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Saturn’s moon Titan has insulating methane-rich crust up to six miles thick
Saturn’s largest moon Titan is the only place other than Earth known to have an atmosphere and liquids in the form of rivers, lakes and seas on its surface. Because of its extremely cold temperature, the liquids on Titan are made of hydrocarbons like methane and ethane, and the surface is made of solid water ice. A new study, led by planetary scientists at the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, revealed that methane gas may also be trapped within the ice, forming a distinct crust up to six miles thick, which warms the underlying ice shell and may also explain Titan's methane-rich atmosphere.
The research team, led by research associate Lauren Schurmeier, that also includes Gwendolyn Brouwer, doctoral candidate, and Sarah Fagents, associate director and researcher, in the Hawai‘i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP) in the UH Mānoa School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology (SOEST), observed in NASA data that Titan’s impact craters are hundreds of meters shallower than expected and only 90 craters have been identified on this moon.
“This was very surprising because, based on other moons, we expect to see many more impact craters on the surface and craters that are much deeper than what we observe on Titan,” said Schurmeier. “We realized something unique to Titan must be making them become shallower and disappear relatively quickly.”
To investigate what might be beneath this mystery, the researchers tested in a computer model how the topography of Titan might relax or rebound after an impact if the ice shell was covered with a layer of insulating methane clathrate ice, a kind of solid water ice with methane gas trapped within the crystal structure. Since the initial shape of Titan's craters is unknown, the researchers modeled and compared two plausible initial depths, based on fresh-looking craters of similar size on a similar-size icy moon, Ganymede.
“Using this modeling approach, we were able to constrain the methane clathrate crust thickness to five to ten kilometers [about three to six miles] because simulations using that thickness produced crater depths that best matched the observed craters,” said Schurmeier. “The methane clathrate crust warms Titan's interior and causes surprisingly rapid topographic relaxation, which results in crater shallowing at a rate that is close to that of fast-moving warm glaciers on Earth.”
Methane-rich atmosphere
Estimating the thickness of the methane ice shell is important because it may explain the origin of Titan's methane-rich atmosphere and helps researchers understand Titan's carbon cycle, liquid methane-based "hydrological cycle," and changing climate.
“Titan is a natural laboratory to study how the greenhouse gas methane warms and cycles through the atmosphere,” said Schurmeier. “Earth's methane clathrate hydrates, found in the permafrost of Siberia and below the arctic seafloor, are currently destabilizing and releasing methane. So, lessons from Titan can provide important insights into processes happening on Earth.”
Structure of Titan
The topography seen on Titan makes sense in light of these new findings. And constraining the thickness of the methane clathrate ice crust indicates that Titan's interior is likely warm--not cold, rigid, and inactive as previously thought.
“Methane clathrate is stronger and more insulating than regular water ice,” said Schurmeier. “A clathrate crust insulates Titan's interior, makes the water ice shell very warm and ductile, and implies that Titan's ice shell is or was slowly convecting.”
“If life exists in Titan's ocean under the thick ice shell, any signs of life (biomarkers) would need to be transported up Titan's ice shell to where we could more easily access or view them with future missions,” Schurmeier added. “This is more likely to occur if Titan's ice shell is warm and convecting.”
With the NASA Dragonfly mission to Titan scheduled to launch in July 2028 and arrive in 2034, researchers will have an opportunity to make up-close observations of this moon and further investigate the icy surface, including a crater named Selk.
IMAGE: Proposed diagram of Titan's interior (not to scale), showing a methane clathrate crust over a convecting ice shell. Credit Schurmeier, et al., 2024
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Name: Parker Morimoto
Age: 19
Gender: Female
Sexuality: Pansexual
Species: Human
Affiliation: C.A.R.M.A
Rank: Field Agent
Powers/Abilities: Technorganic Physiology
Weaknesses: Vulnerable against technology manipulation, higher risk of electrocution or being deactivated, possibility of being hacked and being controlled by another person. User must also occasionally repair or replace parts as they break.
