#geomagnetically induced currents

[itsgerges]

Best Regards The Gravitational Waves Reflection Analysis https://app.box.com/s/p2cudp9iwgfmdw7sz5v98euyajvfd960 or https://app.box.com/s/w6s79e9ulsbjh3i2ng9hpcm98pmzsone or https://www.tumblr.com/itsgerges/764773321876340736/the-gravitational-waves-reflection-analysispdf?source=share or https://gerges2022.livejournal.com/240598.html

Basic Critic Against The Physics Book It's the main problem I found in the solar system Geometry- the Physicist sees something but the designer sees another thing– these are two different visions for the same solar system- that answers (Why Are So Many Theories In The Physics Book Just Imaginary Ideas And Not Facts?)– let's discuss this problem The Physicist Vision The physicist supposes that there's (a unit of building)- by that- the physicist sees the mass (for example) as wall and this wall is consisted of bricks (small similar units) and for that the physicist searched for this (unit) because it's the (unit) by which the wall is building (the mass is building)– this is the physicist thinking direction- he believed there's a small unit by which the great building is built For that the physicist searched and found the particle and then the particle is divided into Molecules then the Molecule is divided into atoms and the atom is divided into nucleus and electron moves around and the nucleus is divided into proton and Neutron- and the proton is divided into quarks …etc The physicist searches for the building unit- the unit by which the building is built – or the unit by which the mass is built – for that the physicist divides (any thing) to see its contents till reach to the unit which can be used as the building unit. The Designer Vision The designer aims to create integration- as the marriage – male and female- the relationship will cause to give birth for a child INTEGRATION this is the word inside the designer Mind No building unit- the marriage answers- because in marriage both (male and female) are required and no one of them better than the other – both work together and give equal effects on the same one process and give together one result- I explain the idea by the marriage because it's easy to understand- I want to put the word (Integration) as the basic concept in the designer mind And I want to explain how the physicist causes fatal error for the research method While the physicist divides the elements one after one (from matter to particle to molecule to atom to proton to quarks …etc) this division from out into inner till reach to very small unit which he considered the building unit – that causes to destroy the geometrical design of the integration process Let's return to the marriage- the marriage requires two players (male and female)- they have different bodies and the process give birth for children- Suppose we remove one player what would happen? (where can we find a woman pregnant by herself?) I want to say- the division from (matter to particle to molecule to atom to proton to quarks …etc) destroys the general geometrical design which uses the integration process- let's give other examples Example No. (1) Einstein told us (He can't find slightest meaning for the word SPACE) by that he can't define (what's the space) and also he found the space has no mechanical features because no definition causes these features – this is the physicist vision - Let's see the designer vision Planet moves and its motion produces energy (1/2 mv^2) and where's the energy? the planet can't store its motion energy inside its body because this energy would raise the planet temperature and no planet temperature is raised by its motion- so- where's the planet motion energy? logically we suppose that- the energy is stored in the space in waves form(CONT) Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292 Physics Department- Physics & Mathematics Faculty Peoples' Friendship university of Russia – Moscow Curriculum Vitae https://www.academia.edu/s/b88b0ecb7c E-mail mrwaheid1@yahoo.com gergesgerges@yandex.ru ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-7147 Facebook https://www.facebook.com/gergis.tawadrous VK https://vk.com/id696655587 Tumblr https://www.tumblr.com/blog/itsgerges Livejournal https://gerges2022.livejournal.com/profile Pocket https://getpocket.com/@646g8dZ0p3aX5Ad1bsTr4d9THjA5p6a5b2fX99zd54g221E4bs76eBdtf6aJw5d0?src=navbar

box https://app.box.com/s/47fwd0gshir636xt0i3wpso8lvvl8vnv Academia https://rudn.academia.edu/GergesTawadrous publications http://vixra.org/author/gerges_francis_tawdrous Slideshare https://www.slideshare.net/Gergesfrancis

[wayti-blog]

Abstract

"The statistical analysis of the impact of the top 50 X-class solar flares (1997–2024) on global seismic activity as well as on the earthquake preparation zones located in the illuminated part of the globe and in an area of 5000 km around the subsolar point was carried out. It is shown by a method of epoch superposition that for all cases, an increase in seismicity is observed, especially in the region around the subsolar point (up to 33%) during the 10 days after the solar flare in comparison with the preceding 10 days. The case study of the aftershock sequence of a strong Mw = 9.1 earthquake (Sumatra–Andaman Islands, 26 December 2004) after the solar flare of X10.16 class (20 January 2005) demonstrated that the number of aftershocks with a magnitude of Mw ≥ 2.5 increases more than 17 times after the solar flare with a delay of 7–8 days. For the case of the Darfield earthquake (Mw = 7.1, 3 September 2010, New Zealand), it was shown that X-class solar flares and M probably triggered two strong aftershocks (Mw = 6.1 and Mw = 5.9) with the same delay of 6 days on the Port Hills fault, which is the most sensitive to external electromagnetic impact from the point of view of the fault electrical conductivity and orientation. Based on the obtained results, the possible application of natural electromagnetic triggering of earthquakes is discussed for the earthquake forecast using confidently recorded strong external electromagnetic triggering impacts on the specific earthquake preparation zones, as well as ionospheric perturbations due to aerosol emission from the earthquake sources recorded by satellites."

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[legendsobsessions]

Hello! Have you considered: Team Blackout? Our team consists of photophobic night owls who seek to kill the sun, for the safety of all! We're not talking Solgaleo here; we like cats. We just think the sun needs to die. Fuck that ball of fire.

Benefits of our cause!

Reduced risk of solar flares: In 1859, a massive solar flare and geomagnetic storm hit the Earth. Magnetic storms induce electric currents in wires. Unfortunately for us, by 1859 we had wrapped the Earth in telegraph wires. The storm caused powerful currents in those wires, knocking out communications and in some cases causing telegraph equipment to catch fire.

Since 1859, we've wrapped the Earth in a lot more wires. If the Sun went out, this threat would be eliminated.

Improved satellite service: When a communications satellite passes in front of the Sun, the Sun can drown out the satellite's radio signal, causing an interruption in service. Deactivating the Sun would solve this problem.

Better astronomy: Without the Sun, ground-based observatories would be able to operate around the clock. The cooler air would create less atmospheric noise, which would reduce the load on adaptive optics systems and allow for sharper images.

Stable dust: Without sunlight, there would be no Poynting–Robertson drag, which means we would finally be able to place dust into a stable orbit around the Sun without the orbits decaying. I’m not sure whether anyone wants to do that, but you never know.

Cheaper trade: Time zones make trade more expensive; it's harder to do business with someone if their office hours don't overlap with yours. If the Sun went out, it would eliminate the need for time zones, allowing us all to switch to UTC and give a boost to the global economy. Wouldn't it be great if you could be on the same sleep cycle as all of your online friends?

Safer Children: According to the North Unova Department of Health, babies younger than six months should be kept out of direct sunlight. Without sunlight, our children would be safer.

Safer cargo pilots: Many people sneeze when exposed to bright sunlight. The reasons for this reflex are unknown, and it may pose a danger to pilots during flight. If the Sun went dark, it would mitigate this danger to our pilots.

Safer parsnip: Wild parsnip is a surprisingly nasty plant. Its leaves contain chemicals called furocoumarins, which can be absorbed by human skin without causing symptoms ... at first. However, when the skin is then exposed to sunlight (even days or weeks later), the furocoumarins cause a nasty chemical burn. This is called phytophotodermatitis. A darkened Sun would liberate us from the parsnip threat.

In conclusion, if the Sun went out, we would see a variety of benefits across many areas of our lives! Consider joining today! Fuck the sun!

You’re forgetting that we would all freeze and die. I’m used to teams not thinking things through but this is… a bit more than usual, actually. Wow.

