#full duplex modes

[shiprasharma2927]

In-depth Analysis: Full Duplex vs Half Duplex Communication Modes

In the realm of communication modes, the debate between full duplex and half duplex remains a pivotal topic. Full duplex communication allows data transmission in both directions simultaneously, enabling a more seamless and real-time exchange of information. On the other hand, half duplex communication permits data transfer in only one direction at a time, requiring a coordinated approach between communicating parties. A comprehensive analysis of these communication modes is essential to understand their advantages, disadvantages, and optimal use cases. Full duplex systems excel in scenarios where instantaneous feedback and continuous data flow are critical, such as in telephone conversations or video conferencing. In contrast, half duplex communication finds applications in environments where alternating data transmission is acceptable, like traditional walkie-talkie systems or some radio communication setups. Evaluating the efficiency, latency, and complexity of each mode is essential for selecting the most suitable option based on specific communication needs. The full duplex vs half duplex debate continues to shape communication technologies, influencing the design and implementation of various systems across industries.

[odvunir]

WOAH that's some really interesting stuff!!! I love the bit especially about a post-canon dirk who's trying to break the cycle with ult dirk! If you've got any more I'd love to hear it :]

so i started reading homestuck right around the time cascade came out, was pretty crazy about the fandom until i moved on to other things. i stopped reading... somewhere between trickster mode and john's retcon powers

last year on a whim i decided to take an edible and watch all four hours of the homestuck flashes "as a joke" i told myself. then with nothing better to do while visiting my family i cherrypicked some reading and of course fell right back into strider brainrot

so obviously at some point i was gonna at least take a peek into the epilogues and beyond canon and hsbc and... euhh... man pretty much everything going on is just NOT for me. to keep it polite and brief

i guess i always wanted to see them heal! i wanted to see them all grow together and collaborate and process their traumas. i wanted to see dave strider buy groceries

i haaate... hate the duality of dirk's options. become a eugenicist or kill yourself? like that's all the option we're gonna give this dude?

he has his flaws but having read both those points of the epilogues all i could think is man this blows.

so in my universe all the kids paused the universe at creation and sorted through the timelines to get an idea of what they're going into. they don't get full knowledge, and obviously the timeline options change as time passes normally, but they get the gist of what happens in beyond canon and decide to isolate themselves and develop better relationships with each other

(in my universe they also just live on regular earth. uhm because that was the best idea i had and i already committed to the bit.) so the strilondes all lived pretty much together, dave and dirk in one duplex, rose and roxy in the other so they're a little better socialized but they also have picked up each other's personalities a bit, they have deeper friendships, they know how to deal with someone's brain shit if it's getting bad. so they all had a pretty good support system Which they all needed but in particular dirk - because the more time you give him to himself, the more his brain whirrs on and on and on with machinations and possibilites and the scrupulosity kicks in. and the harder he is on himself to attain impossible levels of functioning, the harder he is on everyone else.

basically a strilonde minecraft server could have stopped all the bad shit that happened in postcanon

[cyborg-hydra-girl-thing]

I love Warframe, so much.

The super fluid, only touch the ground to start another parkour sequence, the floor is lava, bouncing off walls and flying across rooms and down hallways style of movement.

The >utterly overwhelming< number of weapons available. Primaries range from bows (Paris, Dread) to rocket launchers (ogris) grenade launchers (penta, tonkor), a handheld laser cannon (opticor), spicy bows (Lenz and Bramma are both rocket launchers cosplaying as bows), an 18th century naval cannon (zarr), machine guns with a 200 round magazine (soma prime) and machine guns that get more accurate the longer you fire (Tenora my beloved), innately suppressed smg (baza). You want a chaining lightning gun that will kill the guy you’re aiming at, and the next two rooms of people via daisy chains? Amprex. if you need a tactical weapon for grouping enemies the Mutalist cernos shoots an arrow full of grabby tentacles that brings enemies together for group hugs. Do you need a rifle to hunt cthulu T-Rexes (eidolons)? Rubico (Prime) or, my favorite, Kuva Chakkhurr - a black powder musket that shoots moderately slow projectiles, high skill high reward, you land a shot, it’s gonna feel it. Here’s a goody - Tigris (Prime) - it’s a double barreled shotgun, with a duplex trigger - you squeeze the trigger, it fires one round, you release the trigger, it fires the second! really interesting to play with, though with the changes to shotgun status a few years ago it’s no longer the powerhouse it was, though quite potent. Phenmor is also one of my favorites, a precision semi auto rifle, land a couple headshots to charge it, and it evolves into an archgun (gun for mecha or exosuits, bigger, and badder) that’s basically a minigun. Corinth (prime) is cool, primary fire is crit based shotgun, alt fire shoots an air burst grenade you can manually detonate over enemies heads (prime version, regular corinth is locked at 20m detonation). Kohm is an auto shotgun that spoils up like a minigun, the higher the spool the more pellets it shoots, very ammo hungry, but man if it isn’t satisfying to point down a hallway and watch it fill with red mist. Astilla is a shotgun that shoots glass slugs that explode on impact. Arcs Plasmor shoots solid walls of energy. like straight up, point down hallway, and you shoot a bright blue (ur energy color) brick wall of plasma. you can’t miss. Simulor is a gun that shoots miniature black holes. Trumna charges it’s alt fire with the literal souls of the enemies you kill. Shedu and Bubonico are the weapon arm cannons of sentient (enemy robot faction) that we ripped off and stole.

