#femme polyandre

[chroniclesofnadia111]

🖤🖤🖤🖤

[christophe76460]

🗣️🗣️🗣️

*Toute injustice est considérée comme un péché d'après 1er Jean 5:17.* 📓📓

📢📢

*Lisez le livre de 1 Corinthiens 6:9,* *où il est mentionné que l'adultère est un péché🛑*

*Un chrétien n'est pas un pécheur, et un pécheur n'est pas un chrétien.*

*La fornication est également considérée comme un péché. 🛑*

*Mentir, commencer, voler et la convoitise sont des péchés. 🛑*

*Lisez Hébreux 12:14 pour comprendre que les pansements séduisants sont un péché. Les extensions capillaires, les tissages et l'attachement des cheveux sont également cités comme des péchés. 🛑*

*Lisez le livre de Jérémie 4:30 pour comprendre que le maquillage, les boucles d'oreilles, les cils supplémentaires, ainsi que le mariage polygame ou polyandre, réparer un tatouage, l'affaissement, la consommation d'alcool, l'idolâtrie, les relations amoureuses hors mariage, sont également identifiées comme des péchés. 🛑*

*Les fraudeurs Yahoo sont également désignés comme pêcheurs.*

*L'homosexualité est considérée comme un acte interdit. La prostitution est condamnée.*

*Les relations lesbiennes sont considérées comme un péché.*

*Ne pas pardonner est considéré comme un péché, tout comme avoir des pensées négatives envers les autres.*

*Tricher lors d'examens ou au travail est un péché.**.

*L'occultisme est considéré comme un péché.*

*La colère et la désobéissance sont considérées comme des péchés"*

*Il est recommandé de se repentir de ses péchés en demandant la miséricorde divine*.

*Il est recommandé de lire Colossiens 3:8-10.

Perdre du temps à des futilités au lieu de se consacrer à Dieu est considéré comme un péché.*

*Utiliser des paroles bénissantes envers autrui est considérée comme un péché*.

L'envie est considérée comme un péché, selon Romains 6:1.

Il est conseillé de ne pas jurer.*

*Jurer est considéré comme un péché 🛑* *Fumer de l'herbe ou des cigarettes est également considéré comme un péché 🛑🛑🛑*

*Lisez Deutéronome 22:5 pour plus d'informations.*

*Si vous vous trouvez impliqué dans l'un de ces péchés, je vous encourage à vous repentir et à ne pas les acheter à nouveau*

*Allez et ne péchez plus.*

*L'avortement, la fierté, le meurtre, le port de pantalons pour les femmes, le port de robes pour les hommes, la méchanceté, les ongles supplémentaires, le murmure et la plainte, le visionnage de vidéos pornographiques, la fraude Yahoo, le rituel Yahoo ainsi que toute autre forme d'injustice sont ouvertement comme des péchés 🛑🛑🛑🛑*

*Il est important de se repentir de tous ces péchés et de changer de comportement, car tout acte injuste est considéré comme un péché 🛑🛑🛑🛑🛑🛑🛑🛑🛑*

*Souvenez-vous, le paradis est réel ☑️*

*Le port de vêtements immoraux, la pratique du Yahoo plus, ainsi que d'autres péchés mentionnés sont également prévus comme des transgressions 🛑🛑🛑*

*Prions pour que Dieu nous accorde la grâce de mener une vie sainte et juste en tout temps au nom de Jésus 🙏*

*Rappelez-vous que l'enfer est une réalité incontestable 🔥🔥🔥*

[mariesrbouipochodian]

Quelquefois j'oublie tout comme dans le film men in black, quand l'appareil efface la mémoire.

Ils ont tellement dit qu'on est la première ville arabe, que j'aurais dû le comprendre...

Plein de noirs et d'arabes,,,

Les blancs, surtout militaires et policiers meurent ici.

Beaucoup moins les arabes et les noirs ...

Alors si cela s'est vite su, combien de personnes sont devenues musulmans et d'autres ont voulu les mariages arabes avec quatre femmes...

Parce que j'essaie de comprendre les putes polyandres comme Carla bruni. A part Sarkozy, combien d'autres époux et par quelle religion....

[cascades-tv]

