#femme polyandre
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đŁïžđŁïžđŁïž
*Toute injustice est considĂ©rĂ©e comme un pĂ©chĂ© d'aprĂšs 1er Jean 5:17.* đđ
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*Lisez le livre de 1 Corinthiens 6:9,* *oĂč il est mentionnĂ© que l'adultĂšre est un pĂ©chĂ©đ*
*Un chrétien n'est pas un pécheur, et un pécheur n'est pas un chrétien.*
*La fornication est Ă©galement considĂ©rĂ©e comme un pĂ©chĂ©. đ*
*Mentir, commencer, voler et la convoitise sont des pĂ©chĂ©s. đ*
*Lisez HĂ©breux 12:14 pour comprendre que les pansements sĂ©duisants sont un pĂ©chĂ©. Les extensions capillaires, les tissages et l'attachement des cheveux sont Ă©galement citĂ©s comme des pĂ©chĂ©s. đ*
*Lisez le livre de JĂ©rĂ©mie 4:30 pour comprendre que le maquillage, les boucles d'oreilles, les cils supplĂ©mentaires, ainsi que le mariage polygame ou polyandre, rĂ©parer un tatouage, l'affaissement, la consommation d'alcool, l'idolĂątrie, les relations amoureuses hors mariage, sont Ă©galement identifiĂ©es comme des pĂ©chĂ©s. đ*
*Les fraudeurs Yahoo sont Ă©galement dĂ©signĂ©s comme pĂȘcheurs.*
*L'homosexualité est considérée comme un acte interdit. La prostitution est condamnée.*
*Les relations lesbiennes sont considérées comme un péché.*
*Ne pas pardonner est considéré comme un péché, tout comme avoir des pensées négatives envers les autres.*
*Tricher lors d'examens ou au travail est un péché.**.
*L'occultisme est considéré comme un péché.*
*La colÚre et la désobéissance sont considérées comme des péchés"*
*Il est recommandé de se repentir de ses péchés en demandant la miséricorde divine*.
*Il est recommandé de lire Colossiens 3:8-10.
Perdre du temps à des futilités au lieu de se consacrer à Dieu est considéré comme un péché.*
*Utiliser des paroles bénissantes envers autrui est considérée comme un péché*.
L'envie est considérée comme un péché, selon Romains 6:1.
Il est conseillé de ne pas jurer.*
*Jurer est considĂ©rĂ© comme un pĂ©chĂ© đ* *Fumer de l'herbe ou des cigarettes est Ă©galement considĂ©rĂ© comme un pĂ©chĂ© đđđ*
*Lisez Deutéronome 22:5 pour plus d'informations.*
*Si vous vous trouvez impliqué dans l'un de ces péchés, je vous encourage à vous repentir et à ne pas les acheter à nouveau*
*Allez et ne péchez plus.*
*L'avortement, la fiertĂ©, le meurtre, le port de pantalons pour les femmes, le port de robes pour les hommes, la mĂ©chancetĂ©, les ongles supplĂ©mentaires, le murmure et la plainte, le visionnage de vidĂ©os pornographiques, la fraude Yahoo, le rituel Yahoo ainsi que toute autre forme d'injustice sont ouvertement comme des pĂ©chĂ©s đđđđ*
*Il est important de se repentir de tous ces pĂ©chĂ©s et de changer de comportement, car tout acte injuste est considĂ©rĂ© comme un pĂ©chĂ© đđđđđđđđđ*
*Souvenez-vous, le paradis est rĂ©el âïž*
*Le port de vĂȘtements immoraux, la pratique du Yahoo plus, ainsi que d'autres pĂ©chĂ©s mentionnĂ©s sont Ă©galement prĂ©vus comme des transgressions đđđ*
*Prions pour que Dieu nous accorde la grĂące de mener une vie sainte et juste en tout temps au nom de JĂ©sus đ*
*Rappelez-vous que l'enfer est une rĂ©alitĂ© incontestable đ„đ„đ„*
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Quelquefois j'oublie tout comme dans le film men in black, quand l'appareil efface la mémoire.
Ils ont tellement dit qu'on est la premiĂšre ville arabe, que j'aurais dĂ» le comprendre...
Plein de noirs et d'arabes,,,
Les blancs, surtout militaires et policiers meurent ici.
Beaucoup moins les arabes et les noirs ...
Alors si cela s'est vite su, combien de personnes sont devenues musulmans et d'autres ont voulu les mariages arabes avec quatre femmes...
Parce que j'essaie de comprendre les putes polyandres comme Carla bruni. A part Sarkozy, combien d'autres Ă©poux et par quelle religion....