secondaries are have a bit less variety, but we’ve still got oodles of goodies

Pandero, a pocket sniper rifle, this lil handcannon is hella accurate for reaching out to touch someone, and alt fire dumps the entire magazine in an automatic burst. Laetum is the cooler pandero, land a few headshots and it evolves into an automatic assault rifle. Lex (Prime) was my starchart clearing gun, back in the day. space deagle. Nukor (and it’s cooler older sister Kuva Nukor (Kukor)) are similar to the amprex in that they chain to enemies, however they also have the quirk of having the highest critical damage in the game, with the lowest critical chance. (there’s shenanigans you can do to force them to crit, making them devestating). Pyrana (Prime) is an auto shotgun, it’s got high spread and high rate of fire, but get in their face and drop mag and see the magic. Zakti (Prime) shoots small needles that explode in clouds of aoe gas after a moment, really good for priming status effects and swapping to melee or primary to take advantage of. Euphona Prime - look, i love it, it’s not great, you gotta build it exclusively for the slug firemode or for the shotgun fire mode. it’s really cool, you should try it if you can, but it’s solidly just okay. Sepulcrum feeds on the souls of its victims to power its alt fire, and it’s just a massive beefy fuckin pistol straight out of 40K. Tenet Spirex force procs impact, and with the hemorrhage mod you can guarantee you turn some of those impact procs into bleed procs for DOT damage. Athodai is straight up like retro sci-fi laser pistol, it shoots beams, and alt fire has a big burst of energy aoe in front of you. Twin Kohmak are like the kohm, but smaller, and akimbo, for pocket dakka. Twin Grakata MOAR DAKKA. A beloved meme gun in the warframe community. just two fuckin bullet hoses that will eat your ammo faster than you can find it. truly one of the guns of all time, and a joy to fire.

and don’t think for a moment i’m going to forget about melees lmao.

we got Nikanas (space katana - nikana (prime) , skiajati ), we got greatswords(Gram (prime), Galatine (prime)), we got throwing glaives(Glaive(prime) Xoris), we got gun blades (like think those bizarre renaissance era swords with guns built into the hilts? got it? yeah, those, but space-y. redeemer (prime), sarpa), we have claws (venka) , we have sword & board (silva & aegis) scythes (reaper prime), hammers (heliocor, jat kittag), dual blades up the wazoo, single daggers, dual daggers, fist weapons, fist and feet weapons, war fans (quassus, arum spinosa), staves (Bo, pupacyst), tonfa (kronen), a gigantic saw (ghoulsaw), rapiers (endura, ), blade & whips (atterax, lacera)

[quranic123]

Yealink UVC40 – All-in-One USB Video Bar UVC40, 20MP Camera, 60fps, 8 MEMS Microphone Array, 5W speaker

Yealink UVC40 All-in-One USB Video Bar Specifications:

Manufacturer: Yealink

Model: UVC40

Part Number: 1206607

Camera: 20MP Camera with SONY 1-inch CMOS

Protocol: UAC1.0, UVC1.0

Maximum Frame Rate: 60fps

Zoom: 8x e-PTZ

Field of view: 133°

Microphone: Built-in 8 MEMS Microphone Array

Speaker: Built-in 5W speaker

Power Adapter: AC 100~240V input, DC 48V/0.7A Output

Yealink UVC40 is an all-in-one intelligent USB meeting device for small and huddle rooms. Featuring 20MP camera and 133 ° super-wide-angle lens, UVC 40 delivers outstanding video quality. Together with the electric lens cap, its AI technologies including face detection, sound localization, and speaker tracking and so on allow users to experience a smarter and safer video conference. With 8 MEMS microphone arrays and high fidelity speaker, UVC40 brings excellent call quality even in full-duplex mode. Moreover, UVC40 supports remote management on Yealink Device Management Platform via its built-in Wi-Fi.

[g-nicerf]

New Product: Next Generation Full-Duplex Audio Intercom Module SA618F22-C1

The SA618F22-C1 is an upgraded wireless digital and audio all-in-one full-duplex transmission module from NiceRF, supporting 8-channel concurrent high-quality calls. Users can not only achieve wireless data transmission via the serial port but also transmit voice signals through I2S digital audio or analog audio interfaces. This module is equipped with a high-speed microcontroller, echo cancellation circuit, ESD protection, high-performance RF chip, and amplifier, utilizing wideband spread spectrum technology, ensuring low power consumption, long-distance transmission, and flexible frequency adjustment. Additionally, the SA618F22-C1 is equipped with a hardware watchdog chip to prevent system crashes and features reverse polarity protection, overcurrent protection, and overvoltage protection circuits, ensuring the safety and stable operation of the device in various environments.