Abdoulaye Komboudri une légende vivante du cinéma Africain ! Abdoulaye Komboudri dit « Fils de l’homme » est né le 3 mai 1959 à Koudougou au Burkina Faso. « Fils de l’homme » est l’un des acteurs majeurs du cinéma burkinabè. Aucun rôle ne lui résiste, faisant  de lui un acteur  complet. Il a joué dans de nombreux films, tout comme Rasmané Ouédraogo dit RASO, il est fastidieux de dresser une filmographie complète de cet acteur. Néanmoins essayons  et surtout excusez du peu  l’artiste : 👉🏾Desebagato 👉🏾Sababu 👉🏾Zan Boko 👉🏾Toungan 👉🏾Samba Traoré 👉🏾Laafi (Tout va bien) 👉🏾Yeelbedo (Le prix du méfait) 👉🏾Mami Wata 👉🏾Tourbillon 👉🏾Une couleur café 👉🏾Keïta, l’héritage du griot 👉🏾Le rêve du python 👉🏾L’épopée des Moosé 👉🏾Nous sommes tous responsables 👉🏾Silmandé 👉🏾Siraba 👉🏾Haramuya-Wendemi (L’enfant du bon Dieu) 👉🏾Maï deux maris ou la polyandre 👉🏾Bayiri 👉🏾Le poids du serment 👉🏾Delwendé lève-toi et marche 👉🏾Une femme pas comme les autres 👉🏾Le monde est un ballet 👉🏾Yango 👉🏾Si longue que soit la nuit 👉🏾Le pardon 👉🏾Puuk Nin 👉🏾Un certain matin 👉🏾Garba 👉🏾Julie et Roméo 👉🏾Gorel 👉🏾Ça bouge 👉🏾Ma ga al darhan 👉🏾Mouka 👉🏾Célibatorium 👉🏾Sita 👉🏾Vis-à-vis 👉🏾A nous la vie… Abdoulaye Komboudri est concepteur  et réalisateur de spots publicitaires et de sensibilisation, il fait aussi  du thèâtre. Au titre des  Distinctions : 👉🏾Prix du meilleur comédien (Laafi) à la 12ème édition du FESPACO en 1991. 👉🏾Prix du meilleur second rôle dans Silmandé (Winner Lauréat) All Africa film awards 98 Afrique du Sud. 👉🏾Chevalier de l’ordre du mérite des Arts, Lettres et de la Communication : agrafe cinématographie Abdoulaye Komboudri parle  français, dioula, mooré, peulh, haoussa. https://www.instagram.com/p/CPSpYCoHhqf/?utm_medium=tumblr

[mebwalker]

Dorimène, Le Mariage forcé (théâtre.documentation)

Le Mariage forcé

Les Plaisirs de l’Île enchantée  (The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island), Versailles

Molière’s contribution

a comédie-ballet

Molière and Lully’s Le Mariage forcé (The Forced Marriage), is a farce and a comédie-ballet, in prose. It was first performed on 29 January 1664 in the Queen Mother’s apartments, at the Louvre. On 15 February 1664, it was performed at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal, where it proved less popular. It closed after 12 performances. It was performed again on 12 May 1664 during festivities known as Les Plaisirs de l’Île enchantée, The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island. Louis XIV wanted to show Versailles at an early date. He had hired architect Louis Le Vau, landscape architect André le Nôtre, and the painter-decorator Charles Le Brun. These gentlemen had built Nicolas Fouquet‘s castle at Vaux-le-Vicomte. Molière’s La Princesse d’Élide and Tartuffe also premièred during Les Plaisirs de l’Île enchantée, on 8 May 1664. In its original form, The Forced Marriage was a three-act comédie-ballet, by Molière and Lully It did not use figures from a mythology in which it differed from earlier comédies-ballets. At Versailles, King Louis XIV and other aristocrats performed in the comedy. In 1664, Louis was very much in love with Louise de La Vallière who lived at Versailles, in the small castle used as a hunting-lodge by the very private Louis XIII.

Molière transformed Le Mariage forcé into a one-act play in 1668, which is Le Mariage forcé as we know it. However, it was reborn as a comédie-ballet in 1672. Lully having broken with Molière, the music was composed by Marc-Antoine Charpentier.

In his Preface to the Forced Marriage, Henri van Laun provides information concerning the posterity of the play. Sganarelle is Sir Toby Doubtful in Love’s Contrivance, a play by Mrs. Carroll, born Susanna Centlivre (c. 1667–1670 – 1 December 1723).

Panurge by Albrecht Dürer (BnF)

Origins

other

Gallic

Rabelais

pedants & philosophy: Aristotle and Pyrrho (doubt)

Although Molière drew some of his material from Spanish author Lope de Vega’s Intermède du sacristain [sacristan] Soguizo, and Giordano Bruno’s[1] Candelaio, or The Candle Bearer, entitled Boniface et le Pédant in French, Le Mariage forcé belongs mainly to a French tradition.

The Forced Marriage is rooted primarily in Rabelais‘ Gargantua and Pantagruel, the Third of Five Books [EBook #1200]. Molière’s Sganarelle reminds us of Panurge, as featured in Chapter Three of the Third Book (of Five) of Gargantua and Pantagruel.

 How Panurge asketh counsel of Pantagruel whether he should marry, yea, or no. 

Affinities between Molière and Rabelais leap off the page, and so does Pantagruel’s advice to Panurge. Pantagruel urges Panurge not to marry, which is Géronimo’s initial response, until he learns that Sganarelle has obtained permission to marry Dorimène from Alcantor, her father. In the Third Book, Panurge has decided to marry, but revisits his decision. In Rabelais’ Third Book, Panurge also seeks the advice of Trouillogan, the model for Molière’s Marphurius, a Pyrrhonian philosopher, and a pedant. He prefigures The Learned Ladies, or Femmes savantes‘ Trissotin and Vadius. The mouton de Panurge is featured in the fourth of five books constituting Pantagruel and Gargantua. A mouton de Panurge, “describes an individual that will blindly follow others regardless of the consequences.” (See Panurge, Wiki2.org.) We cannot exclude Sganarelle.

Molière’s Mariage Forcé also has affinities with Guez de Balzac’s Socrate chrétien. Théophile de Viau’s Fragments d’une histoire comique, Dorimond’s L’École des cocus (the School for Cuckolds), and Charles Sorel’s Polyandre (see polyandry, Wiki2.org). These are 17th-century French authors.[2]

      Gravure Lalauze (théâtre.documention)

Le Mariage forcé (théâtre.documentation)

    Gravure Edmond Hédouin

Moreau le Jeune

DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.

