#forklift shock sensor
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seensafety · 3 months ago
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SEEN Safety is an award winning company based in New Zealand.
SEEN Safety is a leader in the development of sensor technology to protect pedestrians working in close proximity to heavy mobile equipment. Our flagship product, the IRIS 860 sensor, was first introduced in 2019 and is now used by hundreds of companies in more than 20 countries, including some of the world's top brands.
Background
At SEEN, we were shocked to learn about how many people are killed or seriously injured by forklifts and heavy machines each year. We couldn't understand why this problem still existed, but discovered three main issues:
Passive safety controls such as high-visibility clothing, safe operating procedures, training, back-up beepers, blue lights, are not sufficient because they rely on people to notice, and do the right thing.
Because people make mistakes, an additional active layer of protection is needed for when passive safety controls fail.
Active safety safety controls are not widely used due to their complexity, expense, and lack of effectiveness in real-world conditions.
At SEEN, our goal is to provide health and safety managers with a practical and effective tool to mitigate critical pedestrian safety risk. We understand that there is no one-size-fits-all solution, but by focusing on designing a user-friendly and cost-effective solution, we aim to make a positive safety impact to help workers get home safely, every day.
History
Seen Safety Limited (then called Hunter Safety Lab Limited) was originally founded in 2014 by two industrial designers on a mission to prevent mistaken-for-game hunting accidents.
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manisiera · 2 years ago
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fandom-necromancer · 4 years ago
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024. Part 2
This was prompted by the AO3 user Valid_Opinion! After one and a half year they finally caught the drug dealer XD Enjoy!
Fandom: Detroit become human | Ship: Reed900 [Part1]
‘DPD, stop right there!’
Despite having to gasp for air, Gavin’s voice was booming over the corrugated metal roof of one of Detroit’s many warehouses. They were near the river and the roof had been patched up in many places. Nines knew the structural integrity of the thing wasn’t the best, but he wouldn’t dare voicing his concerns. Not when the drug dealer they had been chasing for months now was standing right in front of them. Gavin had his hand on his gun although his body language told Nines he wasn’t about to shoot the kid.
The boy turned around to them and pulled a grin. Nines guessed he wasn’t older than sixteen, the reason why they hadn’t focussed on him in the first place. Both of them had misjudged the situation and thought of the kid as an errant boy. But apparently, he was a lot cleverer than he seemed. ‘You two again?’ Nines clenched his jaws dangerously hard. He had been to Fowler’s office one too many times to not let that get to him. Sure, Gavin had told him to look at this like an endurance battle, but he had never been the patient one. ‘Put your hands up where I can see them!’, Gavin called over. ‘You are arrested for illegal possession of drugs and distribution of them. My partner will handcuff you now. Don’t you dare move, you got us in enough trouble already.’ The boy held up his hands, still grinning widely. Nines already had his handcuffs out and walked over, but that damned smile caught his attention. He was planning something.
And he should be proven true. The moment Nines had made it half-way over to him, he let his arms fall and jumped off the roof. Both human and android froze for a moment, before running over to the edge. Multiple crates and a forklift made for an easy descent and the boy was running away, laughing. ‘Phck this’, Gavin sighed. ‘By now, I wouldn’t even mind the dream team taking over this case…’ ‘Oh, but I do.’ Nines was already about to follow the kid, but Gavin held him back. ‘Nines, you don’t have to prove anything here, we tried our best and-‘ ‘But I’m supposed to be better! I should be able to do it. Fowler is right, I-‘ ‘Fowler is wrong! Shit like this happens all the time, he just wanted to pressure us!’ Nines gently pried Gavin’s hand away from his arm. ‘Maybe he is wrong then. But I won’t accept that. I have to prove this for myself. Stay here if you want, I’m going.’
It wasn’t really a question of wanting to. Gavin was too exhausted to continue. The boy had chased them through half Detroit and although he was fit, he couldn’t keep up. But as he saw Nines run off, pangs of guilt bothered him. He couldn’t leave his partner alone in this. Damn it, the android had helped him so many times, often to the point of risking his own health… Gavin had to at least try and follow.
Nines hadn’t wasted a thought on Gavin. The detective could fend for himself; he would just have to call a taxi to get him out of there after he had caught his breath again. No, Nines had to focus on his mission and the path the kid had taken. The hunt was on. His sensors picked up minute changes in the dust on the ground, tracing footstep after footstep. There was some faint residue warmth where the drug dealer had held onto the edge of a building to get around corners quicker. Turbulence in the calming air where a body had passed recently. He was made for this, he was designed for this, and he would be damned if he didn’t catch him this time. The humiliation of seeing Connor and Hank – anybody but him and Gavin – bring in the kid would be too much for him.
He rounded a corner and saw the boy run in front of him. He threw a glance back at him and Nines could hear a breathed ‘Oh shit’ wafting over. He grinned, much like the kid had before. It was only a question of time until he’d have him. The boy was now getting to another warehouse and frantically began climbing: He ran up the wall to grab the edge of a crate, pulling himself onto it and rolling onto his feet. From there it was another jump to the roof, and he disappeared from Nines’ view. But he was already airborne, scaling the crate in one jump, following the next step up to the roof effortlessly with superhuman strength.
He relished in the jerk the noise of his feet slamming down on the corrugated metal triggered in the kid and used his moment of panic: He sprinted over to grab his arm, only getting a hold of his jacket the agile human quickly shrugged off to get away from him. Nines followed, furious by the fact that he had come this close yet again. They ran over the roof, feet slamming down on the rusty metal and Nines was quickly gaining ground. Until suddenly the ground caved in and he broke through a patch of the roof. He fell onto wooden planks that failed to catch him and broke under his weight, making him drop another storey.
Nines laid there as damage warnings flooded his vision. Nothing serious, but still, the shock of having just fallen through what had thought to be solid ground had its effects. Over him in the hole in the roof, the head of the boy appeared. Nines zoomed in through the dust, he saw the kid was still searching for him. ‘Nines, you okay?’, someone whispered next to him. Gavin. ‘Yes.’ ‘He doesn’t know that. And he won’t expect me here. Pretend you need help, maybe we can lure him in.’
Nines nodded, barely visible. He simulated a cough once, twice, then groaned and hissed much like a human would do. The kid had followed the noise and located him, so Nines scrunched his face up in faked pain. He heard a distant cursed ‘Shit’ again and had to suppress a cocky grin as his preconstruction detected a 90% chance of success for their plan. ‘Are you still there?’, he called out, modulating his voice a bit so it sounded more like an old radio. ‘Is anyone there? Please! I need help. Hello? I’m losing thirium, please! Help!’ He heard footsteps above him. Away from the hole, then back towards it again. Silence.
‘Hey, you fuckers still gonna arrest me?’, the kid called down after a while. ‘I… have to!’ ‘Hey, you ain’t doing shit like this. I’ll be free if I let you die there, so what’s in it for me if I help you?’ Nines coughed again and groaned some more. ‘Shit. Fine. I promise I won’t arrest you. I’ll say you got away. But I won’t stop chasing you next time.’ ‘Deal, your metal ass can’t get me anyways!’
Again, the footsteps echoed through the warehouse and Nines could make out Gavin’s careful steps next to him. The door opened and let sunlight into the dark warehouse. The boy walked inside, approaching Nines warily. ‘Alright, robocop, how do I help yo-‘ He didn’t even got to finish that sentence as Gavin tackled him to the ground and pulled his arms around his back to handcuff him. ‘Phcking finally!’, Gavin cried out in triumph, while Nines stood up and dusted himself off. ‘You lied to me!’, the kid whined. ‘You asshole betrayed me!’ Nines sighed. ‘I don’t think so. I would have yet to arrest you to have told a lie. My partner on the other hand…’ ‘Fuck you!’ Gavin laughed, helping the handcuffed kid up. ‘Hey, that’s usually my line.’
They waited until the car arrived to take the drug dealer away, then Nines joined Gavin sitting on some crates. ‘Phck, I’ll be sore all over tomorrow from all that shitty parkour.’ ‘You didn’t have to follow me’, Nines muttered. Gavin threw him a look that made the android look away. ‘Alright, I’m thankful you were there.’ ‘That’s what I wanted to hear.’ He smiled and leaned back against the wall. ‘I guess I still didn’t get him, huh?’ Gavin straightened again at the android’s unamused chuckle. ‘Nines, what the hell? We got him, I don’t know what you are-‘ ‘You got him!’, Nines corrected. ‘I didn’t. If I had been alone, I wouldn’t have been able to trick him. I would have lost him again!’ ‘You are not supposed to do this alone’, Gavin softly reminded him, laying a hand on his knee. ‘That’s why there is a partner system, that’s why I am here for. Phck, Nines, I’m your friend. You are not supposed to live your life completely alone. We are a team.’ ‘I know…’ ‘I wouldn’t have been able to catch him. Phck, I had only been able to do so because you kept him busy on that roof. We are in this together.’ Nines nodded, putting his hand on Gavin’s as a quiet thank you.
‘And we finally got this phcker!’
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blogaviator · 4 years ago
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Everything You Wanted To Know About Hyundai Excavator Tracks
With the market for heavy construction equipment getting increasingly competitive, Hyundai excavator monitors have become a highly desirable solution to the requirements of the business. Reliability and durability are all vital features to a wide range of construction jobs and Hyundai have delivered to both of these expectations by providing a selection of excavator tracks that are designed to endure the test of time and heavy use. In addition, they're designed to provide maximum safety to every one the crew while providing the most efficient path for the construction worker when reaching their final destination. Whether loading or unloading a vehicle, navigating the terrain or simply maintaining a safe standing place, a dependable Hyundai excavator monitor is the most effective approach to achieve these jobs safely and quickly.
Hyundai excavator tracks are engineered with two main systems that, when combined, create an efficient system for functioning in any given environment. The primary system, the Single Connect Wire Excavation System ensures that there's a secure and level route for the excavation automobile as it leaves the pit and starts to go to its final destination Undercarriage Dozer Parts online. This system was designed for single-tracked surgeries, but in a few instances Dual Tie Wire Excavation System may be utilized as a more cost effective option which allows the vehicle to move in either direction at any point along the duration of the excavation. In this example, the difference between the railings of the next track is flexible so that the employee can perform the operation with no disturbance to the existing operation. With a range of options in place, the Hyundai excavator monitor will be able to cater to your most demanding requirements.