Faceclaim: Hayley Kiyoko
Biography:
Parker was born just outside Kyoto, Japan, to Mako Morimoto and Jenny Patrick. The two had met at the Kyoto University, where Jenny was an exchange student, and had quickly fallen in love. After Parker was born, both her parents dropped out of school to raise her, but a year later, her mother left and moved back to the US. Still, her dad did his best to raise her on his own. Using the skills he’d learned in college, Mako was able to work as a freelance programmer. Even though it didn’t pay much, it was enough for the two of them to live off. As a kid, Parker was very close to her dad. They did almost everything together, from taking the train to school to sharing a bowl of ramen while Mako worked late. As she got older, things began to change. Although she couldn’t understand why, her father became more tense, more worried about her going out at night. More than once, she overheard the elders on her street whispering about people with impossible powers and unexplainable crimes. Parker’s father did his best to protect her from the rumors, but he couldn’t shield her forever.
When Parker was eight, a new yakuza group emerged from the outer reaches of Kyoto. They hit Parker’s neighborhood first, demanding payment for protection. Mako refused to pay, and threatened to call the police. The yakuza didn’t take kindly to the threat. One of them stepped forward, and as Parker watched, his hands ignited into flames. The next thing Parker knew, Mako was surrounded by fire. The yakuza made quick work of the rest of the house, and Parker just barely got out before it was completely engulfed. She ran from the house, terrified and alone. At first, she was tempted to go to the police, but rumors were spreading that the new, powered yakuza had already infiltrated the police. If Parker tried to get help, she would be risking her life. To her, it seemed she had no choice but to stay on the streets, where she could at least have a fighting chance.
Fortunately, Parker was a resourceful girl. Most of the time, she was able to swipe food for herself and set up small time scams to get money. These scams eventually caught the attention of a boss named Gomon-sama who controlled the bay area of Kyoto. He offered her a job running numbers and collecting bets in exchange for money and a place to stay, both of which Parker gladly accepted. Although she proved to be a quick runner, Parker quickly found that she had an even more valuable gift; computers. Using what her father had taught her, Parker started navigating the web, learning everything she could about coding. Soon, she was able hack into almost anywhere.
As she got older, Parker become more independent- and more ambitious. By the time she was 13, she was hacking politicians, corporations, whatever she got paid for. She eventually split off from Gomon-sama, although she still worked with him from time to time. By then, metas had been fully exposed, and Kyoto seemed on the brink of war. More and more, Parker found herself hacking meta-based gangs, yakuza, and meta-supporters. In retaliation, many of her allies found themselves in the middle of turf wars or taken out completely. When Parker was 16, the conflict finally came to a head. The same yakuza that had come after her father, the Four Deaths, was now coming after her. Her apartment was raided, and her entire network was shut down.
With nowhere else to go, Parker fled to the US. After travelling the west coast, she eventually settled in Pansaw, where she started rebuilding her network. This time, she was even more ambitious with her targets. There was no one and nothing she wouldn’t hack for the right price. Parker also started taking more dangerous jobs- ones that took her into the real world. Using her skills, Parker was able to break into almost anywhere to steal or sabotage whatever her client needed. These jobs made her a target, and a valuable one at that. When she was 18, Parker’s activities finally caught up with her. She was on a seemingly small mission- break into a warehouse, grab some tech, and get out. Just as Parker reached her target, she was confronted by another thief going after the same target. The two fought, which quickly turned out to be a mistake. The thief was a meta who was determined to leave with both the tech and Parker herself, who would fetch a good price from any number of meta gangs. During the fight, the meta lost control of their powers and caused a massive explosion, with Parker right in the middle.
Afterward, in the hospital, Parker was told that by all means, she should’ve died. Legally, she actually had died twice, but she was revived by paramedics. In the end, the one thing that saved her was CARMA. They’d been keeping an eye on her, and when the moment arrived, they stepped in to help. Most of Parker’s organs had been badly damaged in the explosion, but CARMA’s latest tech was able to replace what she needed. When she woke up, they offered her even more; they could give her state of the art prosthetics, blended in seamlessly with what was left of her body. In exchange, Parker would use her skills for the government, as well as acting as an agent when needed. Parker accepted without hesitation, and began training with her new tech as soon as she was discharged. Finally, it seemed, she’d be in the perfect position to get the metas under control once and for all.