SGANARELLE. (Molière) GÉRONIMO. ALCANTOR, father to Dorimène. ALCIDAS, brother to Dorimène. LYCASTE, in love with Dorimène. PANCRACE, an Aristotelian Philosopher. MARPHURIUS, a Pyrrhonian Philosopher. DORIMÈNE, a young coquette betrothed to Sganarelle. Two GIPSIES. The Scene is in a Public Place.

The Plot

Dorimène surprises us

la race des Sganarelles

Scene One of Le Mariage Forcé, Sganarelle, Molière’s mask, wants to know from his friend Géronimo whether he should marry. Sganarelle has already sought and obtained from Dorimène’s father, Alcantor, permission to marry Dorimène. Alcantor has agreed. In his mind, the mind of a pater familias, le Seigneur Sganarelle, a well-to-do 53-year-old gentleman, is a perfect match for his daughter.

However, Dorimène surprises us. One would expect her to oppose her tyrannical father, but she differs from other ingénues, forced to marry or be thrown in a convent. Young Dorimène is une mondaine who thinks a marriage to Sganarelle will allow her to escape her father. When she and Sganarelle meet in Scene II, she makes it clear that she wishes to be free. In fact, as we will see later, she has a lover, Lycaste, who cannot understand why she is marrying Sganarelle. She reassures Lycaste. Sganarelle is an older gentleman who has no more than six months “in his belly.” She wants to be a widow, the privileged women of 17th-century France. Widows were free to marry whom they pleased, or not to marry. Le Misanthrope‘s Célimène is a widow.

Yet, although arrangements are being made for Dorimène to marry Sganarelle that very day, Sganarelle would like to discuss marriage with his friend Géronimo, which should have happened earlier. When Géronimo learns that the bride-to-be is the lovely Dorimène and that she is not opposing Alcantor, her father, Géronimo has little left to do than exclaim:

Mariez-vous promptement; je ne dis plus rien. Géronimo to Sganarelle (Scene I, p. 9) [Make haste and get married.] Géronimo to Sganarelle (Scene Four, p. 227)

The most amusing lines of Scene One are Sganarelle’s:

Outre la joie que j’aurai de posséder une belle femme, qui me fera mille caresses; qui me dorlotera, et me viendra frotter, lorsque je serai las; outre cette joie, dis-je, je considère, qu’en demeurant comme je suis, je laisse périr dans le monde la race [3] des Sganarelles; et qu’en me mariant, je pourrai me voir revivre en d’autres moi-mêmes… [4] Sganarelle à Géronimo (Scene I, p. 8) [Besides the pleasures I shall have in possessing a wife to fondle me when I am tired; besides this pleasure, I consider that, by remaining as I am, I suffer the race of the Sganarelles to become extinct ; whilst, by marrying, I may see myself reproduced, and shall have the joy of seeing children sprung from me… Sganarelle to Géronimo (Scene Two, p.  226)

Marriage and Marriage

Matters change. Sganarelle believed he would own Dorimène:

Hé bien, ma belle, c’est maintenant que nous allons être heureux l’un et l’autre. Vous ne serez plus en droit de me rien refuser; … Sganarelle à Dorimène (Scène II, pp. 9-10) [Well, my dear, both of us are going to be happy now. You will no longer have a right to refuse me anything; and I can do with you just as I please, without any one being shocked. You will be mine from head to foot, and I shall be master of everything, of your little sparkling eyes, your little roguish nose, your tempting lips, your lovely ears, your pretty little chin, your little round breasts, your … ] Sganarelle to Dorimène (Scene Four, pp. 227-228)

Dorimène, however, wants to escape her father’s tyranny and would not accept to marry a tyrannical Sganarelle’s. Two contrary discourses are juxtaposed. The second all be erases the first.  Sganarelle realizes that he has made a mistake.

Tout à fait aise, je vous jure: car enfin la sévérité de mon père m’a tenue jusques ici dans une sujétion la plus fâcheuse du monde. Il y a je ne sais combien que j’enrage du peu de liberté, qu’il me donne; et j’ai cent fois souhaité qu’il me mariât, pour sortir promptement de la contrainte, où j’étais avec lui, et me voir en état de faire ce que je voudrai. Dorimène à Sganarelle (Scene II, p. 10) [Immensely glad, I assure you. For, indeed, my father’s severity has kept me hitherto in the most grievous subjection. I have been raging, I do not know how long, at the scanty liberty he allows me ; I have wished a hundred times that he would get me a husband, so that I might quickly escape from the durance in which I have been kept by him, and be able to do as I pleased. Dorimène to Sganarelle (Scene Four, pp. 228-229)

The Dream

In Scene Three (FR), Géronimo returns. He has found a jeweler who has a beautiful diamond for sale. Sganarelle is no longer so eager to marry. He would like to confide that he has had a dream:

Avant que de passer plus avant, je voudrais bien agiter à fond cette matière; et que l’on m’expliquât un songe que j’ai fait cette nuit, et qui vient tout à l’heure de me revenir dans l’esprit. Sganarelle à Géronimo (Scene III, p. 11) [Before going farther I wish to sift this matter to the bottom, and to have interpreted to me a dream which I had last night, and which just recurred to me.] Sganarelle to Géronimo (Scene Five, p. 229)

Dreams are mentioned in Rabelais.