[madamlaydebug]

{👨🏼‍✈️🤵🏼‍♂️💭🌑✨☀️✨🔥📡💥🛰️🔥🔌📲💻🕹️}

One of the most significant concerns of the Deep state is the impact that the golden sun flares will have on power grids. Geomagnetic solar storms can induce electric currents in power lines, potentially damaging transformers and causing widespread power outages.

[ziparumpazoo]

Space Weather Message Code: ALTK08 Serial Number: 26 Issue Time: 2023 Mar 24 0416 UTC ALERT: Geomagnetic K-index of 8, 9- Threshold Reached: 2023 Mar 24 0404 UTC Synoptic Period: 0300-0600 UTC Active Warning: Yes NOAA Scale: G4 - Severe Potential Impacts: Area of impact primarily poleward of 45 degrees Geomagnetic Latitude. Induced Currents - Possible widespread voltage control problems and some protective systems may mistakenly trip out key assets from the power grid. Induced pipeline currents intensify. Spacecraft - Systems may experience surface charging; increased drag on low earth orbit satellites, and tracking and orientation problems may occur. Navigation - Satellite navigation (GPS) degraded or inoperable for hours. Radio - HF (high frequency) radio propagation sporadic or blacked out. Aurora - Aurora may be seen as low as Alabama and northern California.

Yeah, but it sure is pretty.

[baga24]

Energy Crisis: ALLATRA Calls for Action to Ensure Humanity's Survival

Earth is facing a double threat: a rapidly warming climate and a more aggressive Sun.  While we grapple with the consequences of our own actions, a new danger looms. Scientists have recently discovered that shock waves from the Sun, known as solar wind, can damage power grids on Earth. 

These shock waves, not limited to geomagnetic storms, can induce powerful electric currents that threaten our critical infrastructure.  This is not just a theoretical problem, it's a real-world danger. Studies of a gas pipeline in Finland, located in an area prone to auroras, revealed the presence of these currents. 

IT IS IMPORTANT TO KNOW THAT A NEW 12,000-YEAR COSMIC CYCLE BEGAN IN 2024!!  DURING THIS TIME, CLIMATE CATASTROPHES WILL BECOME IRREVERSIBLE IF HUMANITY DOES NOT UNITE AND FIND A REAL SOLUTION TO THE CLIMATE CRISIS. One consequence of climate change is a looming energy crisis.

Now is the time for humanity to unite! We need a global scientific center to address these complex challenges. We need to pool our resources, our knowledge, and our talents.

The ALLATRA movement and its partner project, the Creative Society, are leading this charge. We are gathering information, uniting scientists, and presenting solutions. Our commitment to saving the planet is unwavering. 

If we remain silent, if we continue to act individually, our fate could become a mirror reflection of the fate of Mars – a barren planet. We must act now! We need unified global efforts to address the climate crisis and ensure the survival of humanity.

Spread the word! Share this article, comment, like, repost, and applaud!  

SUBSCRIBE TO MY CHANNEL 

Together, we can find a way out of this crisis, save our home, and build a brighter future. 

[enterprisewired]

7 Most Powerful Solar Storms in the History of Earth

In May 2024, we witnessed the biggest solar storm of the past 20 years. Many people uploaded their POV of the aurora on social media. However, while the aurora borealis is a beautiful sight, the effects of the solar storms were drastic. Solar Storms (Geo Magnetic Storms) are the motion of accelerated charged particles in the solar environment with high velocities due to the coronal mass ejection (CME). Moving toward Earth at the speed of 3 million miles per hour, these storms can impact us humans significantly. Let’s explore how.

Impact of Solar Storms on the Earth:

As the storms reach the outer atmosphere or space, they might collide with Satellites or humans in space. The energetic protons in the storm could cause alteration or damage to electrical circuits or the biological DNA. At the most extreme solar storm, the passengers and crew of high-flying aircraft could be exposed to radiation risk. Storms could create intense currents in Earth’s magnetosphere and cause the ionosphere and upper thermosphere to heat up. This could create a drag for low-orbiting satellites and harm the power grid. When a solar storm reaches Earth, it interacts with the magnetosphere making it agitated and compressed, which allows energetic solar wind particles to cluster in Polar Regions. 

Very High-energy particles, like those carried by coronal mass ejections, can cause radiation poisoning to humans and mammals. When a coronal mass ejection strikes Earth’s atmosphere it causes a temporary disturbance of the Earth’s magnetic field. Solar storms can throw satellites off course and cause them to fall on Earth’s surface putting many urban centers at risk. Many migrating animals like birds and honey bees are affected by solar storms as they use magneto reception to navigate. Geo-magnetically induced currents are produced in the pipelines due to rapidly fluctuating geomagnetic fields causing multiple problems for the pipeline engineers. Pipeline flow meters can pass wrong information and the corrosion rate of the pipelines can be dramatically increased. 

Solar Flares and its types

There are 5 types of solar flares. Here they are ranked from least to most effective:

A-Class flares – These flares don’t have any noticeable consequences on Earth. 

B-Class flares – These are 10 times more intense than A-Class flares.

C-Class flares – These are 10 times stronger than B-Class flares. They have few noticeable consequences on Earth. 

M-Class flares – These are medium-sized flares. They cause brief radio blackouts that affect Polar Regions.

X-Class flares – These are the biggest. They cause radio blackouts throughout the world. They also cause long-lasting radiation storms in the upper atmosphere. 

7 Most Powerful Solar Storms

1. The Carrington Effect: 1859

It was named the Carrington effect because it was observed by the solar astronomer Richard Carrington. He witnessed the storm through his private observatory telescope and sketched the sun’s sunspots at the time. It is the first and largest documented solar flare. It caused major aurora displays visible to the south as far as the Caribbean. It also caused severe disruptions in global telegraph communications, shocked some telegraph operators, and caused fires due to the discharge from lines ignited telegraph papers.

2. Solar Flare VS. AT&T: 1972

This is a major solar flare that erupted in August 1972. It knocked out long-distance telephone communication across many states including Illinois. NASA stated that this event caused AT&T to redesign its power system for transatlantic cables. 

3. Major Power Failures from Geomagnetic Storm: 1989

Source – Wikipedia

In March 1989, a powerful solar flare caused a geomagnetic storm that set off a major power blackout in Canada, forcing 6 Million people to spend 9 hours without electricity. According to NASA, the flare disrupted electric power transmission from the Hydro Quebec generating Station and even melted some power transformers in New Jersey. Although the flare was pretty strong, it was not nearly the same scale as the Carrington event. 

4. Bastille Day Event: 2000

Bastille Day event has the same name as the French national holiday because it occurred on the same day i.e. July 14, 2000. The event caused some satellites to short-circuit resulting in Radio blackouts. 

5. The Haunting Halloween Storms: 2003

From October till November, the Earth experienced continuous solar flares and coronal mass ejections in its atmosphere. NASA named it The Haunting Halloween Storms. The storms caused airplanes to be rerouted, affected satellite systems, and caused power shortages in Sweden. The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) failed due to the solar storm which studies the Sun, its deep core to its outer corona, and solar wind.

6. X-Ray Sun Flare for Xmas: 2006

On Dec 5, a massive X-Class flare was seen ignited on the sun. The solar storm was so powerful that it damaged the solar X-ray imager instrument on the GOES 13 satellite which took its picture. 

7. A Very Expensive Storm: 2022

In February of 2022, the launch of 40 Starlink satellites was carried out but all the satellites got burned in the environment. The solar storm caused the thermosphere to get denser and eventually Starlink satellites couldn’t pull the satellites upward to their designated position. The satellites got pulled towards Earth and ultimately burned by the friction in the atmosphere, totaling a loss of 50 million.

Should we be worried?