Core Features of the SA618F22-C1:

It can pass CE and FCC certifications: The SA6X8 series can obtain CE and FCC certifications, ensuring compliance with international safety and performance standards. This enhances the product's market competitiveness and guarantees its legal and compliant use in various regions.

SA618F22-C1 Module Features

 Frequency Band UHF 420-510MHz(Customizable 150-960 MHz)

Up to 8 devices transmit simultaneously ( Receive unlimited)

Echo cancellation function

VOX function

High integration and compact size

Low power consumption in sleep mode

1-3KM transmission distance in the open area

Supports 2 to 8 people in high-quality simultaneous calls

Shorter call latency

I2S Digital audio+analog audio

 Line In + Mic input

Full-duplex data transmission

 Multi-level wireless repeating

 Support OTA &Serial upgrade

 High reception sensitivity: -117 dBm

Applications

Headset Walkie-talkie

Handheld radio

The newly released SA618F22-C1 has a power output of 160mW, and we will soon launch the SA618F30-C1, a high-power intercom module with a power output of 1W. The SA618F30-C1 will also comply with CE and FCC certifications. All modules developed independently by Siwei Wireless are produced and tested using lead-free processes, meeting RoHS and REACH standards. We welcome inquiries from manufacturers.

For details, please click：https://www.nicerf.com/products/ Or click：https://nicerf.en.alibaba.com/productlist.html?spm=a2700.shop_index.88.4.1fec2b006JKUsd For consultation, please contact NiceRF (Email: sales@nicerf.com).

[qsotodaypodcast]

Episode 512 Justin McAllister K5EM

Justin McAllister, K5EM’s early interest in ham radio in high school, set him on a professional path to electronic engineering for industry,  startups, and entrepreneurship.  In ham radio,  Justin  adopted a few favorite areas of special interest.  Justin likes to operate satellites with his portable full duplex rig, operate the digital modes both actively and passively, creating new antennas designs, and getting out in nature to operate POTA and SOTA.  K5EM is my QSO Today.

Check out this episode!

[goingdwninflames]

Check out this listing I just added to my Poshmark closet: TP-LINK TL-SM311LM 1000Base-SX MMF MiniGBIC Module Full-duplex Multi-mode Fiber.

[technationgr]

TP-LINK Switch V12 10/100 Mbps 5 Ports (TL-SF1005D) (TPTL-SF1005D)

TL-SF1005D desktop switch από την TP-Link, για επέκταση του ασύρματου δικτύου. Είναι εξοπλισμένο με 5 θύρες, οι οποίες υποστηρίζουν auto-MDI/MDIX, ώστε να μην απαιτείται η χρήση καλωδίου crossover ή θυρών Uplink. Μπορεί να επεξεργαστεί δεδομένα σε υψηλές ταχύτητες έως 200Mbps, χάρη στο full duplex mode. Διαθέτει πρωτοποριακή τεχνολογία εξοικονόμησης ενέργειας έως και 60% της συνολικής κατανάλωσης.

[veryutils]

VeryUtils HTMLPrint Command Line is a Windows printing utility intended for printing HTML, ASCII text documents, and image files

VeryUtils HTMLPrint Command Line is a Windows printing utility intended for printing HTML, ASCII text documents, and image files, including those with the following file extensions: .htm, .html, .txt, .png, .gif, .bmp, .jpg, .jpeg, .wmf, and .emf. HTMLPrint operates as a command-line tool designed to send HTML content to a printer, all without displaying prompts to the user. By default, it utilizes the system's default printer unless an alternative is specified in the command line.

The VeryUtils HTMLPrint Command Line product serves the purpose of batch printing HTML, MHTML files, or web URLs on Windows Printers. It enables the printing of complete web page content to a Windows Printer seamlessly, eliminating the need for user interaction. Furthermore, it provides full control over the printer's capabilities through the DEVMODE structure. VeryUtils HTMLPrint Command Line relies on Microsoft Internet Explorer to render HTML pages, ensuring support for all features present in the MS Internet Explorer application.

VeryUtils HTMLPrint Command Line stands out as a handy and potent tool that excels in batch mode, enabling the printing of large volumes of HTML, MHTML files, or Web URLs in real-time. Additionally, VeryUtils HTMLPrint Command Line is developer-friendly, allowing developers to access the product via various programming or scripting languages, including but not limited to Visual Basic, C/C++, Delphi, ASP, PHP, C#, .NET, and more.