Trouillogan by Gustave Doré (BnF)

Pancrace and Marphurius (Trouillogan)

Parbleu, de la langue que j’ai dans la bouche; je crois que je n’irai pas emprunter celle de mon voisin. Sganarelle à Pancrace (Scene IV, p. 15) [Zounds! The tongue I have in my mouth.] Sganarelle to Pancrace (Scene Six, p. 232)

So, as of “Zounds,” matters truly deteriorate. Sganarelle leaves. (I am not discussing the quotations in Latin.)

Sganarelle then visits another neighbour, a Pyrrhonian skeptic. This character reflects Sganarelle’s uncertainty and adds to his distress. Doubt has entered Sganarelle’s mind. correct Sganarelle. “[I]t seems to me,” (il me semble que) says Sganarelle, but “me” expresses uncertainty. “Nous devons douter de tout” (we must doubt everything), says Marphurius. Sganarelle is so frustrated that he ends up hitting Marphurius with a stick. Marphurius is defenceless. Sganarelle turns himself into a skeptic, mocking Marphurius:

Corrigez, s’il vous plaît, cette manière de parler. Il faut douter de toutes choses; et vous ne devez pas dire que je vous ai battu; mais qu’il vous semble que je vous ai battu. Sganarelle à Marphurius (Scène V, p. 22) [Pray, correct this manner of speaking. We are to doubt everything; and you ought not to say that I have beaten you, but that it seems I have beaten you.] Sganarelle to Marphurius (Scene Ten, p. 238)

Marphurius is Rabelais’ Trouillogan. He doubts everything (Chapter 3.XXXV)

 How the philosopher Trouillogan handleth the difficulty of marriage.

Le Mariage Forcé was a comédie-ballet, with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully. Unlike other comédies-ballets, Le Mariage forcé did not use characters inhabiting mythologies. In Scene Twelve, Sganarelle asks three Égyptiennes (Gypsies) whether he will be cuckolded.

Cuckoldry and Widowhood

In Scene Twelve, Lycaste, who loves Dorimène, wonders why she is marrying Sganarelle. She reassures him. Not only will she be free, but she expects Sganarelle to die within a few months. She looks forward to widowhood. In 17th-century France, widowhood freed women who have married against their will.

Je vous le garantis défunt dans le temps que je dis; et je n’aurai pas longuement à demander pour moi au Ciel, l’heureux état de veuve. Dorimène à Lycaste (Scene XII, p. 25) [I guarantee that he is dead in the time I say. I shall not long have to pray Heaven for the happy state of widowhood.] Dorimène to Lycaste (Scene Twelve, p. 240)

Sganarelle has heard everything. Lycaste gets away as does Dom Juan. Dom Juan invites his father to sit down and Lycaste’s politeness leaves Sganarelle speechless. It is formulaic.

Agréez, Monsieur, que je vous félicite de votre mariage, et vous présente en même temps mes très humbles services. Je vous assure que vous épousez là une très honnête personne. Lycaste à Sganarelle (Scene VII, p. 25) [Allow me, sir, to congratulate you on your marriage, and at the same time to offer you my most humble services. Let me tell you that the lady, whom you are marrying, possesses great merits…] Lycaste to Sganarelle (Scene Twelve, p. 240)

Lycaste then goes away, having silenced Sganarelle.

A Forced Marriage

The remaining scenes feature Dorimène’s family. Alcantor will not allow Sganarelle to roll back his promise to marry Dorimène.

Seigneur Alcantor, j’ai demandé votre fille en mariage, il est vrai; et vous me l’avez accordée: mais je me trouve un peu avancé en âge pour elle; et je considère que je ne suis point du tout son fait. Sganarelle à Alcantor (Scene VIII, p. 27) [Mr. Alcantor, it is true I asked your daughter in marriage, and you granted my request; but I find that I am rather old ; I think that I am by no means a proper match for her.] Sganarelle to Alcantor (Scene Fourteen, p. 241) Vous vous êtes engagé avec moi, pour épouser ma fille; et tout est préparé pour cela. Mais puisque vous voulez retirer votre parole, je vais voir ce qu’il y a à faire; et vous aurez bientôt de mes nouvelles. Alcantor à Sganarelle (Scene VIII, p. 28) [You gave me your word that you would marry my daughter, and everything is prepared for the wedding; but since you wish to withdraw, I shall go and see what can be done in the matter; you shall hear from me presently.] Alcantor to Sganarelle (Scene Fourteen, p. 242)

During Scene IX, Sganarelle refuses to fight Alcidas, Dorimène’s brother, who has brought swords. In the end, Sganarelle is compelled to marry.

Hé bien! j’épouserai, j’épouserai… Sganarelle à Alcidas  (Scene IX, p. 30) Well then, I will marry, I will marry! Sganarelle to Alcidas (Scene Fourteen, p. 244)

      Sganarelle (www.cosmovisions.coms.com)

Sganarelle (Wikipedia)

Conclusion

The Forced Marriage turns matters upside down. We are therefore reminded of Mikhail Bakhtin Rabelais and His World: carnival and grotesque. We are also reminded of the comic playwrights. However, we are not dealing with Rabelais’ giants, except metaphorically.

Sganarelle makes wedding arrangements before seeking advice from Géronimo, or taking matters into consideration.

An older gentleman is forced to marry.