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Abdoulaye Komboudri une lĂ©gende vivante du cinĂ©ma Africain ! Abdoulaye Komboudri dit « Fils de lâhomme » est nĂ© le 3 mai 1959 Ă Koudougou au Burkina Faso. « Fils de lâhomme » est lâun des acteurs majeurs du cinĂ©ma burkinabĂš. Aucun rĂŽle ne lui rĂ©siste, faisant de lui un acteur  complet. Il a jouĂ© dans de nombreux films, tout comme RasmanĂ© OuĂ©draogo dit RASO, il est fastidieux de dresser une filmographie complĂšte de cet acteur. NĂ©anmoins essayons et surtout excusez du peu lâartiste : đđŸDesebagato đđŸSababu đđŸZan Boko đđŸToungan đđŸSamba TraorĂ© đđŸLaafi (Tout va bien) đđŸYeelbedo (Le prix du mĂ©fait) đđŸMami Wata đđŸTourbillon đđŸUne couleur cafĂ© đđŸKeĂŻta, lâhĂ©ritage du griot đđŸLe rĂȘve du python đđŸLâĂ©popĂ©e des MoosĂ© đđŸNous sommes tous responsables đđŸSilmandĂ© đđŸSiraba đđŸHaramuya-Wendemi (Lâenfant du bon Dieu) đđŸMaĂŻ deux maris ou la polyandre đđŸBayiri đđŸLe poids du serment đđŸDelwendĂ© lĂšve-toi et marche đđŸUne femme pas comme les autres đđŸLe monde est un ballet đđŸYango đđŸSi longue que soit la nuit đđŸLe pardon đđŸPuuk Nin đđŸUn certain matin đđŸGarba đđŸJulie et RomĂ©o đđŸGorel đđŸĂa bouge đđŸMa ga al darhan đđŸMouka đđŸCĂ©libatorium đđŸSita đđŸVis-Ă -vis đđŸA nous la vie⊠Abdoulaye Komboudri est concepteur et rĂ©alisateur de spots publicitaires et de sensibilisation, il fait aussi  du thÚùtre. Au titre des  Distinctions : đđŸPrix du meilleur comĂ©dien (Laafi) Ă la 12Ăšme édition du FESPACO en 1991. đđŸPrix du meilleur second rĂŽle dans SilmandĂ© (Winner LaurĂ©at) All Africa film awards 98 Afrique du Sud. đđŸChevalier de lâordre du mĂ©rite des Arts, Lettres et de la Communication : agrafe cinĂ©matographie Abdoulaye Komboudri parle  français, dioula, moorĂ©, peulh, haoussa. https://www.instagram.com/p/CPSpYCoHhqf/?utm_medium=tumblr
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DorimÚne, Le Mariage forcé (théùtre.documentation)
Le Mariage forcé
Les Plaisirs de lâĂle enchantĂ©e (The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island), Versailles
MoliĂšreâs contribution
a comédie-ballet
MoliĂšre and Lullyâs Le Mariage forcĂ© (The Forced Marriage), is a farce and a comĂ©die-ballet, in prose. It was first performed on 29 January 1664 in the Queen Motherâs apartments, at the Louvre. On 15 February 1664, it was performed at the ThĂ©Ăątre du Palais-Royal, where it proved less popular. It closed after 12 performances. It was performed again on 12 May 1664 during festivities known as Les Plaisirs de lâĂle enchantĂ©e, The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island. Louis XIV wanted to show Versailles at an early date. He had hired architect Louisâ
Leâ
Vau, landscapeâ
architect AndrĂ©â
leâ
NĂŽtre, and the painter-decorator Charlesâ
Leâ
Brun. These gentlemen had built Nicolas Fouquetâs castle at Vaux-le-Vicomte. MoliĂšreâs La Princesse dâĂlide and Tartuffe also premiĂšred during Les Plaisirs de lâĂle enchantĂ©e, on 8 May 1664. In its original form, The Forced Marriage was a three-act comĂ©die-ballet, by MoliĂšre and Lully It did not use figures from a mythology in which it differed from earlier comĂ©dies-ballets. At Versailles, King Louis XIV and other aristocrats performed in the comedy. In 1664, Louis was very much in love with Louise de La ValliĂšre who lived at Versailles, in the small castle used as a hunting-lodge by the very private Louis XIII.
MoliÚre transformed Le Mariage forcé into a one-act play in 1668, which is Le Mariage forcé as we know it. However, it was reborn as a comédie-ballet in 1672. Lully having broken with MoliÚre, the music was composed by Marc-Antoine Charpentier.
In his Preface to the Forced Marriage, Henri van Laun provides information concerning the posterity of the play. Sganarelle is Sir Toby Doubtful in Loveâs Contrivance, a play by Mrs. Carroll, born Susanna Centlivre (c. 1667â1670 â 1 December 1723).
Panurge by Albrecht DĂŒrer (BnF)
Origins
other
Gallic
Rabelais
pedants & philosophy: Aristotle and Pyrrho (doubt)
Although MoliĂšre drew some of his material from Spanish author Lope de Vegaâs IntermĂšde du sacristain [sacristan] Soguizo, and Giordano Brunoâs[1] Candelaio, or The Candle Bearer, entitled Boniface et le PĂ©dant in French, Le Mariage forcĂ© belongs mainly to a French tradition.
The Forced Marriage is rooted primarily in Rabelaisâ Gargantua and Pantagruel, the Third of Five Books [EBook #1200]. MoliĂšreâs Sganarelle reminds us of Panurge, as featured in Chapter Three of the Third Book (of Five) of Gargantua and Pantagruel.
 How Panurge asketh counsel of Pantagruel whether he should marry, yea, or no.Â
Affinities between MoliĂšre and Rabelais leap off the page, and so does Pantagruelâs advice to Panurge. Pantagruel urges Panurge not to marry, which is GĂ©ronimoâs initial response, until he learns that Sganarelle has obtained permission to marry DorimĂšne from Alcantor, her father. In the Third Book, Panurge has decided to marry, but revisits his decision. In Rabelaisâ Third Book, Panurge also seeks the advice of Trouillogan, the model for MoliĂšreâs Marphurius, a Pyrrhonian philosopher, and a pedant. He prefigures The Learned Ladies, or Femmes savantesâ Trissotin and Vadius. The mouton de Panurge is featured in the fourth of five books constituting Pantagruel and Gargantua. A mouton de Panurge, âdescribes an individual that will blindly follow others regardless of the consequences.â (See Panurge, Wiki2.org.) We cannot exclude Sganarelle.
MoliĂšreâs Mariage ForcĂ©Â also has affinities with Guez de Balzacâs Socrate chrĂ©tien. ThĂ©ophile de Viauâs Fragments dâune histoire comique, Dorimondâs LâĂcole des cocus (the School for Cuckolds), and Charles Sorelâs Polyandre (see polyandry, Wiki2.org). These are 17th-century French authors.[2]
   Gravure Lalauze (théùtre.documention)
Le Mariage forcé (théùtre.documentation)
  Gravure Edmond Hédouin
Moreau le Jeune
DRAMATIS PERSONĂ.