While we are physically safe from solar storms, the economic damage can be drastic. Today, space agencies are trying to send astronauts on interplanetary missions. If we want to establish an interplanetary residence, we must learn how to protect ourselves from Solar Storms.

On the other hand, scientists are trying to develop radiation-resistant space suits for astronauts to protect them from radiation. Humans are trying to get to Ceres and Mars for exploration. In the long term, precautionary measures are necessary to prevent any damage from the storms.

[itsgerges]

Best Regards

The Planets Were Moving In Their Orbits Before The Sun Creation (Revised) https://app.box.com/s/dufa274dvpay3fqn6syz6sefjljfwnx9 or https://app.box.com/s/89vxxtv3hc8si245fwxpbw0ts9b126nz or https://www.tumblr.com/itsgerges/762780127698567168/the-planets-were-moving-in-their-orbits-before-the?source=share or https://gerges2022.livejournal.com/239300.html

The Sun Creation The sun is created depending on the planets motions- because- the sun rays is created by the planets motions energies- In details- Planet motion produces energy (1/2 mv^2) and from this energy the sun rays is created- means- the sun is not doing nuclear fusion to produce its rays but the planets motions energies total is used to produce the sun rays– that explains why the sun corona temperature is 5 million Kelvin but the sun surface temperature is 5800 Kelvin- because the energy is not produced from the sun body but the energy comes from out of the sun body (from the planets motions energies total)- This theory is discussed based on 5 hypotheses. The First Hypothesis The Sun Rays Is Created By The Gravitational Waves Motions Energies This Is Extraordinary: Gravity Can Create Light, All on Its Own https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83 This new article tells the gravitational waves can move by speed of light and can produce a light beam- I suppose -the sun rays is produced based on this method by the gravitational waves motions and not by the sun nuclear fusion- also – I claim No star rays is produced by the nuclear fusion process but all rays are created by the gravitational waves motions energies as the article states. The Second Hypothesis The gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies- and not by the gravitational field- moreover- The sun is Not producing any gravitational field- The Third Hypothesis The gravitational waves are reflected in the solar system- the wave reflection causes changes for the waves properties and data- the major change is that- the reflection causes to square the wave velocity- means- the gravitational wave moves by velocity (V), if this wave is reflected, it would move by velocity (V^2) after the reflection- The gravitational waves are reflected three times in the solar system- two times in the outer planets and one time only in the inner planets- The Fourth Hypothesis The Planets Motions Use Different Rates Of Time The rate of time use is useful because it enables to accumulate the planets motions energies during a period of time- understandable- Planet motion energy is small energy and the sun rays is massive energy and that necessitates to accumulate the planets motions energies total during a period of time to store motion energy sufficient to be used for the sun rays creation- Shortly- if the planets motions don't use rates of time, no massive motion energy can be provided and for that NO enough energy will be found to produce the sun rays-means- No light beam can be created The rate of time depends on the velocities rate Example (one hour of Mercury clock = 1.6 hours of the Earth clock) because Mercury velocity =1.6 the Earth velocity– the hypothesis is explained and proved in details

The Fifth Hypothesis Neptune Motion Causes Negative Effects On The Sun Rays Production Process are (1) Neptune motion caused the gravitational waves to be reflected two times in the outer planets where one reflection is enough for the required process- the wave reflection is repeated by Neptune negative effect on the solar system motion (2) Neptune caused to decrease the gravitational wave speed by one percent- where the gravitational wave moves by speed of light Neptune caused to decrease this speed by 1% creating a speed = (99% of the speed of light=297000 km/s) and by this speed (0.99C) the relativistic effects are created in the solar system

NOTICE The solar system is one machine performs one Job- and this Job is The Sun Rays Production - All planets motions are used as parts to perform this one Job-

The Sun Rays Production Is Done By Two Basic Tasks (1st task) The Provision Of The Sufficient Energy For The Sun Rays Production- and the sufficient energy is prepared by the motions of the five planets (Saturn- Jupiter- Venus- The Earth- The Moon – and Mars) because these five planets motions are used to create the general rate of time based on which The Sun Rays Are Created. (discussed in details in the 3rd hypothesis)

(2nd task) The mechanism by which the light beam is created- and this mechanism is the relative motion- the gravitational waves move relative to the sun point of space- by this relative motion the sun rays are created- means- the required energy is prepared and provided by the aforementioned five planets- and when the sufficient energy be provided this energy is sent to the planets which create the mechanism and the mechanism uses the sufficient energy to produce The Sun Rays The mechanism depends on the motions of 3 planets (Mercury- Venus and the moon) Specially Venus, because Venus reflects the wave toward Mars and defines its trajectory angle to create the relative motion between the wave and the sun point of space- the relative motion is discussed in details in the explanation of the (first and second hypotheses)  The Explanation Of The First And Second Hypotheses

Let's remember The 1st Hypothesis This Is Extraordinary: Gravity Can Create Light, All on Its Own https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83 The article tells the gravitational waves can move by speed of light and can produce a light beam – I suppose (The Sun Rays Is Created By The Gravitational Waves Motions Energies And Not By The Sun Nuclear Fusion -Also All Stars Rays Are Created By This Method And No Rays Is Created By The Nuclear Fusion Process) And –The 2nd Hypothesis The gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies- and not by the gravitational field- moreover- The sun is Not producing any gravitational field- The two hypotheses explain how the sun rays creation depends on the planets motions because The Sun Rays Are Produced By The Gravitational Waves Motions Energies as the article states AND The Gravitational Waves Are Produced By The Planets Motions Energies- The two hypotheses are discussed together in 4 Points

First Point (The Gravitational Waves Source)

The gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies- and not by the gravitational field- moreover- The sun is Not producing any gravitational field- I provide 2 major proves for this hypothesis which are- (1st proof/ Planet Motion Energy Analysis) and (2nd proof /The Sun Gravitational Field Refutation)

1st Proof / Planet Motion Energy Analysis Planet motion produces energy (1/2 mv^2), Let's ask, where's Planet motion energy? the planet can NOT store its motion energy inside its body because it would raise its temperature and No planet temperature is raised by its motion- logically- the planet motion energy is stored in the space in waves form- means- Planet motion energy creates waves in the space- the planet motion in the space is similar to a fish swimming in the sea- as the fish swimming creates waves in the water the planet motion energy creates waves in the space- let's see this picture clearly- the fish swims because it hits the water by its body and that creates waves in the water- we conclude, the water waves move by a velocity equal the fish velocity because of the reaction force- similar to that- Planet moves in the space and its motion energy creates waves in the space and these waves move by velocity equal the planet velocity- for example- Mercury (47.4 km/s) moves and its motion energy creates waves in the space and these waves move by equal velocity (47.4 km/s)- based on this idea- All planets move and their motions energies create waves in the space where each wave moves by velocity equal its planet velocity – AND I suppose these waves are the gravitational waves AND The planets revolve around the sun in the same one direction and for that their motions energies create waves in the space and these waves move perpendicular on the revolution direction (Toward Pluto orbit) AND In Pluto orbit these waves are unified together into one unified wave- this wave moves by a velocity = 205.8 km/s why? The 9 planets velocities total=176 km/s but I add the Earth moon velocity (29.8 km/s) that makes the total to be 205.8 km/s – I add the moon velocity because the energy is stored finally in the moon orbit- Note- the moon velocity is 27.8 km/s BUT the Earth and the moon revolve around the sun together for that the moon velocity should be considered equal the earth velocity relative to (the sun) – The 1st Proof Conclusion The Planet Motion Energy Creates Waves In The Space Means - The Space Must Have Moving Waves Now -the scientists had discovered waves in the space- And- they considered these waves are produced by The Sun Gravitational Field – BUT Why? The planet motion energy analysis proves the waves must be produced by the planets motions energies- Now let's refute the sun gravitational field theory- the refutation gives support for the conclusion that – the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies and NOT by the gravitational field because there's NO Gravitational field.