✅ VeryUtils HTMLPrint Command Line Key Features: •Print HTML to a specific printer. •Enable user prompts with a print dialog, allowing for printer setting adjustments and manual page selection. •Load/Save DEVMODE data from/to a disk file. •Set copy number, orientation (portrait/landscape), duplex (simplex/horizontal/vertical), color (monochrome/color), x-resolution, y-resolution, collate, and scale options for the printer. •Support for over 100 standard paper types (refer to Paper Definition). •Accommodate any custom paper size. •List installed printers on the system. •Display bins/trays available on a printer. •Configure the paper bin (paper tray) for a specific printer. •Restore original settings to the printer after printing. •Monitor print job status and automatically delete failed jobs if necessary. •Print background color and images in HTML pages. •Exercise control over header, footer, and margins. •Achieve printing without user interaction. •Support "postdata" when printing HTML pages. •Show or hide the print preview dialog as needed. •Output debug messages during the printing process. •Print HTML pages containing CSS, JavaScript, Java Applet, SVG, Flash, or iframe elements. •Ensure compatibility with all features supported by Microsoft Internet Explorer. •Implement a feature to force the printing of large HTML pages or exit the process if a timeout occurs. •Send HTML directly to a specified printer. •Control header, footer, and margins effectively. •Maintain a user-independent printing experience. •Retrieve HTML content from files or via command line switches.

✅ Printing Options with HTMLPrint Command Line:

VeryUtils HTMLPrint Command Line offers multiple flexible methods for printing, making it a versatile tool for various printing needs:

Batch Printing with Retainable Lists: •HTMLPrint allows you to create and manage lists of documents that can be retained for future use. •These lists can be automatically printed in a document sequence of your choosing. •This feature streamlines the printing of multiple documents, ensuring they are processed in the desired order.

Printing HTML Files via Command Line: •You can initiate HTML printing directly from the command line. •By passing the file or directory name to HTMLPrint as a command line parameter, you can print HTML files effortlessly. •HTMLPrint processes these files invisibly, without any user interaction. •For detailed instructions on using the command line, please continue reading below.

Directory Monitoring: •HTMLPrint offers a convenient feature known as Directory Monitoring. •When activated, HTMLPrint continuously watches a specified folder within the Windows Task Bar for incoming HTML or image documents. •As soon as documents are detected, HTMLPrint automatically sends them to the designated printer for hassle-free printing.

It's important to note that HTMLPrint operates as a visible application when started without any command-line arguments. It cannot function as a service.

✅ Command Line Parameters Usage:

When utilizing the command line for HTML printing, follow these guidelines: •To print an HTML file from the command line, provide the filename as a parameter. •You can enhance your printing experience by adding additional parameters to configure various printing settings to meet your specific requirements.

HTMLPrint is designed to seamlessly integrate with other software or batch files. It can be called upon by passing the HTML or TXT file names or image filenames (GIF, JPEG, BMP, PNG, WMF, or EMF) as parameters in the command line. Additionally, you have the option to pass a text file containing a list of files to be printed or a directory path, expanding the tool's flexibility.

✅ Printing Lists or Files from a Predefined Directory (Directory Monitoring):

HTMLPrint offers a valuable Directory Monitoring feature: •HTMLPrint can actively monitor one or more folders, continuously scanning for incoming HTML documents or images. •When new documents are detected, HTMLPrint swiftly sends them to the specified printer. •Alternatively, you can predefine file lists, save them, and schedule printing tasks. •This feature provides the flexibility to print files without saving them, streamlining your printing workflow.

VeryUtils HTMLPrint Command Line is a powerful and versatile tool for handling various printing tasks. Whether you need to print batches of documents, initiate HTML printing from the command line, or employ directory monitoring for automated printing, HTMLPrint has you covered. It offers user-friendly options for enhancing your printing processes and can be seamlessly integrated with other software or batch files for increased efficiency. Say goodbye to printing hassles and optimize your workflow with HTMLPrint Command Line.

[productsonsaleaustralia]

TP-LINK TL-SG1016 16-Port Gigabit Rackmount Unmanaged Switch energy-efficient Supports MAC 19-inch rack-mountable steel case 32Gbps Switching Capacity

TP-LINK TL-SG1016 16-Port Gigabit Rackmount Unmanaged Switch energy-efficient Supports MAC 19-inch rack-mountable steel case 32Gbps Switching Capacity Innovative energy-efficient technology saves power up to 15% 100% Data filtering rate eliminates all error packets Supports IEEE 802.3x flow control for Full Duplex mode and backpressure for Half Duplex mode Non-blocking switching architecture…

[spookywhispersluminary]

Is Tech Making server utama Better or Worse?

™

Fiber cables form one of the most important parts of the networking industry today. Fiber cables are composed of one or more transparent optical fibers enclosed in a protective covering and strength members. Fiber cables are used to transmit data by the mode of light. Various types of fiber cables available are multimode duplex fiber cables, single mode simplex fiber cables, single mode duplex fiber cables, and plastic optical fiber cables.