SGANARELLE. (MoliĂšre) GĂRONIMO. ALCANTOR, father to DorimĂšne. ALCIDAS, brother to DorimĂšne. LYCASTE, in love with DorimĂšne. PANCRACE, an Aristotelian Philosopher. MARPHURIUS, a Pyrrhonian Philosopher. DORIMĂNE, a young coquette betrothed to Sganarelle. Two GIPSIES. The Scene is in a Public Place.
The Plot
DorimĂšne surprises us
la race des Sganarelles
Scene One of Le Mariage ForcĂ©, Sganarelle, MoliĂšreâs mask, wants to know from his friend GĂ©ronimo whether he should marry. Sganarelle has already sought and obtained from DorimĂšneâs father, Alcantor, permission to marry DorimĂšne. Alcantor has agreed. In his mind, the mind of a pater familias, le Seigneur Sganarelle, a well-to-do 53-year-old gentleman, is a perfect match for his daughter.
However, DorimĂšne surprises us. One would expect her to oppose her tyrannical father, but she differs from other ingĂ©nues, forced to marry or be thrown in a convent. Young DorimĂšne is une mondaine who thinks a marriage to Sganarelle will allow her to escape her father. When she and Sganarelle meet in Scene II, she makes it clear that she wishes to be free. In fact, as we will see later, she has a lover, Lycaste, who cannot understand why she is marrying Sganarelle. She reassures Lycaste. Sganarelle is an older gentleman who has no more than six months âin his belly.â She wants to be a widow, the privileged women of 17th-century France. Widows were free to marry whom they pleased, or not to marry. Le Misanthropeâs CĂ©limĂšne is a widow.
Yet, although arrangements are being made for DorimĂšne to marry Sganarelle that very day, Sganarelle would like to discuss marriage with his friend GĂ©ronimo, which should have happened earlier. When GĂ©ronimo learns that the bride-to-be is the lovely DorimĂšne and that she is not opposing Alcantor, her father, GĂ©ronimo has little left to do than exclaim:
Mariez-vous promptement; je ne dis plus rien. GĂ©ronimo to Sganarelle (Scene I, p. 9) [Make haste and get married.] GĂ©ronimo to Sganarelle (Scene Four, p. 227)
The most amusing lines of Scene One are Sganarelleâs:
Outre la joie que jâaurai de possĂ©der une belle femme, qui me fera mille caresses; qui me dorlotera, et me viendra frotter, lorsque je serai las; outre cette joie, dis-je, je considĂšre, quâen demeurant comme je suis, je laisse pĂ©rir dans le monde la race [3] des Sganarelles; et quâen me mariant, je pourrai me voir revivre en dâautres moi-mĂȘmes⊠[4] Sganarelle Ă GĂ©ronimo (Scene I, p. 8) [Besides the pleasures I shall have in possessing a wife to fondle me when I am tired; besides this pleasure, I consider that, by remaining as I am, I suffer the race of the Sganarelles to become extinct ; whilst, by marrying, I may see myself reproduced, and shall have the joy of seeing children sprung from me⊠Sganarelle to GĂ©ronimo (Scene Two, p.  226)
Marriage and Marriage
Matters change. Sganarelle believed he would own DorimĂšne:
HĂ© bien, ma belle, câest maintenant que nous allons ĂȘtre heureux lâun et lâautre. Vous ne serez plus en droit de me rien refuser; ⊠Sganarelle Ă DorimĂšne (ScĂšne II, pp. 9-10) [Well, my dear, both of us are going to be happy now. You will no longer have a right to refuse me anything; and I can do with you just as I please, without any one being shocked. You will be mine from head to foot, and I shall be master of everything, of your little sparkling eyes, your little roguish nose, your tempting lips, your lovely ears, your pretty little chin, your little round breasts, your ⊠] Sganarelle to DorimĂšne (Scene Four, pp. 227-228)
DorimĂšne, however, wants to escape her fatherâs tyranny and would not accept to marry a tyrannical Sganarelleâs. Two contrary discourses are juxtaposed. The second all be erases the first. Â Sganarelle realizes that he has made a mistake.
Tout Ă fait aise, je vous jure: car enfin la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© de mon pĂšre mâa tenue jusques ici dans une sujĂ©tion la plus fĂącheuse du monde. Il y a je ne sais combien que jâenrage du peu de libertĂ©, quâil me donne; et jâai cent fois souhaitĂ© quâil me mariĂąt, pour sortir promptement de la contrainte, oĂč jâĂ©tais avec lui, et me voir en Ă©tat de faire ce que je voudrai. DorimĂšne Ă Sganarelle (Scene II, p. 10) [Immensely glad, I assure you. For, indeed, my fatherâs severity has kept me hitherto in the most grievous subjection. I have been raging, I do not know how long, at the scanty liberty he allows me ; I have wished a hundred times that he would get me a husband, so that I might quickly escape from the durance in which I have been kept by him, and be able to do as I pleased. DorimĂšne to Sganarelle (Scene Four, pp. 228-229)
The Dream
In Scene Three (FR), GĂ©ronimo returns. He has found a jeweler who has a beautiful diamond for sale. Sganarelle is no longer so eager to marry. He would like to confide that he has had a dream:
Avant que de passer plus avant, je voudrais bien agiter Ă fond cette matiĂšre; et que lâon mâexpliquĂąt un songe que jâai fait cette nuit, et qui vient tout Ă lâheure de me revenir dans lâesprit. Sganarelle Ă GĂ©ronimo (Scene III, p. 11) [Before going farther I wish to sift this matter to the bottom, and to have interpreted to me a dream which I had last night, and which just recurred to me.] Sganarelle to GĂ©ronimo (Scene Five, p. 229)
Dreams are mentioned in Rabelais.