2nd Proof / The Refutation Of The Sun Gravitational Field The Sun Doesn't Produce A Gravitational Field Nor Has Massive Gravity – let's prove that in following (1) The sun rotation period is (25.4 days– at equator) and (34.4 days – at pole) that shows the sun has no massive gravity nor even ordinary gravity equal any planet gravity otherwise the sun would rotate around its axis in one period of time- (2) No Planet Moves By The Sun Gravity – Newton is wrong- because- the planet moves by the force caused its creation- means- the planet creation and motion is done by one force only- because- if two forces have effects on the same one planet this planet would be broken- now- suppose the planet is created (by any force) and the sun gravity attracted this planet and forced it to revolve around the sun by the sun mass massive gravity (as Newton imagined) that would force the planet to move against its inner creation and will cause this planet to be broken- this is similar to a human is forced to walk on his hands in place of his legs and when this human refuses to do that (they told him we can force you by our power) for that this human walk on his hands forcedly and later this human is dead by this motion- shortly- the planet is NOT broken by its motion because the planet creation force is the force causes this planet motion- it's one force caused the planet creation and motion- Newton mistake is that he didn't know how the planet is created and by that he didn't realize that planet creation and motion are done together by the same one source- simply- the sun didn't cause to create any planet and for that the sun doesn't cause any planet to move- this analysis shows logical base but left us with puzzles to know (by what rule the planet moves?) and (Why is the sun found in the solar system if it doesn't cause the planets motions?) these questions are answered in the paper abstract and discussions. (3) The mass gravity force can NOT cause any motion- again Newton is wrong- the mass gravity creates a bond between two masses- (the Earth and the moon are bond by the mass gravity)- by that they are similar to a lorry and its trailer – if the lorry moves the trailer will move with the lorry- but the mass gravity can NOT cause any motion- why? suppose the moon moves by the Erath gravity force- the moon moves and produces energy (1/2mv^2) and we have to ask from what source this energy will be provided?- from the mass itself- means if the Earth causes the moon to move the Earth and the moon masses should be decreased by the motion energy- this is a wrong definition for the mass gravity- the mass gravity creates a bond between two masses (The Earth and the moon) if some outer force causes the Earth to move the moon will move with the Earth and in this case the outer force will provide the motion energy for the Earth and the moon- (4) The planets order contradicts Newton gravitation equation- where- the gravitation equation tells (greater mass necessitates shorter distance)- clearly- Jupiter the greatest mass is not the most near planet to the sun- means- the planets order contradicts the equation- when we asked the physicist told us this problem is done by (the initial conditions)- all these are nonsense clearly- planet orbital distance does NOT depend on the sun mass nor on the planet mass- planet orbital distance depends on the neighbor planet orbital distance – my equation proves this fact- let's see it Planet orbital distance equation (my 1st equation) d^2= 4do (d-do) where d= planet orbital distance and do= its neighbor distance

Example- Venus orbital distance (108.2)2 = 4 x 57.9 x (50.3) d= 108.2 million km = Venus Orbital Distance d0= 57.9 million km = Mercury Orbital Distance 50.3million km=The Distance Between Venus And Mercury Venus Depends On Mercury

All planets orbital distances are defined based on their previous neighbor planets orbital distances- the equation is correct perfectly and all planets orbital distances are defined by it- my paper tests and discusses this equation Shortly- planet mass has no any effect on this planet orbital distance definition. Notice Planet orbital distance definition depends on its neighbor orbital distance this fact is proved by many other different methods my equation is one method only of them, all these methods don't use any planet mass- all planets orbits are defined based on their neighbor orbits- (Please note- Newton gravitation equation is wrong- I don't critic it by many critics to short the discussion- but- the fact is that- the light beam created all planets orbits before any planet creation- the light created each planet orbit depends on its neighbor orbit- I prove this fact in the paper discussion- logically this fact kills the gravitation equation because the orbit is created before the planet creation) Notice -Newton is so far from the truth- let's give one more example- Newton told us planet moves by the sun mass gravity- the fact is that- the Sun itself is created by the planets motions energies- that's why Newton ideas are not interesting for discussion because his ideas are imaginary have no part of truth- (5) Also-Newton told-planet motion depends on its mass- means-planet velocity depends on its mass- this also is imaginary idea- I define planet velocity in the explanation of the 3rd hypothesis- planet velocity is defined by many rules all of them don't use any planet mass- at all Planet mass has no rule in this planet velocity definition.

The 2nd Proof Conclusion The Gravitational Waves Are Produced By The Planets Motions Energies And Not By The Sun Gravitational Field- Also-There's No Gravitational Field At All

Second Point (The Gravitational Waves Nature Analysis) Let's ask (1) If The Gravitational Waves Are Produced By The Planets Motions Energies- How Can The Gravitational Waves Move By Speed Of Light While The Planets Move By Low Velocities? Or Generally– regardless the gravitational waves source- how can the gravitational waves move by speed of light? From where the energy is provided to enable the waves to move by the speed of light? (2) Can the gravitational waves be reflected in the solar system? what's the result of this reflection on the waves properties, features and nature? (3) Can the gravitational waves energy be increased? Means can one gravitational wave move by low velocity and this wave motion is accelerated to move by high velocity motion? again from what source the energy is provided and how the acceleration is done? (4) If the gravitational waves are produced by the same gravitational field (The physics book states "the gravitational waves are produced by the sun gravitational field") does that mean all gravitational waves move by equal velocities? can some waves move faster than the others? why and how? (5) If the planets data are reflected on each other – can we discover the geometrical reason behind this features? Planet velocity is example where the velocities are defined by the rule (v1v2= constant) this rule tells the velocities are reflected on one another- why the velocities are reflected on each other? what's the geometrical reason behind? suppose the gravitational waves are reflected in the solar system, why this cause the planets data to be reflected on each other?

(6) If The Gravitational Waves Move By Speed Of Light- How Can These Waves Produce A Light Beam? Because the light beam production needs the value (C^2= squared speed of light) but the waves moves by speed of light only (C=300000 km/s) how the value (C^2) can be produced by the waves motions? (7) If the gravitational waves produce a light beam, does that mean the waves use electric field to produce this light beam? Is there another method to produce a light beam doesn't use electric field or charges? (8) If the gravitational waves are reflected in the solar system can we discover that? can we prove that? and can we know in what planet orbit the reflection is done and if the waves are reflected many times?