Dorimène is pleased to marry a senex iratus. She will be a widow.

Sganarelle is a cocu (cuckolded) before he marries.

Our philosophers have long left reality. Molière has created Les Femmes savantes‘ Trissotin and Vadius.

However, floating just below the surface of this play is the farcical trompeur trompé, the deceiver deceived. How can Lycaste ever trust Dorimène? The extremely polite manner he uses to greet Sganarelle could be read as a criticism of Dorimène’s ploy. It is “affected.” As for Dorimène, she is her own senex iratus and will not change. Besides, destiny rules. She should be prepared to love the husband she has married and to give birth to a petit Sganarelle.

The play also features pedants. Pancrace’s pursuit of a correct term, forme or figure, for the shape of hats is trivial. As for Marphurius, he is Rabelais Trouillogan (See Chapter 3, XXXVI) in Gutenberg’s [EBook #1200])

I am leaving behind the comédie-ballet, as written and composed in 1664. This post is already too long. But it is interesting to know that at Versailles, the King and aristocrats played roles in the comédie-ballet.

Sources and Resources

Le Mariage forcé is a toutmolière.net publication

Le Mariage forcé, Notice, toutmolière.net

The Forced Marriage is an Internet Archive publication

Pantagruel and his son Gargantua is Gutenberg’s [EBook #1200]

Trouillogan is featured in Chapter 3, XXXVI in Gutenberg’s [EBook #1200]

Molière21

Mikhail Bakhtin, Rabelais and his World (1965)

____________________

[1] Giordano Bruno was tortured and burned at the stake by the Inquisition. Among other notions, Bruno perceived the plurality of worlds, as would French philosophe Fontenelle, a century later. [2] Maurice Rat, ed., Œuvres complètes de Molière (Paris: Gallimard, collection La Pléiade, 1956), pp. 878-884. [3] In the French language race means race, breed, and, occasionally, line. [4] Cf. Rabelais.

Love to everyone 💕 I apologize for spending a rather long time writing this post.

Baroque Music – Bourrée du Mariage Forcé (Jean-Baptiste Lully)

Bibliothèque nationale de France

© Micheline Walker 5 July 2019 WordPress

Molière’s “Forced Marriage,” “Le Mariage forcé” Le Mariage forcé Les Plaisirs de l'Île enchantée  (The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island),

[jmontaujoie]

Peuple Kuba, ethnie Lele / Wongo. Kasaï-Occidental Détail d'un tambour ''Polyandre'' fin XIXe /début XXe. (1880/1900) 117cm / 31 diamètre / 12,1Kilos Remarquable qualité des sculptures et forte patine brillante pour ce tambour conservé sans interruption dans la famille du collecteur depuis 1917. Le travail exceptionnel des motifs sculptés reflète l'importance du clan auquel il appartenait, mais également sa richesse au sein du groupe Bashilele. Considéré comme objet du trésor Royal, le tambour ''polyandre'' n'était sorti du trésor pour être joué que lors des cérémonies du cycle de vie, les cérémonies de la noblesse et la plus importante de toutes, la cérémonie de désignation de la ''femme-publique'', rite et cérémonie tres tôt interdite par les autorités coloniales. (Ex Fernand C.... à Mweka de 1917 à 1936, contrôleur pour la compagnie du Chemin de Fer du Congo, filiale de la ''C.C.C.I'' Compagnie pour le Commerce et l'Industrie.) Un exemplaire présentant de fortes similitudes avec le nôtre est conservé au MRAC (MO.0.0.27728). Il est considéré comme une des pièces maîtresses de la collection d'instruments de musique du MRAC. Rendez-vous: info@6clic.be #artpremiers #artpremier #tribalartlondon #tribalart #brafa #brafaartfair #bruneaf2018 #bruneaf #tribalartmagazine #tribalartfair #artpremier #tefaf #tribalartgallery #bakuba #kuba #kasaioccidental #sankuru #congohistory #histoireducongo #leletribe #bashilele #mrac #muséedelafriquecentrale #museeduquaibranly #wongo

[np212]

Le couple monogame - un choix!

Le couple monogame – un choix!

La monogamie des humains n’est pas naturelle, en effet l’espèce humaine est à l’origine une espèce polygyne (l’union d’un mâle avec plusieurs femelles). Parmi les 557 sociétés recensées par Murdock en 1957 : 414 étaient polygynes (près de 75%), 139 monogames, et 4 polyandres (l’union d’une femme avec plusieurs hommes). Pour pouvoir vivre au mieux cette monogamie si on la souhaite, il faut être…

[mebwalker]

Dorimène, Le Mariage forcé

Le Mariage forcé

Les Plaisirs de l’Île enchantée  (The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island), Versailles

Molière’s contribution

a comédie-ballet

Molière and Lully’s Le Mariage forcé (The Forced Marriage), is a farce and a comédie-ballet, in prose. It was first performed on 29 January 1664 in the Queen Mother’s apartments, at the Louvre. On 15 February 1664, it was performed at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal, where it proved less popular. It closed after 12 performances. It was performed again on 12 May 1664 during festivities known as Les Plaisirs de l’Île enchantée, The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island. Louis XIV wanted to show Versailles at an early date. He had hired architect Louis Le Vau, landscape architect André le Nôtre, and the painter-decorator Charles Le Brun. These gentlemen had built Nicolas Fouquet‘s castle at Vaux-le-Vicomte. Molière’s La Princesse d’Élide (8 May) and Tartuffe (8 May) also premièred during Les Plaisirs de l’Île enchantée.