Trouillogan by Gustave Doré (BnF)
Pancrace and Marphurius (Trouillogan)
Parbleu, de la langue que jâai dans la bouche; je crois que je nâirai pas emprunter celle de mon voisin. Sganarelle Ă Pancrace (Scene IV, p. 15) [Zounds! The tongue I have in my mouth.] Sganarelle to Pancrace (Scene Six, p. 232)
So, as of âZounds,â matters truly deteriorate. Sganarelle leaves. (I am not discussing the quotations in Latin.)
Sganarelle then visits another neighbour, a Pyrrhonian skeptic. This character reflects Sganarelleâs uncertainty and adds to his distress. Doubt has entered Sganarelleâs mind. correct Sganarelle. â[I]t seems to me,â (il me semble que) says Sganarelle, but âmeâ expresses uncertainty. âNous devons douter de toutâ (we must doubt everything), says Marphurius. Sganarelle is so frustrated that he ends up hitting Marphurius with a stick. Marphurius is defenceless. Sganarelle turns himself into a skeptic, mocking Marphurius:
Corrigez, sâil vous plaĂźt, cette maniĂšre de parler. Il faut douter de toutes choses; et vous ne devez pas dire que je vous ai battu; mais quâil vous semble que je vous ai battu. Sganarelle Ă Marphurius (ScĂšne V, p. 22) [Pray, correct this manner of speaking. We are to doubt everything; and you ought not to say that I have beaten you, but that it seems I have beaten you.] Sganarelle to Marphurius (Scene Ten, p. 238)
Marphurius is Rabelaisâ Trouillogan. He doubts everything (Chapter 3.XXXV)
 How the philosopher Trouillogan handleth the difficulty of marriage.
Le Mariage ForcĂ© was a comĂ©die-ballet, with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully. Unlike other comĂ©dies-ballets, Le Mariage forcĂ© did not use characters inhabiting mythologies. In Scene Twelve, Sganarelle asks three Ăgyptiennes (Gypsies) whether he will be cuckolded.
Cuckoldry and Widowhood
In Scene Twelve, Lycaste, who loves DorimĂšne, wonders why she is marrying Sganarelle. She reassures him. Not only will she be free, but she expects Sganarelle to die within a few months. She looks forward to widowhood. In 17th-century France, widowhood freed women who have married against their will.
Je vous le garantis dĂ©funt dans le temps que je dis; et je nâaurai pas longuement Ă demander pour moi au Ciel, lâheureux Ă©tat de veuve. DorimĂšne Ă Lycaste (Scene XII, p. 25) [I guarantee that he is dead in the time I say. I shall not long have to pray Heaven for the happy state of widowhood.] DorimĂšne to Lycaste (Scene Twelve, p. 240)
Sganarelle has heard everything. Lycaste gets away as does Dom Juan. Dom Juan invites his father to sit down and Lycasteâs politeness leaves Sganarelle speechless. It is formulaic.
AgrĂ©ez, Monsieur, que je vous fĂ©licite de votre mariage, et vous prĂ©sente en mĂȘme temps mes trĂšs humbles services. Je vous assure que vous Ă©pousez lĂ une trĂšs honnĂȘte personne. Lycaste Ă Sganarelle (Scene VII, p. 25) [Allow me, sir, to congratulate you on your marriage, and at the same time to offer you my most humble services. Let me tell you that the lady, whom you are marrying, possesses great meritsâŠ] Lycaste to Sganarelle (Scene Twelve, p. 240)
Lycaste then goes away, having silenced Sganarelle.
A Forced Marriage
The remaining scenes feature DorimĂšneâs family. Alcantor will not allow Sganarelle to roll back his promise to marry DorimĂšne.
Seigneur Alcantor, jâai demandĂ© votre fille en mariage, il est vrai; et vous me lâavez accordĂ©e: mais je me trouve un peu avancĂ© en Ăąge pour elle; et je considĂšre que je ne suis point du tout son fait. Sganarelle Ă Alcantor (Scene VIII, p. 27) [Mr. Alcantor, it is true I asked your daughter in marriage, and you granted my request; but I find that I am rather old ; I think that I am by no means a proper match for her.] Sganarelle to Alcantor (Scene Fourteen, p. 241) Vous vous ĂȘtes engagĂ© avec moi, pour Ă©pouser ma fille; et tout est prĂ©parĂ© pour cela. Mais puisque vous voulez retirer votre parole, je vais voir ce quâil y a Ă faire; et vous aurez bientĂŽt de mes nouvelles. Alcantor Ă Sganarelle (Scene VIII, p. 28) [You gave me your word that you would marry my daughter, and everything is prepared for the wedding; but since you wish to withdraw, I shall go and see what can be done in the matter; you shall hear from me presently.] Alcantor to Sganarelle (Scene Fourteen, p. 242)
During Scene IX, Sganarelle refuses to fight Alcidas, DorimĂšneâs brother, who has brought swords. In the end, Sganarelle is compelled to marry.
HĂ© bien! jâĂ©pouserai, jâĂ©pouserai⊠Sganarelle Ă Alcidas  (Scene IX, p. 30) Well then, I will marry, I will marry! Sganarelle to Alcidas (Scene Fourteen, p. 244)
   Sganarelle (www.cosmovisions.coms.com)
Sganarelle (Wikipedia)
Conclusion
The Forced Marriage turns matters upside down. We are therefore reminded of Mikhail Bakhtin Rabelais and His World: carnival and grotesque. We are also reminded of the comic playwrights. However, we are not dealing with Rabelaisâ giants, except metaphorically.
Sganarelle makes wedding arrangements before seeking advice from GĂ©ronimo, or taking matters into consideration.
An older gentleman is forced to marry.
DorimĂšne is pleased to marry a senex iratus. She will be a widow.
Sganarelle is a cocu (cuckolded)Â before he marries.
Our philosophers have long left reality. MoliĂšre has created Les Femmes savantesâ Trissotin and Vadius.