The next system is the complete Tilt Excavator Track which was specifically designed to withstand the toughest challenges and which can be completely equipped to deal with the largest and heaviest vehicles that are used in such excavation projects. Constructed using the most advanced computer aided design (CAD) technology, this model of Hyundai excavator uses the same hydraulics that power contemporary bulldozers and tractors. With the most advanced technology and the longest running track, this version of Hyundai excavator can operate in synchronous fashion with the forklift and the boom truck. Having a full range of hydraulically operated valves available for different surgeries, this model of Hyundai excavator is a trustworthy name in the construction industry.
The next model, which is popularly employed from the Hyundai excavator organization is the Tialalahta excavator. Considered one of the more difficult excavators, the Tialalahta is constructed on a brand new and innovative system which involves cutting a market in the ground using a sharp black digging blade. As it dig and churn through the earth, the system is then directed by high tech cameras and sensors to be able to find and mark the intended location of the hole. With this gear fitted onto the front of the excavator, it allows the motorist to have better control over the excavating blade Hyundai excavator tracks. Equipped with a management system that allows the operator to adjust the blade height, the Tialalahta is still among the most difficult models to drive due to its unusual steering. Despite this though, it still manages to finish the excavation with speed and precision and will give you and your team plenty of exercise.
Each of the above mentioned models nevertheless are derived from a conventional layout that makes them universal enough to be employed on any variety of soil and construction landscapes. The Hyundai excavator monitors however differ to the normal design in the way that they are manufactured to suit the particular needs of their working conditions experienced by the customer company. As an example the Kim Naturals layout has a broad front loader framework that's supported by front bumper. This is then coupled by means of shock absorbing tyres to be certain all the load that comes off the excavator is transmitted through the frame and into the ground in addition to the bucket.
The Kim Taekwondo design features a very unique rear bumper that's fitted on the rear of this machine. This design means that the excavator is put on uneven and hilly terrain in order to allow the system to dig an angle that's optimal. Using the rear bumper to encourage the back frame of the system, the burden of the back frame is greatly reduced, which permits the rear frame of the excavator to carry a much greater load than its front or top sockets. As you can see, the Kim Taekwondo excavator tracks are tailor made to the particular needs of the building industry by incorporating the specific design features a construction site demands.
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mokosmart · 5 years ago
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Introduction of BLE beacon
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Basically, the GPS transmitters can not be seen in every device. However, they should be placed, and using logs and anti-theft protection should also be available.MOKOSmart uses a combination of BLE beacon and GPS vehicle positioning to solve this problem. There are many areas of application-where there is no permanent power source. The GPS transmitter in the vehicle receives the beacon data and sends it to the MOKOSmart platform. Location, loading, transportation, etc. are recorded. Cheap and simple.
Introduction of BLE beacon?
The beacons are transferred via the Bluetooth Low Energy standard – BLE for short – already mentioned. With this radio technology, several devices can be networked with each other. The advantage of BLE over other radio technologies is that BLE can offer low power consumption and low costs. That is why BLE is mainly used for mobile devices such as smartphones or smartwatches. iOS supports this standard from iOS7, Android from version 4.3 and Windows Phone from Windows Phone 8. However, there is currently a problem with Android devices: Not all Android devices that have at least Android version 4.3 installed can communicate with the beacon. It is possible that the hardware of an Android device is BLE capable, but the function remains unused due to the lack of a ROM update.
Those that can be connected to various machines, tools, and objects are Bluetooth beacon, which is small, rugged radio transmitters (Ø3.5-5.5 cm). Beacons use a variant of the Bluetooth 4.0 standard: low energy Bluetooth beacon (BLE beacon) with a long life up to 15 years. The signal range is approximately 50-100 m regularly sent to the environment along with the identification of each device.
GPS transmitters will receive the signal from the BLE beacon.
In addition, BLE beacon is cheap, waterproof, stain-proof and shock-proof. Even in a harsh environment, it can be an ideal choice.
Classification of BLE beacon with various sensors
Firstly, Bluetooth BLE beacon can transmit different data :
• Battery level • Refrigerator temperature • Air Humidity • Sports • Tilt angle-fragile • Business Hours • Shipment monitoring • Light • Magnetic detection
For iBeacon and Eddystone, they are very common forma, which are supported by MOKOSmart.
What are the possible uses of low energy bluetooth beacon?
Every day there are new uses for the use of the BLE beacon. More and more companies are recognizing the potential of beacon technology and are experimenting with new, innovative ideas and opportunities.
Retail trade
Retailers can use ble beacon and customers’ smartphones to contact them. At the point of sale, offers, services and features can be sent directly to the customer’s smartphone. Routes can also be analyzed in order to optimally position products and offers in the offline world. In this way, customer flows can be targeted through the business. Customers in need of advice can be identified even during ongoing operations so that employees can offer them targeted help. After the visit, you can be asked to rate the visit.
Exhibitions / Conferences
In the area of ​​trade fairs and congresses, beacons enable a simplified exchange between the actors. A simple trade fair experience can be created through uncomplicated navigation and prioritized program items. Information about lectures, alternative routes or the control of the trade fair personnel – the possible uses are unlimited.
Logistics
In the area of ​​logistics, ble beacon can be placed anywhere in the supply chain. In this way, the supply chain can be optimized through intelligent warehousing and signals over 70 meters vs RFID, Real-Time Fleet Management. Every department store, every truck and every forklift can be provided with its own precise beacon. This way, routes can be optimized and goods can be tracked.
Museum / exhibition
Cultural attractions can also combine information, navigation and indoor & outdoor, creating a unique experience. Visitors can use their smartphones to get all the information about the individual exhibits and take the intended route through the exhibition. At the same time, routes can be analyzed and exhibits can then be optimally positioned.
Airport train station
Airports and train stations are often hectic places. Especially when you have to find your way in a foreign city with possibly foreign characters, it is a great advantage to be able to move independently and precisely to your destination. Beacons not only enable targeted navigation but also information about departure/departure times, gate and vehicle can be sent to the customer’s smartphone. To bridge the time, offers in shops can also be transferred based on the individual profile.
Clinic / Hospital
With the help of the beacons, doctors, staff and patients can be guided to their goals quickly and efficiently. This saves time for doctors and staff when it comes to finding rooms and equipment. Visitor guidance systems and an automatic check-in make it easier for employees and patients to stay in hospital.
Concerts / Events
Concerts and events can be made even more tangible through automated check-in, navigation to the seat, seat upgrades, cross-selling and competitions. Interacting with visitors and analyzing visitor behavior enable even more unique moments.
Barrier-free
With beacons, it is possible to help people with disabilities or to make life easier. For example, by navigating via voice output and image instructions in complex or busy places.
Stadium / sports
Shorten waiting times and focus on sporting interests – that’s what beacons do. This allows fans to concentrate on the sport during the game instead of spending their valuable time in line. An automated check-in, navigation to the seat, seat upgrades and cross-selling based on the position and the current occupancy make the event even more extraordinary.
Will BLE beacon be part of our daily life?
Due to the wide range of possible uses, it is to be expected that interest in the technology will continue to grow. In the United States, more and more companies are already using beacons. In this way, entrepreneurs try to counteract falling customer frequencies in stationary retail. Probably, for this reason, smartphone providers seem to have given increasing importance to beacon compatibility with every design update in recent years. Good conditions for customers to receive more and more active Beacon Bluetooth signals in the future.
The advantages of beacon technology are obvious:
No action by the recipient is necessary, e.g. for QR codes. Customer data can be collected automatically. Customer locations can also be precisely determined in closed rooms. Individual offers and services for the recipient can be sent automatically. Through more interaction, a new buying experience is created.
Beacons, Installation, Training
BLE Beacons were used, which were designed and built by net mobile AG. The Bluetooth chip was supplied by Bluegiga. There were few problems with the installation on-site, but it became apparent that structural conditions such as reinforced concrete, safety glazing or even theft protection on the doors can affect the transmission power of the beacons. This must be taken into account again during planning and installation at each POS.
During the on-site installation, Gettings was able to demonstrate the campaigns directly to the employees and answer questions from the staff. Training charts have also been created on request. During the six-month life of the project, Gettings employees were regularly on-site to change the batteries of the beacons (at the time below), to reposition them and to answer further questions from the staff.
References to the campaigns at the POS were expressly omitted in order not to distort the results of the pilot project. Only some selected partners have a flyer attached to the doors with a reference to the Gettings app.
Position, range, battery life
The BLE beacons were installed as invisible as possible under tables or shelves. Depending on the campaign and partner company (POS) distributed in the room and partly positioned in such a way that the entrance area in front of the POS could also be reached. This made it possible to contact users before they entered the POS.
At this point, the radio radius of the BLE beacon is often discussed and manufacturers specify (computational) ranges of up to 300 meters. Even if this is technically possible, you should think very carefully about how far away from your own location it makes sense to approach potential customers. Here, displeasure can arise very quickly on the user side if the address cannot be assigned to its own context and the POS.
In the closed room, there were no problems with the radio range of the Bluetooth beacons. Only beacons that were placed too deep on the ground could cause problems when many people were in the shop at the same time. Here it is recommended to position the beacons further up or right on the ceiling.
In the outdoor area, it had to be taken into account whether the glazing or the reinforced concrete walls restrict the radio strength of the beacons too much. In addition, it could be determined that rain can further affect the range. Basically, the number of beacons and their positioning is always dependent on the building conditions and the campaign design.
Beacon manufacturers often speak of a (calculated) battery life of the beacons of up to two years. In this pilot project, the actual battery life averaged three months. It must be noted that the runtime is of course very much dependent on the frequency of use. If a beacon often has to send its radio signals due to heavy frequency, the battery will be empty correspondingly earlier than with low-traffic beacons.
New generations of beacons will certainly be more efficient here and can greatly reduce this problem.
The most important tips
Both Gettings and net mobile AG asked us for the three most important tips for companies.
Gettings (Anita Holtermann):
Targets should be set on qualitative criteria and not quantitative ones. Too high expectations are difficult to meet with such a young technology. Try to develop different campaigns and concepts. Not every industry and brand works the same way. Expect technical challenges: Each POS is also different, different ranges should be included in the evaluation
net mobile AG (Matthias Riesterer):
Promote Bluetooth more strongly, in s.a. the misrepresentations about the battery consumption on the mobile phone cause problems here. Bluetooth Low Energy consumes very little power because it does not maintain a permanent connection to the peripherals like previous Bluetooth protocols. You can compare it to the GSM/UMTS chip you need to make a phone call. No one turns it off to save battery. The biggest power eater on the mobile phone is still the screen. Focus on a few selected scenarios/campaigns. The customer must be particularly aware when receiving a message via Bluetooth. Campaigns need a certain value and must not be worthless. This also creates additional appeal for the customer to activate Bluetooth. You really have to use every beacon contact, as they are rare and therefore valuable. Any unplayed message (empty campaign) is a lost customer contact that you may not be able to re-establish.