In its original form, The Forced Marriage was a three-act comédie-ballet, by Molière and Lully It did not use figures from a mythology in which it differed from earlier comédies-ballets. At Versailles, King Louis XIV and other aristocrats performed in the comedy. In 1664, Louis was very much in love with Louise de la Vallière who lived at Versailles, in the small castle used as a hunting-lodge by the very private Louis XIII.

Molière transformed Le Mariage forcé into a one-act play in 1668, which is Le Mariage forcé as we know it. However, it was reborn as a comédie-ballet in 1672. Lully having broken with Molière, the music was composed by Marc-Antoine Charpentier.

In his Preface to the Forced Marriage, Henri van Laun provides information concerning the posterity of the play. Sganarelle is Sir Toby Doubtful in Love’s Contrivance‘s, a play by Mrs Carroll, born Susanna Centlivre (c. 1667–1670 – 1 December 1723).

Panurge by Albrecht Durer (BnF)

Origins

foreign

Gallic

Rabelais

pedants & philosophy: Aristotle and Pyrrho (doubt)

Although Molière drew some of his material from Spanish author Lope de Vega’s Intermède du sacristain [sacristan] Soguizo, and Giordano Bruno’s[1] Candelaio, or The Candle Bearer, entitled Boniface et le Pédant in French, Le Mariage forcé belongs mainly to a French tradition.

The Forced Marriage is rooted primarily in Rabelais‘ Gargantua and Pantagruel, the Third of Five Books [EBook #1200]. Molière’s Sganarelle recalls Panurge, as featured in Chapter Three of the Third Book (of Five).

 How Panurge asketh counsel of Pantagruel whether he should marry, yea, or no. 

Affinities between Molière and Rabelais leap off the title and so does the advice Pantagruel provides to Panurge. Pantagruel urges Panurge not to marry, which is Géronimo’s initial response, until he learns that Sganarelle has obtained permission to marry Dorimène from Alcantor, her father. In the Third Book, Panurge has decided to marry, but revisits his decision. In Rabelais’ Third Book, Panurge also seeks the advice of Trouillogan, the model for Molière’s Marphurius, a Pyrrhonian philosopher, and a pedant. He prefigures The Learned Ladies, or Femmes savantes‘ Trissotin and Vadius. The mouton de Panurge is featured in the fourth of five books constituting Pantagruel and Gargantua. A mouton de Panurge, “describes an individual that will blindly follow others regardless of the consequences.” (See Panurge, Wiki2.org.)

Molière’s Mariage Forcé also has affinities with Guez de Balzac’s Socrate chrétien. Théophile de Viau’s Fragments d’une histoire comique, Dorimond’s L’École des cocus (the School for Cuckolds) and Charles Sorel’s Polyandre (see polyandry, Wiki2.org). These are 17th-century French authors.[2]

Gravure Lalauze

Le Mariage forcé

Gravure Edmond Hédouin

Moreau le Jeune

  DRAMATIS PERSONÆ.

SGANARELLE. (Molière) GÉRONIMO. ALCANTOR, father to Dorimène. ALCIDAS, brother to Dorimène. LYCASTE, in love with Dorimène. PANCRACE, an Aristotelian Philosopher. MARPHURIUS, a Pyrrhonian Philosopher. DORIMÈNE, a young coquette betrothed to Sganarelle. Two GIPSIES. The Scene is in a Public Place.

The Plot

In Scene One of Le Mariage Forcé, Sganarelle, Molière’s mask, wants to know from his friend Géronimo whether he should marry. Sganarelle has already sought and obtained from Dorimène’s father, Alcantor, permission to marry Dorimène. Alcantor has agreed. In his mind, the mind of a pater familias, le Seigneur Sganarelle, a well-to-do 53-year-old gentleman, is a perfect match for his daughter.

However, Dorimène surprises us. One would expect her to oppose her tyrannical father, but she differs from other ingénues, forced to marry or be thrown in a convent. Young Dorimène is une mondaine who thinks a marriage to Sganarelle will allow her to escape her father. When she and Sganarelle meet in Scene II, she makes it clear that she wishes to be free. In fact, she has a lover, Lycaste, who cannot understand why she is marrying Sganarelle. She reassures Lycaste. Sganarelle is an older gentleman who has no more than six months “in his belly.” She wants to be a widow, the privileged women of 17th-century France. Widows were free to marry whom they please, or not to marry. Le Misanthrope‘s Célimène is a widow.