There are many fiber optic cable manufacturers who manufacture full line of fiber cables in both single mode and multi-mode, simples, duplex and multi-strand. Several manufacturers provide low cost, quick-turn, high volume server utama fiber cables and fiber cable assembly solutions.

Cables with complete assembly of fibers, strength members and jacket refer to fiber cables. These fiber cables come in variety of forms depending upon their usability and place of use. It is important to identify the exact requirement of fiber cables whether they would be easy to install, splice or terminate, etc. This is necessary as it ultimately decides the cost of installing the fiber cables.

Fiber cables are required to protect fibers from external hazards. Thus before installing the fiber cables one should always assess the place of installation of fiber cables. Fiber cables required inside the house or a building are not exposed too much of hazardous condition thus simpler form and not-so-tough fiber cables can be used for installation. But if the fiber cables are to be installed for longer distances and outside premises then the cables should be robust. They should also be installed well beneath the ground to protect them not only from ground digging, water logging but also from prairie dogs.

Fiber cables comes in different types based on their usage patterns as well. The zip cord and simplex fiber cables refer to those used for desktop connections. Simplex fiber cables are one fiber, tight-buffered and jacketed. A zip cord is actually two simplex fiber cables joined by a thin web. On the other hand fiber cables made of several simplex cables are breakout fiber cables. This type of fiber cables is strong, rugged and larger. They are also a bit expensive but prove to be economic where distances are not too long and fiber count required is less.

Small fiber cables required for dry conduit run, riser or plenum are known as a distribution fiber cables that needs a breakout box to be broken up or terminated in a panel box. They contain several tight-buffered fibers bundled under same jacket.

Aerial fiber cables are good enough for outside installation where as armored fiber cables are used for under-ground wiring where rodents are a problem. These fiber cables have metal armoring between two jackets to prevent rodents from tampering the cabling connections.

Loose tube fiber cables are perfect for plant trunk applications to prevent fibers from moisture or water. They can be buried directly in ground but must be handled carefully to prevent damage. Ribbon fiber cables have twelve or more fiber cables packed together laid in a rows. They are also a plant fiber cables which are gel-filled and are good for water blocking.

All fiber cable manufacturers manufacture different fiber cables but their product literatures should be carefully studied so as to assess which type of fiber cables they specialize in.

[shiprasharma2927]

Understanding Full Duplex vs Half Duplex: Key Differences

Understanding the disparities between full duplex vs half duplex communication is crucial in the realm of networking and telecommunications. Full duplex enables simultaneous two-way communication, allowing data to flow in both directions concurrently. This means that devices can both send and receive data simultaneously, enhancing efficiency and reducing latency. On the other hand, half duplex communication only permits data transmission in one direction at a time, necessitating a switching of roles between sender and receiver. While full duplex offers superior performance and speed, half duplex may suffice for applications where bidirectional communication isn't constant or critical. Therefore, comprehending the distinctions between full duplex vs half duplex is fundamental for designing efficient and effective communication systems tailored to specific needs.

[forlinx]

A40i Application Notes: Three Frequently Encountered NIC Software Problems and Troubleshooting Ideas

Although there is only one network port on the Forlinx Embedded OKA40i-C EVK, the Allwinner A40i-H processor has two network controllers, so there is a dual network port solution in the datasheet offered by Forlinx Embedded. Engineers may encounter some NIC design problems. We will share three kinds of NIC software problems that appear easy when using the OKA40i-C EVK and troubleshooting ideas.

01 Problem Analysis

Problem description 1: Ethernet initialization error No phy found

When executing the ifconfig eth0 up command, the "No phy found" exception log appears.

Issue analysis:

The common reason for "No phy found" is that the 25M clock used for phy is abnormal, which causes phy to work abnormally, and the gmac driver can't read the phy device information through the mdio interface.

If the MDIO pin configuration or phy address is incorrect, then MDIO doesn't do the pull-up resistor, and GMAC can not read the phy device information. We can use an oscilloscope to measure if the MDIO waveform is correct, or if the phy chip reset fails, it needs to replace the phy chip reset pull-up resistor.

Troubleshooting steps:

(1) Check the phy power supply status;

(2) Check the 25M clock (Soc ephy25M or external crystal) used by phy;

(3) Check if the phy-mode is configured according to the actual board level (mii/rmii/rgmii).

(4) Check the MDIO for pull-up resistors;

(5) Check the MDIO pins configuration;

(6) Is the eMAC phy address consistent with the hardware;

(7) Check that the reset pull-up resistor is consistent with the schematic reference scheme.

MDIO communication is verified as normal:

We can use the phytool tool to read the 0x02 0x03 register. Successful reading of PHY chip ID means the MDIO communication is normal.