All gold in Beacon technology?
Of course, young technology does not work completely without interference from the beginning. But, as this project has made clear, it is usually not because of the underlying technology if results fall short of expectations. Rather, it is because of the expectations that are placed in such tools. That is why such pilot projects are so important that the learning curves achieved do not create excessive expectations.
On the one hand, the providers of such solutions are not entirely innocent of excessive expectations. But here every customer should have enough experience to look behind the sales and marketing blah and to draw their own conclusions. Those who are nevertheless unsure turn to neutral consultants who are happy to provide their knowledge.
On the other hand, the media also raises too high expectations. Here, the beacons – like pretty much every (mobile) sow driven through its famous village – were almost cheered to the saviors of brick-and-mortar retail. In the end, (almost) everyone knew that it wouldn’t be like that. Nevertheless, in the weeks after the hype of the cat whining (and also the occasional häme) is as big as it should not be. We all know Gartner’s Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies and it’s interesting to see that this wave movement keeps happening.
In the hunt for attention and clicks, the media certainly have their own interests, and it doesn’t really bother them whether someone questions their reports or not. But more thoughtful reporting and a look behind the vendors’ press releases would be helpful for companies to really turn to new technologies and not dismiss them as the next hype.
What happens next?
We have already looked at the campaign side and now the ble beacon technology side in this project. What is missing now is that of the partner companies, i.e. the trade and that of the users. Gettings has assured us that more data will be published here. We will report and then draw a final conclusion.
Why MOKOSmart?
With MOKOSmart you create competitive advantages and new digital experiences in the offline world. As a full-service provider, we support companies with strategic and operational implementation in the area of ​​indoor localization, increases sales through individual messages and optimizes business processes. The MOKOSmart devices can be used universally. The potentials can be expanded to infinity.
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Bearings Market Size Worth $186.1 Billion By 2025 | CAGR: 9.1%
The global bearings market size is expected to reach USD 186.1 billion by 2025, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. It is projected to register a CAGR of 9.1% during the forecast period. Bearings are essential in almost every application that involves motion and they help minimize friction between different mechanical components in several industrial machinery and equipment, resulting in reduced energy consumption. Hence, this machine element finds application in all industries, ranging from automobiles, household appliances, and aerospace to industrial machinery, using machinery or related motor-driven linkages.
The bearings market is estimated to witness a considerable growth in the forthcoming years, ascribed to the aim to achieve energy efficiency. Energy saving and bearings go hand-in-hand. The main objective of this element is saving energy by reducing friction, be it during the rotation of shafts of a transmission or the wheel of a vehicle. Additionally, rising demand for commercial vehicles is expected to catapult the demand from automotive sector across the world.
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Technological advancements including smart bearings, development of advanced materials and lubricants, and integrating sensor units, are anticipated to provide high growth potential to the market. With the objective of enhancing performance, vendors are incorporating sensor units of the product. Sensor units help digital monitoring of rotation speed, axial movement, load carrying capacity acceleration, and deceleration. These units are presently being used in conveyors forklifts, road rollers, and electric motors. Furthermore, the integration of IoT capabilities facilitates manufacturers to monitor bearing operations constantly.
The market is mature with a dynamic demand closely related to the state of engineering industries and capital goods. Companies are offering integrated products that significantly decrease the number of bearings that go into an assembled product and reduce the overall cost of equipment. This in turn is also increasing the shelf-life and reliability of the product. Product manufacturers are increasingly investing in R&D to address the intensifying competition by providing innovative products.
To request a sample copy or view summary of this report, click the link below: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/bearings-market
Further key findings from the study suggest:
The     development of cost-effective wind energy generating product has resulted     in their increased espousal within wind turbine applications that aid in     increasing energy production, reduce lubricant consumption, and enhancing     turbine performance and reliability
Roller     bearings is anticipated to emerge as the largest product segment by 2025     and outpace ball bearings, ascribed to their ability to carry heavy loads     and shock or impact loading
Railway and     aerospace segment is estimated to witness the fastest CAGR of over 8.0%     over the foreseeable years, due to their growing demand in applications     such as shock absorbers, gearboxes, doors, and tilting mechanisms to name     a few
Asia Pacific     is anticipated to witness the fastest CAGR of over 5.0% by 2025 attributed     to the increased demand for fuel-efficient passenger vehicles,     industrialization, and swift infrastructure development
The key     competitors operating in the bearings market include SKF, NSK, Timken,     Schaeffler, NTN, and JTEKT. Various leading companies are investing in     high-level R&D to come up with innovative solutions. These solutions     are focused on being cost-effective as well as on enhancing the overall     quality of the end-product
See More Reports of This Category: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry/automotive-and-transportation
About Grand View Research:
Grand View Research, Inc. is a U.S. based market research and consulting company, registered in the State of California and headquartered in San Francisco. The company provides syndicated research reports, customized research reports, and consulting services. To help clients make informed business decisions, we offer market intelligence studies ensuring relevant and fact-based research across a range of industries, from technology to chemicals, materials and healthcare.
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orange1896 · 3 years ago
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5308264 INTAKE VALVE CUMMINS ISF3.8
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5308264 INTAKE VALVE CUMMINS ISF3.8
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7H0-121-407-C EXPANSION TANK VW SHEETLE 038-121-119-B O RING VW SHEETLE 1C0-945-511-A BRAKE LIGHT SWITCH(MODEL(SPECIFIC) VW SHEETLE 000-915-105-DE BATTERY VW SHEETLE 7H0-615-301-D BRAKE DISC(FRONT) VW SHEETLE 7H0-698-151-B BRAKE PAD SET(FRONT) VW SHEETLE 7H0-615-601-B BRAKE DISC(REAR) VW SHEETLE 7H0-698-451-A BRAKE PAD SET (REAR) VW SHEETLE G-012-ABG-M1 COOLANT ADDITIVE PLUS VW SHEETLE 044-121-113 COOLANT THERMOSTAT VW SHEETLE B-000-750-M3 BRAKE FLUID VW SHEETLE G-004-000-M2 OIL FOR HYDRAULIC & POWER STEERING VW SHEETLE G-052-183-M4 ENGINE OIL VW SHEETLE G-052-183-M2 ENGINE OIL VW SHEETLE G-052-512-A2 TRANSMISSION OIL VW SHEETLE G-052-100-A2 OIL FOR REGRIGERANT COMPRESSOR VW SHEETLE G-000-650 LUBRICATING PASTE VW SHEETLE G-052-147-A2 LITHIUM GREASE VW SHEETLE G-052-164-M1 WINDSCREEN CLEANER CONCENTRATE VW SHEETLE G-052-167-M4 MOTOR OIL VW PASSAT 06J-115-403-C OIL FILTER VW PASSAT 1K0-129-620-D AIR FILTER VW PASSAT 2996569 FUEL FILTER CARTR IVECO 5801327559 BELT TENSIONER IVECO 504255185 INJECTOR IVECO 5802294482 CLUTCH BOOSTER IVECO 503647471 AIR FILTER IVECO 99459101 WINDSCREEN IVECO 8143853 FILLER SECTION IVECO 5801565776 HEADLIGHT IVECO 5801565777 HEADLIGHT IVECO 5801272506 FRONT GRILL IVECO 5801272507 SHOCK FRONT GRILL IVECO 5801278393 INDICATOR LH IVECO 5801271914 FRONT HUB SEAL IVECO 5801276070 REAR HUB SEAL IVECO 1902137 HYDEROSTEER FILTER IVECO 2995711 FUEL FILTER CARTR IVECO 16508460 WASHER IVECO 41272413 FILTER IVECO 500054588 FUEL FILTER CARTR IVECO 500191788 FUEL FILTER ELEMENT IVECO 500311355 FILTER ELEM BLOW BY IVECO 504006261 BELT TENSIONER IVECO 504046191 BELT TENSIONER IVECO 504049426 V-BELT IVECO 504104318 PULLY IVECO 504129824 CONDIT COMPR BELT IVECO 504272431 FUEL PRE-FL CARTR IVECO 504325903 O RING IVECO 5801312864 FUEL PRE-FIL CARTR IVECO 5801363049 HYDROSTEER FILTER IVECO 5801592277 OIL FILTER ELEMENT IVECO 5801649910 OIL FILTER IVECO 2992261 CARTRIGE AIR DRY IVECO 500190703 AIR FILTER IVECO 500190995 FILTER IVECO 5801414922 AIR DRYER IVECO Oil Filter FORK LIFTER EA008-1900 OIL FILTER CHANGAN 1300CC CM5013-0201 FILTER ASSY FUEL CHANGAN 1300CC EA003-1700 GASKET CYLINDER HEAD CHANGAN 1300CC EA005-0217 TAPPET VAVAL 342 CHANGAN 1300CC EA008-2400 OIL SEAL, CRANKSHAFT, FR CHANGAN 1300CC EA009-0500 FUEL RAIL, WITH INJECTOR CHANGAN 1300CC EA010-1200 THERMOSTAT ASSY CHANGAN 1300CC EA011-0500 BELT GENERATOR CHANGAN 1300CC EA011-0800 BELT COMPRESSOR CHANGAN 1300CC EA012-0200 IGNITION COIL CHANGAN 1300CC EA012-0400 SPARK PLUG CHANGAN 1300CC EA012-2200 SENSOR ASSY, CRANKSHAFT POSITION CHANGAN 1300CC EA013-1600 SENSOR ASSY, CAMSHAFT LOCATION CHANGAN 1300CC EA10003-0600 OIL SEAL,CRANKSHAFT RR CHANGAN 1300CC H15008-0200 SENSOR, INTAKE AIR TEMPERATURE CHANGAN 1300CC K010-0401 SENSOR,OXYGEN BACKWARD CHANGAN 1300CC M201098-0102 WATER OUTLET TUBE,RADIATOR CHANGAN 1300CC M201098-0104 WATER INLET TUBE,RADIATOR CHANGAN 1300CC PA010-2001 SENSOR, KNOCKING CHANGAN 1300CC Y019-090-1 RELEASE BEARING CHANGAN 1300CC YC010-170 SENSOR, THROTTLE CHANGAN 1300CC YC010-180 SENSOR, WATER TEMPERATURE CHANGAN 1300CC 30HB-121000 Cover Assy Clutch (Forklift Parts) FORK LIFTER B201029-2000 FUSE ATN10-10A CHANGAN 1300CC B201029-2001 FUSE ATN10-15A CHANGAN 1300CC B201029-2002 FUSE ATN10-20A CHANGAN 1300CC M201017-0300 AIR FILTER CHANGAN 1300CC M201024-0100 SHAFT ASSY, PROPELLER CHANGAN 1300CC GB817-86 NUT (M12x1.25) (ForkliftParts) FORK LIFTER M201059-0603 HANDLE ASSY, RR DR WINDOW RGLTR CHANGAN 1300CC M201076-0200 GRILL, FR BUMPER, LOWER CHANGAN 1300CC M201079-0100 MIRROR ASSY, INSIDE RR VIEW CHANGAN 1300CC 30HB-120003 STUD CLUTCH RELEASE FORK (FORKLIFT PARTS) FORK LIFTER F202031-0400 HUB WITH BEARING, FR WHEEL CHANGAN 1300CC F202043-0600 CUSHION, STABILIZER LINK CHANGAN 1300CC F202046-0101 BUSHING, FR