The Gravitational Waves Properties, Features and nature Here I compare between the two theories about the gravitational waves source and their effects on the waves properties- 1st Theory (The Physics Book Theory) The physics book states, the gravitational waves are produced by the sun gravitational field- this theory tells little about the gravitational waves properties and nature because the mass gravity concept is puzzled and not understood for that the waves properties and features are puzzled also- let's test this idea- In The Sun gravitational field theory no one knows how the mass gravity force works and if the gravity needs time to work- or if the gravity creates a geometrical design to practice the effect of one mass on the other- the mechanism is not clear and for that the gravitational waves are not clear- for example – no one knows why the gravitational waves can move by speed of light or what waves move by this speed and in what planet orbit or if the wave motion velocity is accelerated gradually from low velocity to high velocity– we shortly know nothing about these gravitational waves- let's ask more questions- are these waves reflected and what's the result of this reflection on the waves properties and nature- where do these waves go? And what's the useful result of these waves energy? can these waves energy be used at all? are there just moving energy in space without an useful goal or result? And The new article tells the gravitational waves move by speed of light can produce a light beam? How these waves can produce a light beam by their motion? DEEP ANALYSIS I wish the respectful reader notices the major change in vision by this article-because- the physics book states the sun rays is produced by the sun nuclear fusion- here- the source of energy is the sun mass and the used method is the sun nuclear fusion- and the light beam is produced Let's put the new article here again This Is Extraordinary: Gravity Can Create Light, All on Its Own https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/this-is-extraordinary-gravity-can-create-light-all-on-its-own/ar-AA19YL5d?ocid=hpmsn&cvid=620db4352aa943e2b454919a7b724604&ei=83 The article tells, the gravitational waves can move by speed of light and can produce a light beam- the light beam is created by the gravitational waves motions- the article tells- the light beam can be produced by the Motion Energy – The article tells (The High Velocity Motion Can Produce A Light Beam)- here the article removed simply The Sun Nuclear Fusion Machine- the whole machine be useless because the light beam can be produced by (the motion energy)- I wish the respectful reader sees the miracle and wonder behind- There are 2 major changes (1st Change) The source of energy The source of energy is the motion energy– No longer the sun mass be used as the sun rays source of energy- BUT – the motion energy is used as the source of energy – here- the fatal error of the sun nuclear fusion theory is seen clearly – because- the solar system is so rich in motion energy- the moving planets since thousands of years provide massive motion energy stored in the space- and by that- the solar system is very rich system in the motion energy- and we should ask (why do we need an outer source of energy?) why the solar system doesn't use its massive motion energy to produce the light beam? Also if the massive motion energy is not used- where's this massive energy? because it can cause continuous risk for the soalr system stability if no way to use this stored massive energy The sun nuclear fusion theory is completely wrong because it doesn't see the massive motion energy stored in the solar system (2nd Change) the light beam production machine The gravitational waves motions can produce the light beam- this is stated by the article but how? by what method the gravitational waves can produce the light beam? The article doesn't explain how the gravitational waves can produce a light beam? But I put an explanation for this method in my theory discussion

2nd Theory (My Theory) I suppose the gravitational waves are produced by the planets motions energies- let's remember my theory because we will use it in the waves properties discussion I asked –where any moving body produce energy by its motion =(1/2 mv^2), where's Planet motion energy? The planet can NOT store its motion energy inside its body because it would raise its temperature and No planet temperature is raised by its motion- logically- the planet motion energy is stored in the space in waves form- means- Planet motion energy creates waves in the space- the planet motion in the space is similar to a fish swimming in the sea- as fish swimming creates waves in the water planet motion energy creates waves in the space- means planet moves and creates waves in space and these waves move by velocity equal this planet velocity by that- for example- Mercury (47.4 km/s) moves in the space and creates waves move by equal velocity (47.4 km/s)- based on this idea- All planets move and their motions create waves move by these planets velocities – AND I suppose these waves are the gravitational waves AND The planets revolve around the sun in the same one direction and for that their motions energies create waves in the space and these waves move perpendicular on the revolution direction (Toward Pluto orbit) AND In Pluto orbit these waves are unified together into one unified wave- this wave moves by a velocity = 205.8 km/s = the planets velocities total

I explained this theory before in more details- now – let's discover the gravitational waves properties and features in details- let's put this analysis in the next point (third point) because we need to analyze the wave reflection process to discover the waves properties and features

Third Point (The Gravitational Waves Reflection)

Let's ask Question No.(1) If the gravitational waves move by velocity 205.8 km/s, how can they move by speed of light? How the velocity 205.8 km/s can be accelerated to be 300000 km/s (speed of light) and where this acceleration is done? Another question can help greatly this discussion Question No.(2) If The Gravitational Waves Move By Speed Of Light (C=300000 Km/S)- How Can These Waves Produce A Light Beam? Let's think how to answer this question- these gravitational waves move by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) but the light beam production needs the value (C^2= squared speed of light)- means- the wave velocity is squared- and how can the wave velocity to be squared? This feature I have discovered in the solar system- the waves are reflected and the reflection causes to square the velocities- means- the gravitational waves are reflected in the solar system- the gravitational waves before the reflection moved by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) and the reflection causes the velocity to be squared- by that- after the reflection the gravitational waves speed is squared and changed from the speed of light (C=300000 km/s) to be (C^2= squared speed of light) and the light beam is created from this value (C^2) Means- the waves reflection is the method by which the speed of light (C=300000 km/s) is changed into (C^2)- that means- without the waves reflection NO light beam can be created. Notice– the waves reflection is proved strongly in the solar system because it causes to reflect the planets data- means- huge amount of planets data proves the waves reflection–we may remember one example – planet velocity is defined by the rule (v1v2=constant) this rule proves the planets velocities are reflected on each other The paper provides hundreds of similar data proves the waves reflection AND The waves reflection causes to square the velocity- this feature is repeated in the solar system frequently – because- the waves are reflected three times in the solar system for that the velocity squaring is a feature repeated with each reflection and by that the planets data provides a strong proof for it- Shortly- The waves reflection causes to square the velocities- now- let's use this feature to know how the unified wave its velocity (205.8 km/s) can move by speed of light (C=300000 km/s)- (Please note this unified wave is the gravitational wave)

The Gravitational Waves Move By Speed Of Light The unified wave (the gravitational wave) moves by 205.8 km/s and it's reflected, the waves reflection causes to square the velocities (205.8 km/s)^2 = 42683 km/s Means the unified wave after the reflection moves by a velocity 42683 km/s BUT If a particle moves by speed (=0.99 C=297000 km/s), this high velocity motion causes to create relativistic effects specially Lorentz length contraction effect with rate 7.1 Means- the distances should be contracted by the rate 7.1 BUT The waves reflection causes to reflect the geometrical effects and by that the rate (7.1) will cause to increase the length in place of the length contraction- means- the distances will be increased with (7.1) as a result for Lorentz length contraction effect The velocity 42683 km/s will be 42683 x 7.1 = 300000 km/s (Speed Of Light) That explains how the gravitational waves move by (205.8 k/s) can move by speed of light (C=300000 km/s) NOTICE No. (1) Please note the important observation Without 7.1 the velocity will be only 42683 km/s (even after the waves reflection) and NOT the speed of light That tells- the light beam production process depends on the previous light beam production process- means- a motion by (99%) of speed of light should be found before the wave reflection occurrence and without this motion with (0.99 C) the gravitational waves can't move by speed of light because we need a source for Lorentz length contraction effect with rate (7.1) That tells the light production process is done in chain process, the new light beam production depends on the old light beam and if this dependency is removed the gravitational waves can NOT move by the speed of light and No light beam can be created in this case NOTICE No. (2) We need to pay more attention for the importance of the motion by the speed of light- because the technique of the machine depends on the waves reflection- means- the waves can increase its velocity only by the reflection process – now the reflection causes to square the velocities- this is very important news why?? Because - If the waves move by speed of light (C=300000 km/s), the waves reflection will produce the value (C^2= squared speed of light) and from this value the light beam can be produced Now – suppose the wave velocity is less than speed of light- suppose the wave moves by speed = (90%) of the speed of light= (270000 km/s) - the waves reflection will square this speed that will produce (0.81 C^2) which is NOT (C^2= squared speed of light) and as a result No Light Beam Can Be Produced (CONT) Gerges Francis Tawdrous +201022532292 Physics Department- Physics & Mathematics Faculty Peoples' Friendship university of Russia – Moscow

E-mail mrwaheid@gmail.com, mrwaheid1@yahoo.com gergesgerges@yandex.ru ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1041-7147 Facebook https://www.facebook.com/gergis.tawadrous VK https://vk.com/id696655587 Tumblr https://www.tumblr.com/blog/itsgerges Livejournal https://gerges2022.livejournal.com/profile Pocket https://getpocket.com/@646g8dZ0p3aX5Ad1bsTr4d9THjA5p6a5b2fX99zd54g221E4bs76eBdtf6aJw5d0?src=navbar box https://app.box.com/s/47fwd0gshir636xt0i3wpso8lvvl8vnv Academia https://rudn.academia.edu/GergesTawadrous publications http://vixra.org/author/gerges_francis_tawdrous Slideshare https://www.slideshare.net/Gergesfrancis

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The next solar storm is on its way – and may cause more problems than you think - Technology Org

New Post has been published on https://thedigitalinsider.com/the-next-solar-storm-is-on-its-way-and-may-cause-more-problems-than-you-think-technology-org/

The next solar storm is on its way – and may cause more problems than you think - Technology Org

We live in such times – we should be prepared for the worst and take adequate precautions. We should wear helmets and knee braces when riding bikes if our feet can no longer support our weight. In winter, we must salt the pavements and preferably wear scarves.