Problem description 2: Ethernet initialization error NO SUCN DEVICE

Execute the command ifconfig -a/ifconfig eth0/ifconfig eth0 up. the eth0 device is not found.

Problem analysis:

The Ethernet module configuration is not in effect or there is a GPIO conflict.

Troubleshooting steps:

Step 1: Capture the kernel boot log, search for the "gmac" key field, and check whether the gmac driver has been probed successfully;

Step 2: If the kernel boot log shows mac controller probe failure, the common cause is due to GPIO resource conflict.

Solution:

GPIO conflict will have an error message, according to the error, check the GPIO conflict pins.

Check the Ethernet module configuration.

Problem description 3: Ethernet initialization error Initialize hardware error

Execute the ifconfig eth0 up command and the "Initialize hardware error" exception log appears.

Problem analysis:

Initialize hardware error" appears, usually because the phy does not output RX CLK to the MAC controller, resulting in a soft reset failure within the MAC controller.

Common causes are phy abnormal power supply or 25M clock. Alternatively, we can check data pin clock, and RMILL RX CLK TX CLK.

Troubleshooting steps:

Grab the rx_clk clock waveform with an oscilloscope to see if the clock remains stable at 25M; and if it appears to jump back and forth at 25M/2.5M. That is, MAC and phy are not linked successfully.

Solution:

Software can link successfully by setting register 0 fixed to 100M full duplex after phy reset. Problem solution:

Add phy_write(phydev, 0x0, 0x2100) before phy_connect_direct in geth_phy_init function in drivers/net/ethernet/allwinner/sunxi-gmac.c.

The following are common NIC design issues in the OKA40i-C EVK development, some of which may be due to configuration issues when referencing the solution or improper output signals from the chip. When referring to the dual network port solution for the OKA40i-C EVK, you may refer to the issues summarized in this article for solving the problems in your projects.

The following are some troubleshooting methods for common NIC software problems.

02 Troubleshooting Methods

These methods may provide you with some debugging ideas for phy. The tools mentioned in the following article may help you quickly find and solve NIC problems.

(1) Check that menuconfig and dts Ethernet configuration are turned on; (2) Check whether the phy-mode configuration matches the physical interface between the PHY and GMAC, such as rgmii, rmii, and so on; (3) Check if the GPIO configuration is correct, such as IO multiplexing function, driving capability, etc; (4) Verify that the MDIO is correct by reading the phy ID with the phytool tool.

As shown below, the JL11x1 phy ID reading normal means MDIO communication is normal.

Use the phytool tool to read the phy status register and view the phy chip status. Take JL11x1 as an example: if the 0x01 status register reads the 0x786d indicating the link is successful and can work properly.

That’s all OKA40i-C SBC dual-network port NIC software problem analysis and troubleshooting direction. Hoping it is helpful for your project development.

For additional information, visit the OKA40i-C Single Board Computer

Originally published at www.forlinx.net.

[ankikarekar9]

Physical Layer in OSI Model

What is the Physical Layer in OSI Model?

Regarding network security and hardware support, the physical layer in OSI model is the basic level for the whole network. It identifies the equipment, including the wires, devices, frequencies, and pulses, required to connect between computers. The information is stored in bits and is transferred between devices through the nodes in this physical layer. 

Now that you understand the answer to questions like What is the physical layer in the OSI model? you will also have to look at the significance it holds in the security of the whole network. The physical layer is required for network hardware visibility. The existing breed of software solutions often ignores Layer 1 in the OSI model. The lack of identifiability of the layer 1 devices may cause rogue devices to get implanted in the hardware and pose a security threat to the whole network. The physical layer identifies the devices and eliminates such bad actors. The layer also consists of a separate security procedure to ensure network safety. 

Functions of OSI Model in Physical Layer

1. Representation of Bits 

The physical layer in OSI model (Layer 1) takes the responsibility of transmitting individual bits from one node to another via a physical medium. It specifies the procedure for encoding bits, such as how many volts should represent a 0 bit and a 1 bit in the case of electrical signals.

2. Data Rate 

The data rate is maintained by the function of Physical Layer in OSI model. The number of bits sent per second is referred to as the data rate. It is determined by a variety of factors, including:

Bandwidth: The physical constraint of the underlying media.

Encoding: The number of levels used for signaling.

Error rate: Incorrect information reception due to noise.

3. Synchronization 

The function of physical layer in OSI model includes bit synchronization. The sender and receiver are bit-synchronized. This is accomplished by including a clock. This clock is in charge of both the sender and the receiver. Synchronization is achieved at the bit level in this manner.

4. Interface 

The transmission interface between devices and the transmission medium is defined by the physical layer in OSI model. PPP, ATM, and Ethernet are the three most commonly used frames on the physical interface. When considering the standards, it is common, but not required, that the physical layer be divided into two:

Physical Medium (PM) layer: The physical layer’s lowest sublayer.

Transmission Convergence (TC) layer: The high sublayer of the physical layer.