STABILIZER BAR CHANGAN 1300CC M201036-0500 DISC, FR BRAKE CHANGAN 1300CC 30HB-120004 SNAP RING (FORKLIFT PARTS) FORK LIFTER F202045-0800 BUSH, RR SUSPENSION CHANGAN 1300CC M201027-0109 OIL SEAL, RR AXLE CHANGAN 1300CC M201037-1600 SHOES ASSY, RR BRAKE, LH CHANGAN 1300CC M201037-1700 SHOES ASSY, RR BRAKE, RH CHANGAN 1300CC P028-0700 OIL SEAL, DRIVE BEVEL GEAR CHANGAN 1300CC R101027-1100 BEARING, RR AXLE CHANGAN 1300CC 30HB-120005 CLUTCH RELEASE FORK (FORKLIFT PARTS) FORK LIFTER EA015-0100 CLUTCH COVER ASSY CHANGAN 1300CC EA015-0300 DISC ASSY, CLUTCH CHANGAN 1300CC R101101-0200 SENSOR, SPEED CHANGAN 1300CC YJ023-0505 OIL SEAL, TRANSMISSION RR CHANGAN 1300CC CLUTCH RELEASE COLLAR(FORKLIFT PARTS) FORK LIFTER 9688211 RELEASE BEARING CLUTCH(FORKLIFT PARTS) FORK LIFTER D213 CLUTCH COVER ASSY CHANGAN 1000CC D7-1 GASKET, CYLINDER HEAD CHANGAN 1000CC G197 THERMOSTAT ASSY CHANGAN 1000CC G65 OIL SEAL, CRANKSHAFT FR CHANGAN 1000CC G71 OIL SEAL, CRANKSHAFT, RR CHANGAN 1000CC PA030-0201 SENSOR ASSY, CAMSHAFT LOCATION CHANGAN 1000CC PA030-0300 SENSOR, CRANKSHAFT LOCATION CHANGAN 1000CC PA030-0401 SENSOR,INLETAIRTEMP CHANGAN 1000CC Y003-110 OIL FILTER ASSY CHANGAN 1000CC Y011-020 FILTER, AIR CHANGAN 1000CC YA019-060 RELEASE BEARING CHANGAN 1000CC YA104-060 V BELT, A/C CHANGAN 1000CC YC002-130 SPARK PLUG CHANGAN 1000CC YC009-340 SENSOR, WATER TEMPRATURE CHANGAN 1000CC YC010-093 FUEL RAIL WITH INJECTOR CHANGAN 1000CC YC010-161 SENSOR, OXYGEN, FR CHANGAN 1000CC YC010-162 SENSOR, OXYGEN BACKWARD CHANGAN 1000CC YC010-172 SENSOR, THROTTLE CHANGAN 1000CC YC010-200 SENSOR, KNOCKING CHANGAN 1000CC YC013-020 FILTER ASSY, FUEL CHANGAN 1000CC YC017-0801 DISC, CLUTCH CHANGAN 1000CC YL015-080 WATER PUMP BELT CHANGAN 1000CC CB10015-0600 COVER ASSY, CLUTCH CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC CB10015-0800 DISC ASSY, CLUTCH CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC CB10010-0400 COIL, IGNITION CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC CB10010-0000 CORD ASSY, HIGH TENSION CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC CB10001-0700 SPARK PLUG CHANGAN PICKUP 1200CC OIL SEAL, CRANKSHAFT FR BX210-123 SHAFT ASSY, PROPELLER CHANGAN 1000CC CM5014-0200 ECU CHANGAN 1000CC CM5058-1400 GRILLE, FR HOOD CHANGAN 1000CC CM5074-0300 GRILLE, FR BUMPER CHANGAN 1000CC Y032-110 LAMP, SIDE TURN SIGNAL CHANGAN 1000CC Y095-040 INTERIOR MIRROR ASSY CHANGAN 1000CC YA088-060 HANDLE ASSY, FR DR WINDOW RGLTR CHANGAN 1000CC YC026-283 COIL ASSY, IGNITION CHANGAN 1000CC YC026-360 CORD ASSY, HIGH TENSION CHANGAN 1000CC M201057-2503 HANDLE ASSY, FR DOOR OUTER, RH CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC M201057-2403 HANDLE ASSY, FR DOOR OUTER, LH CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC M201057-1401 HANDLE ASSY, FR DR INNER, RH CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC M201057-0401 HANDLE ASSY, FR DR INNER, LH CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC Y044-030 BUSHING, FR STABILIZER BAR MOUNTING CHANGAN 1000CC Y045-010 HUB ASSY, FR WHEEL WTIHOUT ABS CHANGAN 1000CC Y060-050 PAD , FR BRAKE CHANGAN 1000CC Y060-150 DISC, FR BRAKE CHANGAN 1000CC M201049-6301 STABILIZER LINK CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC MD201044-0011 ABSORBER & STRUT ASSY, FR SUSPENSION, RH CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC MD201044-0001 ABSORBER & STRUT ASSY, FR SUSPENSION, LH CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC MD201036-0008 PAD ASSY,FR BRAKE CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC F202043-0401 ARM ASSY, FR SUSPENSION, RH CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC F202043-0400 ARM ASSY, FR SUSPENSION, LH CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC BJT00-223 RR BUSH, RR SPRING CHANGAN 1000CC P048-0500 BEARING, RR WHEEL CHANGAN 1000CC Y025-070 OIL SEAL, DRIVE BEVEL GEAR CHANGAN 1000CC Y047-150 OIL SEAL, RR AXLE CHANGAN 1000CC Y061-040 SHOE COMP, BRAKE CHANGAN 1000CC MD201045-0019 ABSORBER ASSY, RR SHOCK CHANGAN 1000CC MD201037-0011 SHOE ASSY?RR BRAKE, RH CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC MD201037-0010 SHOE ASSY?RR BRAKE, LH CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC MD201027-0015 BEARING, RR AXLE CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC MD201024-0002 SHAFT ASSY, PROPELLER CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC CM5102-0401 SENSOR, SPEED CHANGAN 1000CC YA021-190 OIL SEAL, TRANSMISSION RR CHANGAN 1000CC Y021-270 OIL SEAL, TRANSMISSION RR CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC Y044-090 WASHER CHANGAN PICKUP 1000CC 5W30 ENGINE OIL CHANGAN VAN 1200CC CB10010-0501 BELT, COMPRESSOR CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201059-1303 HANDLE ASSY, MID DOOR OUTER, RH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201059-1203 HANDLE ASSY, MID DOOR OUTER, LH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201099-0500 WASHER ASSY, FR WINDSHIELD CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201096-0800-AA Lamp Assy RR Combination LH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201096-0900-AA Lamp Assy RR Combination RH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201096-1000AA Lamp Assy RR Decorative LH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201096-1100AA Lamp Assy RR Decorative RH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201096-1200-AB Lamp Assy RR Fog LH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201096-1300-AB Lamp Assy RR Fog RH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201057-3600 Glass Fr.Door Window LH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201057-3700 Glass Fr.Door Window RH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201059-0600 Glass Assy, RR Door LH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201059-0700 Glass Assy, RR Door RH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201060-1402 Glass FR, Windshield CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201070-0100 Glass Ass, Back Door CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201059-0800 Glass Side Window LH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201059-0801 Glass Side Window RH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201024-0101 SHAFT ASSY, PROPELLER CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201044-0101 ABSORBER & STRUT ASSY, FR SUSPENSION, RH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201036-0800 PAD AASY, FR BRAKE CHANGAN VAN 1200CC M201045-1600 ABSORBER ASSY, RR SHOCK CHANGAN VAN 1000CC M201044-0100 ABSORBER & STRUT ASSY, FR SUSPENSION, LH CHANGAN VAN 1000CC CMX10028-2800 OIL SEAL, RR AXLE, INTERIOR CHANGAN PICKUP 1200CC SHAFT ASSY, PROPELLER CM10076-1400 HANDLE ASSY, FR DR OUTER, RH CHANGAN OLD PICKUP 1000CC CM10076-1300 HANDLE ASSY, FR DR OUTER, LH CHANGAN OLD PICKUP 1000CC BZ109-118 ARM ASSY, FR SUSPENSION, LH CHANGAN OLD PICKUP 1000CC PAD , FR BRAKE BX042-060 ABSORBER & STRUT ASSY, FR SUSPENSION, LH CHANGAN OLD PICKUP 1000CC BX042-061 ABSORBER & STRUT ASSY, FR SUSPENSION, RH CHANGAN OLD PICKUP 1000CC BX046-011 ABSORBER ASSY, RR SHOCK CHANGAN OLD PICKUP 1000CC RR BUSH, RR SPRING R103093-0200 FUEL FILTER ASSY CHNAGAN SUV70T C201014-0102 ELEMENT, AIR FILTER CHNAGAN SUV70T H15002-1500 SPARK PLUG CHNAGAN SUV70T H15005-1100 OIL SEAL, CRANKSHAFT, RR CHNAGAN SUV70T H15T012-2600 BELT, WATER PUMP CHNAGAN SUV70T H15T015-0200 COIL ASSY, IGNITION CHNAGAN SUV70T B211084-2400 INNER HANDLE, DOOR, RH CHNAGAN SUV70T B211083-0300 INNER HANDLE, DOOR, LH CHNAGAN SUV70T F102070-1500 HANDLE, BACK DOOR, OUTER CHNAGAN SUV70T R103028-0107 STRUT ASSY,FRONT SUSPENSION,L CHNAGAN SUV70T R103028-0207 STRUT ASSY,FRONT SUSPENSION,R CHNAGAN SUV70T R103029-0105 SHOE WITH ARM, BRAKE, LH CHNAGAN SUV70T R103029-0203 SHOE WITH ARM, BRAKE, RH CHNAGAN SUV70T R103035-0106 PAD ASSY, FR BRAKE,LH CHNAGAN SUV70T R103035-0107 PAD ASSY, FR BRAKE,RH CHNAGAN SUV70T R103042-1400 ARM ASSY, FR SUSPENSION, RH CHNAGAN SUV70T R103042-1300 ARM ASSY, FR SUSPENSION, LH CHNAGAN SUV70T R103042-1100 BUSHING, FR STABILIZER BAR MOUNTING CHNAGAN SUV70T R103042-0900 CUSHION, STABILIZER LINK CHNAGAN SUV70T R103042-0700 LEVER ASSY, CONNECTION CHNAGAN SUV70T R103041-0101 SHAFT ASSY, PROPELLER CHNAGAN SUV70T R103040-3200 BEARING, RR AXLE CHNAGAN SUV70T R103044-0701 ABSORBER ASSY,REAR SHOCK CHNAGAN SUV70T R103040-3300 BEARING, RR AXLE SHAFT CHNAGAN SUV70T 9405-00577 MULTI-WEDGE BELT YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1105-00079 DIESEL FILTER ELEMENT YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1012-00096 OIL FILTER ZK6858H9 1105-00159 FILTER ELEMENT 1105-00436 (WATER SEPRATER FILTER) YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1105-00436 FILTER ELEMENT 1105-00436 (WATER SEPRATER FILTER) YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 9405-00930 DUPLEX B-TYPE BELT YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 9405-00144 V-BELT B-TOOTHED 1125 YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1601-00447 CLUTCH DRIVEN DISC YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 9405-00058 A-TYPE TOOTHED V-BELT YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 9405-00896 DUPLEX B-TYPE BELT YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 5302-04407 MIDDLE MASK FRONT WALL YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS MMC-920 SPARE PARTS CATELOGUE YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3407-00317 Steering Oil Pump YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS L5200-1002460 V-BELT IDLE GEAR PULLY YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1108-00359 Throttle Return Spring YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1108-00935 Throttle Cable YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1308-00189 FAN ASSY YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1308-00189 FAN ASSY YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1601-00442 Clutch Pressure Disk YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1604-00213 Clutch Servo YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1025-00344 Multi-wedge Idler YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3701-00824 Adjusting Bolt YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1306-00362 Thermostat Assembly YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1105-00268 Diesel Fuel Filter Component YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3708-00164 Starter YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3701-00847 Generator YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3702-00442 Generator Regulator YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1306-00397 Thermostat YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1307-00369 Water Pump YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 9302-39628 O-Ring YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1307-00481 O-Ring;Water Pump YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3808-00015 Water Level Sensor YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1106-00148 Hand Fuel Pump YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1101-02192 Primary Fuel Filter YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS MMC-970 WARRANTY BOOKS YUTONG ZK6122HL BUS Radiator Assy.