Aurora as seen from Talkeetna, Alaska, on Nov. 3, 2015. Credits: Copyright Dora Miller

And to think that there are people in the world interested in things happening as far as 400,000 kilometres away! Kristian Solheim Thinn is one of them. He is a research scientist at SINTEF Energy Research working with electrical power components. 

“The only real protection from solar storms is to switch off the electricity. Is that tabloid enough for you?”, he asks, before adding:

“If a major storm occurs, we must either live with it and hope that our distribution grids will not be severely damaged, or simply prepare for the fact that we will all be without electricity”, he says. These are the two extremes.

Vulnerable transformers

Solheim Thinn has been talking for some time and explaining the situation slowly and very patiently. He tells us how in 2019 he installed sensors in a transformer in Ogndal in Trøndelag county. The intention was, and still is, to measure and analyse what happens when solar storms collide with the Earth’s magnetic field, creating problems for all of us – not least in northern latitudes where the field protects us far less than at the equator. As Solheim Thinn puts it, the problems caused by solar storms are the result of what he calls geo-magnetically inducted currents (GICs).

It was, of course, no coincidence that the transformer at Ogndal was chosen. Since the distance between neighbouring transformers is so great, it is easier for the solar storms to create problems.

“We are currently as well prepared as we can be”, says Solheim Thinn. “Overhead cables are resilient in the face of solar storms, but we have to consider the transformers because they represent the weak link in the chain. In Norway, our transformers are connected to the main distribution grid, operated for the most part by Statnett, and it is these that are the problem.

– Why is this?

“They are connected to earth, which means that any current induced in the cables passes through the transformers and onward to ground. This creates no problems at lower voltages. However, things are very different during solar storms.

Solheim Thinn explains that our transformers are designed for alternating current. So, when direct current is geomagnetically induced during solar storms, they may start to generate internal heat. This results in increased, or so-called reactive, power consumption that disrupts the distribution grid. This then causes high frequency noise that may result in problems for the control system. Eventually, the transformer cores may become what is known as ‘saturated’.  

This in turn causes safety mechanisms to cut in, hopefully disconnecting the transformer before it is badly damaged.

But it doesn’t end there. If one transformer is in trouble, the next in line has to take over. But this means that the second transformer must carry twice the load. This may be more than enough to cause it to throw in the towel as well – and in this way a domino effect will develop.

 “In the worst case, we’re talking about a total blackout”, says Solheim Thinn.

First of all, it will start to get cold

This is why the grid operates under a number of precautions. In 2019, the Directorate for Civil Protection and Emergency Planning (DSB) compiled a list of ‘things that can go wrong’  here in Norway. The list includes issues such as the impacts of extreme weather events, flooding, pandemics, cyberattacks, and not forgetting the mother of all catastrophes – solar storms, which were classified as a real threat.

It’s patently obvious that there isn’t a lot we can do about solar storms. When they arrive, we have anything from between 18 and 72 hours to prepare ourselves for something that cannot be stopped. Let me explain. We will only find out how big a solar storm is one or two hours before it strikes the Earth.  They can arrive very suddenly.

A recent SINTEF report reveals that there is currently no Norwegian system for solar storm warnings.

“The upside is that during the most intense storms we will get to see some fantastic displays of the northern lights, even as far south as Florida”, explains Solheim Thinn.

The downside is that the impact will be felt for many long months afterwards, and the researcher has no shortage of issues on his list. Disruptions to satellite navigation systems will make things very difficult, even for ordinary vehicle traffic. The vessels that we rely on to maintain oil and gas production in the North Sea will not be able to operate as they should. Excavators that depend on GPS guidance systems will grind to a halt. Both high and low frequency radio transmissions will cease, and you will not be able to fill your car with fuel.

“Petrol pumps also rely on electricity”, says Solheim Thinn.

“After two hours, the batteries at the base stations supporting the mobile network will run out. We will then lose mobile coverage and things will really begin to go downhill”, he says.

First of all, it will start to get cold.

And when this happens, it will be up to us ordinary folk to have done our homework in advance. The DSB has compiled a contingency list for households. Nine litres of water, two packets of crispbread, a packet of porridge oats, three packets of dried foods, or tins, per person, as well as warm clothes, blankets, sleeping bags and a battery-powered DAB radio.

The solar storm of 1859

One of the most famous solar storms in recorded history was the Carrington event of 1859, named after the British astronomer Richard Carrington, who was observing some intense sunspots.

“The event occurred during one of the famous Californian gold rushes, and one urban myth suggested that the light was so intense that miners were able to pan for gold at night”, says Solheim Thinn. “The telegraph lines glowed red in the dark and the terminals caught fire”, he says.

In 1921, we saw evidence that solar storms could create problems even when technological infrastructure was in its infancy. For the three days during which this storm continued, electrical fires were started all across the world. The worst examples were in New York. Trains were brought to a standstill, so the storm became known as the ‘New York Railroad Storm’.

 In 1972, a solar storm detonated several thousand sea mines along the coast of Vietnam.

“This was the first occasion on which problems were reported with satellites”, says Solheim Thinn.

 In 1982, problems with as many as four transformers and 15 power lines were recorded in Sweden. This event also caused disruptions in Norway, but no blackouts occurred.

 In 1989 a solar storm caused a nine-hour outage in Quebec.

 “We also experienced solar storms in 2003, 2017 and most recently in 2022, when the company Space X lost 40 of its satellites”, says Solheim Thinn.

According to the New York Times, the storm cost Elon Musk more than one billion kroner.

Things could have been much worse. In 2012 the planet experienced a near miss.  It is calculated that if this storm had struck the USA, it would have caused in the region of 20 trillion dollars of damage. This is equivalent to twice the Norwegian Government Pension Fund Global, and would have been as catastrophic, in financial terms, as a large asteroid colliding with the planet, less the social and human costs and loss of life.

But enough of these horror stories. Let’s get back to Ogndal in Trøndelag, and what has been discovered there.

The unpredictability of space

 “If you can’t measure it, you can’t prove that it exists”, says Solheim Thinn.

 “We’ve installed sensors in the transformer at Ogndal in order to take measurements and calibrate our data models”, he says.

Several factors have to be considered, one of which is solar activity, which is not too difficult to monitor. The US Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) is a mine of information, but there is one problem – the difficulty of making reliable long-term predictions.

The Tromsø Geophysical Observatory has deployed several magnetometers with the aim of measuring the strength of the Earth’s magnetic field. One of them is in Røyrvik, which is between 150 and 160 kilometres away. The magnetometers measure both the natural geomagnetic field and the magnetic perturbations generated by solar storms.

Naturally, these measurements are in real time, but they can also help us to understand how the geomagnetic field is influenced by events in space, including the solar storms that induce currents in our distribution grids and transformers.

“We also have to know about the electrical conductivity at depths of several hundred kilometres below the Earth’s surface”, says Solheim Thinn. This is because the geo-magnetically inducted currents also penetrate deep into the Earth’s crust, and in turn impact on the inducted currents flowing through the transformers”, he says.