However, floating just below the surface of this play is the farcical trompeur trompĂ©, the deceiver deceived. How can Lycaste ever trust DorimĂšne? The extremely polite manner he uses to greet Sganarelle could be read as a criticism of DorimĂšneâs ploy. It is âaffected.â As for DorimĂšne, she is her own senex iratus and will not change. Besides, destiny rules. She should be prepared to love the husband she has married and to give birth to a petit Sganarelle.
The play also features pedants. Pancraceâs pursuit of a correct term, forme or figure, for the shape of hats is trivial. As for Marphurius, he is Rabelais Trouillogan (See Chapter 3, XXXVI) in Gutenbergâs [EBook #1200])
I am leaving behind the comédie-ballet, as written and composed in 1664. This post is already too long. But it is interesting to know that at Versailles, the King and aristocrats played roles in the comédie-ballet.
Sources and Resources
Le Mariage forcé is a toutmoliÚre.net publication
Le Mariage forcé, Notice, toutmoliÚre.net
The Forced Marriage is an Internet Archive publication
Pantagruel and his son Gargantua is Gutenbergâs [EBook #1200]
Trouillogan is featured in Chapter 3, XXXVI in Gutenbergâs [EBook #1200]
MoliĂšre21
Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and his World (1965)
____________________
[1] Giordano Bruno was tortured and burned at the stake by the Inquisition. Among other notions, Bruno perceived the plurality of worlds, as would French philosophe Fontenelle, a century later. [2] Maurice Rat, ed., Ćuvres complĂštes de MoliĂšre (Paris: Gallimard, collection La PlĂ©iade, 1956), pp. 878-884. [3] In the French language race means race, breed, and, occasionally, line. [4] Cf. Rabelais.
Love to everyone đ I apologize for spending a rather long time writing this post.
Baroque Music â BourrĂ©e du Mariage ForcĂ© (Jean-Baptiste Lully)
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BibliothĂšque nationale de France
© Micheline Walker 5 July 2019 WordPress
MoliĂšreâs âForced Marriage,â âLe Mariage forcĂ©â Le Mariage forcĂ© Les Plaisirs de l'Ăle enchantĂ©e (The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island),
#Carnivalesque#François Rabelais#Le Mariage forcĂ©#Les Plaisirs de l&039;Ăle enchantĂ©e#Lully#MoliĂšre#Panurge#Sganarelle#The Forced Marriage#Widowhood
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Peuple Kuba, ethnie Lele / Wongo. KasaĂŻ-Occidental DĂ©tail d'un tambour ''Polyandre'' fin XIXe /dĂ©but XXe. (1880/1900) 117cm / 31 diamĂštre / 12,1Kilos Remarquable qualitĂ© des sculptures et forte patine brillante pour ce tambour conservĂ© sans interruption dans la famille du collecteur depuis 1917. Le travail exceptionnel des motifs sculptĂ©s reflĂšte l'importance du clan auquel il appartenait, mais Ă©galement sa richesse au sein du groupe Bashilele. ConsidĂ©rĂ© comme objet du trĂ©sor Royal, le tambour ''polyandre'' n'Ă©tait sorti du trĂ©sor pour ĂȘtre jouĂ© que lors des cĂ©rĂ©monies du cycle de vie, les cĂ©rĂ©monies de la noblesse et la plus importante de toutes, la cĂ©rĂ©monie de dĂ©signation de la ''femme-publique'', rite et cĂ©rĂ©monie tres tĂŽt interdite par les autoritĂ©s coloniales. (Ex Fernand C.... Ă Mweka de 1917 Ă 1936, contrĂŽleur pour la compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Congo, filiale de la ''C.C.C.I'' Compagnie pour le Commerce et l'Industrie.) Un exemplaire prĂ©sentant de fortes similitudes avec le nĂŽtre est conservĂ© au MRAC (MO.0.0.27728). Il est considĂ©rĂ© comme une des piĂšces maĂźtresses de la collection d'instruments de musique du MRAC. Rendez-vous: [email protected] #artpremiers #artpremier #tribalartlondon #tribalart #brafa #brafaartfair #bruneaf2018 #bruneaf #tribalartmagazine #tribalartfair #artpremier #tefaf #tribalartgallery #bakuba #kuba #kasaioccidental #sankuru #congohistory #histoireducongo #leletribe #bashilele #mrac #musĂ©edelafriquecentrale #museeduquaibranly #wongo
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Le couple monogame - un choix!
Le couple monogame â un choix!
La monogamie des humains nâest pas naturelle, en effet lâespĂšce humaine est Ă lâorigine une espĂšce polygyne (lâunion dâun mĂąle avec plusieurs femelles). Parmi les 557 sociĂ©tĂ©s recensĂ©es par Murdock en 1957 : 414 Ă©taient polygynes (prĂšs de 75%), 139 monogames, et 4 polyandres (lâunion dâune femme avec plusieurs hommes). Pour pouvoir vivre au mieux cette monogamie si on la souhaite, il faut ĂȘtreâŠ
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DorimÚne, Le Mariage forcé
Le Mariage forcé
Les Plaisirs de lâĂle enchantĂ©e (The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island), Versailles
MoliĂšreâs contribution
a comédie-ballet
MoliĂšre and Lullyâs Le Mariage forcĂ© (The Forced Marriage), is a farce and a comĂ©die-ballet, in prose. It was first performed on 29 January 1664 in the Queen Motherâs apartments, at the Louvre. On 15 February 1664, it was performed at the ThĂ©Ăątre du Palais-Royal, where it proved less popular. It closed after 12 performances. It was performed again on 12 May 1664 during festivities known as Les Plaisirs de lâĂle enchantĂ©e, The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island. Louis XIV wanted to show Versailles at an early date. He had hired architect Louisâ
Leâ
Vau, landscapeâ
architect AndrĂ©â
leâ
NĂŽtre, and the painter-decorator Charlesâ
Leâ
Brun. These gentlemen had built Nicolas Fouquetâs castle at Vaux-le-Vicomte. MoliĂšreâs La Princesse dâĂlide (8 May) and Tartuffe (8 May) also premiĂšred during Les Plaisirs de lâĂle enchantĂ©e.