Yet, although arrangements are being made for Dorimène to marry Sganarelle that very day, Sganarelle would like to discuss marriage with his friend Géronimo. When Géronimo learns that the bride-to-be is the lovely Dorimène and that she is not opposing Alcantor, her father, Géronimo has little left to say than exclaim:

Mariez-vous promptement; je ne dis plus rien. Géronimo to Sganarelle (Scene I, p. 9) [Make haste and get married.] Géronimo to Sganarelle (Scene Four, p. 227)

The most amusing lines of Scene One are Sganarelle’s:

Outre la joie que j’aurai de posséder une belle femme, qui me fera mille caresses; qui me dorlotera, et me viendra frotter, lorsque je serai las; outre cette joie, dis-je, je considère, qu’en demeurant comme je suis, je laisse périr dans le monde la race [3] des Sganarelles; et qu’en me mariant, je pourrai me voir revivre en d’autres moi-mêmes… [4] Sganarelle à Géronimo (Scene I, p. 8) [I consider that, by remaining as I am, I suffer the race of the Sganarelles to become extinct ; whilst, by marrying, I may see myself reproduced, and shall have the joy of seeing children sprung from me[.] Sganarelle to Géronimo (Scene Two, p.  226)

Marriage and Marriage

Matters change. Sganarelle believes he will own Dorimène:

Hé bien, ma belle, c’est maintenant que nous allons être heureux l’un et l’autre. Vous ne serez plus en droit de me rien refuser; … Sganarelle à Dorimène (Scène II, pp. 9-10) [Well, my dear, both of us are going to be happy now. You will no longer have a right to refuse me anything; and I can do with you just as I please, without any one being shocked. You will be mine from head to foot, and I shall be master of everything, of your little sparkling eyes, your little roguish nose, your tempting lips, your lovely ears, your pretty little chin, your little round breasts, your … ] Sganarelle to Dorimène (Scene Four, pp. 227-228)

Dorimène, however, wants to escape her father’s tyranny and would not accept to marry a tyrannical Sganarelle’s.

Tout à fait aise, je vous jure: car enfin la sévérité de mon père m’a tenue jusques ici dans une sujétion la plus fâcheuse du monde. Il y a je ne sais combien que j’enrage du peu de liberté, qu’il me donne; et j’ai cent fois souhaité qu’il me mariât, pour sortir promptement de la contrainte, où j’étais avec lui, et me voir en état de faire ce que je voudrai. Dorimène à Sganarelle (Scene II, p. 10) [Immensely glad, I assure you. For, indeed, my father’s severity has kept me hitherto in the most grievous subjection. I have been raging, I do not know how long, at the scanty liberty he allows me ; I have wished a hundred times that he would get me a husband, so that I might quickly escape from the durance in which I have been kept by him, and be able to do as I pleased. Dorimène to Sganarelle (Scene Four, pp. 228-229)

The two are in a collision course. Sganarelle realizes that he has made a mistake.

The Dream

In Scene Three (FR), Géronimo returns. He has found a jeweller who has a beautiful diamond for sale. Sganarelle is no longer so eager to marry. He would like to confide that he has had a dream:

Avant que de passer plus avant, je voudrais bien agiter à fond cette matière; et que l’on m’expliquât un songe que j’ai fait cette nuit, et qui vient tout à l’heure de me revenir dans l’esprit. Sganarelle à Géronimo (Scene III, p. 11) [Before going farther I wish to sift this matter to the bottom, and to have interpreted to me a dream which I had last night, and which just recurred to me.] Sganarelle to Géronimo (Scene Five, p. 229)

Dreams are borrowed from Rabelais.

Trouillogan by Gustave Doré (BnF)

Pancrace and Marphurius (Trouillogan)

Géronimo is too busy to discuss dreams. He tells Sganarelle to speak with his neighbours: Pancrace, an Aristotelian philosopher, and Marphurius, a Pyrrhonean philosopher. Sganarelle now fears cuckolding. but Pancrace can’t help because he is preoccupied. He wonders whether one should use the word “form” or “figure” concerning the shape of a hat. Sganarelle pressures Pancrace a little, who then asks which tongue, langue, Sganarelle wishes to use. It is, of course the tongue in his mouth:

Parbleu, de la langue que j’ai dans la bouche; je crois que je n’irai pas emprunter celle de mon voisin. Sganarelle à Pancrace (Scene IV, p. 15) [Zounds! The tongue I have in my mouth.] Sganarelle to Pancrace (Scene Six, p. 232)

So, as of “Zounds,” matters truly deteriorate. Sganarelle leaves. (I am not discussing the quotations in Latin.)

Sganarelle then visits another neighbour, a Pyrrhonian skeptic. This character reflects Sganarelle uncertainty and adds to his distress. Doubt has entered Sganarelle’s mind. He correct Sganarelle. “[I]t seems to me,” (il me semble que) says Sganarelle, but “me” expresses uncertainty. “Nous devons douter de tout” (we must doubt everything), says Marphurius. Sganarelle is so frustrated that he ends up hitting Marphurius with a stick. Marphurius is defenceless. Sganarelle turns himself into a skectic, mocking Marphurius:

Corrigez, s’il vous plaît, cette manière de parler. Il faut douter de toutes choses; et vous ne devez pas dire que je vous ai battu; mais qu’il vous semble que je vous ai battu. Sganarelle à Marphurius (Scène V, p. 22) [Pray, correct this manner of speaking. We are to doubt everything; and you ought not to say that I have beaten you, but that it seems I have beaten you.] Sganarelle to Marphurius (Scene Ten, p. 238)

Marphurius is Rabelais’ Trouillogan. (See Chapter 3.XXXV)

“ How the philosopher Trouillogan handleth the difficulty of marriage.”

Le Mariage Forcé was a comédie-ballet, with music by Jean-Baptiste Lully. Unlike other comédies-ballets, Le Mariage forcé did not use characters inhabiting mythologies. In Scene Twelve, Sganarelle asks three Égyptiennes (Gypsies) whether he will be cuckolded.