(with Cowl) 3702-00341 Generator Regulator YUTONG ZK6122HL BUS 3616-00071 Rotation Speed Sensor YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 9405-00577-L MULTI-WEDGE BELT (8PK-1665) YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 8211-00283 FIRE EXTINGUISHER YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3509-00762 Air compressor YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3103-00035 FRONT WHEEL OIL SEAL YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3103-00001 FRONT WHEEL OIL SEAL YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3103-00037 FRONT HUB BEARING INNER YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3103-00036 FRONT HUB BEARING OUTER YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3554-00082 FRONT BRAKE LINING YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3502-00867 RIVET FR LINING YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3001-00108 King Pin Copper Sleeve YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3001-00109 King Pin Copper Sleeve YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3001-01216 Steering Knuckle King Pin YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3103-00103 Front Oil Seal Race YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3114-00060 Wheel Bolt Nut YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3519-00739 Front Brake Chamber Assy L/H YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3519-00740 Front Brake Chamber Assy R/H YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3104-00454 REAR HUB SEAL INNER YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3104-00455 REAR HUB SEAL OUTER YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3552-00300 BRAKE LINING REAR YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3552-00754 RIVET REAR LINING YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3104-00451 WHEEL BEARING OUTER RR YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3104-00452 WHEEL BEARING INNER RR YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 2214-00010 Drive Shaft Spider YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 2401-00703 Oil Seal Race YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 2931-00113 Air Spring Seat YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 2931-00116 Air Spring Subassy. YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 2931-00133 Air Spring Seat YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 2931-00134 Air Spring Subassy YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 2931-00154 Stopper YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 2931-00412 Air Spring 2931-00755 YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 2931-00446 Air Spring YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3104-00558 "Bolt,Wheel;M22*1.5*107;10.9" YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3519-00665 Rear Left Brake Chamber YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3519-00666 Rear Right Brake Chamber YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3552-00753 Friction Brake Lining Rear YUTONG ZK6122HL BUS 9401-02677 Spiralock Wheel Nut; M22*1.5-10 YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1701-01966 INPUT SHAFT OIL SEAL YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1763-00057 OUTPUT SHAFT OIL SEAL 1763-01785 YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1703-01475 Selector Cable Assy YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1703-01476 Shift Cable Assy YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1714-00449 Release Bearing YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1608-00082 Clutch Master Cylinder YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 1701-00666 Reverse Gear Needle Bearing YUTONG ZK6122HL BUS Rear Cover, Transmission 4116-00090 FOG LAMP L/H YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 4116-00091 FOG LAMP R/H YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 4121-00190 HEAD LAMP L/H YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 4121-00191 HEAD LAMP R/H YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 4116-00079 TURN SIGNAL LAMP RR YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 4116-00080 REAR BRAKE & POSITION LAMP YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 4116-00081 REAR REVERSING LAMP YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3715-00159 REAR FOG LAMP YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 3715-00034 LICENSE PLATE LAMP YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS 4134-00049 HIGH POSITION BRAKE LAMP YUTONG ZK6122H9 BUS Read the full article
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gomarketresearchstuff · 4 years ago
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Horizontal Impact Test System (HITS) Market Size, Share, Growth, Trends, and Forecast 2017 - 2027
Horizontal Impact Test System: Market Overview
It is necessary for a company to test and measure the impact of force on various locations. Horizontal impact test systems tests the container's ability to prevent the product from failing because of horizontal impacts. These horizontal impact test systems are used to create shock effects horizontally in rail switching, truck docking, and various other horizontal impacts. The measures are based on regulated levels of shock input and can be used to arrive at the best design of systems. Horizontal impact testing can vary depending on the product being tested or the conditions that are being stimulated. The most vital horizontal impact criteria is the ability to withstand impact velocity and acceleration levels. It is important to know the weight and size of test items in to accurately configuring the appropriate testing equipment. The size of the largest test item helps in determining the carriage surface area. The maximum payload helps the horizontal impact test system determine the frame, and seismic mass required for the desired application.
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Horizontal Impact Test System: Market Drivers
Horizontal Impact Test System methods provide to measure packaged product's capacity to withstand many levels of shipping dangers. These measures are used to predict and decide a way of handling and shipping that does not damage the product. Horizontal Impact Test System provides improved efficiency in distribution making rail transportation make tremendous cost reductions. Horizontal Impact Test Systems are challenged to reduce costs usually consider making use of rail transportation for a wide variety of products such as pastes and bulk liquids in pallet boxes, appliances, furniture, bedding, bulk produce, unitized soft drink products, automobile assembly components, and others. These are products that are not usually considered “sensitive” to transportation damage yet have shown different responses in the railway car environment. Horizontal Impact Test System helps bridge this gap and helps design a packaging product best suited to the product. Horizontal Impact Test Systems can handle large amounts of velocities. The systems also possess high versatility and can be tested for other impacts like truck docking and forklift handling. Horizontal Impact System helps create certain methods are intended to simulate the rail car coupling environment, whereas other procedures are used for simulating the standard draft gear portion in that environment
 Horizontal Impact Test Systems can be segmented by type:
Rail Car Switching Impact
Marshalling Impact
Horizontal Impact Test System can be segmented by industry:
Shipping
Automobiles
Rail car switching impact method creates different shock pulses occurring in rail switching, using rigid bulkheads on the main edge of a test carriage, in order simulate the end wall of the shock programming devices to create representative shocks. Using back loading, the test method is used in simulating forces that tend to compress experienced by loads while rail car switching. Horizontal Impact Test Systems can be utilized to test systems or individual containers when shipped in rail cars. Horizontal Impact Test Systems can be utilized to determine the usefulness of pallets to link effects of interacting between containers while rail switching operations. Horizontal Impact Test Systems help prevent transportation costs by laboratory testing.
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Horizontal Impact Test System: Regional Outlook
On the basis of geography, horizontal impact test system market is segmented into Europe, Latin America North America, Asia Pacific (APAC) and Middle East and Africa (MEA).The shipping industry plays a vital role in the trade and commerce of any country, it is vital to test the ability of the system take shock which can boost the horizontal impact test systems market. The APEJ horizontal impact test system is expected to grow at significant CAGR during the forecast period, owing to the ability to test accurately and minimize risks.
Workplace Transformation Market Players
Some of the market players in the Horizontal Impact Test Market are WestPak, Lansmont Impact Systems, and Halt &Hass etc.
The report offers a comprehensive evaluation of the market. It does so via in-depth qualitative insights, historical data, and verifiable projections about market size. The projections featured in the report have been derived using proven research methodologies and assumptions. By doing so, the research report serves as a repository of analysis and information for every facet of the market, including but not limited to: Regional markets, technology, types, and applications.
The study is a source of reliable data on:
Market segments and sub-segments
Market trends and dynamics
Supply and demand
Market size
Current trends/opportunities/challenges
Competitive landscape
Technological breakthroughs
Value chain and stakeholder analysis
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Profitable Bearings Market Expansion Opportunities In Upcoming Years
San Francisco, 27 Aug 2019 - The global bearings market size is expected to reach USD 186.1 billion by 2025, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. It is projected to register a CAGR of 9.1% during the forecast period. Bearings are essential in almost every application that involves motion and they help minimize friction between different mechanical components in several industrial machinery and equipment, resulting in reduced energy consumption. Hence, this machine element finds application in all industries, ranging from automobiles, household appliances, and aerospace to industrial machinery, using machinery or related motor-driven linkages.