In its original form, The Forced Marriage was a three-act comédie-ballet, by MoliÚre and Lully It did not use figures from a mythology in which it differed from earlier comédies-ballets. At Versailles, King Louis XIV and other aristocrats performed in the comedy. In 1664, Louis was very much in love with Louise de la ValliÚre who lived at Versailles, in the small castle used as a hunting-lodge by the very private Louis XIII.
MoliÚre transformed Le Mariage forcé into a one-act play in 1668, which is Le Mariage forcé as we know it. However, it was reborn as a comédie-ballet in 1672. Lully having broken with MoliÚre, the music was composed by Marc-Antoine Charpentier.
In his Preface to the Forced Marriage, Henri van Laun provides information concerning the posterity of the play. Sganarelle is Sir Toby Doubtful in Loveâs Contrivanceâs, a play by Mrs Carroll, born Susanna Centlivre (c. 1667â1670 â 1 December 1723).
Panurge by Albrecht Durer (BnF)
Origins
foreign
Gallic
Rabelais
pedants & philosophy: Aristotle and Pyrrho (doubt)
Although MoliĂšre drew some of his material from Spanish author Lope de Vegaâs IntermĂšde du sacristain [sacristan] Soguizo, and Giordano Brunoâs[1] Candelaio, or The Candle Bearer, entitled Boniface et le PĂ©dant in French, Le Mariage forcĂ© belongs mainly to a French tradition.
The Forced Marriage is rooted primarily in Rabelaisâ Gargantua and Pantagruel, the Third of Five Books [EBook #1200]. MoliĂšreâs Sganarelle recalls Panurge, as featured in Chapter Three of the Third Book (of Five).
 How Panurge asketh counsel of Pantagruel whether he should marry, yea, or no.Â
Affinities between MoliĂšre and Rabelais leap off the title and so does the advice Pantagruel provides to Panurge. Pantagruel urges Panurge not to marry, which is GĂ©ronimoâs initial response, until he learns that Sganarelle has obtained permission to marry DorimĂšne from Alcantor, her father. In the Third Book, Panurge has decided to marry, but revisits his decision. In Rabelaisâ Third Book, Panurge also seeks the advice of Trouillogan, the model for MoliĂšreâs Marphurius, a Pyrrhonian philosopher, and a pedant. He prefigures The Learned Ladies, or Femmes savantesâ Trissotin and Vadius. The mouton de Panurge is featured in the fourth of five books constituting Pantagruel and Gargantua. A mouton de Panurge, âdescribes an individual that will blindly follow others regardless of the consequences.â (See Panurge, Wiki2.org.)
MoliĂšreâs Mariage ForcĂ©Â also has affinities with Guez de Balzacâs Socrate chrĂ©tien. ThĂ©ophile de Viauâs Fragments dâune histoire comique, Dorimondâs LâĂcole des cocus (the School for Cuckolds) and Charles Sorelâs Polyandre (see polyandry, Wiki2.org). These are 17th-century French authors.[2]
Gravure Lalauze
Le Mariage forcé
Gravure Edmond HĂ©douin
Moreau le Jeune
 DRAMATIS PERSONĂ.
SGANARELLE. (MoliĂšre) GĂRONIMO. ALCANTOR, father to DorimĂšne. ALCIDAS, brother to DorimĂšne. LYCASTE, in love with DorimĂšne. PANCRACE, an Aristotelian Philosopher. MARPHURIUS, a Pyrrhonian Philosopher. DORIMĂNE, a young coquette betrothed to Sganarelle. Two GIPSIES. The Scene is in a Public Place.
The Plot
In Scene One of Le Mariage ForcĂ©, Sganarelle, MoliĂšreâs mask, wants to know from his friend GĂ©ronimo whether he should marry. Sganarelle has already sought and obtained from DorimĂšneâs father, Alcantor, permission to marry DorimĂšne. Alcantor has agreed. In his mind, the mind of a pater familias, le Seigneur Sganarelle, a well-to-do 53-year-old gentleman, is a perfect match for his daughter.
However, DorimĂšne surprises us. One would expect her to oppose her tyrannical father, but she differs from other ingĂ©nues, forced to marry or be thrown in a convent. Young DorimĂšne is une mondaine who thinks a marriage to Sganarelle will allow her to escape her father. When she and Sganarelle meet in Scene II, she makes it clear that she wishes to be free. In fact, she has a lover, Lycaste, who cannot understand why she is marrying Sganarelle. She reassures Lycaste. Sganarelle is an older gentleman who has no more than six months âin his belly.â She wants to be a widow, the privileged women of 17th-century France. Widows were free to marry whom they please, or not to marry. Le Misanthropeâs CĂ©limĂšne is a widow.