Solheim Thinn explains that it is difficult to construct reliable predictive models because electrical conductivity in the different geological layers within the crust is very variable. It is especially difficult to assess electrical conductivity at the transition between the sea and land. The ocean exhibits relatively high conductivity, while the opposite is true for land areas.

“On the other hand, it is not difficult to identify correlations between magnetic field measurements and actual geo-magnetically inducted currents in our distribution grids, provided that both are being measured at the same time”, says Solheim Thinn. It is possible to calculate a ratio that describes their inter-relationship”, he says.

Long seabed cables installed on the continental shelf are very vulnerable to solar storms. One of the studies cited in the SINTEF report focused on the influence of the conductivity of shallow offshore continental shelves, similar to the situation in the North Sea. It demonstrated that the geo-magnetically inducted current would be three times as strong if the ocean had not been there.

Solheim Thinn has also made a couple of other finds. The ionospheric electrojets that circle the Earth’s magnetic poles travel for the most part in an east-west direction. Researchers have believed for some time that solar storms impact on electrical power lines in different ways, depending on the direction from which the current is travelling. But this has now been shown to be untrue.

“It makes no difference at all whether power lines are oriented in a northerly, southerly, easterly or westerly direction”, says Solheim Thinn. They still remain just as vulnerable”, he says.

Solheim Thinn also believes that there are differences in resilience between different transformers. In recent years, transformers have been purchased that are resilient to solar storms for a given period because they are designed not to overheat too quickly. It has been shown that three-phase transformers installed with five-limbed iron cores become saturated more quickly than the three-limbed type.

“For this reason, it is now recommended to install three-limbed three-phase transformers in the most important and most vulnerable substation facilities.

Approaching a solar maximum

Most people are aware that the sun exhibits periods of greater and lesser activity, defined within an 11-year cycle. Solheim Thinn explains that during the first two years after the sensors were installed at Ogndal, only very low levels of activity were recorded. However, starting in 2021, and during the remainder of that year, six measurements were made indicating so-called moderate effect activity.

“During moderate effect activity, our transformers will remain resilient, but this may not necessarily apply to the grid”, says Solheim Thinn.

On 4 November 2021, a transformer went down at a neighbouring substation in Namsos, about 70 kilometres from Ogndal.

“The safety mechanism was tripped, and this disconnected the transformer”, says Solheim Thinn. “Our findings indicate that there is a connection between reactive power consumption, geo-magnetically inducted current, and changes in the magnetic field as recorded by space meteorology instruments. In other words, when we measure strong currents, we observe a simultaneous and major peak in reactive power consumption. If we exceed the safety mechanism threshold value, this trips the transformer’s circuit breaker”, he says.

However, even if a transformer takes a time-out and goes down, as happened in Namsos on that late autumn day, this was hardly noticeable to electricity consumers. This was because other transformers stepped in to do the job. The electricity grid operates with a so-called ‘buffer’, or reserve capacity, which in this case kicked in to avert a crisis.   

“However, it was a close call and a stroke of luck that the Ogndal transformer remained in operation”, says Solheim Thinn.

“In 2024 we will be entering a period in the cycle when solar activity is at its highest. Solar storms are classified on the basis of their intensity. A G1 storm is a small one, while the most intense is classified as G5. 

“We expect to see four G5 solar storm events during every 11-year cycle”, says Solheim Thinn. “The current cycle is expected to display its highest levels of activity in 2024 and 2025”, he says.

– What will this mean?

“We will most likely experience control and safety issues in the electricity grid”, says Solheim Thinn. “We may experience a collapse or blackout of the grid, and some transformers may be damaged. We will also experience problems with satellite navigation”, he says.

We can in fact only hope that the worst doesn’t really come to the worst.

Source: Sintef

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The rail service here in the UK is often the brunt of jokes. If it’s not the wrong type of rain, or the leaves are laying on the tracks the wrong way then it’s some other seemingly ludicrous reason that the trains are delayed, or even cancelled. A recent study by scientists at the University of Lancaster suggest that even the solar wind might cause train signals to be incorrectly triggered with potentially disastrous consequences. The solar wind has been responsible for numerous displays of northern lights over recent months. The fast moving electrically charged particles from the Sun rush toward the Earth and on arrival, cause the gas in our atmosphere to glow. The displays can be mesmerising and inspiring yet their impact is all too familiar with telecommunication failures and other satellite technology problems but it seems the impacts might also be felt a little closer to home, in rail systems around the world.  Circle of Light © Andreas Ettl. A stunning photograph of a vivid aurora over Skagsanden beach, Lofoten Islands, Norway. The mountain in the background is Hustinden, which the aurora appears to encircle. The arrival of the particles causes magnetic disturbances in the atmosphere and it’s this that effects satellites. But they can also trigger geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) which interfere with electricity supply and transmission systems. The team from University of Lancaster which was led by Professor Jim Wild and researcher Cameron Patterson have modelled the flow of the GICs in rail systems, in particular, how they flow through the track circuits that are powered by overhead lines.  Two routes were modelled by the team; the Glasgow to Edinburgh line and the West Coast Main line. They investigated how the solar wind could induce GICs leading to signalling failures, and yes, apparently it is totally possible! Rail systems have red and green lights to signal the drivers to stop or go, obvious really.  The signals are powered by electrical circuits between the rails.  Induced currents from solar wind it seems are capable of flipping a signal in either direction, in other words, switching the green light to the red (known as right-side failure) or the red light to the green (known as wrong-side failure). ‘Right-side’ failure is a fail safe scenario where the system fails safe, to red and trains stop. The other failure from red to green is far more dangerous.  The impact of solar wind is largely dependent on latitude and the UK based research revealed that solar wind or space weather events can be strong enough every few decades to trigger signal failures. Perhaps more worryingly is that it takes lower geoelectric field strength for the ‘wrong-side’ failures – and these are the switching from red to green scenario events, the more dangerous ones – than the ‘right-side’ failures.  Further analysis looked at more extreme space weather events, the sort that comes along once in a century. This showed that such an event could cause multiple signal changes across a route, in multiple directions and depending on the number of trains on the track!  This is not all just conjecture, there is mounting evidence of just such an impact on signalling as far back as the 19th Century.  So next time you are planning a train journey, forget the leaves and the rain you can forget the type of snow too, just make sure you check out solar activity to see if it’s safe to make the journey. Source : Rail industry urged to consider safety risks of space weather link : https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/news/rail-industry-urged-to-consider-safety-risks-of-space-weather The post Solar Storms Could Cause Mayhem to Trains appeared first on Universe Today.