Cuckoldry and Widowhood

In Scene Twelve, Lycaste, who loves Dorimène, wonders why she is marrying Sganarelle. She reassures him. Not only will she be free, but she expects Sganarelle to die within a few months. She looks forward to widowhood. In 17th-century France, widowhood freed women who had married women who have married against their will.

Je vous le garantis défunt dans le temps que je dis; et je n’aurai pas longuement à demander pour moi au Ciel, l’heureux état de veuve. Dorimène à Lycaste (Scene XII, p. 25) [I guarantee that he is dead in the time I say. I shall not long have to pray Heaven for the happy state of widowhood.] Dorimène to Lycaste (Scene Twelve, p. 240)

Sganarelle has heard everything. Lycaste gets away as Dom Juan. Dom Juan invites his father to sit down and Lycaste’s politeness leaves Sganarelle speechless.

Agréez, Monsieur, que je vous félicite de votre mariage, et vous présente en même temps mes très humbles services. Je vous assure que vous épousez là une très honnête personne. Lycaste à Sganarelle (Scene VII, p. 25) [Allow me, sir, to congratulate you on your marriage, and at the same time to offer you my most humble services. Let me tell you that the lady, whom you are marrying, possesses great merits…] Lycaste to Sganarelle (Scene Twelve, p. 240)

Lycaste then goes away, having silenced Sganarelle.

A Forced Marriage

The remaining scenes feature Dorimène’s family. Alcantor will not allow Sganarelle to roll back his promise to marry Dorimène.

Seigneur Alcantor, j’ai demandé votre fille en mariage, il est vrai; et vous me l’avez accordée: mais je me trouve un peu avancé en âge pour elle; et je considère que je ne suis point du tout son fait. Sganarelle à Alcantor (Scene VIII, p. 27) [Mr. Alcantor, it is true I asked your daughter in marriage, and you granted my request; but I find that I am rather old ; I think that I am by no means a proper match for her.] Sganarelle to Alcantor (Scene Fourteen, p. 241) Vous vous êtes engagé avec moi, pour épouser ma fille; et tout est préparé pour cela. Mais puisque vous voulez retirer votre parole, je vais voir ce qu’il y a à faire; et vous aurez bientôt de mes nouvelles. Alcantor à Sganarelle (Scene VIII, p. 28) [You gave me your word that you would marry my daughter, and everything is prepared for the wedding; but since you wish to withdraw, I shall go and see what can be done in the matter; you shall hear from me presently.] Alcantor to Sganarelle (Scene XIV, p. 242)

During Scene IX, Sganarelle refuses to fight. Alcidas, Dorimène’s brother, has brought swords. In the end, Sganarelle is compelled to marry.

Hé bien! j’épouserai, j’épouserai… Sganarelle à Alcidas  (Scene IX, p. 30) Well then, I will marry, I will marry! Sganarelle to Alcidas (Scene XIV, p. 244)

  Sganarelle (www.cosmovisions.coms.com)

Sganarelle (Wikipedia)

Conclusion

The Forced Marriage turns matters upside down. We are therefore reminded of Mikhail Bakhtin Rabelais and His World: carnival and grotesque. We are also reminded of the comic playwrights. However, we are not dealing with giants.

Sganarelle makes wedding arrangements before seeking advice from Géronimo, or taking matters into consideration.

An older gentleman is forced to marry.

Dorimène is pleased to marry a senex iratus. She will be a widow.

Sganarelle is a cocu (cuckolded) before he marries.

Our philosophers have long left reality. Molière has created Les Femmes savantes‘ Trissotin and Vadius.

However, floating just below the surface of this play is the farcical trompeur trompé, the deceiver deceived. How can Lycaste ever trust Dorimène? The extremely polite manner he uses to greet Sganarelle could be read as a criticism of Dorimène’s ploy. It is “affected.” As for Dorimène, she is her own senex iratus.

The play also features pedants. Pancrace’s pursuit of a correct term, forme or figure for the shape of hats is trivial. As for Marphurius he is Rabelais Trouillogan (See Chapter 3, XXXVI) in Gutenberg’s [EBook #1200]

I am leaving behind the comédie-ballet, as written and composed in 1664. This post is already too long. But it is interesting to know that at Versailles, the King and aristocrats played roles in the comédie-ballet.

Sources and Resources

Le Mariage forcé is a toutmolière.net publication

Le Mariage forcé, Notice, toutmolière.net

The Forced Marriage is an Internet Archive publication

Pantagruel and his son Gargantua is Gutenberg’s [EBook #1200]

Trouillogan is featured in Chapter 3, XXXVI in Gutenberg’s [EBook #1200]

Molière21

Mikhail Bakhtin

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[1] Giorgano Bruno was tortured and burned at the stake by the Inquisition. Among other notions, Bruno perceived the plurality of worlds, as would French philosophe Fontenelle, a century later. [2] Maurice Rat, ed., Œuvres complètes de Molière (Paris: Gallimard, collection La Pléiade, 1956), pp. 878-884. [3] In the French language race means race, breed, and, occasionally, line. [4] Cf. Rabelais.

Love to everyone 💕 I apologize for spending a rather long time writing this post.

Baroque Music – Bourrée du Mariage Forcé (Jean-Baptiste Lully)

© Micheline Walker 5 July 2019 WordPress

Molière’s “Forced Marriage,” “Le Mariage forcé” Le Mariage forcé Les Plaisirs de l'Île enchantée  (The Pleasures of the Enchanted Island),