Yet, although arrangements are being made for DorimĂšne to marry Sganarelle that very day, Sganarelle would like to discuss marriage with his friend GĂ©ronimo. When GĂ©ronimo learns that the bride-to-be is the lovely DorimĂšne and that she is not opposing Alcantor, her father, GĂ©ronimo has little left to say than exclaim:
Mariez-vous promptement; je ne dis plus rien. GĂ©ronimo to Sganarelle (Scene I, p. 9) [Make haste and get married.] GĂ©ronimo to Sganarelle (Scene Four, p. 227)
The most amusing lines of Scene One are Sganarelleâs:
Outre la joie que jâaurai de possĂ©der une belle femme, qui me fera mille caresses; qui me dorlotera, et me viendra frotter, lorsque je serai las; outre cette joie, dis-je, je considĂšre, quâen demeurant comme je suis, je laisse pĂ©rir dans le monde la race [3] des Sganarelles; et quâen me mariant, je pourrai me voir revivre en dâautres moi-mĂȘmes⊠[4] Sganarelle Ă GĂ©ronimo (Scene I, p. 8) [I consider that, by remaining as I am, I suffer the race of the Sganarelles to become extinct ; whilst, by marrying, I may see myself reproduced, and shall have the joy of seeing children sprung from me[.] Sganarelle to GĂ©ronimo (Scene Two, p.  226)
Marriage and Marriage
Matters change. Sganarelle believes he will own DorimĂšne:
HĂ© bien, ma belle, câest maintenant que nous allons ĂȘtre heureux lâun et lâautre. Vous ne serez plus en droit de me rien refuser; ⊠Sganarelle Ă DorimĂšne (ScĂšne II, pp. 9-10) [Well, my dear, both of us are going to be happy now. You will no longer have a right to refuse me anything; and I can do with you just as I please, without any one being shocked. You will be mine from head to foot, and I shall be master of everything, of your little sparkling eyes, your little roguish nose, your tempting lips, your lovely ears, your pretty little chin, your little round breasts, your ⊠] Sganarelle to DorimĂšne (Scene Four, pp. 227-228)
DorimĂšne, however, wants to escape her fatherâs tyranny and would not accept to marry a tyrannical Sganarelleâs.
Tout Ă fait aise, je vous jure: car enfin la sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© de mon pĂšre mâa tenue jusques ici dans une sujĂ©tion la plus fĂącheuse du monde. Il y a je ne sais combien que jâenrage du peu de libertĂ©, quâil me donne; et jâai cent fois souhaitĂ© quâil me mariĂąt, pour sortir promptement de la contrainte, oĂč jâĂ©tais avec lui, et me voir en Ă©tat de faire ce que je voudrai. DorimĂšne Ă Sganarelle (Scene II, p. 10) [Immensely glad, I assure you. For, indeed, my fatherâs severity has kept me hitherto in the most grievous subjection. I have been raging, I do not know how long, at the scanty liberty he allows me ; I have wished a hundred times that he would get me a husband, so that I might quickly escape from the durance in which I have been kept by him, and be able to do as I pleased. DorimĂšne to Sganarelle (Scene Four, pp. 228-229)
The two are in a collision course. Sganarelle realizes that he has made a mistake.
The Dream
In Scene Three (FR), GĂ©ronimo returns. He has found a jeweller who has a beautiful diamond for sale. Sganarelle is no longer so eager to marry. He would like to confide that he has had a dream:
Avant que de passer plus avant, je voudrais bien agiter Ă fond cette matiĂšre; et que lâon mâexpliquĂąt un songe que jâai fait cette nuit, et qui vient tout Ă lâheure de me revenir dans lâesprit. Sganarelle Ă GĂ©ronimo (Scene III, p. 11) [Before going farther I wish to sift this matter to the bottom, and to have interpreted to me a dream which I had last night, and which just recurred to me.] Sganarelle to GĂ©ronimo (Scene Five, p. 229)
Dreams are borrowed from Rabelais.
Trouillogan by Gustave Doré (BnF)
Pancrace and Marphurius (Trouillogan)
GĂ©ronimo is too busy to discuss dreams. He tells Sganarelle to speak with his neighbours: Pancrace, an Aristotelian philosopher, and Marphurius, a Pyrrhonean philosopher. Sganarelle now fears cuckolding. but Pancrace canât help because he is preoccupied. He wonders whether one should use the word âformâ or âfigureâ concerning the shape of a hat. Sganarelle pressures Pancrace a little, who then asks which tongue, langue, Sganarelle wishes to use. It is, of course the tongue in his mouth:
Parbleu, de la langue que jâai dans la bouche; je crois que je nâirai pas emprunter celle de mon voisin. Sganarelle Ă Pancrace (Scene IV, p. 15) [Zounds! The tongue I have in my mouth.] Sganarelle to Pancrace (Scene Six, p. 232)
So, as of âZounds,â matters truly deteriorate. Sganarelle leaves. (I am not discussing the quotations in Latin.)
Sganarelle then visits another neighbour, a Pyrrhonian skeptic. This character reflects Sganarelle uncertainty and adds to his distress. Doubt has entered Sganarelleâs mind. He correct Sganarelle. â[I]t seems to me,â (il me semble que) says Sganarelle, but âmeâ expresses uncertainty. âNous devons douter de toutâ (we must doubt everything), says Marphurius. Sganarelle is so frustrated that he ends up hitting Marphurius with a stick. Marphurius is defenceless. Sganarelle turns himself into a skectic, mocking Marphurius:
Corrigez, sâil vous plaĂźt, cette maniĂšre de parler. Il faut douter de toutes choses; et vous ne devez pas dire que je vous ai battu; mais quâil vous semble que je vous ai battu. Sganarelle Ă Marphurius (ScĂšne V, p. 22) [Pray, correct this manner of speaking. We are to doubt everything; and you ought not to say that I have beaten you, but that it seems I have beaten you.] Sganarelle to Marphurius (Scene Ten, p. 238)
Marphurius is Rabelaisâ Trouillogan. (See Chapter 3.XXXV)
â How the philosopher Trouillogan handleth the difficulty of marriage.â
Le Mariage ForcĂ© was a comĂ©die-ballet, with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully. Unlike other comĂ©dies-ballets, Le Mariage forcĂ© did not use characters inhabiting mythologies. In Scene Twelve, Sganarelle asks three Ăgyptiennes (Gypsies) whether he will be cuckolded.
Cuckoldry and Widowhood
In Scene Twelve, Lycaste, who loves DorimĂšne, wonders why she is marrying Sganarelle. She reassures him. Not only will she be free, but she expects Sganarelle to die within a few months. She looks forward to widowhood. In 17th-century France, widowhood freed women who had married women who have married against their will.