5. Line Configuration 

The function of physical layer in OSI models includes connecting devices to the medium or line configuration. Line configuration, also known as a connection, is the method by which two or more devices are connected to a link. A dedicated link connects two devices in a point-to-point configuration. A device can be a computer, a printer, or any device capable to send and receive data.

6. Topologies 

The physical layer in OSI model specifies how different computing devices in a network should be connected to one another. A network topology is a configuration by which computer systems or network devices are linked to one another. Topologies can define both the physical and logical aspects of a network. Mesh, Star, Ring, and Bus topologies are required for device connectivity.

7. Transmission Modes 

The physical layer in OSI model specifies the transmission direction between two devices. Transmission mode refers to the method that is used to transfer data from a device to another device. The physical layer in the OSI model primarily determines the direction of data travel required to reach the receiver system or node. Transmission modes are classified into three types:

Simplex mode

Half-duplex mode

Full-duplex mode

Modes of Transmission Medium: 

Well, now we know ‘what is the physical layer in the OSI model?’. However, what are the common modes of data transmission? 

How data is transferred between two interconnected devices, the direction of transfer and the time when this transfer happens all pertain to the mode or medium of transmission.

Here are the 3 common modes of transmission:

Simplex mode: Here, data is transmitted from one point to another only in one direction. The data flows only from one device in a single direction and the other device simply receives the data that is coming from this direction. Take the example of a computer in which the input devices like the keyboard can only send a signal to the monitor, which receives the data and displays the output.

Half-duplex mode: Here, the two devices involved in the data communication process can send as well as receive data. This happens only one at a time and not both at the same time. What this means is that while there is a bi-directional flow of data, data does not flow from both devices simultaneously. Take the example of a walkie talkie where signals are being sent as well as received by the same device, but both sending and receiving doesn’t happen at the same time.

Full-duplex mode: Here, the communication between two devices happens bi-directionally and both devices can send data or receive data at the same time. Two channels exist for this purpose as both sending and receiving can happen simultaneously. The most common example that you will see of a full-duplex mode is a mobile phone, where you can talk to someone and hear them at the same time.

What are the Layers in the OSI Model? 

An OSI model is made up of seven distinct layers that are typically described from top to bottom. The 7 layers in the OSI model are: application, presentation, session, transport, network, data link, and physical. These layers represent what happens within a networking system visually. Understanding the OSI model can assist in determining the source of networking issues, developing applications, and better understanding which networking products work with which layers. Each layer of the OSI Model is responsible for a specific function and communicates with the layers above and below it. DDoS attacks target specific network layers; application layer attacks target layer 7, and protocol layer attacks target layers 3 and 4.

1. Physical Layer 

In the Open System Interconnection (OSI) Model, the Physical Layer is the lowest layer. The physical layer in OSI model is in charge of transmitting data from one computer to another. It is not concerned with the data of these bits but rather with the establishment of a physical connection to the network. It interacts with actual hardware as well as signaling mechanisms.

2. Data Link Layer

The second layer of the OSI model is the data link layer. It is also known as layer 2. The data link layer controls the delivery of messages from node to node. The main goal of this layer is to ensure error-free data transfer from one node to another across the physical layer. The data link layer conceals the underlying hardware details and represents itself as the communication medium to the upper layer.

3. Network Layer

In the physical layer in OSI model, the network layer is the third layer. It serves two primary purposes. The “network layer” of the Internet communications process is where these connections are made by sending data packets back and forth between different networks. Furthermore, the network layer defines an addressing scheme in order to uniquely identify each device on the internetwork.

4. Transport 

Layer 4 of the OSI Model, known as the transport layer, provides transparent data transfer between end users while also providing reliable data transfer services to the upper layers. The transport layer is in charge of delivering an entire message from a source device application program to a destination device application program.

5. Session 

The Session Layer is the layer of the ISO Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model that governs computer dialogues (connections). It is in charge of establishing, maintaining, synchronizing, and terminating sessions between end-user applications. It makes use of the transport layer’s services, allowing applications to establish and maintain sessions as well as synchronize them.

6. Presentation

The sixth layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model is the Presentation Layer. It ensures that the message is delivered to the upper layer in a consistent format. It is concerned with the syntax and semantics of the messages. The data received from the Application Layer is extracted and manipulated in this layer so that it can be transmitted over the network.

Conclusion 

The physical layer in OSI model of the interconnectivity of devices has helped secure and seamless data transfer over devices and keeps the application services connected. It is all possible because of the seven layers that it consists of. The ground layer, the physical layer, provides all the hardware connections to the network and ensures that the next processes can occur without error. So the function of the physical layer in the OSI model is pretty significant, making it important for security and efficiency reasons.