Personality:
+ Determined + Clever + Playful
– Manipulative – Amoral – Calculating
#hayley kiyoko#superhuman rp#lsbio#oc bio#literate rp#parker morimoto#takencharacter#takencarma#takenhuman#takenfem#fagent#original character
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Lent Term Election Results 2020
What a month it’s been. We’re now officially finished with our Elections season, and we have some amazing winners to announce.
Firstly, a BIG thank you to all of our candidates, campaigners, voters and staff. This has been one of the hardest months, with the global pandemic surrounding Covid-19, but we’re so so so proud of all of our students for keeping their spirits up. Everyone did an amazing job adapting to the situation and being incredibly creative with their campaigns.
In total, we received an amazing 1890 votes! And now to the best bit...the winners for 2020-21...
SABBATICAL OFFICERS:
Activities and Development Officer Eleanor Duplock
Community and Welfare Officer Laura Goddard
Education Officer Eileen Gbagbo
General Secretary David Gordon
PART-TIME OFFICERS:
RAG President Alice Rigo Saitta
AU President Ceri Doyle
LGBT+ Officer Thiago Fonseca Pontes
BME Officer Sabir Abdullahi
Anti-Racism Officer Faiso Kadiye
Women’s Officer Sumaya Osman
International Students’ Officer Edouard Panciulo
Social Mobility and Class Officer Isra Saker
Environment and Ethics Officer Ellie Cottrell
TRUSTEE BOARD:
Member of Trustee Board Edouard Panciulo
COMMITTEE:
Creative Network Chair: Percy Fagent
Careers Network Chair: Edouard Panciulo
Charity, Campaigning and Political Network Chair: Anna Seifu
AU Executive Stephanie Zahlan de Cayetti, Madeleine Crosby Wilsher and Bronwen Jackson-Turner
Democracy Committee Rafi Ahmed, Jason Reed and Adam Keyworth
Once again, thank you so much to everyone that voted. We hope you’re all keeping well and safe.
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Name: Slade Darkmoore
Age: 42
Gender: Male
Sexuality: Straight
Species: Human (Super Soldier)
Affiliation: C.A.R.M.A
Rank: Field Agent
Powers/Abilities: Enhanced Condition
Weaknesses: Since Slade’s Enhanced Condition is provided to him through Dr. Parker’s gene therapy, physical training, and super soldier serum, his enhancements are not nearly as strong as a natural Metahuman’s enhanced strengths. He may have enhanced strengths, but he still has human limitations and the capability to become fatigued, injured, or even killed.
Faceclaim: Manu Bennett
Biography:
Slade was born the only child to a fairly normal set of parents. His mother worked as a paralegal while his father worked his way up from a beat cop to sergeant of the SWAT team. His parents instilled in him the value of hard work and fulfilling one’s duty. It was that work ethic and devotion to duty that helped push Slade to finish college with his degree in criminal justice.
After graduating college, Slade accepted an offer to work for the FBI. The same skills that his father taught him as a child soon brought him to the attention of the leader of the FBI’s HRT (Hostage Rescue Team). Ten years into his career with the FBI, Slade found himself in charge of a joint direct action team composed of agents from the FBI, DEA and ATF along with support from the CIA. This team’s task was to seek out and stop threats to the country no matter where they originated. In June of 2032, Slade’s life took a turn for the strange when the first meta appeared on the streets of Pansaw. The combined task force sent Slade’s team to Pansaw to investigate and assist in the containment of the Meta Incident. The success of Slade’s team when combined with his leadership skills brought him to the attention of what would become CARMA two years later.
Slade was one of the first field agents to join CARMA. Initially on loan from his task force, Slade requested a permanent transfer after a particularly difficult case opened his eyes to the dangers that metas could impose on an unsuspecting populace. Since his transfer, Slade has acted as CARMA’s go to agent whenever hot spots cropped up around the world. The last couple years has saw Slade’s return to CARMA HQ in Pansaw where he was approached by Quinn Parker about joining the Super Soldier program. Seeing this as an opportunity to continue to help protect the people, Slade happily volunteered.