The bearings market is estimated to witness a considerable growth in the forthcoming years, ascribed to the aim to achieve energy efficiency. Energy saving and bearings go hand-in-hand. The main objective of this element is saving energy by reducing friction, be it during the rotation of shafts of a transmission or the wheel of a vehicle. Additionally, rising demand for commercial vehicles is expected to catapult the demand from automotive sector across the world.
Technological advancements including smart bearings, development of advanced materials and lubricants, and integrating sensor units, are anticipated to provide high growth potential to the market. With the objective of enhancing performance, vendors are incorporating sensor units of the product. Sensor units help digital monitoring of rotation speed, axial movement, load carrying capacity acceleration, and deceleration. These units are presently being used in conveyors forklifts, road rollers, and electric motors. Furthermore, the integration of IoT capabilities facilitates manufacturers to monitor bearing operations constantly.
The market is mature with a dynamic demand closely related to the state of engineering industries and capital goods. Companies are offering integrated products that significantly decrease the number of bearings that go into an assembled product and reduce the overall cost of equipment. This in turn is also increasing the shelf-life and reliability of the product. Product manufacturers are increasingly investing in R&D to address the intensifying competition by providing innovative products.
Find Out In-depth Insight Report: https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/bearings-market
Further key findings from the study suggest:
The development of cost-effective wind energy generating product has resulted in their increased espousal within wind turbine applications that aid in increasing energy production, reduce lubricant consumption, and enhancing turbine performance and reliability
Roller bearings is anticipated to emerge as the largest product segment by 2025 and outpace ball bearings, ascribed to their ability to carry heavy loads and shock or impact loading
Railway and aerospace segment is estimated to witness the fastest CAGR of over 8.0% over the foreseeable years, due to their growing demand in applications such as shock absorbers, gearboxes, doors, and tilting mechanisms to name a few
Asia Pacific is anticipated to witness the fastest CAGR of over 5.0% by 2025 attributed to the increased demand for fuel-efficient passenger vehicles, industrialization, and swift infrastructure development
The key competitors operating in the bearings market include SKF, NSK, Timken, Schaeffler, NTN, and JTEKT. Various leading companies are investing in high-level R&D to come up with innovative solutions. These solutions are focused on being cost-effective as well as on enhancing the overall quality of the end-product
About Grand View Research
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expomahal-blog · 6 years ago
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Higa 2019 at Switzerland(Chur) 2019-March
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technato · 7 years ago
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GhostRider: The Self-Driving Motorbike That Launched Anthony Levandowski
IEEE Spectrum unearths a 14-year-old press kit revealing the notorious engineer’s early ambitions
Photo: Kim Kulish/Corbis via Getty Images
Just because Waymo settled its high profile lidar trade secrets case against Uber earlier this month, it doesn’t mean Anthony Levandowski is out of the spotlight. The U.S. Justice Department could still file criminal charges against the ex-Waymo engineer for the alleged theft of technical documents from his former employer. And then there’s the question of what Levandowski is planning to do next: Will he use his vast experience with autonomous vehicles to launch another startup—and make a comeback?
During a deposition last April, Levandowski did not want his experience and plans scrutinized. When Waymo lawyers asked him hundreds of questions, mostly about his activities at Waymo and Uber, Levandowski took the Fifth, to avoid answering questions that might incriminate him. There was, however, one project he was eager to talk about: GhostRider.
“What was your entry into the [2004] DARPA Challenge?” asked one lawyer, referring to the Pentagon’s famous $1 million self-driving vehicle competition that kickstarted the entire industry. “The entry was called GhostRider, and it was a two-wheeled motorcycle,” replied Levandowski. “It was the first of its kind… [and] frankly, a pretty crazy idea.”
Building GhostRider cast Levandowski as a robotics wunderkind, secured his place at a follow-up DARPA Grand Challenge, and ultimately enabled him to build Google’s first self-driving car—a step that would later make him a multimillionaire. In 2007, Levandowski immortalized his role as an autonomous vehicle pioneer by donating GhostRider to the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.
Levandowski, who has been profiled numerous times, has discussed the project before. And yet GhostRider’s full story has never been told. In particular, it seems the riderless motorbike that launched Levandowski’s career was lucky to race in the first DARPA Grand Challenge at all.
IEEE Spectrum has pieced together GhostRider’s history from new and contemporary interviews with Levandowski, as well as records that include a 14-year-old press kit—a glossy white folder with the words “GHOSTRIDER ROBOT” on the cover—recently discovered in a box of old files by a Spectrum editor.
A press kit prepared by the Blue Team for the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge included a slide deck on the project’s history, technology, and future plans.
Levandowski first heard about DARPA’s Grand Challenge while a graduate engineering student at the University of California at Berkeley in 2002. He decided immediately he wanted to enter the race.
While brainstorming in a hot tub, Levandowski and his friend Randy Miller came up with a bunch of ideas, including riderless motorbikes and a robotic forklift. “But the idea for a motorbike got cemented when we were driving back from a Grand Challenge conference and a bunch of motorcycles went around us on the freeway,” Levandowski said in an interview last week.
The motorbike, originally a Honda XR, was light enough to be loaded into a pickup, and for Levandowski to physically pick it up when it inevitably fell over. The bike was also one of the cheapest vehicles to star in any of DARPA’s Grand Challenges, with Levandowski estimating the multi-year project at around $100,000. The money came from his own pocket and also from corporate sponsors and individual donors.
“People gave money through PayPal, ten bucks here, a hundred bucks here,” he said, adding, “It was a bit like an early Kickstarter.”
Photo: Kim Kulish/Corbis via Getty Images
Anthony Levandowski transformed his tiny garage into a robotics lab while working on GhostRider.
Levandowski began building the self-driving motorbike in his own garage near Berkeley, gathering together half a dozen fellow engineering students to help. The volunteers were paid in burritos and some of them even eventually moved in. The group would be called the Blue Team, a reference to the friendly team in military exercises. They named their robot bike Dexterit.
One of the members of Blue Team, Bryon Majusiak, who now builds agricultural robots, remembers getting a call from Levandowski at 11 one night to help unload the motorbike. “He was so impressed that I actually showed up and I started with him all the time,” Majusiak remembers.
The first task for the Blue Team was installing servos to control gas, clutch, and brake. A dc motor and worm gear reducer operated the handlebars. A lead-acid battery powered the electronics. Levandowski went through a couple of Honda bikes before settling on a Yamaha 125 for the first Grand Challenge. (The final GhostRider bike would be a child’s Yamaha 90 dirt bike, chosen for its automatic clutch that Levandowski called a “lifesaver.”)
Once the mechanical controls were installed, the Blue Team faced its hardest challenge. “To get a car to move down the street, you can kind of apply a little bit of accelerator and not steer, and the vehicle will do that,” Levandowski said in his deposition. “To get a motorcycle to move forward, you have to build a lot of technology beforehand to make it able to just drive in a straight line.” He added, “It turned out that the complexities and challenges of adding the balancing before you could start testing all of the other navigation and optical [systems] were hard.”
At one point in early 2003, after struggling to make progress, Levandowski remembers telling his team that if they could not get Dexterit to travel a mile [1.6 kilometers] before the next Sunday, he was going to abandon the project.
But then they had a breakthrough, an elegant solution to the twin problems of balancing and turning. Instead of shifting weight on the bike to balance it like a human rider, the Blue Team realized that steering the Yamaha slightly in the direction it was tipping would create a force to balance gravity.
“Counter-steering creates centripetal acceleration, which causes a torque in the other direction,” Levandowski told me. “You then balance that back and forth to keep going straight.”
Turning was accomplished by allowing the motorcycle to lean into a curve while keeping the handlebars straight. In a video from 2003 or 2004, an early version of the bike can be seen balancing itself while stationary in a driveway. In a later video, a more advanced version drives in circles on a lawn.
Video: Blue Team/GhostRider
Blue Team tests GhostRider in preparation for the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge.
While the concept sounds simple, it took months of work for the Blue Team to achieve a smooth, human-like ride. Levandowski said they flipped the motorcycle hundreds of times.
A technical document for the 2004 competition reveals that the motorbike’s primary sensors were optical, with a range of about 40 meters. A pair of forward-facing monochrome webcams scanned for moving obstacles, while a single color camera was used to detect the road itself. An on-board computer using an AMD Athlon 64-bit CPU and 512 MB of RAM was able to process only about one frame every 4 seconds.
The cameras were mounted on a gimbaled gyro-stabilized mount above the front wheel, and another gyro and an inertial measurement unit provided orientation and acceleration data. Optical encoders tracked steering angle and speed, and a GPS unit fixed its location.
The plans was to take a dataset of waypoints—to be provided by DARPA shortly before the race—and process it with a custom application to “increase the density of waypoints to provide a tighter route for the vehicle to follow.” The bike would rely on that data to guide itself through the desert, while at the same time using its cameras to detect rocks, pits, and other vehicles.
“It was basically a bunch of people putting stuff together and seeing what worked,” said Levandowski. He had hoped to get a 77 GHz mechanically scanning radar on board but could never get it powered up. “I got shocked like 10 times in one day trying to work out where the short was in the device,” he remembers. “We never got it to work—and we never tried lasers.”
Many components were supplied as in-kind sponsorship from manufacturers and retailers. Hobby Engineering, an internet seller of robotics kits, got involved when Levandowski called its founder, Al Margolis, at 3 am one morning. “[Levandowski] was dumbfounded to have the call answered,” Margolis wrote in a press release at the time of the Challenge. “He wasn’t really expecting an answer, let alone actual help, but he was desperate enough to try.” 
A few hours later, the two met at the Hobby Engineering showroom, where Margolis provided some microcontroller chips and debugging assistance to help Levandowski meet a demonstration deadline.
No one on the team worked harder than Levandowski himself, remembers Randy Miller, now an engineer and developer: “He would work through the night and go two or three days without sleep, just grinding away.”
As the Challenge approached, Levandowski gave more thought to what might happen if the Blue Team actually made it through a week-long qualification event in California to the high-profile (and potentially lucrative) competition itself. Levandowski changed Dexterit’s dorky name to the more evocative GhostRider and put together a press kit containing a profile of himself (in which he calls Bill Gates his hero), a slide deck, and letters from sponsors like Agilent and Crossbow Technology. Early in 2004, he also set up a company called Robotic Infantry Inc. to “explore the possible military and commercial applications of this technology.”