[fortunatelycoldengineer]

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New Product Launch: Brand New 8-Channel Concurrent Full-Duplex Data Transmission Module with Ultra-Low Latency Wireless Communication

NiceRF has newly launched the SA618F30-FD, an 8-channel full-duplex wireless data communication module capable of handling up to 8 transmitters simultaneously without interference. It is designed for scenarios where multiple transmitters operate simultaneously in complex environments, minimizing the need for retransmissions and greatly reducing the chances of interference or being interfered with. The module combines LoRa modulation with 1W output power and features a low-power design for receiving and sleep modes, making it ideal for long-distance wireless IoT applications.

The SA618F30-FD full-duplex data transmission module integrates a high-speed microcontroller, high-performance RF transceiver chip, and power amplifier. It offers a standard serial port for easy communication with the module, allowing users to quickly set module parameters and control transmission and reception functions. Users simply need to connect the module to a serial port to achieve data transmission. Its ultra-compact size also allows for easy integration into various handheld devices.

Technical Specifications of SA618F30-FD

 Frequency Band 410~490MHz (Customizable 150-960 MHz)

 Up to 8 devices can transmit simultaneousl (no limit on reception)

 Echo cancellation function

8-way dynamic changes

Support OTA &Serial upgrade

3-4KM transmission distance in the open area

 High reception sensitivity: -117 dBm

Highly integrated and compact size

Core Advantages of the SA618F30-FD Full-Duplex Data Transmission Module:

The SA618F30-FD module introduces a new full-duplex feature, allowing simultaneous data transmission and reception, making the communication process more efficient. In traditional half-duplex communication, transmission and reception must alternate, but full-duplex eliminates this limitation, enabling continuous, real-time communication.

Full-Duplex Communication with 8-Channel Concurrent Operation (without Interference): Supports 8-channel concurrent communication where the receiving end is unrestricted, greatly reducing the likelihood of retransmission. Multiple transmitters can operate simultaneously without interference, ensuring seamless connection and smooth operation even when multiple sources are transmitting data at the same time.

Low Latency: The module is optimized for minimal transmission delay. Compared to other half-duplex data transmission modules, the full-duplex module achieves a latency rate of less than 50ms. 

Long-Range, Low-Power Communication: The SA618F30-FD utilizes LoRa modulation technology, combined with 1W output power, enabling transmission distances of 3-4 kilometers in open environments. Its low-power design ensures efficient performance in both receiving and sleep modes.

ESD Protection: Built-in electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection prevents damage caused by static electricity, enhancing the durability and stability of the module.

Customizable AES Encryption: Users can customize AES encryption functionality based on their needs to enhance the security of data transmission.

Dynamic 8-Party Changes: The module allows up to 8 people to communicate simultaneously, with the added flexibility of allowing participants to join or leave the conversation at any time, providing users with great adaptability.

Other Features of the SA618F30-FD Full-Duplex Data Transmission Module:

Efficient Transmission Performance

The SA618F30-FD utilizes advanced LoRa modulation technology, combined with 1W output power, achieving a transmission distance of up to 3-4 kilometers in open environments. The module also boasts a high reception sensitivity of -117 dBm, ensuring stable data reception even under weak signal conditions.

High Integration and Low Power Consumption Design

The module integrates a high-speed microcontroller, high-performance RF transceiver chip, and RF power amplifier, creating a highly integrated design that significantly reduces system size and cost. Additionally, the SA618F30-FD's low power consumption design ensures energy efficiency during long-term operation, extending the device's lifespan.

Flexible Configuration and Upgrades

The SA618F30-FD module offers a standard serial port, allowing users to quickly configure module parameters and control its transmission and reception functions through a simple serial connection. Moreover, the module supports OTA (Over-the-Air) and serial upgrades, enabling users to easily expand functionality and optimize performance without hardware changes.

Multiple Protections, Robust and Durable

The module features built-in ESD electrostatic protection and both software and hardware crash protection mechanisms, enhancing its durability and stability to withstand various harsh environments.

Application Areas of the SA618F30-FD Module:

AGV (Automated Guided Vehicles): In AGV systems, the low-latency full-duplex data transmission capability ensures real-time communication between the AGV and the control center.

Tower Crane Systems: For tower crane operations, the high-power and long-distance communication capabilities ensure the real-time and reliable control of the crane. The full-duplex function allows operators to simultaneously send and receive commands, preventing safety hazards caused by communication delays or interruptions.

Multi-Channel Full-Duplex Data Transmission Applications: In complex scenarios where multiple devices need to communicate simultaneously, the 8-channel concurrent full-duplex functionality is critical, allowing devices to communicate at the same time without interference.

The new product is now available. We welcome users to visit NiceRF official website : www.nicerf.com to learn more about the advantages of the SA618F30-FD module and its innovative technology.

For details, please click：https://www.nicerf.com/products/ Or click：https://nicerf.en.alibaba.com/productlist.html?spm=a2700.shop_index.88.4.1fec2b006JKUsd For consultation, please contact NiceRF (Email: sales@nicerf.com).