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Earth's magnetic field, predominantly dipolar at its surface, is distorted further out by the solar wind. This is a stream of charged particles leaving the Sun's corona and accelerating to a speed of 200 to 1000 kilometres per second. They carry with them a magnetic field, the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF).[25]

The solar wind exerts a pressure, and if it could reach Earth's atmosphere it would erode it. However, it is kept away by the pressure of the Earth's magnetic field. The magnetopause, the area where the pressures balance, is the boundary of the magnetosphere. Despite its name, the magnetosphere is asymmetric, with the sunward side being about 10 Earth radii out but the other side stretching out in a magnetotail that extends beyond 200 Earth radii.[26] Sunward of the magnetopause is the bow shock, the area where the solar wind slows abruptly.[25]

Inside the magnetosphere is the plasmasphere, a donut-shaped region containing low-energy charged particles, or plasma. This region begins at a height of 60 km, extends up to 3 or 4 Earth radii, and includes the ionosphere. This region rotates with the Earth.[26] There are also two concentric tire-shaped regions, called the Van Allen radiation belts, with high-energy ions (energies from 0.1 to 10 MeV). The inner belt is 1–2 Earth radii out while the outer belt is at 4–7 Earth radii. The plasmasphere and Van Allen belts have partial overlap, with the extent of overlap varying greatly with solar activity.[27]

As well as deflecting the solar wind, the Earth's magnetic field deflects cosmic rays, high-energy charged particles that are mostly from outside the Solar System. Many cosmic rays are kept out of the Solar System by the Sun's magnetosphere, or heliosphere.[28] By contrast, astronauts on the Moon risk exposure to radiation. Anyone who had been on the Moon's surface during a particularly violent solar eruption in 2005 would have received a lethal dose.[25]

Some of the charged particles do get into the magnetosphere. These spiral around field lines, bouncing back and forth between the poles several times per second. In addition, positive ions slowly drift westward and negative ions drift eastward, giving rise to a ring current. This current reduces the magnetic field at the Earth's surface.[25]Particles that penetrate the ionosphere and collide with the atoms there give rise to the lights of the aurorae and also emit X-rays.[26]

The varying conditions in the magnetosphere, known as space weather, are largely driven by solar activity. If the solar wind is weak, the magnetosphere expands; while if it is strong, it compresses the magnetosphere and more of it gets in. Periods of particularly intense activity, called geomagnetic storms, can occur when a coronal mass ejection erupts above the Sun and sends a shock wave through the Solar System. Such a wave can take just two days to reach the Earth. Geomagnetic storms can cause a lot of disruption; the "Halloween" storm of 2003damaged more than a third of NASA's satellites. The largest documented storm, the Carrington Event, occurred in 1859. It induced currents strong enough to disrupt telegraph lines, and aurorae were reported as far south as Hawaii.[25][29]

Main article:

Geomagnetic reversal

Although generally Earth's field is approximately dipolar, with an axis that is nearly aligned with the rotational axis, occasionally the North and South geomagnetic poles trade places. Evidence for these geomagnetic reversals can be found in basalts, sediment cores taken from the ocean floors, and seafloor magnetic anomalies.[41] Reversals occur nearly randomly in time, with intervals between reversals ranging from less than 0.1 million years to as much as 50 million years. The most recent geomagnetic reversal, called the Brunhes–Matuyama reversal, occurred about 780,000 years ago.[24][42] A related phenomenon, a geomagnetic excursion, takes the dipole axis across the equator and then back to the original polarity.[43][44] The Laschamp event is an example of an excursion, occurring during the last ice age (41,000 years ago).

The past magnetic field is recorded mostly by strongly magnetic minerals, particularly iron oxides such as magnetite, that can carry a permanent magnetic moment. This remanent magnetization, or remanence, can be acquired in more than one way. In lava flows, the direction of the field is "frozen" in small minerals as they cool, giving rise to a thermoremanent magnetization. In sediments, the orientation of magnetic particles acquires a slight bias towards the magnetic field as they are deposited on an ocean floor or lake bottom. This is called detrital remanent magnetization.[8]

Thermoremanent magnetization is the main source of the magnetic anomalies around mid-ocean ridges. As the seafloor spreads, magma wells up from the mantle, cools to form new basaltic crust on both sides of the ridge, and is carried away from it by seafloor spreading. As it cools, it records the direction of the Earth's field. When the Earth's field reverses, new basalt records the reversed direction. The result is a series of stripes that are symmetric about the ridge. A ship towing a magnetometer on the surface of the ocean can detect these stripes and infer the age of the ocean floor below. This provides information on the rate at which seafloor has spread in the past.[8]

Radiometric dating of lava flows has been used to establish a geomagnetic polarity time scale, part of which is shown in the image. This forms the basis of magnetostratigraphy, a geophysical correlation technique that can be used to date both sedimentary and volcanic sequences as well as the seafloor magnetic anomalies.[8]

[etextbooky]

Geomagnetically Induced Currents from the Sun to the Power Grid – eBook

Geomagnetically Induced Currents from the Sun to the Power Grid – eBook

Geomagnetically Induced Currents from the Sun to the Power Grid – eBook PDF An introduction to geomagnetic storms and the threats they pose at the Earth’s surface Geomagnetic storms are a form of space weather event that can create Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) which, once they reach Earth’s surface, can intervene with power grids and transport infrastructure. Understanding the…

[donner-mathis-official]

I think I’ve got answers to both of these. Addressing the second point first: the spray paint in game makes a little marker on the map, and you can use charcoal from fires to draw the map out. It doesn’t tell you where you are, unfortunately, but it does help. It took me so long to figure out that spray paint made a map marker.

As for the flashlights, I have two theories. The first is that they don’t work because alkaline batteries (the kind used in flashlights) can be overloaded. Like if you try to recharge one in one of those docks meant for rechargeable ones, it will recharge a bit, but it also can create a gas buildup that will, eventually, destroy the battery (and also potentially explode battery acid all over you, so please don’t do this). A geomagnetic storm like the ones in the game will cause an induced current, so it is possible that the induced current in the wires within the flashlight destroyed the batteries in this fashion. My second theory, which seems more likely to me, has to do with the fact that batteries do not withstand cold very well. Alkaline batteries left in cold places will lose charge pretty quickly. It’s likely all the batteries are just dead. This would mean that the small capacity for recharge these batteries have is allowed by the induced current of the aurora, which would explain why they can be used during it. Also because it makes for a convenient gameplay feature.

wait. flashlight batteries aren’t plugged into any electrical outlet, so how come flashlights are useless in The Long Dark?? i understand they wouldn’t be rechargeable but they DEFINITELY should be able to work.

on that topic, if there were EVER a game in need of a map where i could mark a destination, it’s this game. i get SO lost. i know that’s part of the appeal but cmon.

[mantacid]

Can anyone help me find that one post I made about powering your house via induced current from geomagnetic pole reversal? My sister wanted to show her science teacher.

[collapsedsquid]

Though they don't happen often, coronal mass ejections are a real threat to Internet resilience, says Abdu Jyothi. And after three decades of low solar storm activity, she and other researchers point out that the probability of another incident is rising.

Undersea Internet cables are potentially susceptible to solar storm damage for a few reasons. To shepherd data across oceans intact, cables are fitted with repeaters at intervals of roughly 50 to 150 kilometers depending on the cable. These devices amplify the optical signal, making sure that nothing gets lost in transit, like a relay throw in baseball. While fiber optic cable isn't directly vulnerable to disruption by geomagnetically induced currents, the electronic internals of repeaters are—and enough repeater failures will render an entire undersea cable inoperable. Additionally, undersea cables are only grounded at extended intervals hundreds or thousands of kilometers apart, which leaves vulnerable components like repeaters more exposed to geomagnetically induced currents. The composition of the sea floor also varies, possibly making some grounding points more effective than others.

On top of all of this, a major solar storm could also knock out any equipment that orbits the Earth that enables services like satellite Internet and global positioning.

"There are no models currently available of how this could play out," Abdu Jyothi says. "We have more understanding of how these storms would impact power systems, but that's all on land. In the ocean it's even more difficult to predict."

[tavixco]

Solar Storm and Internet 

A study found that solar storms could cause disruption of the internet, damage submarine cables, and communication satellites.

What is it? A solar storm is an ejection of highly magnetized particles from the sun. Previous studies showed there was a 1.6 to 2% chance of an extreme space weather event happening within the next decade. Impacts of the solar storms will include longer submarine cables being susceptible to higher risks. At ground level, solar storm-induced geomagnetic variations can cause harm by inducing large currents in networks that can conduct electricity. Although fiber-optic internet cables are themselves not conductors, their electronic components can be rendered useless by very strong storms. The countries in the lower latitudes are at a much lower risk. Also, compared to the US, India is less vulnerable. To protect, a ‘shutdown strategy’ that can help minimize the connectivity loss during and after a solar storm impact is needed.