Levandowski changed Dexterit’s dorky name to the more evocative GhostRider and put together a press kit containing a profile of himself (in which he calls Bill Gates his hero), a slide deck, and letters from sponsors
According to the slide deck, Robotic Infantry’s next steps would be to model GhostRider’s components in 3D, build an electric-powered carbon fiber model, then refine its sensors and improve its software. By 2007, Levandowski hoped to have a road-worthy product and be ready to “consider technology acquisitions” and “investigate venture capital potential/IPO.”
The Blue Team worked on GhostRider until the last minute, only adding a remote emergency deactivation feature required by DARPA days before the competition. “Like a lot of other people at the Grand Challenge, it was very difficult to get [GhostRider] working in time,” Levandowski said. “We prioritized making the thing work before making it stop. Stopping wasn’t really a problem for us: If the system didn’t work, it just fell over.”
On 8 March 2004, 25 teams arrived at the California Speedway near Los Angeles for the qualification event. DARPA had marked out a 2.2-kilometer course with obstacles that the vehicles would meet on the real race, such as dirt hills, ditches, cattle grids, and a sand pit. The vehicles had to pass a safety inspection and were expected to complete at least two runs of the course.
Photo: DARPA
Anthony Levandowski prepares GhostRider for its run at the DARPA Robotics Challenge on 13 March 2004.
Only the 15 fastest and most capable vehicles would be allowed to enter the Grand Challenge proper, and GhostRider was facing well-funded teams from the likes of Stanford and Carnegie Mellon universities, Caltech, and the Oshkosh Truck Corporation.
“On the first year, we actually did manage to qualify,” Levandowski said in his deposition last year. “And out of the 109 teams or so that applied, you know, 14 or so qualified, and we were one of them.”
But how, exactly, GhostRider ended up in the finals is a bit hazy. The Blue Team was due to make its first run on 9 March, and its unique two-wheeled design attracted a large crowd of spectators. Sadly, the Los Angeles Times reported that GhostRider fell over that day after traveling only about 4.5 meters. The next morning, GhostRider was up again but, once more, failed to make a run, according to a DARPA news release. In fact, Levandowski told DARPA that the Blue Team had terminated its attempt. GhostRider was not alone—many teams were struggling to get their vehicles moving without bumping into obstacles or veering off course.
On March 11, the final day of qualification, a total of 38 last-minute attempts were made to complete the course. The Blue Team was not among them. By the end of the qualification event, a total of seven vehicles had managed to complete at least one circuit of the course, and eight more had made what DARPA considered partial completions. That neatly added up to the 15 teams that DARPA wanted for the race itself on March 13.
Fourteen of those fifteen teams duly made it onto the race-day roster. But one, Rover Systems, an innovative off-road robot with a low center of gravity and four-wheel steering, was not on the list, despite having completed parts of the course on two occasions. Instead, DARPA selected GhostRider, which had only made a little progress on the first day.
Levandowski’s explanation is that “we earned our spot” in the race. “We had showed that we were able to get the motorcycle out of the gate, make a turn, go straight and then crash into a fence,” he said. GhostRider probably also benefited from Levandowski driving it in circles in a parking lot, outside the official qualification runs.
Whether it was that impromptu demonstration or Levandowski’s knack for showmanship, GhostRider would get to compete for the $1 million prize in a challenging 230-kilometer off-road race between Barstow, Calif., and Las Vegas, Nev.
Photo: Susan Goldman/Bloomberg via Getty Images
GhostRider flips over after crashing into a wall during a qualification run for the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. The bike did not compete in the final race.
Levandowski was realistic about GhostRider’s prospects. “There was never a chance we were going to win, as we didn’t even have enough gas to make it the whole way,” he said. “But we were hoping to make out of the gate, past the first turns, and then perhaps crash into some tree 300 feet away.”
But when the starting gun fired, GhostRider could not even match its personal best of 4.5 meters. Instead of buzzing off into the desert, the bike simply fell down. Its Grand Challenge was over in a matter of seconds.
“It’s really difficult when the bike is trying to balance itself and you’re walking it—it’s fighting you,” Levandowski told me. “So we turned the stabilization off while walking the bike to start line and then forgot to flip the switch to turn the balancing on again. It was highly embarrassing.”
Embarrassing or not, GhostRider’s participation in the original Grand Challenge marked out the 23-year-old Levandowski as a name to watch. Because no vehicles completed the Challenge that year, DARPA invited all the finalists back to compete in a follow-up race in 2005, this time with a $2 million prize.
GhostRider once again failed to finish the qualification course, although this time DARPA passed it over for the main event. The race was won by Stanley, an autonomous Volkswagen Touareg SUV built by a Stanford University team led by Sebastian Thrun.
Photo: NK
From left: Anthony Levandowski, Sebastian Thrun, and Chris Urmson with one of Google’s first self-driving cars.
Thrun took a shine to Levandowski, and after the race gave him a tour of Stanford’s lab. In 2006, Thrun invited Levandowski to help out with a camera mapping project called VueTool that caught the eye of Google, which hired the entire VueTool team the next year to develop its own StreetView system. Within a couple of years, Levandowski and Thrun were building Google’s first self-driving car, and the rest is history.
As to what he plans to do next, Levandowski is not ready to share any details. But it probably won’t involve motorcycles. He laughs when I ask him whether he has ever given any thought to revisiting the idea of a riderless bike. “I don’t think it’s actually a great robotics vehicle platform,” he said. “It’s a great training tool and you can totally get it to work but the added complexity isn’t worth it, as you can’t carry cargo very easily.”
“It would be fun to remake GhostRider for pure enjoyment,” he added, “but it’s not significantly relevant to self-driving cars.”
GhostRider: The Self-Driving Motorbike That Launched Anthony Levandowski syndicated from https://jiohowweb.blogspot.com
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salebazarsblog · 7 years ago
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verymerynice · 7 years ago
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New Post has been published on Top Auto Blog
New Post has been published on http://topauto.site/the-company-showed-mich/
The company showed Michelin airless tire of the future
Seems to come up a tire with no air inside trying from the moment as the change of solid rubber “rollers” came the pneumatic tires. Especially great interest in this idea was shown to the military. And the Michelin this subject deals with more than ten years. Moreover, its airless tires Tweel is already available! However, do not put them on cars and John Deere lawn mowers, forklifts, Golf carts and other slow technique.
Now environmental forum Movin’ On 2017 in Montreal, the French introduced the “bus of the future” Visionary Concept. However, her description sounds more like an excerpt from science fiction. Thoughts on Michelin futurists, the wheel will serve the whole life of the car, so combining tires and wheels. For shock absorption it meets reminding the coral branched three-dimensional structure.
The innovative tyre embedded sensors monitoring the status of protector instead of the worn layer can be print new. Or even change the material and pattern if you’re, say, heading up into the mountains where there is snow, or are going to conquer the road. How to imagine developers in the future to print a new tread on a special 3D printer can be for a few minutes. Studded tires are great in the future, obviously, is not provided.
What is ecology? Bus of the future, to convince the people from Michelin, will be made of a biodegradable polymer that can be reused without leaving residue. But how soon will be a similar commodity wheels, silent creators.
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technato · 7 years ago
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GhostRider: The Self-Driving Motorbike That Launched Anthony Levandowski
IEEE Spectrum unearths a 14-year-old press kit revealing the notorious engineer’s early ambitions
Photo: Kim Kulish/Corbis via Getty Images
Just because Waymo settled its high profile lidar trade secrets case against Uber earlier this month, it doesn’t mean Anthony Levandowski is out of the spotlight. The U.S. Justice Department could still file criminal charges against the ex-Waymo engineer for the alleged theft of technical documents from his former employer. And then there’s the question of what Levandowski is planning to do next: Will he use his vast experience with autonomous vehicles to launch another startup—and make a comeback?
During a deposition last April, Levandowski did not want his experience and plans scrutinized. When Waymo lawyers asked him hundreds of questions, mostly about his activities at Waymo and Uber, Levandowski took the Fifth, to avoid answering questions that might incriminate him. There was, however, one project he was eager to talk about: GhostRider.
“What was your entry into the [2004] DARPA Challenge?” asked one lawyer, referring to the Pentagon’s famous $1 million self-driving vehicle competition that kickstarted the entire industry. “The entry was called GhostRider, and it was a two-wheeled motorcycle,” replied Levandowski. “It was the first of its kind… [and] frankly, a pretty crazy idea.”
Building GhostRider cast Levandowski as a robotics wunderkind, secured his place at a follow-up DARPA Grand Challenge, and ultimately enabled him to build Google’s first self-driving car—a step that would later make him a multimillionaire. In 2007, Levandowski immortalized his role as an autonomous vehicle pioneer by donating GhostRider to the Smithsonian’s National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C.
Levandowski, who has been profiled numerous times, has discussed the project before. And yet GhostRider’s full story has never been told. In particular, it seems the riderless motorbike that launched Levandowski’s career was lucky to race in the first DARPA Grand Challenge at all.
IEEE Spectrum has pieced together GhostRider’s history from new and contemporary interviews with Levandowski, as well as records that include a 14-year-old press kit—a glossy white folder with the words “GHOSTRIDER ROBOT” on the cover—recently discovered in a box of old files by a Spectrum editor.
A press kit prepared by the Blue Team for the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge included a slide deck on the project’s history, technology, and future plans.
Levandowski first heard about DARPA’s Grand Challenge while a graduate engineering student at the University of California at Berkeley in 2002. He decided immediately he wanted to enter the race.
While brainstorming in a hot tub, Levandowski and his friend Randy Miller came up with a bunch of ideas, including riderless motorbikes and a robotic forklift. “But the idea for a motorbike got cemented when we were driving back from a Grand Challenge conference and a bunch of motorcycles went around us on the freeway,” Levandowski said in an interview last week.
The motorbike, originally a Honda XR, was light enough to be loaded into a pickup, and for Levandowski to physically pick it up when it inevitably fell over. The bike was also one of the cheapest vehicles to star in any of DARPA’s Grand Challenges, with Levandowski estimating the multi-year project at around $100,000. The money came from his own pocket and also from corporate sponsors and individual donors.
“People gave money through PayPal, ten bucks here, a hundred bucks here,” he said, adding, “It was a bit like an early Kickstarter.”
Photo: Kim Kulish/Corbis via Getty Images
Anthony Levandowski transformed his tiny garage into a robotics lab while working on GhostRider.