Personality:
+ Driven + Personable + Reliable
– Apathetic – Restless – Withdrawn
#lsrp#mutant rp#oc rp#superhuman rp#manu bennett#slade darkmoore#takencharacter#takencarma#takenmale#takenhuman#fagent#super soldier#original character
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Name: Eli Waller
Age: 20
Gender: Male
Sexuality: Straight
Species: Human
Affiliation: C.A.R.M.A
Rank: Field Agent
Faceclaim: John Boyega
Biography:
The Wallers were a family with a long military history. Eli’s father was a colonel, and from the moment Eli was born, he was expected to follow in his father’s footsteps. Growing up, Eli revered his father with a combination of fear and awe. Colonel James Waller was a hard man, and he ran the household with strict discipline. Eli was always expected to call him ‘sir’ or ‘colonel’, and rules were always followed to the letter. In contrast, Eli’s mother was a kind, supportive woman. She was his cheerleader, always encouraging him to do his best, even if he failed. But even with his mother’s support, Eli pushed himself to his limits to succeed for his father. James, to his credit, praised his son for every success, but that only drove Eli to push himself even more. At first, Eli’s drive at school didn’t earn him many friends. He kept mostly to himself and his studies, and most kids either ignored him or made fun of him behind his back. But that all changed when he entered high school.
Under his father’s direction, Eli joined the football team his freshman year. For the first few months, he was pounded into the ground. After all, he hadn’t put much focus on his physique before. But, as with everything else, Eli pushed himself; lifting weights, running a mile every chance he got, then two miles, then three. By the time he entered his junior year, Eli had become the captain of the football team. Now, he was respected both as a scholar and an athlete, and he’d achieved one of his greatest goals; earning the respect of his father. That year, Eli took the ASVAB in order to enter the military, as he was expected to do. Naturally, Eli scored high on the aptitude test. When he graduated at 17, he was given the honor of valedictorian, as well as receiving an award for his athletics. A month later, Eli was accepted into West Point and left almost immediately.
Although it was more challenging than high school, Eli pushed himself just as hard as he always had. It was easier to make friends at the academy; the other students could understand how much pressure he was under, and what it was like to be a military kid. Before long, Eli had bonded with another boy named Will. They became inseparable; studying together, pushing each other to their limits, even acting as each other’s wingman on one or two occasions. Towards the end of his second year, Eli and Will went out for a night at the bar. As usual, they were joking around and having a good time, until they noticed a woman being harassed by another bar-goer. Will decided to intervene and things quickly got physical. Eli was about to join in when fire burst from Will’s hands, setting the bar on fire. Will was trapped in the building, and both he and the man were killed. Eli managed to escape unharmed, but for the first time he was confronted with the meta issue up close and personal. For weeks after, he was conflicted. After all, Will had been his friend, and was only trying to help, but he was a meta and according to his father and pretty much everyone else, metas were dangerous.
Despite his conflict, Eli graduated salutatorian the next year and was commissioned as a Field Agent at the CARMA Base in Pansaw, California. Before he left, his father sat him down for a long talk. James told him about his own experiences with metas, and assured him that metas like Will were still dangerous, and that the best thing Eli could do was to help protect them from themselves and from the citizens of the US. Reassured, Eli headed off to join CARMA and its fight against the meta threat with the same drive and determination that had led him this far.
Personality:
+ Determined + Charismatic + Hard-working
– Impulsive – Naive – Strict
#lsbio#oc bio#agent rp#superhuman rp#john boyega#eli waller#takencharacter#takencarma#takenhuman#takenmale#fagent#original character
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I will be performing at our next #fuckagenre #event. Dec 18-20. 1094 Broadway, Brooklyn NY. 11-11Pm Expect #art, #vendors, #music, #comedy #performanceart and more. #FAGENT #RoLifeFilms #thelivinggallery
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