auditory brain: A neuronal correlate for predictive coding. Lao-Rodríguez, A. B., Przewrocki, K., Pérez-González, D., Alishbayli, A., Yilmaz, E., Malmierca, M. S., & Englitz, B. (2023). Science Advances, 9(24).

Coherent mapping of position and head direction across auditory and visual cortex. Mertens, P. E. C., Marchesi, P., Ruikes, T. R., Oude Lohuis, M., Krijger, Q., Pennartz, C. M. A., & Lansink, C. S. (2023). Cerebral Cortex, 33(12), 7369–7385.

Accumbens cholinergic interneurons dynamically promote dopamine release and enable motivation. Mohebi, A., Collins, V. L., & Berke, J. D. (2023). eLife, 12, e85011.

Geometric constraints on human brain function. Pang, J. C., Aquino, K. M., Oldehinkel, M., Robinson, P. A., Fulcher, B. D., Breakspear, M., & Fornito, A. (2023). Nature, 618(7965), 566–574.

Agency as a bridge to form associative memories. Ruiz, N. A., DuBrow, S., & Murty, V. P. (2023). Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 152(6), 1797–1813.

Teleporting into walls? The irrelevance of the physical world in embodied perspective-taking. Samuel, S., Salo, S., Ladvelin, T., Cole, G. G., & Eacott, M. J. (2023). Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 30(3), 1011–1019.

Distinct neural mechanisms construct classical versus extraclassical inhibitory surrounds in an inhibitory nucleus in the midbrain attention network. Schryver, H. M., & Mysore, S. P. (2023). Nature Communications, 14, 3400.

Eccentricity advances arrival to visual perception. Upadhyayula, A., Phillips, I., & Flombaum, J. (2023). Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 152(6), 1527–1538.

Statistical learning speeds visual search: More efficient selection, or faster response? Wang, S., Cong, S. H., & Woodman, G. F. (2023). Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 152(6), 1723–1734.

Collaborative decision making is grounded in representations of other people’s competence and effort. Xiang, Y., Vélez, N., & Gershman, S. J. (2023). Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 152(6), 1565–1579.

[natherapia]

neurolove:

Basal Ganglia [Image Source]

The basal ganglia are nestled inside cortex, surrounding the thalamus (see image above).  The striatum (part of the basal ganglia circuitry) is composed of the putamen, caudate, and nucleus accumbens.  Other important parts of the basal ganglia are the globus pallidus (which has an internal and an external segment, GPi and GPe respectively) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN).

The basal ganglia function in a type of “loop” by which information enters the basal ganglia from cortex and then goes out through thalamus and back to cortex.  Different parts of striatum control the loops for emotion (nucleus accumbens), movement (putamen) or thoughts (caudate).  There are two kinds of loops for each of these systems- the direct (which is excitatory) and indirect (which is inhibitory) loops, which I will talk about in more detail in the next post.

[mcatmemoranda]

GPe = external globus pallidus

GPi = Internal globus pallidus