Levandowski began building the self-driving motorbike in his own garage near Berkeley, gathering together half a dozen fellow engineering students to help. The volunteers were paid in burritos and some of them even eventually moved in. The group would be called the Blue Team, a reference to the friendly team in military exercises. They named their robot bike Dexterit.
One of the members of Blue Team, Bryon Majusiak, who now builds agricultural robots, remembers getting a call from Levandowski at 11 one night to help unload the motorbike. “He was so impressed that I actually showed up and I started with him all the time,” Majusiak remembers.
The first task for the Blue Team was installing servos to control gas, clutch, and brake. A dc motor and worm gear reducer operated the handlebars. A lead-acid battery powered the electronics. Levandowski went through a couple of Honda bikes before settling on a Yamaha 125 for the first Grand Challenge. (The final GhostRider bike would be a child’s Yamaha 90 dirt bike, chosen for its automatic clutch that Levandowski called a “lifesaver.”)
Once the mechanical controls were installed, the Blue Team faced its hardest challenge. “To get a car to move down the street, you can kind of apply a little bit of accelerator and not steer, and the vehicle will do that,” Levandowski said in his deposition. “To get a motorcycle to move forward, you have to build a lot of technology beforehand to make it able to just drive in a straight line.” He added, “It turned out that the complexities and challenges of adding the balancing before you could start testing all of the other navigation and optical [systems] were hard.”
At one point in early 2003, after struggling to make progress, Levandowski remembers telling his team that if they could not get Dexterit to travel a mile [1.6 kilometers] before the next Sunday, he was going to abandon the project.
But then they had a breakthrough, an elegant solution to the twin problems of balancing and turning. Instead of shifting weight on the bike to balance it like a human rider, the Blue Team realized that steering the Yamaha slightly in the direction it was tipping would create a force to balance gravity.
“Counter-steering creates centripetal acceleration, which causes a torque in the other direction,” Levandowski told me. “You then balance that back and forth to keep going straight.”
Turning was accomplished by allowing the motorcycle to lean into a curve while keeping the handlebars straight. In a video from 2003 or 2004, an early version of the bike can be seen balancing itself while stationary in a driveway. In a later video, a more advanced version drives in circles on a lawn.
Video: Blue Team/GhostRider
Blue Team tests GhostRider in preparation for the 2004 DARPA Grand Challenge.
While the concept sounds simple, it took months of work for the Blue Team to achieve a smooth, human-like ride. Levandowski said they flipped the motorcycle hundreds of times.
A technical document for the 2004 competition reveals that the motorbike’s primary sensors were optical, with a range of about 40 meters. A pair of forward-facing monochrome webcams scanned for moving obstacles, while a single color camera was used to detect the road itself. An on-board computer using an AMD Athlon 64-bit CPU and 512 MB of RAM was able to process only about one frame every 4 seconds.
The cameras were mounted on a gimbaled gyro-stabilized mount above the front wheel, and another gyro and an inertial measurement unit provided orientation and acceleration data. Optical encoders tracked steering angle and speed, and a GPS unit fixed its location.
The plans was to take a dataset of waypoints—to be provided by DARPA shortly before the race—and process it with a custom application to “increase the density of waypoints to provide a tighter route for the vehicle to follow.” The bike would rely on that data to guide itself through the desert, while at the same time using its cameras to detect rocks, pits, and other vehicles.
“It was basically a bunch of people putting stuff together and seeing what worked,” said Levandowski. He had hoped to get a 77 GHz mechanically scanning radar on board but could never get it powered up. “I got shocked like 10 times in one day trying to work out where the short was in the device,” he remembers. “We never got it to work—and we never tried lasers.”
Many components were supplied as in-kind sponsorship from manufacturers and retailers. Hobby Engineering, an internet seller of robotics kits, got involved when Levandowski called its founder, Al Margolis, at 3 am one morning. “[Levandowski] was dumbfounded to have the call answered,” Margolis wrote in a press release at the time of the Challenge. “He wasn’t really expecting an answer, let alone actual help, but he was desperate enough to try.” 
A few hours later, the two met at the Hobby Engineering showroom, where Margolis provided some microcontroller chips and debugging assistance to help Levandowski meet a demonstration deadline.
No one on the team worked harder than Levandowski himself, remembers Randy Miller, now an engineer and developer: “He would work through the night and go two or three days without sleep, just grinding away.”
As the Challenge approached, Levandowski gave more thought to what might happen if the Blue Team actually made it through a week-long qualification event in California to the high-profile (and potentially lucrative) competition itself. Levandowski changed Dexterit’s dorky name to the more evocative GhostRider and put together a press kit containing a profile of himself (in which he calls Bill Gates his hero), a slide deck, and letters from sponsors like Agilent and Crossbow Technology. Early in 2004, he also set up a company called Robotic Infantry Inc. to “explore the possible military and commercial applications of this technology.”
Levandowski changed Dexterit’s dorky name to the more evocative GhostRider and put together a press kit containing a profile of himself (in which he calls Bill Gates his hero), a slide deck, and letters from sponsors
According to the slide deck, Robotic Infantry’s next steps would be to model GhostRider’s components in 3D, build an electric-powered carbon fiber model, then refine its sensors and improve its software. By 2007, Levandowski hoped to have a road-worthy product and be ready to “consider technology acquisitions” and “investigate venture capital potential/IPO.”
The Blue Team worked on GhostRider until the last minute, only adding a remote emergency deactivation feature required by DARPA days before the competition. “Like a lot of other people at the Grand Challenge, it was very difficult to get [GhostRider] working in time,” Levandowski said. “We prioritized making the thing work before making it stop. Stopping wasn’t really a problem for us: If the system didn’t work, it just fell over.”
On 8 March 2004, 25 teams arrived at the California Speedway near Los Angeles for the qualification event. DARPA had marked out a 2.2-kilometer course with obstacles that the vehicles would meet on the real race, such as dirt hills, ditches, cattle grids, and a sand pit. The vehicles had to pass a safety inspection and were expected to complete at least two runs of the course.
Photo: DARPA
Anthony Levandowski prepares GhostRider for its run at the DARPA Robotics Challenge on 13 March 2004.
Only the 15 fastest and most capable vehicles would be allowed to enter the Grand Challenge proper, and GhostRider was facing well-funded teams from the likes of Stanford and Carnegie Mellon universities, Caltech, and the Oshkosh Truck Corporation.
“On the first year, we actually did manage to qualify,” Levandowski said in his deposition last year. “And out of the 109 teams or so that applied, you know, 14 or so qualified, and we were one of them.”
But how, exactly, GhostRider ended up in the finals is a bit hazy. The Blue Team was due to make its first run on 9 March, and its unique two-wheeled design attracted a large crowd of spectators. Sadly, the Los Angeles Times reported that GhostRider fell over that day after traveling only about 4.5 meters. The next morning, GhostRider was up again but, once more, failed to make a run, according to a DARPA news release. In fact, Levandowski told DARPA that the Blue Team had terminated its attempt. GhostRider was not alone—many teams were struggling to get their vehicles moving without bumping into obstacles or veering off course.
On March 11, the final day of qualification, a total of 38 last-minute attempts were made to complete the course. The Blue Team was not among them. By the end of the qualification event, a total of seven vehicles had managed to complete at least one circuit of the course, and eight more had made what DARPA considered partial completions. That neatly added up to the 15 teams that DARPA wanted for the race itself on March 13.
Fourteen of those fifteen teams duly made it onto the race-day roster. But one, Rover Systems, an innovative off-road robot with a low center of gravity and four-wheel steering, was not on the list, despite having completed parts of the course on two occasions. Instead, DARPA selected GhostRider, which had only made a little progress on the first day.
Levandowski’s explanation is that “we earned our spot” in the race. “We had showed that we were able to get the motorcycle out of the gate, make a turn, go straight and then crash into a fence,” he said. GhostRider probably also benefited from Levandowski driving it in circles in a parking lot, outside the official qualification runs.
Whether it was that impromptu demonstration or Levandowski’s knack for showmanship, GhostRider would get to compete for the $1 million prize in a challenging 230-kilometer off-road race between Barstow, Calif., and Las Vegas, Nev.
Photo: Susan Goldman/Bloomberg via Getty Images
GhostRider flips over after crashing into a wall during a qualification run for the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. The bike did not compete in the final race.
Levandowski was realistic about GhostRider’s prospects. “There was never a chance we were going to win, as we didn’t even have enough gas to make it the whole way,” he said. “But we were hoping to make out of the gate, past the first turns, and then perhaps crash into some tree 300 feet away.”
But when the starting gun fired, GhostRider could not even match its personal best of 4.5 meters. Instead of buzzing off into the desert, the bike simply fell down. Its Grand Challenge was over in a matter of seconds.
“It’s really difficult when the bike is trying to balance itself and you’re walking it—it’s fighting you,” Levandowski told me. “So we turned the stabilization off while walking the bike to start line and then forgot to flip the switch to turn the balancing on again. It was highly embarrassing.”
Embarrassing or not, GhostRider’s participation in the original Grand Challenge marked out the 23-year-old Levandowski as a name to watch. Because no vehicles completed the Challenge that year, DARPA invited all the finalists back to compete in a follow-up race in 2005, this time with a $2 million prize.
GhostRider once again failed to finish the qualification course, although this time DARPA passed it over for the main event. The race was won by Stanley, an autonomous Volkswagen Touareg SUV built by a Stanford University team led by Sebastian Thrun.
Photo: NK
From left: Anthony Levandowski, Sebastian Thrun, and Chris Urmson with one of Google’s first self-driving cars.
Thrun took a shine to Levandowski, and after the race gave him a tour of Stanford’s lab. In 2006, Thrun invited Levandowski to help out with a camera mapping project called VueTool that caught the eye of Google, which hired the entire VueTool team the next year to develop its own StreetView system. Within a couple of years, Levandowski and Thrun were building Google’s first self-driving car, and the rest is history.
As to what he plans to do next, Levandowski is not ready to share any details. But it probably won’t involve motorcycles. He laughs when I ask him whether he has ever given any thought to revisiting the idea of a riderless bike. “I don’t think it’s actually a great robotics vehicle platform,” he said. “It’s a great training tool and you can totally get it to work but the added complexity isn’t worth it, as you can’t carry cargo very easily.”
“It would be fun to remake GhostRider for pure enjoyment,” he added, “but it’s not significantly relevant to self-driving cars.”
GhostRider: The Self-Driving Motorbike That Launched Anthony Levandowski syndicated from https://jiohowweb.blogspot.com
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