Je vous le garantis dĂ©funt dans le temps que je dis; et je nâaurai pas longuement Ă demander pour moi au Ciel, lâheureux Ă©tat de veuve. DorimĂšne Ă Lycaste (Scene XII, p. 25) [I guarantee that he is dead in the time I say. I shall not long have to pray Heaven for the happy state of widowhood.] DorimĂšne to Lycaste (Scene Twelve, p. 240)
Sganarelle has heard everything. Lycaste gets away as Dom Juan. Dom Juan invites his father to sit down and Lycasteâs politeness leaves Sganarelle speechless.
AgrĂ©ez, Monsieur, que je vous fĂ©licite de votre mariage, et vous prĂ©sente en mĂȘme temps mes trĂšs humbles services. Je vous assure que vous Ă©pousez lĂ une trĂšs honnĂȘte personne. Lycaste Ă Sganarelle (Scene VII, p. 25) [Allow me, sir, to congratulate you on your marriage, and at the same time to offer you my most humble services. Let me tell you that the lady, whom you are marrying, possesses great meritsâŠ] Lycaste to Sganarelle (Scene Twelve, p. 240)
Lycaste then goes away, having silenced Sganarelle.
A Forced Marriage
The remaining scenes feature DorimĂšneâs family. Alcantor will not allow Sganarelle to roll back his promise to marry DorimĂšne.
Seigneur Alcantor, jâai demandĂ© votre fille en mariage, il est vrai; et vous me lâavez accordĂ©e: mais je me trouve un peu avancĂ© en Ăąge pour elle; et je considĂšre que je ne suis point du tout son fait. Sganarelle Ă Alcantor (Scene VIII, p. 27) [Mr. Alcantor, it is true I asked your daughter in marriage, and you granted my request; but I find that I am rather old ; I think that I am by no means a proper match for her.] Sganarelle to Alcantor (Scene Fourteen, p. 241) Vous vous ĂȘtes engagĂ© avec moi, pour Ă©pouser ma fille; et tout est prĂ©parĂ© pour cela. Mais puisque vous voulez retirer votre parole, je vais voir ce quâil y a Ă faire; et vous aurez bientĂŽt de mes nouvelles. Alcantor Ă Sganarelle (Scene VIII, p. 28) [You gave me your word that you would marry my daughter, and everything is prepared for the wedding; but since you wish to withdraw, I shall go and see what can be done in the matter; you shall hear from me presently.] Alcantor to Sganarelle (Scene XIV, p. 242)
During Scene IX, Sganarelle refuses to fight. Alcidas, DorimĂšneâs brother, has brought swords. In the end, Sganarelle is compelled to marry.
HĂ© bien! jâĂ©pouserai, jâĂ©pouserai⊠Sganarelle Ă Alcidas  (Scene IX, p. 30) Well then, I will marry, I will marry! Sganarelle to Alcidas (Scene XIV, p. 244)
 Sganarelle (www.cosmovisions.coms.com)
Sganarelle (Wikipedia)
Conclusion
The Forced Marriage turns matters upside down. We are therefore reminded of Mikhail Bakhtin Rabelais and His World: carnival and grotesque. We are also reminded of the comic playwrights. However, we are not dealing with giants.
Sganarelle makes wedding arrangements before seeking advice from GĂ©ronimo, or taking matters into consideration.
An older gentleman is forced to marry.
DorimĂšne is pleased to marry a senex iratus. She will be a widow.
Sganarelle is a cocu (cuckolded)Â before he marries.
Our philosophers have long left reality. MoliĂšre has created Les Femmes savantesâ Trissotin and Vadius.
However, floating just below the surface of this play is the farcical trompeur trompĂ©, the deceiver deceived. How can Lycaste ever trust DorimĂšne? The extremely polite manner he uses to greet Sganarelle could be read as a criticism of DorimĂšneâs ploy. It is âaffected.â As for DorimĂšne, she is her own senex iratus.
The play also features pedants. Pancraceâs pursuit of a correct term, forme or figure for the shape of hats is trivial. As for Marphurius he is Rabelais Trouillogan (See Chapter 3, XXXVI) in Gutenbergâs [EBook #1200]
I am leaving behind the comédie-ballet, as written and composed in 1664. This post is already too long. But it is interesting to know that at Versailles, the King and aristocrats played roles in the comédie-ballet.
Sources and Resources
Le Mariage forcé is a toutmoliÚre.net publication
Le Mariage forcé, Notice, toutmoliÚre.net
The Forced Marriage is an Internet Archive publication
Pantagruel and his son Gargantua is Gutenbergâs [EBook #1200]
Trouillogan is featured in Chapter 3, XXXVI in Gutenbergâs [EBook #1200]
MoliĂšre21
Mikhail Bakhtin
____________________
[1] Giorgano Bruno was tortured and burned at the stake by the Inquisition. Among other notions, Bruno perceived the plurality of worlds, as would French philosophe Fontenelle, a century later. [2] Maurice Rat, ed., Ćuvres complĂštes de MoliĂšre (Paris: Gallimard, collection La PlĂ©iade, 1956), pp. 878-884. [3] In the French language race means race, breed, and, occasionally, line. [4] Cf. Rabelais.
Love to everyone đ I apologize for spending a rather long time writing this post.
Baroque Music â BourrĂ©e du Mariage ForcĂ© (Jean-Baptiste Lully)
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MoliĂšreâs âForced Marriage,â âLe Mariage forcĂ©â Le Mariage forcĂ© Les Plaisirs de l'Ăle enchantĂ©e (The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island),
#Carnivalesque#François Rabelais#Le Mariage forcĂ©#Les Plaisirs de l&039;Ăle enchantĂ©e#Lully#MoliĂšre#Panurge#Sganarelle#The Forced Marriage#Widowhood
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